Palm Oil Market Sustainability

PALM OIL
MARKET AND
SUSTAINABILITY
IN INDIA
The publication is a part of WWFs Market

Transformation Initiative. The report aims
to spread awareness regarding palm oil, its
economic, social and environmental implications and market trends towards sustainable
production and consumption of palm oil.
WWF-India 2013
Published by WWF-India
Any reproduction in full or part of this publication must mention the title and credit the
above mentioned publisher as the copyright
owner.
Acknowledgments
WWF-India expresses its gratitude and acknowledges the effort put in my several teams
and individuals in the production of this report.
The authors express their grateful thanks to
the entire KPMG team working on this project,
Darell Webber and the RSPO team, Mr. Nadir
Godrej for his unflinching support, the Dutch
Embassy, Preeti Ramdasi, the global WWF
team including David McLaughlin, Nina Haast,
Adam Harrison and the India team, including
Mr. Ravi Singh and Dr. Sejal Worah.
Report is prepared by WWF-India and KPMG
Table of Acronyms
Foreword
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
11
2. Global Edible Oil Scenario
13
WWF-India Team
Bhavna Prasad,
Director Sustainable Business
2.1
Global Edible Oil Production
13
2.2 Global Edible Oil Production Mix
14
Kadambari Yadav,
Programme Officer Sustainable Business
2.3 Global Palm Oil Market Production
15
2.4 Global Palm Oil Market Consumption
17
KPMG
Food and Agriculture Team
2.5 Applications of Palm Oil
18
2.6 Global Palm Oil Market International Trade
20
Report developed and edited by

Neha Simlai,
Manager Communications,
Sustainable Business
NATUREPL.COM /JUAN CARLOS MUNOZ / WWF
CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER: This report is owned exclusively by WWF-India and has inputs, based
on publicly available information only, from
KPMG India Private Limited. KPMG India
Private Limited has not independently verified
the information gathered or contained in this
report and, accordingly expressed no opinions
or makes any representations concerning its
accuracy or complete reliability or sufficiency.
The recipients should carry out their own due
diligence in respect of KPMG India Private
Limiteds inputs in the report. KPMG India Private Limited disclaims any and all liability for,
or based on or relating to any such information
and/or contained in, or errors in or omissions
from, their inputs or information in this report.
3. The Indian Edible Oil Scenario

3.1
Production and Consumption of Edible Oil in India
23
25
3.2 Palm Oil in India Production
25
3.3 Palm Oil in India Imports
26
3.4 Consumption of Palm Oil in India
28
3.5 Major Constraints in Domestic Cultivation of Oil Palm
29
3.6 Policies Related to Production and Distribution of Palm Oil
30
3.7 Marketing and Trade Overview of Palm Oil in India
33
3.8 The India Palm Oil Value Chain: An Overview
34
4. Sustainability Issues in Palm Oil Cultivation Globally
37
5. Conclusion
45
Annexure
44
Appendix
51
About WWF - India
53
TABLE OF
ACRONYMS
ASEAN Bn CAGR CPO CPKO CSPO CVD FAO FMCG GDP -
Billion
Compound Annual Growth Rate
Crude Palm Oil
Crude Palm Kernel Oil
Certified Sustainable Palm Oil
Counterveilling Duties
Food and Agricultural Organisation
Fast Moving Consumer Goods
Gross Domestic Product
GMO -
Genetically Modified Organisms
GHG -
Greenhouse Gases
HVOC ISOPOM -
Hindustan Vegetable Oil Corporation

Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize
KLK -
Kuals Lumpur Kepong Berhad
MHa -
Million Hectares
MMTC Mn Mn MT MT NAFED OGL -
Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation

Million
Million Metric Tonnes
Metric Tonnes
National Agriculture Cooperative Marketing Federation of India
Open General License
OPAE -
Oil Palm Area Expansion
OPDP -
Oil Palm Development Program
PAN AP PDS PFAD RBD RSPO -
Pesticides Action Network- Asia and Pacific

Public Distribution System
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
Refined Bleached Deodorized
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
SAD -
Special Additional Duty
STC -
The State Trading Corporation of India
TFA -
Trans Fatty Acids
TMOP -
Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses
USDA -
United States Department of Agriculture
UT WWF INTERNATIONAL
Association of South-East Asian Nations
WTO -
Union Territory
World Trade Organisation
FOREWORD
Biodiversity is the foundation of life on earth and one of the pillars of sustainable
development. Ban Ki moon
According to the WWFs Living Planet Report 2012, demand on natural resources has
doubled since 1966 and we are currently using the equivalent of 1.5 planets to support
our activities. Business as usual projections estimate that we will need the equivalent
of two planets, by 2030, to meet our annual demands. Under this scenario, humanities
resource requirements will become increasingly difficult to meet.
In order to reverse this unsustainable trend, there is a need for a paradigm shift in
our economic and business models and lifestyles that decouple human development
from unsustainable consumption (moving away from material and energy-intensive
commodities), to maintain ecosystem integrity, and to promote pro-poor growth and
development.
One example of consumption of natural resources, resulting in large scale deforestation and loss of biodiversity, is the production of unsustainable palm oil in countries
like Indonesia and Malaysia, and increasingly in Africa. India is the largest consumer
and importer of palm oil in the world today, with a majority of its imports coming from
Indonesia.
NATUREPL.COM / EDWIN GIESBERS / WWF-CANON
The report, Palm Oil Market and Sustainability in India, provides a comprehensive overview of the palm oil market and the sustainability trends that are driving it
towards toward responsible production and consumption. The report underscores the
negative environmental impacts of the unsustainable palm oil plantations and initiatives underway to address these issues, to enable production of sustainable palm oil.
When forests shrink, so does

the home of endangered
species
Jamshyd Godrej
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Palm oil has emerged as the main global source of vegetable oil due to adequate
availability, versatility in usage and lower cost, as compared to other vegetable oils.
Palm oil forms ~ 33% of the world vegetable oil production mix. Indonesia and
Malaysia contribute almost 87% of production of palm oil, whereas China and India
constitute 34% of imports.1
Global edible oil consumption has grown from 123 Million Metric tonnes (Mn MT) in
2007 to 158 Mn MT in 2012.2 This growth has been fuelled by increased population,
incomes and per capita consumption especially in developing countries like India,
Indonesia and China among others of emerging nations like India, Indonesia, China
and other developing countries. Palm oil, at 48.7 Mn MT is the largest consumed edible
oil in the world.3
As demand for palm oil increases, substantial tracts of tropical forests are often cleared
to make room for large plantations. As per WWFs estimates, the expansion of oil palm
plantations is likely to cause four million hectares (more than twice the size of Kerala)
of forest loss by 2020. Deforestation would most likely occur in high biodiversity areas,
such as Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Sumatra and the Congo Basin in Africa. The felling
and burning of forests impact populations of endangered wildlife such as Sumatran
Tigers, Rhinos and Orangutans. It also has adverse impacts on peoples health and
disrupts local livelihoods. At the global level, the impacts of forest loss are even
more dramatic, including the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere that
contribute to global warming.
To ensure an uninterrupted supply of clean palm oil that does not involve sacrificing
the remaining tropical forests or contributing to global warming, all companies that
produce, trade or use palm oil need to move towards sustainable palm oil.
JAMES MORGAN / WWF INTERNATIONAL
Palm Oil at
48.7 Mn MT
is the largest consumed
edible oil in the world (2012)
8
Indias Palm oil consumption, as a part of the over all global consumption has
increased from 13% in 2007 to 15% in 2011-12. Indias growth in consumption is
outpacing the global rate and hence India plays a vital role in driving the production of
Palm oil globally.
The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the palm oil market and
highlight the need to procure sustainable palm oil in India. This report includes the
rationale and development of sustainability platforms, such as the Roundtable on
Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and GreenPalm. At the heart of the RSPOs standards is
the requirement to not clear primary forest or any land that is important for wildlife
and communities. There are also standards that address soil erosion, pollution, health
and safety, labour conditions and others that make up the definition of sustainable
palm oil. Over the last few years, these initiatives have gained momentum with
increased participation from industry players ranging from retailers, such as Walmart
and Tesco, to manufacturers, such as Unilever and Nestle and to traders such as
Cargill. There is also increasing interest from Indian companies that have become
RSPO members and have started to explore procuring sustainable palm oil.
9
1. INTRODUCTION
PALM OIL
MARKET AND SUSTAINABILITY
INTRODUCTION
Global edible oil consumption has increased by about
18% over the last 5 years. The edible oil production mix
is largely dominated by palm oil, which is now the single
largest consumed vegetable oil in the world. India and
China have emerged as the worlds leading importers of
palm oil. Change in consumption patterns, availability,
pricing, policy changes towards imports and domestic
production of other oilseeds have all influenced usage of
edible oils. Given the underlying growth drivers of these
segments, the mix of oil application is not expected to
change significantly over the next five years.
Palm oil has dominated Indian imports since the last
two decades, for its logistical advantages, contractual
flexibility, and consumer acceptance. India is the lasgest
importer of palm oil which is also the lowest priced oil.
Palm oil contributes to around 74% (as of 2012) of the
total edible oils that are imported into the country. Apart
from human consumption, as RBD palmolein it also
supports many other industries in India like refining,
vanaspati and other industrial sectors.
Palm Oil
contributes to around
74%
of the total edible oils
imported into India
While there is a strong economic rationale for the

consumption of palm oil, there is also growing awareness
regarding the need for sustainable palm oil production
that does not lead to social and environmental impacts,
such as the destruction of forests, biodiversity loss,
greenhouse gas emissions, community or labour issues.
This report provides a snapshot of the Indian palm oil
industry and the sustainability trends influencing the
global palm oil market. It is divided into three main
sections:
Global Edible Oil Scenario
Indian Edible Oil Scenario
Sustainability Issues in Palm Oil Cultivation and

