Design Sheet Pile Walls Using Truline Update 1 8-8-13

Design of Sheet Pile Walls Using
TRULINE Composite Wall Sections

Design Methods and Examples
A Report Presented to
Formtech Enterprises, Inc./ TRULINE
126 Ben Burton Circle
Bogart, Georgia 30622
by
Ensoft, Inc.
3003 Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
UPDATE1
August 8, 2013
Table of Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Recommended Structural Capacities of Truline Series 800 and Series 1200 Composite Wall
Sections ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Moment Capacity and Bending Stiffness ................................................................................... 1
Shear Capacity ............................................................................................................................ 5
Comparison of Unfilled and Concrete-Filled Sections ................................................................... 7
Analysis and Design of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls ...................................................................... 9
Design Example of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil ...................................... 11
Compute Wall Pressures Acting on Wall ............................................................................. 11
Depth of Penetration for Design ........................................................................................... 13
Compute Location of Zero Shear Force................................................................................ 13
Compute Maximum Moment Developed in Wall ................................................................ 13
Note Regarding Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient ............................................................. 14
Design Example of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesive Soil ............................................. 14
Analysis and Design of Anchored Sheet Pile Walls ..................................................................... 17
Free Earth Support Method ....................................................................................................... 17
Design Example of Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Using Free Earth Support Method Granular
Soil ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Compute Distribution of Earth Pressures Acting on Wall .................................................... 19
Compute Depth of Point of Zero Net Pressure ..................................................................... 20
Compute Force Resultants of Pressures Acting on Wall ...................................................... 20
ii
Compute Sum of Moments ................................................................................................... 20

Solve for D1 and Select Value of D ...................................................................................... 20
Compute Tension Force in Tieback ...................................................................................... 21
Compute Location of Point of Maximum Moment .............................................................. 21
Compute Maximum Moment in Wall Section ...................................................................... 21
Design Example Using PYWall 3.0.............................................................................................. 22
Compute Earth Pressure Distribution Acting on Wall .............................................................. 23
Compute Equivalent Spring Constant for Tieback ................................................................... 23
Computed Results ..................................................................................................................... 24
Optimization of Design ............................................................................................................. 26
References ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Appendix A Earth Pressure Coefficients for Wall Friction and Sloping Backfill ..................... 30
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1 Earth Pressures Acting on a Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall ............................................... 9

Figure 2 Resultant Earth Pressure Diagram for Cantilever Sheet Pile in Cohesionless Soil ..... 10
Figure 3 Example Problem for Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil ....................................... 12
Figure 4 Earth Pressures for Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesive Soil ................................ 15
Figure 5 Earth Pressure Distributions Used in Design of Anchored Sheet Piling by Free
Earth Support Method for Cohesionless and Cohesive Soils ....................................... 18
Figure 6 Earth Pressure Distributions Used in Design Example for Anchored Sheet Pile
Wall in Cohesionless Soil ............................................................................................. 19
Figure 7 Example Problem for PYWall ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 8 Lateral Deflection vs. Depth Below Pile Head ........................................................... 25
Figure 9 Bending Moment vs. Depth Below Pile Head............................................................. 25
Figure 10 Shear Force vs. Depth Below Pile Head ................................................................... 26
Figure 11 Comparison of Computed Wall Deflections ............................................................. 27
Figure 12 Comparison of Computed Wall Moments ................................................................. 28
Figure 13 Comparison of Computed Wall Shear Forces ........................................................... 28
Figure A1 Active and Passive Earth Pressure Coefficients with Wall Friction and
Sloping Backfill (from NAVFAC ,1986 and Caquot and Kerisel, 1948) .................... 30
iv
List of Tables
Table 1 Allowable Moment Capacity and Effective Bending Stiffness of Gravel-filled

Truline Sections .............................................................................................................. 2
Table 2 Series 800 Factored Moment Capacities in-lbs/ft width for Singly Reinforced
Sections ........................................................................................................................... 3
Table 3 Series 800 Factored Moment Capacities in-lbs/ft width for Doubly Reinforced
Sections ........................................................................................................................... 3
Table 4 Series 1200 Factored Moment Capacity, in-lbs/ft width for Doubly Reinforced
Sections ........................................................................................................................... 3
Table 5 Series 800 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Singly Reinforced Sections ............... 4
Table 6 Series 800 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Doubly Reinforced Sections .............. 4
Table 7 Series 1200 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Doubly Reinforced Sections............ 4
Table 8 Allowable Shear Capacity of Gravel-filled Truline Sections ......................................... 5
Table 9 Series 800 Shear Capacity/ft width ................................................................................. 5
Table 10 Series 1200 Shear Capacity/ft width ............................................................................. 6
Table 11 Shear Capacity of Steel Reinforcement in Series 1200 Section for s = 4.2
inches .............................................................................................................................. 6
Table 12 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Moment Capacities for Series 800 Doubly
Reinforced Sections ........................................................................................................ 7
Table 13 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Moment Capacities for Series 1200
Doubly Reinforced Sections ........................................................................................... 8
Table 14 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Bending Stiffness for Series 800 Sections .......... 8
Table 15 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Bending Stiffness for Series 1200
Sections ........................................................................................................................... 8
Table 16 Approximate Values for Required Depths for Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls in
Cohesionless Soil .......................................................................................................... 10
Table 17 Sum of Moment Computations ................................................................................... 20
Table 18 Example Soil Properties for Example Using PYWall ................................................ 22
Design of Sheet Pile Walls Using Truline Composite Wall

