AxioVision Users Guide

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Carl Zeiss draws the User's attention to the fact that the information and references
contained in these documents may be subject to technical modifications, in particular
due to the continuous further development of Carl Zeiss's products. The documents
enclosed do not contain any warranty by Carl Zeiss with regard to the technical
processes described in the documentation or to certain reproduced product
characteristics. Furthermore, Carl Zeiss shall not be held liable for any possible printing
errors or other inaccuracies in this documentation, unless proof can be furnished that
any such errors or inaccuracies are already known by Carl Zeiss or that these are not
known to Carl Zeiss due to gross negligence and that furthermore Carl Zeiss has for
these reasons refrained from eliminating these errors or inaccuracies appropriately.
Carl Zeiss hereby explicitly draws the User's attention to the fact that this manual only
contains a general description of the technical processes and information, the
implementation of which in any individual case may not be appropriate in the form
described here. In cases of doubt, we recommend the User to consult Carl Zeiss.
This manual is protected by copyright. Carl Zeiss has reserved all rights to this
documentation. It is prohibited to make copies, partial copies, or to translate this
manual into any other language, except for personal use.
Carl Zeiss explicitly draws attention to the fact that the information contained in this
manual will be updated regularly in compliance with the technical modifications and
supplements carried out in the products and furthermore that this manual only reflects
the technical status of Carl Zeiss's products at the time of printing.
Copyright 2003-2010 by Carl Zeiss

Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH
07740 Jena, Deutschland
BioSciences | Standort Gttingen
P.O.B. 4041, 37030 Gttingen, Germany
Telefon: +49 551 5060 660
Telefax: +49 551 5060 464
E-Mail:
micro@zeiss.de
www.zeiss.de/axiovision
Microsoft, Windows, and Excel are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
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QuickTime Software can be downloaded from Internet under
www.apple.com.
Disclaimer
The author is not responsible for any contents linked or referred to from his
pages - unless he has full knowledge of illegal contents and would be able to
prevent the visitors of his site fromviewing those pages. If any damage occurs
by the use of information presented there, only the author of the respective
pages might be liable, not the one who has linked to these pages.
Furthermore the author is not liable for any postings or messages published
by users of discussion boards, guestbooks or mailinglists provided on his
page.
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This Software product ("AxioVision") was designed, realized, verificated,
validated and released in a certificated process environment. The quality
management system is certified following the rule of DIN EN ISO 9001.
The fields of application of the Software are common tasks and applications
in microscopy respectively imaging (so called Off-The-Shelf Software).
Though the user acknowledges that in any kind of use the end user of the
Software is responsible for the validation of the Software for the end users
dedicated intend of use considering all requirements of law and standards (e.
g. FDA/21 CFR part 11, IvDD, etc.). If necessary the end user has to establish,
to document, to implement and to maintain a special process to fulfill all the
requirements to be conform with the validate rules of law and standards.
CARL ZEISS DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THIS SOFTWARE IS USABLE FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSES OTHER THAN IN THE FIELDS OF APPLICATION DEFINED
ABOVE.
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Refer to the safety notes and instructions in the manuals of all
necessary devices (e.g. microscope peripherals, cameras,
computers, computer additionals, etc.) before installing and
using the software (see also "Safety Notes AxioVision,
AxioVision AC, B 48-0044 e (SAP 000000-1339-887")).
Table of Contents
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1
Introduction........................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 The Concept........................................................................... 1-1
Image Acquisition................................................................... 1-1
Microscope Control ................................................................ 1-1
Incubation .............................................................................. 1-2
Image Processing and Annotations ......................................... 1-2
Image Analysis........................................................................ 1-2
Documentation ...................................................................... 1-2
Configuration ......................................................................... 1-3
1.2 The Modules........................................................................... 1-3
Image Acquisition Modules..................................................... 1-3
Autofocus .......................................................................... 1-3

Extended Focus .................................................................. 1-3
Mark&Find ......................................................................... 1-4
Fast Acquisition .................................................................. 1-4
Fast MosaiX........................................................................ 1-4
Multichannel Fluorescence ................................................. 1-4
MosaiX ............................................................................... 1-4
Panorama........................................................................... 1-5
Time Lapse ......................................................................... 1-5
Z-Stack ............................................................................... 1-5
Digital High Speed Recorder ............................................... 1-5
Dual Camera ...................................................................... 1-5
HDR Imaging (High Dynamic Range)................................... 1-5
Image Processing Modules...................................................... 1-7
ApoTome ........................................................................... 1-7