Solutions
Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/
11
2. GLOBAL EDIBLE OIL SCENARIO

PALM OIL
2.1
Edible Oil Production
FIGURE 1
Global Edible Oil Production Over Last Five Years
155.6
160
147.5
140.8
140
128.7
133.7
Indonesia and Malaysia export
89%
of palm oil globally
Million Metric Tonne
120
100
80
Global edible oil consumption has increased at a

CAGR of ~4.9% from ~121.5 Mn MT in 2007 to ~155.6
Mn MT in 2011- 12.4 This growth has been driven by:
Increased populationGlobal population has
increased from 5.5 Bn to 7 Bn in 2011 and is expected
to increase to 7.5 Bn by 2015 and 8.1 Bn by 2020.
China and India are expected to have 1.5 Bn and 1.4
Bn people respectively and the rest of the world would
constitute 5.2 Bn people.5 This would lead to more
consumption, fuelling increased demand for edible
oils.
Increased per capita consumption - Per capita
incomes have an established correlation with per
capita consumption of value added products, such
as edible oils. Per capita edible oil consumption
of developing nations is significantly lower than
developed nations. Sustained economic growth in
emerging nations like India, China, Brazil is likely to
have a positive influence on disposable incomes. This
is expected to fuel further demand for edible oils.
60
40
20
0
2007/08
Source: USDA FAS
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
India and China have emerged as the worlds leading

importers of vegetable oils. While, Indonesia, Malaysia and Argentina dominate the
export market, representing approximately 75% of exports. China, Malaysia, the
United States, the European Union, Indonesia, India, Brazil and Argentina are fats
and oils-producing countries. China, the European Union and India are high-demand
countries that supplement their deficits through imports.
Vegetable oil consumption Kg/Capita/yr
FIGURE 2
Correlation of per capita edible oil consumption and per capita GDP
Per Capita GDP $

Source: FAO
13
2.2
Global Edible Oil Production Mix
FIGURE 3
Global Vegetable Production Mix (2011-12).
Total Global Production : 155.6 Mn MT
Coconut
2%
The edible oil production mix is largely dominated by

palm oil production contributing ~33% of the total
edible oil produced. Palm oil is versatile due to its scope
of uses for both food and non-food products. Of the
155.6 Mn MT of edible oil produced in 2012, ~55.97 Mn
MT is palm oil (including palm kernel oil). The growth
in palm oil production has been significantly high at
~6.3% CAGR between 2007 to 2012 compared to growth
in production of other oils like peanut, soyabean and
sunflower oils that stand at ~3% to 3.5% over the same
period.6
Cottonseed
3%
Sunowerseed
10%
Olive
2%
Soybean
27%
Palm
33%
Rapeseed
16%
The global vegetable oil production mix has witnessed an

increase in the contribution of palm oil (including palm
kernel oil) from 34% to 36% and rapeseed oil increased
from 14% to 16% over the last five years.
Palm Kernel
4%
Peanut
3%
Cost competitiveness vis--vis other vegetable oils and animal fats. Palm oil, the
cheapest oil among soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower seed oil, has been able
to capture new markets and make inroads into markets that have traditionally
preferred other oils.
Concerns over the health hazards associated with trans-fatty acids (TFA) and
genetically modified organisms (GMO) have also raised the demand for palm oil,
as palm oil is not derived from a GMO nor does it contain TFA.
Palm oil, which requires little or no hydrogenation for production of margarine,

bakery shortenings and confectionery fats is an accepted substitute compared to
vegetable oils, which need hydrogenation to produce these products.
Compared to other oil crops, the oil palm produces high yields, is easy to cultivate
and bears fruit all round the year
2.3
Global Palm Oil Market Production
FIGURE 5
Area Under Oil Palm Cultivation Globally (2005-2010)
The contribution of peanut oil reduced from 4% to 3%,

and soyabean oil reduced from 30% to 27% over the past
six years.7
12.9
13.3
13.9
14.0
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.2
3.7
3.7
14.9
15.0
2.7
2.8
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
The significant growth in production, consumption and market share of palm oil is to a
large extent due to:
Palm oil yield of 3.80 tonnes per hectare per year is around nine times that of
soyabean, seven and a half times that of rape seed and six times that of sunflower
oil.
Million Hectares
Source: USDA FAS
FIGURE 4
Major Vegetable Oil Production Globally
150
Palm + Palm Kernel
120
90
3.4
3.6
3.1
3.7
3.6
4.1
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Indonesia
Others
Nigeria
Malaysia
Soybean
49.19
51.37
53.51
56.11
60
33.9
38.88
41.25
42.06
30
20.56
22.43
23.57
23.89
11.95
5.08
12.11
4.74
12.21
5.1
14.3
5.24
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
Total Global area under palm oil cultivation
Rapeseed
Sunowerseed
2.3
2.4
Peanut
Source: FAQ Stat
Palm oil is mainly produced in South East

Asia with Indonesia and
Malaysia contributing
to more than 89% of the
total production of palm
oil globally. The climate
in this region is the most
suitable for growth of oil
palm fruit.
As on 2010, 15 Mn hectares of land is cultivated
under oil palm fruit of
which, 5 Mn hectares (i.e.
33%) is in Indonesia, and
4 Mn hectares (i.e. 27%)
is cultivated in Malaysia.
While the acreage under
oil palm in Malaysia has
not increased significantly,
it has been on an upward
trend in Indonesia, which
is currently estimated to
have at ~7 Mn hectares.
Acreage under oil palm has been rapidly increasing in Indonesia, having grown at
a CAGR of 8% over the past five years.
Nigeria accounts for ~3.2 Mn hectares of the total land cultivated for palm oil
production, but are very extensive and low yielding cultivations and hence, despite
having more than 20% share of acreage under palm, it forms only ~2% of the
global palm oil production.
Source: USDA FAS
14
15
FIGURE 6
Global Palm Oil Production Over Last Five Years
60
Million Metric Tonnes
50
41.08
43.99
45.86
2008/09
2009/10
47.93
50.02
2010/11
2011/12
40
30
RICHARD STONEHOUSE / WWF CANON
20
10
0
2007/08
Source: USDA FAS

Globally, the acreage under oil palm fruit has been increasing at a CAGR of 3.8%. The
world market for palm oil stands at 50.20 Mn MT (excluding palm kernel oil) in
2011-12. The global palm oil production has been increasing at a CAGR of 6.3% over
the last five years.8
Commercially, palm oil is used in various forms, such as, crude palm oil, crude
palmolien, refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm oil, RBD palmolien, palm
kernel oil and as palm stearin.
Palm oil is used in at

least half of the super
market products.
2.4 Global Palm Oil Market Consumption

FIGURE 7
Global Palm Oil Consumption Over Last Five Years
50
42.7
40
44.9
46.9
48.7
39.7
Indias palm oil consumption, as a part of the overall

global consumption has increased from 13% in 20072008 to 15% in 2011-2012.
30
Indias growth in consumption is outpacing the global

rate and hence, India plays a vital role in driving the
production of palm oil globally.
20
10
The palm oil plantation in Riau, Sumatra is owned

by the Indonesian palm oil producer Musim Mas
and has been certied according to RSPO criteria
for sustainable palm oil production.
16
Global consumption of palm oil stands at ~48.7 Mn

MT as of 2011-12. Consumption has been increasing by
~6.1% over the last five years on the back of growing
demand for the oil, especially from developing countries
like India and China.
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
India, is followed by Indonesia, which is now a larger

consumer of palm oil than China, contributing 23% of
global palm oil consumption in 2011/12.9
Source USDA FAS
17
FIGURE 8
Global Palm Oil Consumption by Country (2011-2012)
Pakistan
7%
FIGURE 9
Application of Palm Oil Globally by User Segments
Nigeria 4%
37.3
Million Hectares
Malaysia
9%
EU-27
16%
China
18%
39.3
42.1
44.5
India
23%
Indonesia
23%
0.7
0.7
8.2
8.5
28.3
30.1
1.2
8.9
32
1.3
9.4
33.8
47.4
1.4
10
36
Total Global consumption 48.07 Million Metric Tonnes