Sections Design Methods and Examples
Introduction
This report presents the recommended structural capacities for Truline composite wall
sections and a summary of design methods commonly used to design cantilevered and anchored
sheet pile structures. Several design examples are provided to illustrate the application of these
design methods for sheet pile walls using the Truline Series 800 and 1200 composite wall
sections.
Recommended Structural Capacities of Truline Series 800 and Series

1200 Composite Wall Sections
Moment Capacity and Bending Stiffness

The tables presented in this section are the recommended values for factored structural
moment capacities and effective bending stiffness of Truline Series 800 and 1200 PVC sheet pile
sections filled with reinforced concrete. The factored moment capacities were determined from
nonlinear moment vs. curvature behavior computed using LPile 2012. The nominal moment
capacities were determined when the maximum compressive strain in concrete reached 0.003
in/in. The reported ultimate (factored) moment capacities were computed by multiplying the
nominal moment capacity by a strength reduction factor, , of 0.65. The reported bending
stiffnesses are for moment levels equal to the ultimate moment capacity and are for cracked
sections.
The choice of a strength reduction factor of 0.65 is conservative. This is a value typically
used for structural sections with combined flexure and axial load (see Chapter 10 in ACI 31808). The rational for selection of this value is the similarity in construction methods for
placement of concrete into the Truline sections to that used for drilled shaft foundations. In
construction, concrete is placed from the top of section by free-fall if placed in the dry or by
tremie or pumping if placed in the wet. Typically, vibration cannot be used due to the depth of
concrete placement. In addition, no opportunity exists for direct visual inspection because the
construction is not above ground and formwork is not used.
A reasonable argument can be made to raise the strength reduction factor to 0.90 if the
wall sections are constructed above ground and moved into place. Presumably, in this type of
construction, the use of vibration to consolidate concrete will be possible and no placement of
concrete will be made in the wet. An evaluation of the analyses used to evaluate moment
capacity and bending stiffness found that the moment capacity of all sections were controlled by
tension reinforcement, thus permitting use of a strength reduction factor of 0.90 (see ACI 318-08
section R9.3.2.2).
Values of moment capacity and bending stiffness were computed for a range of concrete
compressive strengths and reinforcement options. All sections were doubly reinforced (i.e. with
reinforcement in both the tension and compression zones in the section) with four bars per
section, with center ties omitted. All values are reported in values per foot width of section.
Tables 1 through 4 present moment capacities of the Truline sections for gravel-filled
sections (Table 1) and for concrete-filled sections with various reinforcement and concrete
compressive strength options (Tables 2 through 4).
Table 1 Allowable Moment Capacity and Effective Bending Stiffness
of Gravel-filled Truline Sections
Truline Section
Allowable Moment
Capacity,* in-lb/ft
Bending Stiffness, EI,

lb-in2/ft
Series 800
53,124
25,080,000
Series 1200
134,532
158,080,000.
*Based on full scale performance test by Architectural Testing, Inc. Report #70174.01-122-44, not theoretical
calculations..
Tables 5 through 7 present bending stiffnesses of the Truline sections for concrete-filled
sections with various reinforcement and concrete compressive strength options.
Table 2 Series 800 Factored Moment Capacities in-lbs/ft width for Singly Reinforced Sections
Bar Size
Concrete Compressive Strength, fc psi/ft width

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 4
41,300
42,500
43,400
44,200
44,700
No. 5
43,100
44,600
45,600
46,400
47,100
No. 6
52,300
56,100
58,100
59,600
60,800
No. 7
56,900
63,500
69,100
73,400
75,800
No. 8
59,800
67,600
74,700
81,000
86,600
No. 9
62,300
70,500
78,300
85,600
92,400
No. 10
65,000
73,800
82,000
89,900
97,500
No. 11
67,500
76,800
85,300
93,600
101,600
No. 14
73,200
82,900
92,300
101,400
110,000
Table 3 Series 800 Factored Moment Capacities in-lbs/ft width for Doubly Reinforced Sections
Bar Size
Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 4
95,900
100,900
104,900
108,100
109,900
No. 5
127,100
132,800
138,100
143,100
147,700
No. 6
161,200
167,900
174,100
179,800
185,300
No. 7
201,600
209,100
216,200
222,800
229,000
No. 8
248,200
256,600
264,500
271,900
278,900
Table 4 Series 1200 Factored Moment Capacity, in-lbs/ft width for Doubly Reinforced
Sections
Bar Size

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 5
159,300
164,400
168,800
171,900
173,800
No. 6
205,900
212,300
218,200
223,600
228,400
No. 7
261,500
268,800
275,600
281,800
287,800
No. 8
325,900
334,100
341,800
348,900
355,700
No. 9
395,800
404,900
413,300
421,300
428,700
No. 10
484,600
494,600
503,900
512,700
521,000
No. 11
579,200
589,900
600,100
609,600
618,600
Table 5 Series 800 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Singly Reinforced Sections
Bar Size
Concrete Compressive Strength, fc psi

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 4
64,920,000
67,370,000
69,380,000
71,080,000
72,560,000
No. 5
68,430,000
71,100,000
73,310,000
75,170,000
76,790,000
No. 6
81,460,000
84,950,000
88,160,000
90,900,000
93,280,000
No. 7
96,350,000
100,210,000
103,770,000
107,100,000
110,350,000
No. 8
111,380,000
115,960,000
120,110,000
123,910,000
127,450,000
No. 9
125,280,000
130,780,000
135,620,000
140,090,000
144,140,000
No. 10
140,620,000
147,160,000
153,050,000
158,290,000
163,130,000
No. 11
154,500,000
162,020,000
168,900,000
175,050,000
180,630,000
No. 14
181,660,000
191,420,000
200,140,000
208,040,000
215,310,000
Table 6 Series 800 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Doubly Reinforced Sections
Bar Size