Imaging Plus....................................................................... 1-7
2D Deconvolution............................................................... 1-7
3D Deconvolution............................................................... 1-7
Inside4D ............................................................................. 1-8
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing....................................... 1-8
Image Analysis Modules ......................................................... 1-8
Interactive Measurement .................................................... 1-8

AutoMeasure (Automatic Measurement)............................ 1-8
AutoMeasure Plus (Advanced Automatic Measurement) .... 1-9
Calotte Grinding Measurement TIC Measurement.............. 1-9
AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2
Table of Contents
TIC Measurement ...............................................................1-9

Particle Analyzer ...............................................................1-10
NMI ..................................................................................1-10
Grains...............................................................................1-11
Multiphase .......................................................................1-12
Comparative Diagrams .....................................................1-12
Graphite ...........................................................................1-13
QuantiFISH .......................................................................1-13
Ratio.................................................................................1-13
Tracking ...........................................................................1-14
TMA .................................................................................1-14
Colocalization...................................................................1-14
Topography ......................................................................1-14
Online Measurement ........................................................1-15
3D Measurement..............................................................1-15
Physiology ........................................................................1-15
SFM..................................................................................1-16
Coal Random Reflectance.................................................1-16
Comparative Diagrams .....................................................1-17
ASSAYbuilder ...................................................................1-17
ELISPOT ............................................................................1-18
Archive Modules...................................................................1-18
Asset-Archive....................................................................1-18
Configuration Modules.........................................................1-19
Commander .....................................................................1-19
VBA..................................................................................1-19
1.3
1.4
1.5
AxioVision and Microsoft Windows ...................................1-19

User's Guide and Online Help ...............................................1-20
Backup Copies......................................................................1-20
Overview and Operating...................................................................2-1

2.1 Overview ................................................................................2-1
2.2 Workarea ...............................................................................2-2
2.3 Workflow ...............................................................................2-3
2.4 Own Toolbars and Dialogs......................................................2-5
2.5 Shortcut Menus ......................................................................2-6
2.6 Properties Window .................................................................2-7
Image Acquisition ..............................................................................3-1
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Table of Contents
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
General .................................................................................. 3-1

First Steps ............................................................................... 3-2
Conditions.............................................................................. 3-2
The Standard workflow .......................................................... 3-3
Step by step to the first image................................................ 3-4
Practical Notes on Operation in AxioVision ........................... 3-10
Speed of the live image ........................................................ 3-10
Notes on Optimum Color Reproduction in AxioVision........... 3-11
HDR - High Dynamic Range .................................................. 3-13
General ................................................................................ 3-13
HDR imaging ........................................................................ 3-14
Microscope Control............................................................................ 4-1

4.1 General .................................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Configurating microscopes with Microscope Configuration.... 4-2
4.3 Configurating microscopes with MTB2004 Configuration ...... 4-3
4.4 Activating microscope configurations ..................................... 4-4
4.5 The Settings Editor ................................................................. 4-5
How Do I Generate a Hardware Setting?................................ 4-6
4.6 Definite Focus......................................................................... 4-9
Overview ................................................................................ 4-9
Example 1: Automatic focus-stabilization at one position

of a culture dish over time (Multidimensional Acquisition) .. 4-9
Example 2: Automatic focus-stabilization at one position
of a culture dish over time (Fast Acquisition).....................4-12
Example 3: Automatic focus stabilization during acquisition
of a MosaiX image ...........................................................4-12
Example 4: Automatic z-position adjustment at multiple
positions in experiments using multiwell plates or similar
sample carriers. ................................................................4-14
Example 5: Automatic z-position adjustment and
stabilization over time at multiple positions in experiments
using multiwell plates or similar sample carriers................4-15
Example 6: User-defined Definite Focus operation............4-18
4.7
5
TIRF ...................................................................................... 4-21