Source: USDA FAS
2.5
2006/07
2007/08
Food and consumer products
Applications of Palm Oil
2008/09
2009/10
Industrial/Oleo chemicals
2010/11
Biodiesel
Total Global area under palm oil consumption
1) Food based applications
Source: USDA FAS
Palm oil is used, to a large extent, as a cooking oil, frying fats and a cheaper substitute
for butter. It also used as vanaspati/vegetable ghee, margarine and spreads, confectionary and bakery fats (specialty fats) ice cream, coffee creamers and filled milk, emulsifiers, vitamin E supplements among others.
As a non-food ingredient, palm oil finds application in the production of cosmetics,

toiletries, soaps and detergents. It is also used in the FMCG market, used in the oleo
chemical industry, as a base material for the production of surfactants (washing active
substances) for laundry detergents, household cleaners and cosmetics.
USDA ESTIMATES
THAT
A range of food products

for sale at a supermarket
- mainly cakes, breads,
and other baked goods,
containing palm oil.
75%
RICHARD STONEHOUSE / WWF CANON
18
2) Non-food applications
OF THE GLOBAL
PALM OIL
CONSUMPTION IS
FOR FOOD PURPOSES
According to USDA estimates, 75% of the global palm oil consumption is for food
purposes, while ~22% is for industrial/non-food purposes. The remaining, though
currently, of marginal quantity, is used for biodiesel.
Though the major usage of palm oil due to its versatile applications is in the food
industry, usage in the industrial segment has been gaining prominence.
Palm oil consumption by the food products industry has been increasing at a CAGR of
5.1% and industrial segment by a CAGR of 6.1%.
19
2.6
Global Palm Oil Market International Trade
Indonesias share in overall exports has increased from 45% to 46%, while Malaysias
share in the overall exports has reduced from 44% to 42%, over the last four years. 10
Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest producers of palm oil and contribute to about
89.% as of, 2011-12, of the worlds exports. Indonesia and Malaysia have increased palm
oil acreage by a CAGR of 8% and 3% respectively over 2005 to 2010. Acreage under
palm oil in Malaysia has now stagnated with no significant additions over the last few
years. With the exception of Sarawak, Malaysias primary focus recently has been on
replanting existing cultivations. Moreover, yields have witnessed an improvement
resulting in additional surpluses. Exports from Indonesia have grown at a CAGR of 3%,
while exports from Malaysia have grown at a CAGR of 1.7% over 2008-09 to 2011-12.
Major importers of palm oil are India and China with imports of 7.2 Mn MT and 6.1
Mn Tons in 2011/12. The imports of both countries have been on the rise on account
of shift from other oils and strong growth in the consumer products sector. Given the
increasing prices of various oilseeds, palm oil is expected to gain further prominence,
especially in emerging and developing countries in Asia and Africa.
FIGURE 12
Major Global Importers of Palm Oil
FIGURE 10
Major Exporters of Palm Oil
40
40
3.4
3.6
Malaysia
30
15.48
15.53
OF PALM OIL IS
IMPORTED TO
INDIA AND CHINA
Others
16.6
25
35.3%
Indonesia
4.2
16.3
35
20
15
30
17.2
13.6
15.3
16.7
Pakistan
EU-27
25
20
1.9
2.1
2.1
China
2.1
5.2
15
5.5
5.4
4.6
10
6.1
5.7
5.7
6.8
6.6
6.6
7.2
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
India
6.1
18
10
15.96
16.57
2008/09
2009/10
16.42
0
0
Other
35
2010/11
2008/09
2011/12
Source: USDA FAS
Source: USDA FAS
FIGURE 11
Major Exporters of Palm Oil: Total Global Exports Stand at 38.7 Mn MT in
2011-12
OF PALM OIL IS
EXPORTED BY
INDONESIA AND
MALAYSIA
Other
7%
Malaysia
43%
Papua New Guinea 1%

United Arab Emirates
1%
Indonesia
47%
Source: USDA FAS
20
90%
Thailand
1%
21
3. THE INDIAN EDIBLE OIL SCENARIO

PALM OIL
FIGURE 13
Production of Major Vegetable Oils in India
70
8.00
60
7.00
8.06
50
Lakh MT
40
30
6.00
6.55
4.05
5.00
14.16
10
0
17.55
8.09
3.82
8.60
2.30
7.16
2.81
16.75
15.85
15.94
4.00
18.08
3.00
20
4.83
22.32
23.02
20.48
23.05
2.00
1.00
0.00
21.12
11.19
2006-07
2005/06
Groundnut
2007-08
2006/07
Rapeseed & Mustard
16.48
2008-09
2007/08
Soyabean
*Based on 4th Advance Estimate (declared by Min of Agriculture on 19.07.2011.

Source: Ministry of Agriculture
FIGURE 14
State-wise Area under Oilseed Cultivation and Oilseed
Production
15.67
12.49
2009-10
2008/09
2010-11*
2009/10
India is the fourth largest

oilseed producing country
in the world, with 31.10
Mn MT harvest over an
area of nearly 26 million
hectares (2010-2011).
The acreage under oilseed
cultivation has grown at a
CAGR of ~1.7% between
2001 to 2009-2010.
The sector occupies an
important position in the
agricultural economy,
with an estimated
production of ~31.10 Mn
MT of nine varieties of
oilseeds.11
Indias mix of vegetable

oil production is largely
dominated by production
of rapeseed/mustard oil at
2.04 Mn MT contributing
to 34.7% of the total edible oil production from primary
sources in 2009-10. India contributes to 10.2% of the
global rapeseed oil production.
Sunower
Other
This is followed by production of soyabean oil at 1.5

Mn MT, contributing to 27.07% of the total edible oil
production in 2009-10. India contributes to ~4% of the
global soyabean oil production.
Sunflower seed oil production in India has been
diminishing at 0.28 Mn MT in 2009-10, contributing
to 4.7% of the total edible oil production in the country.
India forms ~3% of the global sunflower seed oil
production.12
ALAIN COMPOST / WWF-CANON
India is the worlds largest producer of groundnuts, sesame seeds, linseeds and castor seeds with production of
oilseeds concentrated in the central and southern parts
of India, mainly Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Production of edible oil from major oilseeds (that is
primary sources) in India has grown at a CAGR of 3%
from ~25.1 Mn MT in 2003-04 to reach ~31.10 Mn MT
in 2010-11. 13
Clearing a swamp forest for a palm oil

plantation, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Source: Indiastat
23
The edible oil industry comprises of 50,000 Expellers, 600 Solvent Extraction Plants,
300 Vegetable Oil Refineries, and 175 Hydrogenation Plants.14
increase in the demand for edible oils. However, Indias per capita consumption is still
much lower than the world average or as compared to countries such as the US and
China.
The Indian edible oil sector averages a turnover of $10 billion per annum and earns
foreign exchange of $ 90 million.15
INDIA IS THE
WORLDS LARGEST
CONSUMING
MARKET
FOR PALM OIL
RICHARD STONEHOUSE /
WWF-CANON
Palm oil is bought from Malaysia and Indonesia and soy oil from Brazil and Argentina.
India imports its olive oil demand from Spain, Italy, Turkey and Greece. Indias
vegetable oil import was 9.9 Mn MT in 2011-12.16 Of the total edible oil available in the
country in 2011-2012, ~21% was imported, of which palm oil consumption alone was
7.2 Mn MT. The second most-consumed edible oil was soy oil at 2.7 Mn MT, followed
by rapeseed oil at 2.3 Mn MT, and groundnut oil by 1. 3 Mn MT.
In 2011/12 the per capita consumption of edible oil in India was

extremely low at 13.6 kg/annum, as compared to 21.1 kg/annum in
China, 17.2 kg/annum in Japan, and 40.5 kg/annum in the US.18
Source: USDA FAS and FAO Statistics
3.1
Moisturisers, like many
other cosmetics are likely
to contain palm oil
EDIBLE OIL CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

Edible oil consumption in India is traditionally region specific. While coconut, peanut,
and sunflower oil are prevalent in south India, peanut and cottonseed oil are preferred
in Gujarat. Rapeseed oil is prevalent in northeast India and soybean oil is preferred in
central India. A large part of the oil purchased in India is for household consumption
or institutional uses (food processors, restaurants, and hotels). Oil in India is sold
primaririly (89%) in loose form and a small percentage (11%) in the branded and
packaged form.17
Consumption of palm oil in India
Almost 90% of the palm oil imported and produced domestically is used for edible/
food purposes, while the remaining is used for industrial/non-edible purposes (like
soap, detergent and cosmetics manufacturing, etc).
Palm oil is now the single largest consumed vegetable oil in India. Over the last 25
years, factors such as change in consumption patterns, availability, pricing, policy
changes towards imports and domestic production of other oilseeds have all influenced
usage.
Given the underlying growth drivers of these segments, the mix of oil application is not
expected to change significantly over the next five years.
The statutory regulations in the vegetable oil industry in India are administered
through the Vegetable Oil Products (Regulation) Order, 1998; Edible Oils Packaging
(Regulation) Order, 1998; and the Solvent Extracted Oil, De-oiled Meal and Edible
Flour (Control) Order 1967, under the Essential Commodities Act. From 2008, the
import duty on crude edible oils was abolished and duty on refined edible oils lowered
to 7.5%.
Palm oil is consumed only in refined form in the edible/food industry whereas,
derivatives like palm stearin and PFAD (palm fatty acid distillate), and refined palm
kernel oil are used for industrial applications. The largest consumers of oil are the
refiners who sell loose/packaged oil for edible purposes.
As the chart below shows, edible oil consumption has been steadily increasing over the
past few decades. With the increase in per capita consumption, there is likely to be an
FIGURE 16
Imports of Palm Oil in India by Country
FIGURE 15
Edible Oil Consumption in India
Malaysia
17%
3.2
ports
Other
1%
Per Capita Consumption in Kg
16
Palm oil has dominated Indian imports since the mid1990s, for its logistical advantages, contractual flexibility, and consumer acceptance, as the lowest priced oil.
Indias palm oil imports have grown at a CAGR of
~17.09% to reach ~7.4 Mn MT in 2011-2012.
14
Indonesia
82%
12
10
8
Palm oil contributes to around 77% (as on 2011) of the

total edible oils that are imported in the country.
6
4
2
Note: The country wise imports has been given for the year 2012
Source: US Comtrade
2011/12
2008/09
2005/06
2002/03
1999/00
1996/97
1993/94
1990/91
1987/88
1984/85
1981/82
1978/79
1975/76
1972/73
1969/70
1966/67
1963/64
1960/61
24
Palm Oil in India Im-
25
FIGURE 18
Total Area under Oil Palm Fruit (In hectares)
FIGURE 17
Imports of Palm Oil in India
200,000
7.00
0.11
Million metric tonnes
6.00
5.00
0.11
0.03
2.00
5.19
139,362
140,000
5.37
0.03
155,202
160,000
4.00
3.00
180,000
0.03
0.01
179,250
0.08
5.17
113,184
120,000
4.04
91,864
100,000
2.99
1.00
2.36
2.37
0.00
0.42
0.11
0.12
0.73
2005
2006
2007
2008
73,688
80,000
1.24
1.21
2009
2010
61,026
60,000
1.08
40,000
2011
20,000
RBD Palmolein (Rened)
Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
0
2005
Crude Palm Kernal Oil (CPKO)
2006
2009
2010
2011