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 4
234,820,000
239,000,000
242,900,000
246,235,000
249,500,000
No. 5
309,785,000
317,402,000
323,775,000
330,000,000
334,400,000
No. 6
383,022,000
394,125,000
404,646,000
413,000,000
420,000,000
No. 7
459,000,000
475,658,000
489,700,000
501,500,000
511,750,000
No. 8
537,000,000
558,815,000
576,993,000
592,869,000
606,500,000
Table 7 Series 1200 Bending Stiffness, lb-in2/ft width for Doubly Reinforced Sections
Bar Size

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 5
693,000,000
703,000,000
709,000,000
719,000,000
726,000,000
No. 6
891,000,000
907,000,000
921,000,000
933,000,000
943,000,000
No. 7
1,119,000,000 1,135,000,000 1,155,000,000 1,172,000,000 1,186,000,000
No. 8
1,352,000,000 1,383,000,000 1,409,000,000 1,432,000,000 1,452,000,000
No. 9
1,593,000,000 1,633,000,000 1,667,000,000 1,696,000,000 1,722,000,000
No. 10
1,881,000,000 1,931,000,000 1,974,000,000 2,011,000,000 2,044,000,000
No. 11
2,167,000,000 2,228,000,000 2,279,000,000 2,324,000,000 2,364,000,000
Shear Capacity
The structural capacity in shear is computed as the sum of the shear capacity of the
Truline sheet pile section and the reinforced concrete. Thus, the nominal shear capacity, Vn, can
be expressed as
Vn Vc Vs VF
Where: Vc is the shear strength provided by the concrete, Vs is the shear strength provided by the
steel shear reinforcement, and VF is the shear strength provided by the Truline sheet piling. The
allowable shear force for the Truline sections is shown in Table 8.
Table 8 Allowable Shear Capacity of Gravel-filled Truline Sections

Truline Section
Allowable Shear Capacity,* lb/ft
Series 800
6,313
Series 1200
17,689
* All pile sections must be filled with gravel to ensure the web is fully supported and the shear load
is transferred from flange to flange by the fill material. Shear load must be applied by continuous
beam or whaler on the face of the wall.
For concrete members subjected to shear and flexure only, the shear strength provided by
the concrete is (Eq. 11-3 from ACI 318-08):
Vc 2 f cbw d
Where: = 1.0 for normal weight concrete, bw is the width of the section, and d is the distance
from the extreme compression edge to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.
The shear capacities of sections without steel shear reinforcement are shown in Tables 9
and 10.
Table 9 Series 800 Shear Capacity/ft width
Vc + VF

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
lb/cell
5,440
5,620
5,790
5,950
6,100
lb/ft
10,880
11,240
11,580
11,900
12,200
Table 10 Series 1200 Shear Capacity/ft width

Vc + VF

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
lb/cell
18,340
18,740
19,120
19,460
19,800
lb/ft
24,450
25,000
25,500
25,950
26,400
Additional shear strength can be provided by the addition of shear reinforcement steel to
the section. The shear strength of the steel shear reinforcement is computed using
Vs
Av f yt d
s
Where: Av is the area of shear reinforcement within spacing s, fyt is the yield stress of the shear
reinforcement, up to a maximum of 60,000 psi, and d is distance from the compression edge of
the concrete to the centroid of the tension reinforcement.
The spacing s is limited to a maximum of d/2 by ACI 318-08 Section 11.4.5.1. This
means s will be no greater than 4.4 inches for No. 5 bars down to 4.2 inches for No. 11 bars.
ACI 318-08 Section 11.4.6.1 requires a minimum shear reinforcement, Av,min, when Vu
exceeds 0.5 Vc. for sections greater than 10 inches in thickness. A Series 1200 section falls
under this minimum reinforcement requirement. The minimum shear reinforcement is computed
using (ACI 318-08 Eq. 11-13)
Av ,min 0.75 f c
bw s 50bw s
f yt
f yt
Where: bw is the width of a section or 8.56 inches for an individual cell in a Series 1200 section.
Here the value of bw is assumed equal to the width of an individual cell in a Truline wall section.
The shear capacity of steel reinforcement is presented in Table 11.
Table 11 Shear Capacity of Steel Reinforcement in Series 1200 Section for s = 4.2 inches
Bar Size
No. 3
No. 4
Vs, lb/cell
3,000
5,440
Vs, lb/ft
4,000
7,253
The ultimate (factored) shear capacity is computed using a strength reduction factor, , of
0.75 (see ACI 318-08 Section 9.3.2.3).
Vu Vn Vc Vs VF
As an example, the factored shear capacity of a Series 1200 wall, with fc = 4,000 psi,
Grade 60, No. 9 vertical reinforcement, and Grade 60, No. 3 shear reinforcement is
Vn 0.7525,500 lb/ft 4,000 lb/ft 22,100 lb/ft
Comparison of Unfilled and Concrete-Filled Sections

The increase in moment capacity and bending stiffness achieved by filling the sections
with reinforced concrete varies in proportion to the concrete compressive strength and amount of
steel reinforcement. The ratios of increase for moment capacity and bending stiffness are
presented in Tables 12 to 15.
The increase in bending stiffness is much larger than the increase in moment capacity for
all sections. The increase in moment capacity for concrete-filled walls allows higher wall
sections to be constructed. The increase in bending stiffness for concrete-filled walls results in
lower lateral deflections of the walls.
Reinforced Sections
Bar Size

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 4
1.81
1.90
1.97
2.03
2.07
No. 5
2.39
2.50
2.60
2.69
2.78
No. 6
3.03
3.16
3.28
3.38
3.49
No. 7
3.79
3.94
4.07
4.19
4.31
No. 8
4.67
4.83
4.98
5.12
5.25
Reinforced Sections
Bar Size