Performing automatic calibration.......................................... 4-21
Image Processing ............................................................................... 5-1

5.1 General .................................................................................. 5-1
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5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6
The different ways of processing images ................................5-1

Image formats ........................................................................5-2
Annotations............................................................................5-3
Working with the Image Processing Functions ........................5-4
General ..................................................................................5-4
Smoothing an image (basic)....................................................5-4
Shading Correction (basic) ......................................................5-9
Correction of XY pixel shift in multichannel images (basic) ...5-11
Correction of z pixel shift in multichannel z-stack images .....5-15
Enhancing the Image Display on the Monitor .......................5-19
Drawing in and Formatting Annotations...............................5-19
Specifying Standard Settings for Annotations .......................5-21
Image Analysis ...................................................................................6-1

6.1 General ..................................................................................6-1
Possible ways to perform measurements ................................6-1
Conditions for measurements.................................................6-1
Allocation of scalings..........................................................6-1
If the selected image does not have a scaling .....................6-2
Displaying measurement data.................................................6-2
Saving data.............................................................................6-2
Saving measurement data ..................................................6-2

Saving as separate data table .............................................6-3
6.2
6.3
6.4
Configuring measurement tools .............................................6-3

Measurement workflow: easy and save measurement ............6-4
Measure workflow: overview..................................................6-5
Executing the Interactive Measurement Function....................6-6
Display and export measurement data....................................6-7
Sorting and performing calculations with measurement data .6-8
Creating data reports .............................................................6-9
Modifying and creating report templates with the file
extension ZDR.........................................................................6-9
Report templates toolbars ................................................6-10

Modifying a report template.............................................6-10
Creating a report template ...............................................6-16
Creating a report with several opened images ......................6-30
Creating reports with the extension ZDR, printing them and
saving them as a PDF file ......................................................6-34
Creating a report for an image .........................................6-34
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Table of Contents
Adopting a new image into an open report template.......6-36

Printing a report ...............................................................6-37
Saving a report as a PDF file .............................................6-37
Creating a report for a multichannel fluorescence image..6-38
Creating a report for a time lapse image with two
fluorescence channels ......................................................6-40
Creating a report with an image, data table and
histogram.........................................................................6-43
Creating a report with saved data tables ..........................6-47
Creating a report with files from an archive......................6-51
6.5
Creating charts..................................................................... 6-57

Properties of charts............................................................... 6-57
Creating data tables with a script .....................................6-57

Creating a bar chart .........................................................6-59
Creating an X-Y point chart..............................................6-63
Creating a X-Y line chart ..................................................6-66
Saving and resetting chart settings ...................................6-70
Loading and adapting chart settings for any table ............6-71
Creating an image from a chart........................................6-71
Exporting a chart as a meta file ........................................6-71
7
Documentation .................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 General .................................................................................. 7-1
7.2 AxioVision ZVI - the Image Format for Digital Microscopy ....... 7-1
Advantages of the ZVI format................................................. 7-1
Saving 2D images ................................................................... 7-2
Saving multidimensional images ............................................. 7-3
7.3 Managing Images with the Image File Browser....................... 7-4
The Image File Browser window ............................................. 7-5
The functions of the Image File Browser toolbar ..................... 7-6
Context menu of the Image File Browser ................................ 7-7
Context menu of the slide show............................................. 7-8
Change the form for data entries ........................................... 7-9
7.4 Generate, print and export reports with the file
extension ZVR....................................................................... 7-10
Generating new reports ...................................................7-11

Printing a report ...............................................................7-12
Exporting a report ............................................................7-13
Templates for forms and reports........................................... 7-14
Table of Contents
Settings for editing a template..............................................7-15
Moving and deleting fields ...............................................7-18

Inserting new fields and changing field values ..................7-19
Changing field attributes ..................................................7-21
7.5
7.6
Editor for Multidimensional Images ......................................7-22

Creating an Asset Archive.....................................................7-25
Creating new projects ..........................................................7-26
Creating contacts .................................................................7-26
Adding an asset to an archive...............................................7-27
Working with value lists........................................................7-29
Views....................................................................................7-29
Categories ............................................................................7-29
Searching .............................................................................7-30
Keyword search................................................................7-30
Creating a user-defined search .........................................7-30
Managing archives................................................................7-32
Setting a password ...........................................................7-32