India imported crude palm oil (CPO) at an average price of $0.83/kg (in 2010) and
crude palm kermel oil (CPKO) at $1.02/kg (in 2010) mainly from Indonesia and
refined palm oil, also called refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein from
Malaysia.19
As of 2010, Indonesia accounts for ~82%, while Malaysia accounts for ~17% of the total
palm oil imports to India.
The major importing and trading centres for palm in India are Chennai, Kakinada,
Mumbai and Kandla. Other centres like Mundra, Kolkata, Mangalore and Karwar also
play an important role.
Palm oil prices in India depend on the imported palm oil from Malaysia and Indonesia at various ports. Besides this, palm oil trade in India is influenced by the supplydemand scene in the domestic market, which includes influencing factors like domestic
oilseed production, prices of various domestically produced and imported oils, production and trade policies of the government (mainly the export-import policy) and the
over-all health of the economy (as it has a strong bearing on the purchasing power of
consumers). The entire industry in India is dominated by importers, large refiners and
companies involved in wholesale and retail trade.
3.3
Palm oil in India Production
Despite being the worlds fourth largest oilseed producing country, Indias share of
palm oil production is small, accounting for 0.2% share in the total world produce. Of
the 15 MHa under oil palm fruit production globally, acreage under oil palm in India
stands at ~155,202 Ha, which contributes to 1% of the global acreage.
However, the acreage has been growing at a significant rate of 21% CAGR during the
last five years.
TOTAL AREA
UNDER PALM OIL IS
Implementation of the Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP) is being carried

out by Horticulture Departments and Agriculture Departments of the concerned State
Governments. Financial assistance, cultivation subsidies, etc. are provided to farmers
for encouraging the oil palm cultivation in India under the OPDP programme.
182,486
HECTARES
AS OF 2011
Of the total cultivated area of 191,071 hectares, as of 2010-11, 95% (ie, 182,486
hectares) was cultivated under the OPDP.
FIGURE 19
Production of Crude Palm Oil in India (under OPDP)
120,000
105,513
100,000
80,000
(In hectares)
OF PALM OIL IN
INDIA IS IMPORTED
FROM INDONESIA
2008
Year on year achievement of OPDP
Source: Solvent Extractors Association
82%
2007
66,488
60,000
51,328
40,000
43,965
45,403
2006 -07
2007-08
52,926
30,838
20,000
0
2004 -05
2005 - 06
2008-09
2009 -10
2010 -11

26
27
Palm oil production in India has grown at 22.7% CAGR over the past five years to reach
105,513 Mn MT in 2011. However, India would continue to be a net importer of palm
oil, with most of its demand expected to be met through imports.
FIGURE 20
State-wise Palm Oil Production and Acreage in India
Andhra Pradesh is the

leading palm oil producing
state in India contributing approximately 86 %
of countrys production,
followed by Kerala (10%)
and Karnataka (2%). Other
palm oil producing states
include Orissa, Tamil
Nadu, Goa and Gujarat.
Andhra Pradesh has
been the largest palm oil
producing state in India,
having shown more than
100% achievability of the
targeted acreage from
2004-05 to 2009-10 under
the Oil Palm Development
Programme.
Other states like
Karnataka have achieved
~85% and Tamil Nadu
has achieved ~60% of the
targeted acreage over the
same period.
Note: Figurs for 2009-2012

3.4
Major constraints in domestic cultivation of

oil palm20
Long gestation periods:

Oil palm has very high productivity when compared to other oilseeds like mustard,
however, the farmers would have to wait for four years for the trees in India to start
yielding palm fruit bunches, which would then give palm oil and palm kernel oil.
Small farm holdings:

Indian farmers generally have very small farm holdings, making investments, in
a sector like palm with varied and geographically diverse marginal farm holdings,
challenging.
Limited investments by corporate sector:

The entry of large corporates into planting has been limited compared with Malaysia
and Indonesia. For plantations to be successful, these have to be taken up on a large
scale to create efficiencies.
3.5
SUBSIDIES FOR DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTED PALM OIL:

The Ministry of Food has been subsiding imported edible oil distribution under the
public distribution system (PDS):
To provide relief to consumers, in particular below poverty line households, from

the rising prices of edible oils, the Central Government introduced a scheme for
distribution of upto 10 lakh tons of imported edible oils in 2008-09 at a subsidy of
Rs. 15/- per kg through State Governments/UTs at the rate of one liter per ration
card per month.
Four Central Public Sector Undertakings, PEC, MMTC, STC and NAFED have
been entrusted the job of importing, refining, packing and distribution of subsidized edible oils to the States/UTs.
The scheme for import of 10 lakh tons of edible oils with a subsidy of Rs 15/- per
kg was extended during 2009-10, 2010-2011 and in 2011-12 upto 30.9.2012. After
the implementation of the scheme, edible oil prices have substantially declined
and poorer sections were provided edible oils at subsidized rates.21
Geographical location:
The ideal locations for oil palm trees are within eight degrees latitude north and
south of the Equator. Therefore, Indias geographical position is not ideal for oil palm
cultivation.
OIL PALM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN INDIA:
OPDP was launched during 1991- 92 under the Technology Mission on Oilseeds
and Pulses (TMOP), with a focus on expansion of area under oil palm cultivation.
From 2004-05 onwards, the scheme is being implemented as part of the

Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm & Maize (ISOPOM) and
provides support for oil palm cultivation in 12 states: Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura & West Bengal.
Irrigation:
Palms need regular rainfall throughout the year. However, they can withstand dry
periods of 3-4 months depending on soils type without irrigation. Oil palm can be
grown in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa and a few other areas, but only with
irrigation. This places significant pressure on the hydrological system of the region.
28
Policies related to production and

distribution of palm oil
29
For the year 2011-12, the government rolled out the Oil Palm Area Expansion
(OPAE) Programme in order to bring an additional 60,000 hectares area under oil
palm cultivation.
The government has also announced various subsidies for oil palm growers for
planting, buying pump set and drip-irrigation systems, partial compensation in
case of loss during the gestation period and support for processing units.
For this, a total outlay of INR 300 crores has been proposed to provide subsidies,
financial support and loss compensation among others.22
3.6
Marketing and Trade Overview of Palm oil in

India
Indian consumption patterns of all vegetable oils are influenced by the domestic import tariff policies, which affect the relative world prices of palm oil.
India imports refined, bleached and deodorized palmolein (RBDPO) from Malaysia
and imports crude palm oil (CPO) from Indonesia. By refining, bleaching and deodorizing palm oil, physical impurities, odors and colors are removed to use as cooking oil
(olein) and palm stearin, as raw material for soaps and other personal care items. RDB
palmolein is used primarily as cooking oil, ready for human consumption, while CPO is
refined domestically.
UPSTREAM
MIDSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
Plantation
Rening
Fresh fruit bunches (FFB)
RBD palm oil
Milling
Fractionation
Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
RBD Olein (80%) Stearin (20%)
THE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE MARKET FOR PALM OIL IN INDIA ARE:
30
Price sensitivity of Indian importers to changing international prices of competing

oils
World demand and supply fluctuations of competitive edible oils
Domestic demand and supply fluctuations of other oils and oilseeds
Seasonal cycles, as April to December are the peak production period
Export - Import policies of the importing nations
RICHARD STONEHOUSE / WWF-CANON
Trading/Transport
Palm oil is used in signicant quantities across

retail segment products especially cosmetics,
confectionery and other food items.
INDIAS TRADE POLICY
CURRENT IMPORT DUTY STRUCTURE IN INDIA ON VARIOUS FORMS OF PALM OIL:
From the 1970s to 1994 the State Trading Corporation controlled edible oil imports.
The quantity to be imported was decided by a Center based ministerial committee
depending on the domestic supply and demand conditions, as also the balance-ofpayment situation prevailing in the country. The government undertook an initiative,
known as the Technology Mission on Oilseeds, wherein imports were restricted during
1994-1998 to help foster self-sufficiency. After signing on with WTO, oil imports were
placed under the Open General License (OGL), allowing unlimited imports by private
traders in India.
Since 2000, there have been constant revisions in the import duty structure of crude
and refined palm oil, wherein the import duty from 75% in 2001 was curtailed to 65%
in 2003 and was raised back to 66.3% in 2004. The duty was again slashed in 2007 to
51.5% and then finally to 20.6% in March, 2008.
In response to growing domestic food inflation, in April 2008, most duties on crude
edible oil were abolished.
REVISION OF IMPORT DUTY STRUCTURE ON CRUDE AND REFINED PALM OIL

Revision of import duty structure
Revised Edible & Non-edible Oils Import Duty Structure

Edible oil
Customs duty
CVD
Cess on
CVD
Education
cess
SAD
Effective
duty
Crude Palm Oil & Crude Olein
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Refined Palm Oil & RBD Palmolein
7.50%
Nil
Nil
3%
Nil
7.73%
Non Edible oil