3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
No. 5
1.18
1.22
1.25
1.28
1.29
No. 6
1.53
1.58
1.62
1.66
1.70
No. 7
1.94
2.00
2.05
2.09
2.14
No. 8
2.42
2.48
2.54
2.59
2.64
No. 9
2.94
3.01
3.07
3.13
3.19
No. 10
3.60
3.68
3.75
3.81
3.87
No. 11
4.31
4.38
4.46
4.53
4.60
Table 14 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Bending Stiffness for Series 800 Sections
Bar Size
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8

3,000
9.36
12.35
15.27
18.30
21.41
3,500
9.53
12.66
15.71
18.97
22.28
4,000
9.69
12.91
16.13
19.53
23.01
4,500
9.82
13.16
16.47
20.00
23.64
5,000
9.95
13.33
16.75
20.40
24.18
Table 15 Ratio of Concrete-filled to Unfilled Bending Stiffness for Series 1200 Sections
Bar Size
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11

3,000
7.38
9.49
11.92
14.40
16.97
20.04
23.09
3,500
7.49
9.66
12.09
14.73
17.40
20.57
23.74
4,000
7.55
9.81
12.31
15.01
17.76
21.03
24.28
4,500
7.66
9.94
12.49
15.26
18.07
21.43
24.76
5,000
7.73
10.05
12.64
15.47
18.35
21.78
25.19
Analysis and Design of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

A cantilever sheet pile wall consists of sheet piling driven deep enough into the ground to
become a fixed, vertical cantilever. In a limit equilibrium analysis, this type of wall is supported
by a lateral earth pressure equal to the difference between the active and passive earth pressures
above and below a point of rotation. This type of wall is only suitable for walls of moderate
height.
In a limit equilibrium analysis, the earth pressure assumed to be acting on a cantilever
sheet pile wall in cohesive soil is that shown in Figure 1. The earth pressure acting on the wall is
assumed as the difference between the passive and active earth pressures. The wall is assumed
not to move laterally at the pivot point. The distributions of earth pressures are different for
cohesive and cohesionless soils. In addition, it is possible for the earth pressures in cohesive soils
to vary with time, particularly when excavations are made in front of the wall.
The analysis procedure for cantilever sheet pile walls in granular, cohesionless soils is as
follows:
(pppa)
(pppa)
Figure 1 Earth Pressures Acting on a Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall
(1)
Assume a trial depth of penetration, D. A starting value can be obtained from Table 16.
Table 16 Approximate Values for Required Depths for Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls in
Cohesionless Soil
SPT Blowcount, NSPT,
blows/ft
Relative Density, Dr
Depth of Penetration
0-4
Very loose
2.0 H
5-10
Loose
1.5 H
11-30
Medium
1.25 H
31-50
Dense
1.0 H
Over 50
H = height above the dredge line.
Very dense
0.75 H
(2)
Determine the active and passive lateral earth pressure distributions on both sides of the
wall.
B
TOP OF GROUND
DREDGE LINE
A1
P1
O1
D
C
P2
P3
DK p ( H D ) K a
DK p
A2
( H D) Ka
J
DK a
( H D ) K p DK a
( H D)K p
Figure 2 Resultant Earth Pressure Diagram for Cantilever Sheet Pile in Cohesionless Soil
10
(3)
Determine the depth of wall needed to achieve static equilibrium for forces acting in the
horizontal direction.
FEA1 A2 FFBA2 FECJ 0 0 ..................................................... (1)
Solve Equation 1 for the distance Z. For uniform cohesionless soil:

K p D 2 K a H D
Z
K p K a H 2 D ................................................... (2)
2
Take moments about the tip of the wall at point F and check if the sum of moments is
equal to zero. Revise the depth of penetration D until convergence (sum of moments equal to
zero) is achieved.
Add 20 to 40 percent to the calculated depth of penetration. This results in a factor of
safety of approximately 1.5 to 2.0. Alternatively, one may use a reduced value of the passive
earth pressure coefficient for design. A typical value is 50 to 75 percent of the maximum passive
resistance.
Compute the maximum bending moment developed in the wall prior to increasing the
depth by 20 to 40 percent.
The lateral displacement can be estimated by assuming that the wall is fixed at a depth of
D and loaded by a triangular load equal to the actual applied active loading. The lateral
movement at any distance y below the top of the wall is computed by
Pt
y 5 54 y 45 ................................................ (3)
60 EI 2
Design Example of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil
The dimensions and soil properties of the example problem for a sheet pile wall in
cohesionless soil is shown in Figure 3. The procedure for analyzing the wall is as follows.
Compute Wall Pressures Acting on Wall
The pressures in units of psf acting at points A1, A2, B, C, E, and J shown in Figure 2
are:
11
p A1 HK a (115)(12)(0.271) 374.0
p A2 p A1 DK a 374.0 17.62 D
p E D K p K a p A1 222.2 D 374.0
p J D K p K a HK p 222.2 D 5,092.
From statics
0 or
Hp A1 p A1 p A2
D
z
D
p E p J p E p A2 0
2
2
2
Solving for z:
B
= 115 pcf
= 65 pcf
= 35 deg.
H = 12 ft
Ka = 0.271
Kp = 3.690
P1
y
x
Point of Zero
Shear Force
P2
D = 12.628 ft
P3
Figure 3 Example Problem for Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil
p E p A1 D Hp A1
pE pJ
Summing moments about the bottom point on the wall:
12
M 0
H
D2
z2
D2
D2
Hp A1 D p A1
p E p J p E p A2
p A2 p A1
3
2
6
6
6
The above equations can be solved by trial and error by assuming a value for D, computing z,
and computing the sum of moments, varying D until the computed sum of moments is zero.
Alternatively, the equations can be programmed in an electronic spreadsheet program and using
the Goal Seek tool to obtain a solution. The solution for the above problem finds
D 12.628 ft
z 2.082 ft
Depth of Penetration for Design
The depth of penetration is determined by increasing the value of D by 20 to 40 percent.

In this case, D = 15.2 to 17.7 ft. Use D = 17 ft.
Compute Location of Zero Shear Force
The point of zero shear force requires the computation of the depths x (depth of zero
shear force) and y (depth of zero net pressure on wall). The depth of zero net pressure is
computed using
p A1
374.0
1.683 ft
K p K a 65(3.690 0.271)
Compute Maximum Moment Developed in Wall
The force resultants P1, P2, and P3 are computed using:

P1
P2
p A1 H
p A1 y
P1 P2 P3
(374.0)(12) 2,244 lb
(374.0)(1.683) 389.3 lb
K p K a x 2
2P1 P2
2( 2,244 389.3
4.868 ft
65(3.690 0.271)
K p K a
x
P3
K p K a x 2 2,633 lb
The maximum moment is computed using
13
M max P1 1 P2 2 P3 3
H
1 y 10.550 ft
3
2y
2
x 5.990 ft
3
3
x
1.623 ft
3
M max ( 2,244)(10.550) (389.3)(5.99) ( 2,633)(1.623)

21,730 ft - lbs
260,800 in - lbs
Consulting Table 4, any of the sections with No. 7 or larger reinforcement are suitable for
this wall.
Note Regarding Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient
In the above design example, the passive earth pressure coefficient was computed
assuming that the wall is vertical and frictionless and that the ground surface behind the wall is
horizontal. For these conditions, the computation of the passive earth pressure coefficient using
Rankine theory is both appropriate and conservative.
It is common practice when designing steel sheet pile walls to consider the effect of wall
friction on the passive earth pressure coefficient. When doing so, many designers use the
coefficients developed by Caquot and Kerisel (1948). These coefficients are illustrated in Figure
A1 of the Appendix of this report and are reported in NAVFAC DM 7.02 (1986) in Figure 6 on
page 7.2-67. This manual is available in PDF format for download from
http://portal.tugraz.at/portal/page/portal/Files/i2210/files/eng_geol/NAVFAC_DM7_02.pdf.
Design Example of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesive Soil
Cantilever sheet pile structures are typically used for small walls. The analysis that
follows was originally developed by Blum (1931) and is for under short-term loading conditions.
For long-term loading conditions, the analysis is made using the analysis for cantilever sheet pile
walls in cohesionless soils using the fully drained shearing properties of the soil presented above.
14
The earth pressures acting on a cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesive soils are shown in
Figure 4.
The dimensions and soil properties for this design example are:
H = 14 ft, = 120 pcf, = 60 pcf, c = 500 psf
Compute the following quantities:
H0 = 2c/ = 8.333 ft
H H0 = 5.67 ft
H 2 c = 680 psf
4c H = 320 psf
4c + H = 3,680 psf
2c
H0
2c
4c
DREDGE LINE
H 2c
z
4c e H
p p e Z H 4 c
4c e H
Figure 4 Earth Pressures for Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesive Soil
15
Sum horizontal forces:

1
H 2c H H 0 8cz 4c H D 0
2
Solve for z
z
2 D 4c H H 2c H H 0
8c
Sum moments about tip of wall
2 H 2c H H 0 D
H H 0 8cz 2
D2
4c H
0
3
6
2
Computation strategy:
1. Assume a value for D.
2. Calculate z.
3. Calculate sum of moments.
4. Repeat until convergence (sum of moments) is achieved.
Alternatively, one may solve the quadratic equation (sum of moments equation) for D.
The solution for the above given data:
z = 1.300 ft
D = 14.147 ft
The solution values are quite sensitive to the input values. If the value of cohesion is
varied plus of minus 5 percent the values of H = 22.532 ft for c = 475 psf and H = 9.75 ft for c =
525 psf. Similar sensitivity is found for slight variations in unit weight and geometry.
Selection of Wall Section
The selection of the wall section is made based on the moment developed in the wall. The
design moment is computed at the dredge line. For the above conditions, the moment is
16
H H 0 2 H 2c 1 ft
5.67 ft 2 680 psf (1 ft )
3,640 ft - lb
43,700 in - lb
Checking the level of moment developed in the wall against the allowable moment capacity
values shown in Table 3, a Series 800 section with a concrete compressive strength of 3,000 psi
and reinforced with No. 4 bars will be adequate for this application for short-term, undrained
conditions.
Analysis and Design of Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