Crude Palm Stearin
10%
8%
3%
3%
4%
24.42%
Crude Palm Kernel Oil
12.50%
Nil
Nil
3%
4%
17.37%
Note: CVD: Countervailing duties,

SAD: Special Additional Duty
In 2000, the Government introduced a system of tariff rate values, which meant that
import prices were calculated based on the tariff revenue per ton imported and adjusted according to current world prices at the time. This was done primarily to avoid
under-invoicing by importers. Indian consumers, being extremely price sensitive, also
had a good measure of influence on the composition of oil imported.
The table below indicates the prevailing tariff values for palm oil imports into India.
These values indicate the floor price in CIF US$/MT, below which the respective oils
cannot be imported. However, on the back of increasing international prices, Indian
average import prices stood at $830/MT in 2010 up from $440/MT in 2006. Hence,
the tariff values today are much lower than the actual import prices, as they havent
been revised since March 2007.
Oil
Crude palm oil and crude olein
Refined palm oil and RBD palmolein
21-11-00
25% (no surcharge)
71.60%
28-02-01
75%
92.40%
30-10-01
65%
92.40%
30-04-03
65%
70%
Crude Palm Oil
447
RBD Palm Oil
476
09-07-04
65% + 2% CESS = 66.3%
76.50%
31-01-07
50% + 3% Edu cess = 51.5%
59.23%
23-07-07
45% + 3% Edu cess = 46.35%
54.08%
20-03-08
20% + 3% Edu cess = 20.6%
28.30%
01-04-08
Nil
7.5% + 3% Edu cess = 7.73%
18-03-09
Nil
7.5% + 3% Edu cess = 7.73%
01-03-11
Nil
7.5% + 3% Edu cess = 7.73%
TARIFF VALUES W.E.F 14TH DECEMBER 2012 (PRICE IN CIF US$/MT)

Tarrif Values for palm oil, its derivatives and fractions
Other-Palm Oil
462
Crude Palmolien
481
RBD Palmolien
872
Other Palmolien
483
3.7
The India Palm Oil Value Chain

Currently, the import duty on crude palm oil and crude olein stands nil, while the
import duty on refined palm oil and RBD palmolein stands at 7.5% + 3%. As per the
Solvent Extractors Association, these duties are applicable with effect from 1st March
2011.
32
The palm oil supply chain is multi-tiered. The processing (refining) sector has excess
capacities in both local and export markets. The manufacturing sector, at present, is
healthy, but vulnerable without strongly branded products, distribution and retail
the sector. However, this status is likely to change over time with the distributors
and retailers becoming stronger and more organized. It is also likely that palm oil
will be sourced directly from manufacturers, at the expense of upstream growers and
processors, leading to value chain disintermediation.
33
Stakeholders in Indian Palm Oil Industry 23

Importers/Traders
Domestic
Institutional
Customer
Industrial users
Organized Retailers
Broker/Wholesaler
Reners/Manufacturers
Domestic
Retail
Customer
Unorganized Retailers
Domestic palm oil market

PSUs like NAFED, HVOC
PEC, STC and MMTC
(Under Public Distribution System)
Fair Price Shops
Source: Secondary Research and Industry Discussions
Companies
Growers
Refiners/
Processors
Acalmar oils & Fats Limited
Adani Wilmar Ltd
Amira Foods India Pvt. Ltd.
Anik Industries
Arani Agro Oil Industries Ltd

Bhadravati Balaji Oil Palm
Bunge India Pvt Ltd
Cargill India
Cauvery Palm Oil Limited
Foods, Fats and Fertilizers Limited
Godrej Oil Palm Ltd
The value chain in the palm oil industry generally begins with the growers. India has
Gokul Refoils and Solvents Ltd
negligible production of oil palm fruit and hence, crude palm oil is mainly imported.
Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd
JVL Agro Industries Ltd
Kalueeshwari Refinry Pvt Ltd
Kamani Oils
Kanpur Edibles Pvt. Ltd.
KS Oils Ltd.
KTV Oils
Liberty Oil Mills Ltd.
MMTC Limited*
The imports are directly undertaken by the refineries/manufacturers or indirectly

through a trader/importer.
These importers who are purely in the trading business supply raw material (crude
palm oil) to the refineries or RBD palmolein to the industrial users
As mentioned earlier, PEC, MMTC, STC and NAFED have been entrusted the job
of importing, refining, packing and distribution of subsidized edible oils to the
States/UTs.
HVOC (Hindustan Vegetable Oil Corporation) has also been entrusted to supply
edible oils to the States/UTs under the Public Distribution System
Oil Palm India Limited

Ruchi Soya India Limited (and its subsidiary Mac Oil Palm Ltd)
3.8
The Indian Oil Processing Sector
Three major processing technologies are prevalent in the Indian oilseed processing
industry.
1. Traditional mechanical crushing or expelling
2. Solvent extraction for processing oilseeds and expeller cake
3. Expander-solvent extraction
Rasoi Ltd
Sanwaria Agro Oils Ltd.
The State Trading Corporation of India Ltd**
Vimal Oil Mills
The end consumers of palm oil include large FMCG companies that use palm oil or its
derivatives in their food products, soaps and detergents among others. Some of the end
users of palm oil or its derivatives include companies such as ITC, Godrej Consumer,
Britannia, Hindustan Unilever, Pepsi Foods, Parle among others.
The processing industry also includes an oil refining sector for refining domestic
solvent-extracted oils, imported crude solvent-extracted oils and for vanaspati refining (which includes both domestic and imported hydrogenated oil). Indias oilseed
processing industrys capacities are low in technical efficiencies.
34
35
4. SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN PALM OIL CULTIVATION

PALM OIL
After the rainforest is burned, companies

will clear the land and plant oil palm trees
The constant increase in demand for palm oil in India and globally, has in turn led to
the increase in production of palm oil, which has been increasing at the rate of CAGR
of 6.1% over the last five years. The increase in production has been achieved through
high yields as well as increased acreage.
VLADIMIR FILONOV / WWF-CANON
In the major palm oil producing regions of Indonesia and Malaysia, almost a third of
forest loss in the last 10 years was due to the expansion of oil palm. When forests are
felled and peat swamps drained, they are often also burnt, creating a haze that covers
large areas, affecting peoples health and disrupting economic activities. At the global
level, the impacts of forest loss are significant. As trees and vegetation go up in smoke
or are left to rot, and as peatlands and swamp forests dry out, they release greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere that contribute to global warming. Fifteen percent of all
human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are caused by deforestation, forest degradation and peatland emissions.24
The net change in forest area, globally, in the period 20002010 was estimated at
~5.2 million hectares per year (an area about the size of Costa Rica).25 When forests
shrink, so does the home of endangered species, such as the Sumatran tiger and rhino,
elephant and orangutanspecies which are now on the brink of extinction. Loss of
natural forests also means loss of the services that forests provide, such as clean water
and soil erosion control. When forests, vital to communities, are cleared, people lose
their land and their livelihoodssometimes even their homes.
It is however important to understand that palm oil itself is not the problem, but
rather how palm oil is produced. When done right, palm oil can be a catalyst for development and to improve livelihoods. It can also enhance biodiversity when planted on
degraded lands.
To avoid contributing to deforestation and social problems, palm oil producers, users
and traders need to move towards sustainable palm oil.
In the following section, the report focuses on sustainability issues linked to oil palm
cultivation. It gives an overview of the environmental impacts related to palm oil production; existing sustainable initiatives, such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm
Oil and global commitments to sustainable palm oil.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PALM OIL PRODUCTION
MARK EDWARDS / WWF-CANON
1.
Deforestation Substantial tracts of tropical forests are cleared to make room

for large plantations to service an ever increasing demand for palm oil. Rautner
et al (2005)26 showed that the forest cover on the island of Borneo had declined
from 73.7 percent in 1985 to 50.4 percent in 2005, while the projected cover in
2010 and 2020 was 44.4 percent and 32.6 percent respectively. Loss of forest
cover in Sumatra, Indonesia, has also been very alarming, particularly in the
Province of Riau, which has the largest area of lowland peat forests in the country. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation from 1982 to 2007
(Uryu et al, 2008)27 showed a 65 percent loss of forest cover over the 25-year
37
period, or a loss of about 4.2 million hectares of forest. It was estimated that the
development of timber plantations (Acacia), contributed to 24 percent, while
the cultivation of oil palm contributed to 29 percent of the forest loss following
initial exploitation of the timber resource.
FLETCHER & BAYLIS / WWF-INDONESIA
2.
3.
4.
38
operators. The Pesticides Action Network-Asia & the Pacific has called for a ban
on paraquat production and use on numerous occasions, but to no avail (PAN
AP, 2009).32
Loss of biodiversity Concerns about biodiversity loss are directly related