A number of design methodologies are used to design anchored sheet pile walls. The
USS Steel Sheet Pile Design Manual provides the details on the free earth support method,
Rowes moment reduction method, the fixed earth support method (equivalent beam method),
graphical methods, and design using the Danish rules. Each of these methods is a hand
computation method that assumes relatively simple soil profiles and do not require use of a
computer program. For complicated problems, including staged construction, the computer
program PYWall from Ensoft, Inc. may be considered for use. PYWall considers the nonlinear
lateral load-transfer properties of the soil and may consider multiple levels of tiebacks, struts,
and braces. Additional information about PYWall may be obtained from www.ensoftinc.com.
Free Earth Support Method
Anchored walls are supported by passive resistance at the toe of the wall and the anchor
tie rods at the top of the wall. Wall heights may extend up to 25 feet, depending on local soil
conditions. A procedure for the free earth support method is the following:
1. Compute the active and passive lateral pressured using appropriate coefficients of lateral
earth pressures. (See Figure 5)
2. Calculate the weight of overburden and surcharge loads at the dredge level, H.
3. Calculate the point of zero pressure using
y
H Ka
p p pa
17
............................................................. (4)
Cohesive Soil
Cohesionless Soil
H1
Ka
Low
Water
Ka H1
Ka
Hw
H1
pa
Low
Water
T
L
e H
Ht
Pa
Hw
2queH
e H
Pa
y
a
D1
p
p
e H K a
(pppa)D1
Figure 5 Earth Pressure Distributions Used in Design of Anchored Sheet Piling by Free Earth
Support Method for Cohesionless and Cohesive Soils
4. Calculate Pa, the resultant force of the earth pressure above point a, and its distance, L,
below the tie rod elevation.
Static equilibrium is attained by making the wall deep enough that the moment due to the
net passive pressure will balance the moment due to the resultant active force, Pa. Sum moments
about the tie rod level.
M ( L)( P )
a
( p p pa ) D12 ( H t y 2 3 D1 ) 0 ............................. (5)
Solving for D1; usually a trial and error solution is used. Alternatively, the equation can be
solved using the Goal Seek option in an electronic spreadsheet program.
Compute the tension in the tie rod by
T Pa 1 2 ( p p pa ) D12
The maximum bending moment occurs at the point of zero shear force in the wall below
the tie rod elevation.
18
Select the appropriate sheet pile section for the maximum moment developed.
Add 20 to 40 percent to D1 to provide a margin of safety or divide the passive resistance
force Pp by a factor of safety of 1.5 to 2.0.
Design Example of Anchored Sheet Pile Wall Using Free Earth Support Method
Granular Soil
Compute Distribution of Earth Pressures Acting on Wall
The earth pressures values at points B, C1, C2, and E (see Figure 6) are:
p B H 1 K a (110)(5)(0.271) 149.0 psf
pC1 PB H w K a 149.0 60(13)(0.271) 360.4 psf
pC 2 [ e H 1 ' H w ]K a [110(5) 60(13)]0.271 368.2 psf
p E ' ( K p K a ) D1 65(3.613 0.271) D1 216.8D1
4.5 ft
H1 = 5 ft
H = 18 ft
Hw = 13 ft
Ht = 13.5 ft
Sand Backfill
= 110 pcf
= 60 pcf
= 35 deg.
Ka = 0.271
3
C1
4
y
D
D1
5
E
C2
Medium Sand
= 65 pcf
= 34.5 deg.
Ka = 0.277
Kp = 3.61
Figure 6 Earth Pressure Distributions Used in Design Example for Anchored Sheet Pile Wall in
Cohesionless Soil
19
Compute Depth of Point of Zero Net Pressure
The depth of zero net pressure below the dredge line is computed by
y
pC 2
360.4
1.662 ft
' ( K p K a ) 65(3.614 0.271)
Compute Force Resultants of Pressures Acting on Wall
The resultant forces acting on the wall are:

P1
H 1 p B ( 1 2 )(5)(149.0) 372.6 lb
P2 H w p B (13)(149.0) 1,938. lb
P3
P4
P5
H w ( pC1 p B ) ( 1 2 )(13)(360.4 149.0) 1,374. lb
pC 2 y ( 1 2 )(368.2)(1.662) 306.0 lb
p E D1 ( 1 2 )( 216.8D1 ) D1 108.4 D12
Compute Sum of Moments
Equate the sum of moments acting about the tieback to zero and solve for D1.
Table 17 Sum of Moment Computations
Force
Force, lbs
Arm, ft
Moment, ft-lbs
P1
372.6
-1.167
-435
P2
1,938.
7.00
13,563
P3
1,374.
9.167
12,594
P4
306.0
14.608
4,470
P5
108.4 D12
13.5 1.662 2 D1 / 3
1,644 D1 72.28D12
Total
72.28D13 1,644.D12 30,192.
Solve for D1 and Select Value of D
Solve for D1 by trial and error or by spreadsheet solution using the Goal Seek function.
D1 3.956 ft
D D1 y 3.956 1.662 5.62 ft
20
Evaluate P5 using value of D1.

P5 108.4 D12 108.4(3.956) 2 1,696 lb
To provide a margin of safety, increase D by 20 to 40 percent (6.74 to 7.86 ft).
Use D = 7.5 ft for the design.
Compute Tension Force in Tieback
T P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
372.6 1,937 1,374 306.0 1,696
2,294 lb/ft width
For sizing of tieback, increase by 33%: Use 3,340 lb/ft width for design. The total force
in an individual tieback will depend on the lateral spacing between tiebacks.
Prior to designing the tieback, it is necessary for the geotechnical engineer to perform a
slope stability analysis to determine the position of the potential slip surface. The anchor block
for the tieback must be located beyond the slip surface in order for the tieback to perform as
designed.
Compute Location of Point of Maximum Moment
The location of the maximum moment, x, is below the water level at location of zero
shear force. In this case, it is possible to write a quadratic equation using the horizontal tieback
forces.
T P1 pb x 1 ' K a1 x 2
8.13x 2 149.0 x 1,921 0
x 8.732 ft below water
Compute Maximum Moment in Wall Section
The maximum moment is computed at the point of zero shear force. The maximum
moment developed in the wall is
21
M max
x2 1
x3
H1
P1
x pB
2 1 ' K a1 (1 ft) T x H t H w
2
3
3
9,815 ft - lb
117,800 in - lbs
117.8 in - kips
The magnitude of bending moment is higher than any of the moment capacities for Series
800 sections with No. 4 bars presented in Table 3. Any of the Series 800 sections with No. 5 or
larger reinforcement and any Series 1200 sections are acceptable for this wall section.
Design Example Using PYWall 3.0

Computer PYWall 3.0 from Ensoft (www.ensoftinc.com) considers soil-structure
interaction by using a generalized beam-column model and analyzes the behavior of a flexible
retaining wall or soldier-pile wall with or without tiebacks or bracing systems. Unlike the limit
equilibrium analysis methods discussed previously, PYWall solves the nonlinear differential
equation for a beam column that ensures compatibility of displacements of the wall and
resistance forces exerted by the soil. In addition, PYWall can include the force versus
deformation behavior of the tiebacks used for anchored walls.
The output from PYWall includes computation and graphs of lateral deflection, bending
moment, and shear force versus wall elevation.
The following is a design example for the 20-ft high wall shown in Figure 7.
The soil properties for this example problem are shown in Table 18.
Table 18 Example Soil Properties for Example Using PYWall
Soil Type
Depth Range,
ft
Total Unit
Weight
Cohesion
50
k, pci
Stiff Clay w/o

Free Water
023 ft
0276 in.
124 pcf
0.0718 pci
1,750 psf
12.15 psi
0.007
600
Stiff Clay w/o

Free Water
2360 ft
276720 in.
124 pcf
0.0718 pci
3,000 psf
20.83 psi
0.005
1,000
22
5 ft
20 ft
10 ft
35 ft
5 ft
Figure 7 Example Problem for PYWall
Compute Earth Pressure Distribution Acting on Wall
The earth pressure distribution in stiff clay is based on the recommendations of Article 46
in Terzaghi, Peck, and Mesri (1996) and is illustrated in Figure 7. In this example, the maximum
earth pressure for a 12-inch wide section of wall is set equal to 0.35 H w = (0.35) (0.0718 pci)
(240 in) (12 in) = 72.4 lb/in. The earth pressure distribution varies from zero at the top of wall to
the peak value at one-quarter of the wall height and from the peak value at three-quarters of the
wall height to zero at the bottom of the exposed face of the wall.
Compute Equivalent Spring Constant for Tieback
The tieback anchor will be modeled as a linear spring based on the extension of the
tieback anchor bar attached to a unyielding anchor block. The spring constant is equal to
k tieback
AE
.......................................................... (6)
Lstieback
Where A = cross sectional area of tieback anchor bar, E = Youngs modulus, L = length of
anchor bar, and stieback = horizontal spacing between tieback anchor bars. For a No. 9 bar, 25 ft
long, and a spacing of 6 ft, the anchor spring constant for a 12-inch wide section of wall is (1.00
in2)(29,000,000 psi)(12 in.)/((300 in.)(72 in.)) = 16,110 lb/inch.
23
Computed Results
The input value of bending stiffness is for a 12-inch wide vertical section, as is listed in
Tables 3 and 4. In a PYWall analysis, the moment developed is related to the bending stiffness of
the wall. In general, the wall deflection will decrease as the bending stiffness increases. So, it is
necessary to try different reinforcement options to determine the most economical wall section to
use. A set of computed results is shown in Table 19.
Table 19 Results Computed by PYWall 3.0 for Example Problem
Wall
Reinforcement
EI, lb-in2
Mult,
in-lbs
Mmax,
in-lbs
Mmax/Mult
Maximum
Deflection
Anchor
Force
No. 5
709,000,000
168,800
365,000
2.162
3.290
5,600
No. 6
921,000,000
218,200
367,000
1.682
2.600
5,610
No. 7
1,155,000,000
275,600
368,000
1.335
2.130
5,620
No. 8
1,409,000,000
341,800
369,000
1.080
1.800
5,630
No. 9
1,667,000,000
413,300
370,000
0.895
1.560
5,640
No. 10
1,974,000,000
503,900
367,000
0.728
1.350
5,390
No. 11
2,279,000,000
600,100
371,000
0.618
1.200
5,650
An examination of these results finds that a Series 1200 wall section with a concrete
compressive strength of 4,000 psi and reinforced with No. 9 bars is the minimum section that
will work for this example problem.
The following figures are graphs of lateral deflection, bending moment and shear force
versus depth below the top of wall for the Series 1200 wall section with a concrete compressive
strength of 4,000 psi and reinforced with No. 9 bars.
The lateral deflection profile is shown in Figure 8. The peak deflection is 1.56 inches and
is developed at an elevation approximately 10 feet below the top of the wall.
The bending moment profile is shown in Figure 9. The peak moment occurs at an
elevation approximately 10 feet below the top of the wall. This is the same location as for the
peak lateral deflection.
24
Lateral Deflection, Inches

-0.5
0
0.5
1.5
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 8 Lateral Deflection vs. Depth Below Pile Head

Bending Moment, in-lbs
-400,000
-200,000
200,000
400,000
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 9 Bending Moment vs. Depth Below Pile Head

25
The shear force profile is shown in Figure 10. There are two locations of high shear force
in the wall and one location of high shear at the connection point for the tieback anchor. The two
high shear force values are 7,390 lbs just above the dredge line (20 ft) and the maximum value of
8,710 lbs at 25.5 feet below the top of the wall.
The shear force due to the tieback is 5,640 lb/ft width. The actual force developed in the
tieback will depend on the horizontal spacing between tiebacks. For example, if the tiebacks are
spaced 6 ft apart on centers, the force in an individual tieback is 33,840 lbs.
Shear Force, lbs
-10,000
-5,000
5,000
10,000
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 10 Shear Force vs. Depth Below Pile Head