to the loss of natural forests. In particular, orangutan
habitats have been threatened by palm oil production.
In 1900, there were around 315,000 orangutans in
Indonesia and Malaysia. Today, fewer than 50,000 exist
in the wild, split into small groups. Scientists say the
palm oil industry is the biggest threat to orangutans,28
with the species like to be driven to extinction within 12
years unless the devastation of their natural habitat is
halted. A related problem has been that fragmentation
of natural forest habitats and encroachment by palm oil
development which has been resulted in serious humanwildlife conflicts. A case in point is the elephant-human
conflict along the floodplains of the Kinabatangan River
in Sabah, Malaysia, where the natural forest corridor of
the pygmy elephants has been fragmented by development of oil palm plantations. Similar situations have been reported in Riau and
Bengkulu provinces in Indonesia.
Climate change 15% of all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are
caused by deforestation, forest degradation and peatland emissions29. As land
on mineral soil becomes less readily available, the expansion of oil palm is
increasing on peat lands. It has been estimated that Indonesia alone has 22.5
million hectares of peat soil, which is about 12 percent of its total land area. As
these areas are drained, the peat is exposed to oxidation, resulting in significant
CO2 release over an extended period. A Delft Hydraulics study showed that at
present, CO2 emissions arising from decomposition of drained peat lands in
Indonesia are ~632 Mt/yr, ranging from 355 Mt/yr to 874 Mt/yr (Hooijer et
al, 2006)30. Further, an estimated average emission of 1400 Mt/yr was caused
by peat land fires over 1997-2006. Other significant sources of GHG emissions
associated with oil palm are the use of fires for land clearing and the emissions
of methane from the effluent treatment ponds of palm oil mills. Although,
the ASEAN countries signed the ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze
Pollution in 2002 and adopted a regional policy to implement zero burning
(ASEAN Secretariat, 2003)31, use of fire for clearing land for agriculture,
continues and contributes to air pollution in the region.
Use of pesticides and fertilizers Misuse of pesticides and fertilizers
is frequently cited as a negative impact of oil palm cultivation. In general,
pesticide use is low compared to many other crops, but some chemicals used,
pose significant risks to operators and smallholders and the environment. The
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Principles & Criteria require the
elimination of the use of chemicals categorized as World Health Organization
categorized by Type 1A and 1B, or listed by the Stockholm or Rotterdam
Conventions. Among these hazardous chemicals, the herbicide paraquat gives
the most cause for concern, as it poses serious health hazards to the spray
SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES
ROUNDTABLE ON SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL (RSPO)
At a meeting among several European NGOs in Zurich in November, 2002, it was
decided that the involvement of major players in the supply chain, including the
financial sector, producers and users of palm oil is vital for finding a solution. This led
to the idea of convening a roundtable to address this issue. After nearly two years of
tough negotiations among the parties, particularly over the governance structure of the
organisation, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was established in April
2004 as a multi-stakeholder platform, involving all key players (such as AAK, KLK,
Sainsburys, Unilever, WWF and others) to address the main concerns and progress
towards promotion of the production and use of sustainable palm oil. The growth
in membership was impressive, starting from less than 50 ordinary members in the
inaugural year to 802 Ordinary Members and 107 Affiliate Members (December 31st
2012).33 That it managed to develop standards for production of sustainable palm oil
(RSPO Principles and Criteria), within two years of its inception and the certification
systems to support the production and trade in certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO),
in the subsequent two years, is an unprecedented achievement. Trade in CSPO is now
a commercial reality and at present, more than ~6.7 Mn MT of CSPO is being supplied
by 43 certified growers and over 188 certified palm oil mills.
The RSPO trademark can
be applied on products
that use certified sustainable palm oil, providing
assurance for consumers
that the palm oil in the
product has not caused
environmental or social
harm.
In response to the urgent and pressing global call for sustainably produced palm oil,
the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) was set up in 2003/4. RSPO is a
multi-stakeholder forum, bringing together representatives from seven sectors of the
palm oil industry - oil palm producers, palm oil processors or traders, consumer goods
manufacturers, retailers, banks and investors, environmental and nature conservation
NGOs and social or developmental NGOs - to develop and implement global standards
for sustainable palm oil.
At the heart of RSPOs standard, is the requirement not to clear primary forest or any
land that is important for wildlife and communities. There are also standards that
address soil erosion, pollution, health and safety, labour conditions and others that
define sustainable palm oil. The RSPO has set strict standards for responsible oil palm
plantations, coupled with an independent system for auditing plantations, mills and
the supply chain right up to the end users. These standards include:
No conversion of primary forest or socially or ecological valuable areas for plantations
Protection of endangered animals and plants
Protection of water, soil and air (including a ban on the use of fire for clearing
land)
No child labour and the creation of educational opportunities for children living
on the plantation
39
CERTIFIED
SUSTAINABLE
PALM OIL (CSPO) OF
GLOBAL PALM OIL
PRODUCTION AND
GROWING
+1.4m ha
OF PALM OIL HAVE

BEEN CERTIFIED
ACCORDING TO RSPO
STANDARDS
Inclusion and support of smallholders
Regular assessment of plantations by independent accredited certifiers
40
GreenPalm is a certificate trading programme, that allows consumers the flexibility to

purchase sustainable palm oil certificates under the Book and Claim supply chain system. These certificates are issued to producers who are members of RSPO and certified
to produce palm oil in a sustainable manner.
Sustainable palm oil certified by the RSPO has been available since November 2008,
and provides assurance that valuable tropical forests have not been cleared and that
environmental and social safeguards have been met during the production of the palm
oil. In addition, RSPO certification verifies the legality of plantation operations.
Under normal circumstances it is almost impossible for palm oil purchasers to know
exactly where their oil has come from and how it has been produced. Palm oil supplies
from different plantations, mills and even countries are intermingled at each stage of
the production and delivery process. Unlike the segregated supply chain process that
tends to be relatively more expensive, GreenPalm allows companies the flexibility to
buy certificates at a cheaper price.
Any company using palm oil (retailer, manufacturer, etc.) can get started on the journey towards sustainable palm oil now by taking the following steps:
Commit to source 100% certified sustainable palm oil by 2015 and implement a
time-bound action plan to deliver the commitment
Publicly acknowledge that irresponsible palm oil production has negative environmental and climate impacts, and the important role sustainable palm oil can play
as a solution
Join RSPO and support sustainable palm oil
Purchase sustainable palm oil certificates known as GreenPalm. More details are
mentioned further in the document.
To ensure traceability of the sustainable palm oil in your products, choose from
other supply chain options provided by the RSPO.
As palm oil is purchased on the world market, rather than directly from the producers,
the RSPO has established a certification procedure and three marketing models for
palm oil from sustainably cultivated palm oil plantations: segregation (physical separation of sustainable and normal palm oil streams), mass balance (controlled mixing of
sustainable and normal palm oil), and the Book & Claim system.
AROUND 46.9% OF
AVAILABLE CSPO ON
THE MARKET HAS
BEEN SOLD
GREEN PALM (BOOK AND CLAIM)
Segregated: As the name suggests, this is certified palm oil that is physically separated
from non-certified palm oil, all the way from the certified mill to the end user. This option guarantees that the end product contains CSPO.
Mass Balance: This option allows companies along the supply chain, such as traders or
refiners, to mix the certified palm oil with non-certified to avoid all the costs of keeping
the two entirely separate (as in Segregated).
RSPO certified palm oil producers are invited to register a part of their output with the
GreenPalm programme. They are awarded one GreenPalm certificate for each tonne
of palm oil that has been sustainably produced. They can then put those certificates
up for sale on the GreenPalm web based trading platform. Manufacturers or retailers
can then bid for and buy those certificates on line, in order to be able to claim that they
have supported the sustainable production of palm oil.
HOW DOES A COMPANY BENEFIT FROM USING

SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL?
RICHARD STONEHOUSE / WWF-CANON
14%
A range of food products for

sale at a supermarket - mainly
cakes, bread, and other baked
goods, many of them contains
a surprising amount of Palm
Oil.
Sustainability is becoming a license to operate in many

parts of the world, with increasing awareness among
businesses regarding the need for sustainable raw materials as well as more sophisticated demands from the
consumers, who care about the origin of their products.
Multinationals adopting sustainable palm oil standards
could influence the palm oil market considerably to fulfil
their global responsibilities. Local companies that do
not follow suit may easily be left behind in the changing landscape of the global market. This is particularly
relevant for companies that are establishing productions
overseas, as they will also be expected to adopt global sustainability standards for palm
oil production.
By sourcing sustainable palm oil, companies can expect the following benefits:
Assurance that business operations do not contribute to illegal activities in other

countries
Increased profile as a responsible business - one that actively works to decrease its
role in environmental problem, such as deforestation and global warming
Reduced reputational risk: In India, there will be increasing reputational risks to

companies that do not move towards sustainability
Assurance of a sustainable supply of palm oil into the future
41
Unilever has already met its proposed 2015 commitment to purchase sustainable palm
oil in 2012 itself through Green Palm Certificates.
Palm oil is still harvested

entirely by hand.
JAMES MORGAN / WWFINTERNATIONAL
Nestl followed this approach in March 2010 by discontinuing supplies of palm oil
from Sinar Mas following a Greenpeace campaign against KitKat (Hornby, 2010).38
AWARENESS IN INDIA RSPO MEMBERS

The level of awareness about procuring CSPO is limited in India, but has started to grow
since February 2012. As of December 2012, 21 companies in India are registered, as
members of the RSPO including Adani Wilmar, Godrej, Kamani Oil Industries, VVF and
Ruchi Soya.
GLOBAL COMMITMENTS TO SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL ON THE RISE
SUPPLY OF CSPO
HAS INCREASED BY
250%
FROM 2009 TO 2011
The first shipment of certified sustainable palm oil arrived with much fanfare at
Rotterdam in November 2008; however the early excitement turned to disappointment
for the growers when it became obvious that the demand for CSPO by the buyers in
EU was just a fraction of that anticipated. By mid 2009, only 15,000 tonnes of CSPO
had been taken up by EU manufacturers against a supply of 1.5 mn tonnes, many of
whom had earlier made public commitments to source only CSPO by 2015 or earlier.
However, the launch of WWFs Palm Oil Buyers Scorecard had a tremendous effect
on the uptake.
From 2009 to 2011 supply of CSPO has increased by 250% (1,357,511 metric tons in
2009 to 4,798,512 metric tons in 2011) while sales volume has grown by over 6 times,
approximately 620% (343,857 metric tons in 2009 to 2,490,526 metric tons in 2011).
According to the report, the year-on-year supply of CSPO in 2011 increased by 73%,
reaching 4,798,512 metric tons compared to 2,773,567 metric tons in 2010, while yearon-year sales volume increased by a whopping 94%.34
Globally, many large corporations have already made commitments to use only certified sustainable palm oil by 2015. These include the worlds largest retailer, Walmart,
as well as food service companies like McDonalds and Unilever among others.
COMMITMENT FROM UNILEVER THE SINGLE LARGEST BUYER OF PALM OIL

Among the food and consumer goods manufacturers, Unilever (which is the worlds
largest single buyer of palm oil) played a major role in shaping the debate. Besides
providing the leadership for the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
since its formation, Unilever worked with Greenpeace to support a moratorium on
deforestation for palm oil in Indonesia and announced that it would source fully
traceable palm oil by 2015 (Industry Week, 2008).35 In December 2009, Unilever took
a public stance against deforestation by suspending future purchases of palm oil from
its Indonesian supplier, PT SMART (part of Sinar Mas Group) on the grounds of their
alleged contribution to destruction and development of peat land (Unilever, 2009)36.
A similar stand was taken against another supplier, PT Duta Palma in February 2010
(Koswanage, 2010).37
42
Name of the company
Member since
Membership sector
Godrej Industries Limited

VVF Ltd
11/09/2006
4/09/2008
Palm Oil Processors and Traders

Kamani Oil Industries Pvt. Ltd
20/05/2009
Adani Wilmar Ltd
25/06/2010
Subrahmanyeswara Agro Products Pvt Ltd
3/01/2012
K.T.V.Health Food Private Limited
2/02/2012
Kog-ktv Food Products (India) Pvt Ltd
2/02/2012
Emami Biotech Limited
15/03/2012
Galaxy Surfactants Ltd
15/03/2012
Ruchi Soya Industries Limited
6/04/2012
Triveni Oil Industries
6/04/2012
Organisations
Gemini Edibles & Fats India Private Limited
26/04/2012
K.P.Manish Global Ingredients Pvt. Ltd.
5/07/2012
Organisations
Officedge India Pvt. Ltd.
9/08/2012
Organisations
Jocil Limited
27/08/2012
Consumer Goods Manufacturers
Fine Organic Industries PVT.Ltd.
27/08/2012
Parisons Foods Private Limited
14/09/2012
Paras Chemcare Pvt. Ltd.
28/09/2012
Organisations
Universal Biofuels Pvt Ltd
10/12/2012
Pharmacos India
22/11/2012
Organisations
Liberty Oil Mills Limited
10/11/2012
RSPO MEMBERS - INDIA

A Sustainable Palm Oil Coalition was formed in 2010, in India, to influence the
government, to provide an incentive based platform to encourage imports of
sustainable palm oil. This move is led by Hindustan Unilever, Godrej, Ruchi, VVF,
Greenpeace and WWF-India.
By committing to source only certified sustainable palm oil or Green Palm certificates,
Indian companies can take a step towards ensuring a future supply of sustainable
palm oil, while also taking responsibility for the global impact of their imports on
the environment and the climate. Many Indian businesses are starting to address
sustainability as part of their core operations, leasing to sustainable palm oil featuring
higher up in sustanibility agenda.
43
5. CONCLUSION
PALM OIL
The global demand for palm oil is set to continue rising, prompting an increase in the
global production. The versatility of the oil, including for production of bio fuels, has
made palm oil the most favoured vegetable oil of the world. In India as well, since palm
oil is a cheaper substitute to other oils and Indias per capita consumption of edible oil
(which is currently low) is set to rise in the near future, the consumption of this oil is
only expected to increase.
With the mounting global demand, producing countries have resorted to increasing
acreage under palm fruit, thereby putting a pressure on the forest cover in their
respective countries. This has given rise to several environmental impacts including
ecological degradation, loss of biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions and
unsustainable use of harmful pesticides.
Palm oil has significant importance in the global edible oil market and to Indian
society. It also contributes to the economic development of the producing countries
and to the sustenance of millions of people around the world. However, the negative
environmental impacts of the existing unsustainable production practices in oil palm
production also need to be addressed.
There is an urgent need to address these environmental pressures to help conserve
highly eco- sensitive areas in the producing regions around the world. There is a need
to adopt a holistic approach to transformation of the palm oil market towards sustainability, in a manner that it is economically, environmentally and socially viable.
HARTMUT JUNGIUS / WWF-CANON
On the production side, there is a need to subscribe to sustainable production practices

as listed out under the RSPO. On the other hand, there needs to be a pull from the
consumption side to scale up the consumption of sustainable palm oil, such as from
demand markets such as India, China and EU. Voluntary (farmer, industry and civil
society) initiatives and governmental policies will further provide the right impetus for
a transformational change.
A ripe palm fruit to ready to harvest for the

mill. This facility is owned and operated by New
Britain Palm Oil Ltd. one of the rst companies
to be independently certied by the Roundtable
on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) as being a leader
in the production of sustainable and ethical palm
oil. Kimbe Bay, West New Britain, Papua New
Guinea, 20 May 2010
Large multinationals have demonstrated their support towards sustainable palm oil by
adoption of new policies, primarily pertaining to procurement. India, being one of the
largest consumers, can support the use of sustainable palm oil as well, by proactively
participating in various initiatives like the RSPO and Green Palm and making commitments regarding the use of sustainable palm oil in the coming years. Although, there
has been support from select corporates, further commitments from larger players,
large traders/ importers, refineries and end users/ consumers would provide the much
needed thrust to the adoption and usage of sustainable palm oil.
India is an influential and significant new economy for sustainable palm across the world. When India does adopt
strategic policies towards Certified Sustainable Palm Oil, it will set a benchmark around the world from a global
reputational perspective, as it clearly demonstrates the nations commitment and contribution towards international
sustainable endeavours. The RSPO is committed to continuing the momentum of engagement and collaboration
with the government of India and directly with the industry. Our outreach and advocacy efforts India is one of our
strategic pillars for 2012 which is to accelerate CSPO uptake amongst current demand markets while penetrating
major new markets for sustainable palm oil.
- Darrel Webber, Secretary General RSPO
45
ANNEXURE
PALM OIL
Burning forest for palm oil plantation in

Biological corridor, Riau, Indonesia.
WWFS SCORECARD 2011
KARMILA PARIKASI / WWF-INDONESIA
Global Palm Oil commitments by companies under the RSPO

Companies
Country HQ
Sector
Commodity
Committment
(% / Year)
Scorecard
score 2011
AAK
Sweden
Consumer goods manufacturer
100% by 2015
Aigremont
Belgium
100% by 2015
Allied Bakeries (ABF)
United Kingdom
100% by 2014
Arla Foods
Denmark
100% by 2015
Arnott's
Australia
100% by 2015
4.5
Associated British Foods (ABF)

(group level)
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
6.5
Aviko
Netherlands
100% by 2015
4.5
BASF Personal Care and Nutrition
Germany
100% by 2015
Biscuiterie de L'Abbaye
France
100% by 2010
7.5
Brioche Pasquier Cerqueux
France
100% by 2011
Burton's Foods
United Kingdom
100% by 2013
Cadbury (Kraft)
United Kingdom
100% by 2010
Cloetta
Sweden
100% by 2011
CSM
Netherlands
100% by 2015
Dairy Crest (Group)
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
Danone
France
100% by 2011
7.5
Devineau Bougies La Franaise
France
100% by 2011
Dragsbaek
Denmark
100% by 2014
DSM Nutritional Products
Netherlands
100% by 2013
Ecover
Belgium
100% by 2012
4.5
Ferrero
Italy
100% by 2015
4.5
Findus Group
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
Ginsters
United Kingdom
100% by 2012
8.5
Goodman Fielder
Australia
100% by 2015
Gteborgs Kex
Sweden
100% by 2009
H J Heinz
United Kingdom
100% by 2013
Henkel
Germany
100% by 2015
Iglo Group
United Kingdom
100% by 2011
Kao Corporation
Japan
100% by 2015
5.5
Karl Fazer
Finland
100% by 2012
Kerry Group
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
LOral
France
100% by 2011
Lantmnnen ek fr
Sweden
100% by 2011
Levo
Netherlands
100% by 2015
6.5
Lindt and Sprngli
Switzerland
100% by 2011
Lion Corporation
Japan
100% by 2015
Lotus Bakeries
Belgium
100% by 2011
6.5
LU France (Kraft Foods)
France
100% by 2010
7.5
47
48
Nestl
Switzerland
100% by 2015
IKEA
Sweden
Retailer
100% by 2011
Norlander Zeelandia
Sweden
100% by 2015
Marks and Spencer
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2015
Northern Foods (2 Sisters Food