Optimization of Design
It is possible to optimize the design once the section and reinforcement are selected to
provide adequate strength and acceptable lateral deflection. Typically, one may shorten the
length of the pile sections either if the analysis of moment and deflection finds at portion of the
wall with minimal values, or one may elect not to place concrete and reinforcing steel below the
depth and use gravel-filled sections where the moment developed in the wall is lower than the
allowable moment capacities for gravel-filled walls presented in Table 1.
26
The figures 11, 12 and 13 compare the results of the first analysis, shown in blue, to an
optimized analysis, shown in green, in which the length of the wall sections was reduced from 35
to 30 feet and a gravel-filled section was used from 25 to 30 feet. For the optimized design,
maximum wall deflection increased from 1.55 to 1.64 inches. The maximum mobilized moment
increased from 369,000 to 379,000 in-lbs. The maximum shear force increased from 9,560 to
10,800 lbs.
Lateral Deflection, Inches
-0.5
0
0.5
1.5
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 11 Comparison of Computed Wall Deflections

In performing the optimization of design, the moment versus depth diagram was
examined to determine the depth below which a gravel-filled section would not be over-loaded
and the depth below which moments are negligible. The optimized design changes were made to
the numerical model and the wall was re-analyzed. The changes in wall performance were
judged to be acceptable.
27
Bending Moment, in-lbs

-400,000
-200,000
200,000
400,000
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 12 Comparison of Computed Wall Moments

Shear Force, lbs
-15000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
Depth in Feet
10
15
20
25
30
35
Figure 13 Comparison of Computed Wall Shear Forces

28
References
Blum, H. (1931). Einspannungsverhltnisse bei Bolhwerken. Wilh. Ernst und Sohn, Berlin.
Caquot, A., and Kerisel, J. (1948). Tables for the Calculation of Passive Pressure, Active
Pressure and Bearing Capacity of Foundations, Transl. from French by M. A. Bec,
Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 120 p.
Clayton, C. R. I., and Milititsky, J. (1986). Earth Pressure and Earth Retaining Structures,
Surrey University Press, 300 p.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, (1986). NAVFAC Design Manual 7.2, Foundations and
Earth Structures, US Government Printing Office.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G. (1996). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 3rd
Edition, Wiley, New York, 549 p.
United States Steel Corporation (1975). USS Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual, 132 p.
Wang, S.-T. (2007). Computer Program PYWall, Version, 3.0, Ensoft, Inc., Austin, Texas,
www.ensoftinc.com.
29
Appendix A Earth Pressure Coefficients for Wall Friction and

Sloping Backfill
Figure A1 Active and Passive Earth Pressure Coefficients with Wall Friction and Sloping
Backfill (from NAVFAC, 1986 and Caquot and Kerisel, 1948)
30

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Design of Sheet Pile Walls Using

TRULINE Composite Wall Sections

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv

Compute Sum of Moments ................................................................................................... 20

Figure 1 Earth Pressures Acting on a Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall ............................................... 9

Table 1 Allowable Moment Capacity and Effective Bending Stiffness of Gravel-filled

Design of Sheet Pile Walls Using Truline Composite Wall

Recommended Structural Capacities of Truline Series 800 and Series

Moment Capacity and Bending Stiffness

Bending Stiffness, EI,

Concrete Compressive Strength, fc psi/ft width

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, fc psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

1,119,000,000 1,135,000,000 1,155,000,000 1,172,000,000 1,186,000,000

1,352,000,000 1,383,000,000 1,409,000,000 1,432,000,000 1,452,000,000

1,593,000,000 1,633,000,000 1,667,000,000 1,696,000,000 1,722,000,000

1,881,000,000 1,931,000,000 1,974,000,000 2,011,000,000 2,044,000,000

2,167,000,000 2,228,000,000 2,279,000,000 2,324,000,000 2,364,000,000

Table 8 Allowable Shear Capacity of Gravel-filled Truline Sections

Allowable Shear Capacity,* lb/ft

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Table 10 Series 1200 Shear Capacity/ft width

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Vn 0.7525,500 lb/ft 4,000 lb/ft 22,100 lb/ft

Comparison of Unfilled and Concrete-Filled Sections

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Concrete Compressive Strength, f'c psi

Analysis and Design of Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

Figure 1 Earth Pressures Acting on a Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall

FEA1 A2 FFBA2 FECJ 0 0 ..................................................... (1)

Solve Equation 1 for the distance Z. For uniform cohesionless soil:

Design Example of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil

Figure 3 Example Problem for Sheet Pile Wall in Cohesionless Soil

Summing moments about the bottom point on the wall:

Depth of Penetration for Design

The depth of penetration is determined by increasing the value of D by 20 to 40 percent.

Compute Maximum Moment Developed in Wall

The force resultants P1, P2, and P3 are computed using:

The maximum moment is computed using

M max ( 2,244)(10.550) (389.3)(5.99) ( 2,633)(1.623)

Sum horizontal forces:

Sum moments about tip of wall

5.67 ft 2 680 psf (1 ft )

Analysis and Design of Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

( p p pa ) D12 ( H t y 2 3 D1 ) 0 ............................. (5)

p E ' ( K p K a ) D1 65(3.613 0.271) D1 216.8D1

Compute Depth of Point of Zero Net Pressure

Compute Force Resultants of Pressures Acting on Wall

The resultant forces acting on the wall are:

H w ( pC1 p B ) ( 1 2 )(13)(360.4 149.0) 1,374. lb

p E D1 ( 1 2 )( 216.8D1 ) D1 108.4 D12

Compute Sum of Moments

72.28D13 1,644.D12 30,192.

Solve for D1 and Select Value of D