Group)
United Kingdom
100% by 2012
3.5
Metcash Trading
Australia
Retailer
100% by 2015
4.5
Migros
Switzerland
Retailer
100% by 2015
Nutreco International
Netherlands
100% by 2014
Morrisons
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2015
Nutrition et Sant
France
100% by 2011
Rema1000 (Reitan)
Denmark
Retailer
100% by 2015
3.5
Oriflame Cosmetics
Sweden
100% by 2012
8.5
REWE Group
Germany
Retailer
100% by 2013
6.5
Oscar (Paulig)
Denmark
100% by 2012
4.5
Royal Ahold
Netherlands
Retailer
100% by 2015
Palsgaard
Denmark
100% by 2015
4.5
Sainsbury's
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2014
Premier Foods
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
Superunie
Netherlands
Retailer
100% by 2015
3.5
Raisio
Finland
100% by 2015
5.5
Tesco
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2012
Reckitt Benckiser
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
The Body Shop (L'Oreal)
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2011
Remia
Netherlands
100% by 2014
The Co-operative Group UK
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2011
Royal Friesland Campina
Netherlands
100% by 2011
Waitrose
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2012
Royale Lacroix
Belgium
100% by 2015
5.5
Walmart
US
Retailer
100% / 2015
Santa Maria (Paulig)
Sweden
100% by 2011
Woolworths
Australia
Retailer
100% by 2015
Saraya
Japan
100% by 2015
Smilde Foods (Royal Smilde)
Netherlands
100% by 2015
The Jordans and Ryvita Company

(ABF)
United Kingdom
100% by 2012
Unilever
Netherlands
100% by 2015
United Biscuits
United Kingdom
100% by 2011
Vandemoortele
Belgium
100% by 2015
Warburtons
United Kingdom
100% by 2015
Yves Rocher
France
100% by 2010
PepsiCo, Inc.
USA
Food group
100% / 2015
Cargill
US
Food Groups, Commodity Trader
100% / 2020
McDonald's
USA
Foodservice
100% / 2015
Note: There are 21 Indian companies who are currently members of the RSPO such as Adani Wilmar Ltd, Godrej Industries Limited, VVF
Ltd Mumbai, Kamani Oil Industries Pvt. Ltd but no commitments have been received for sustainable palm oil usage from these companies
in India.
THE SCORECARD:
WWF assessed companies on several aspects related to their commitments to, and use of sustainable palm
oil. As with the 2009 Scorecard, we evaluated company performance based on publicly available data (including websites and corporate sustainability reports, as well as the annual reports required by the RSPO from its
members) in relation to the four questions:
Johnson & Johnson
USA
Manufacturer
100% / 2015
Kraft Global Snacks Business
US
Manufacturer
100% / 2015
1.
Is the company a member of the RSPO and is annual reporting up to date? (2 points)
2.
Does the company have a policy on sustainable palm oilspecifically a commitment to source 100 per
cent RSPO-certified palm oil by 2015 or earlier? (1 point)
3.
Is the company disclosing total volumes of palm oil used/bought? (1 point)
4.
Is the company using any certified sustainable palm oil or buying any Book and Claim certificates? What
proportion of the companys total palm oil use/sales are RSPO-certified palm oil in 2010-2011 (irrespective of which supply chain option the company is using), and is the company disclosing volumes used? (5
points)
Mars
USA
Manufacturer
100% / 2015
Proctor & Gamble
USA
Manufacturer
100% / 2015
ASDA (Walmart)
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2015
Axfood
Sweden
Retailer
100% by 2015
Boots Group
United Kingdom
Retailer
100% by 2014
C1000
Netherlands
Retailer
100% by 2015
Carrefour
France
Retailer
100% by 2015
Casino
France
Retailer
100% by 2010
6.5
Coles Supermarkets
Australia
Retailer
100% by 2015
4.5
Coop Switzerland
Switzerland
Retailer
100% by 2011
Delhaize Group
Belgium
Retailer
100% by 2015
4.5
E. Leclerc
France
Retailer
100% by 2015
6.5
ICA (Royal Ahold)
Sweden
Retailer
100% by 2015
49
APPENDIX
PALM OIL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
50
Ibid.
Ibid
USDA Foreign Agriculture Services
Ibid
Ibid
FAO Statisics
USDA Foreign Agriculture Services
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
Ministry of Agriculture and USDA FAS
Ministry of Agriculture and Indiastat
Ibid
Report on GPDP Project in Edible Oil Industry in India, Asian Productivity Organization
Indian Edible Oil Industry, India Law offices(ILO)
Euromonitor & Industry discussion.
USDA FAS and FAO Statistics
UN Comtrade
www.palmoilhq.com.
Director of Vanaspati, Ministry of Consumer Affairs.
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture.
www.rspo.com
G.R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla,
R. B. Jackson, G. J. Collatz and J. T. Randerson (Nov 2009), CO2 emissions from
forest loss, Nature Geoscience 2 (11): 737738.
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, FAO
G.R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla,
Uryu, Y. And 15 co-authors. 2008, Deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity
loss and CO2 emissions in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, WWF Indonesia Technical
Report.
www.greenpalm.org
G G.R. van der Werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. DeFries, J. G. J. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla,
Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wosten, H. And Page, S.2006, Peat-CO2: Assessment of
CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia, Delft Hydraulics report Q3943.
Guidelines for the Implementation of the ASEAN Policy on Zero Burning, The
ASEAN Secretariat, 2003
Press statement, Call for immediate ban of paraquat and Class 1 pesticides and
progressive ban of highly hazardous pesticides in oil palm plantations, Pesticides
Action Network Asia Pacific, November 2009.
www.rspo.org
Ibid
36. Unilever backs moratorium on palm oil deforestation in Indonesia, Industry

Week, May 2008
37. Press release, Unilever takes a stance against deforestation, 11 December 2009.
www.unilever.com and How to establish a moratorium on deforestation for palm
oil in Indonesia?, Briefing Paper, Unilever.
38. Koswanage, N, Unilever stops buying palm oil from Indonesian planter, Reuters,
February 2010
39. Hornby, C., Nestle drops palm oil supplier after report, Reuters, March 2010
51
ABOUT
WWF-INDIA
WWF-India is one of the largest conservation organisations engaged in wildlife and
nature conservation in the country. Established as a Charitable Trust on November 27,
1969, it has an experience of over four decades in the field. Its mission is to stop the
degradation of the planets natural environment, which addresses through its work in
biodiversity conservation and reduction on humanitys ecological footprint.
A challenging, constructive, science-based organisation WWF addresses issues like the
survival of species and habitats, climate change and energy, sustainable forest management, water resources/ river basin management, sustainable agriculture as well as
marine and freshwater conservation. The programmes work across sector and regions
in various parts of the country.
In addition to conservation of biodiversity through field work WWF-India also aims to
transform the policies and practices of key industrial sectors to reduce their ecological
footprint and develop innovative sustainable solutions.
WWF-India has identified Palm Oil as a priority commodity and is looking to influence
the market towards sustainable consumption, in collaboration with key players.
52
53
SIDA HAS GENEROUSLY

FUNDED THE PRINTING
OF THIS DOCUMENT.
1961
+100
WWF was founded in 1961
WWF is in over 100

countries, on 5 continents
+5M
WWF has over 5 million
supporters
1986 Panda Symbol WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund)
WWF-India Secretariat
172-B Lodi Estate
New Delhi 110003
Tel: 011 4150 4814 Fax: 011 4150 4779
56
+5000
WWF has over 5,000
staff worldwide

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PALM OIL

The publication is a part of WWFs Market

2. Global Edible Oil Scenario

Global Edible Oil Production

2.2 Global Edible Oil Production Mix

2.3 Global Palm Oil Market Production

2.4 Global Palm Oil Market Consumption

2.5 Applications of Palm Oil

2.6 Global Palm Oil Market International Trade

Report developed and edited by

NATUREPL.COM /JUAN CARLOS MUNOZ / WWF

3. The Indian Edible Oil Scenario

Production and Consumption of Edible Oil in India

3.2 Palm Oil in India Production

3.3 Palm Oil in India Imports

3.4 Consumption of Palm Oil in India

3.5 Major Constraints in Domestic Cultivation of Oil Palm

3.6 Policies Related to Production and Distribution of Palm Oil

3.7 Marketing and Trade Overview of Palm Oil in India

3.8 The India Palm Oil Value Chain: An Overview

4. Sustainability Issues in Palm Oil Cultivation Globally

About WWF - India

Genetically Modified Organisms

Hindustan Vegetable Oil Corporation

Kuals Lumpur Kepong Berhad

MMTC Mn Mn MT MT NAFED OGL -

Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation

Oil Palm Area Expansion

Oil Palm Development Program

PAN AP PDS PFAD RBD RSPO -

Pesticides Action Network- Asia and Pacific

Special Additional Duty

The State Trading Corporation of India

Trans Fatty Acids

Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses

United States Department of Agriculture

Association of South-East Asian Nations

NATUREPL.COM / EDWIN GIESBERS / WWF-CANON

When forests shrink, so does

JAMES MORGAN / WWF INTERNATIONAL

JAMES MORGAN / WWF INTERNATIONAL

While there is a strong economic rationale for the

Global Edible Oil Scenario

Indian Edible Oil Scenario

Sustainability Issues in Palm Oil Cultivation and

2. GLOBAL EDIBLE OIL SCENARIO

Edible Oil Production

Indonesia and Malaysia export

Million Metric Tonne

Global edible oil consumption has increased at a

Source: USDA FAS

India and China have emerged as the worlds leading

Vegetable oil consumption Kg/Capita/yr

JAMES MORGAN / WWF INTERNATIONAL

Per Capita GDP $

Global Edible Oil Production Mix

The edible oil production mix is largely dominated by

The global vegetable oil production mix has witnessed an

Palm oil, which requires little or no hydrogenation for production of margarine,