Field management............................................................7-32
Specifying the storage location.........................................7-33
Changing project properties .............................................7-34
8
Configuration .....................................................................................8-1
8.1 General ..................................................................................8-1
8.2 Overview: Setting up AxioVision .............................................8-1
Installation..............................................................................8-1
Setting up AxioVision..............................................................8-2
Backing up the configuration and restoring it for individual
users.......................................................................................8-2
Making user files available for all users ...................................8-3
8.3 User and Data Administration.................................................8-3
Microsoft Windows user administration..................................8-3
User files.............................................................................8-4
The shared account "All Users"..........................................8-6
Creating new users.............................................................8-6
Data administration under AxioVision.....................................8-8
Data files ............................................................................8-8

AxioVision images ..............................................................8-9
Temporary files...................................................................8-9
AxioVision configuration files ...........................................8-10
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Table of Contents
Moving the My Documents folder ................................8-10

Moving the folder for temporary files ...............................8-12
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Scalings ................................................................................ 8-12

General ................................................................................ 8-12
Generate scalings ................................................................. 8-13
Adapting the User Interface.................................................. 8-17
Creating toolbars.................................................................. 8-17
Define key combinations for functions.................................. 8-20
Create own dialogs .............................................................. 8-22
Define workflows ................................................................. 8-25
General Settings ................................................................... 8-27
Exporting and Importing User Configurations....................... 8-28
General ................................................................................ 8-28
Export................................................................................... 8-29
Import .................................................................................. 8-29
Importing the configuration files ......................................8-29

Importing user files...........................................................8-30
8.8
Creating various AxioVision configurations for a user ........... 8-30

Background .......................................................................... 8-30
Creating individual configurations ........................................ 8-31
Image Acquisition Modules............................................................... 9-1

9.1 ApoTome ............................................................................... 9-1
General .................................................................................. 9-1
Fringe projection imaging principle......................................... 9-2
Why is the resulting image an optical section? ................... 9-5

Hardware configuration.......................................................... 9-5
ApoTome Configuration for Axioplan 2 imaging e ............. 9-6

ApoTome Configuration for Axio Imager, Axio Observer or
Axiovert 200....................................................................... 9-7
ApoTome Calibrations ............................................................ 9-9
Calibration of phase position............................................9-10

Step 3: Grid Focusing .......................................................9-13
Calibration of the grid focus.............................................9-19
Step 2: Optical Focusing ...................................................9-21
Step 3: Grid Focusing .......................................................9-21
Calibration mode.................................................................. 9-23
Image acquisition ................................................................. 9-25
Selecting the camera ........................................................9-25
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Single image acquisition ...................................................9-26

Multidimensional acquisition with the ApoTome ..............9-31
Accelerated image acquisition with the ApoTome
(burst mode).....................................................................9-32
9.2
Objective grid allocation ....................................................9-35

Other ApoTome Settings ......................................................9-39
Conversion of ApoTome images from raw data mode..........9-40
ApoTome: HDR Mode...........................................................9-43
Autofocus.............................................................................9-44
General ................................................................................9-44
Calibrating Autofocus...........................................................9-45
Preparation.......................................................................9-45
Calibration........................................................................9-45
9.3
Using Autofocus ...................................................................9-46

Multidimensional Acquisition................................................9-49
How do I create an experiment?.......................................9-50

Multichannel Fluorescence module .......................................9-53
How do I create a multichannel experiment?....................9-53

How do I manage channel settings (working with the
channel pool)?..................................................................9-59
Z-Stack module.....................................................................9-63
How do I create a z-stack?................................................9-64

Time Lapse module...............................................................9-67
How do I create a time lapse series? .................................9-67

Advanced image acquisition: Mark&Find ..............................9-69
How do I create a Mark&Find experiment?.......................9-70

9.4
9.5
Extended Focus.....................................................................9-76
General ................................................................................9-76
Acquiring images with Extended Focus.................................9-76
Using z-stack images for Extended Focus..............................9-78
Mark&Find............................................................................9-80
Overview ..............................................................................9-80
How do I generate a Mark&Find list? ....................................9-81
Example 1: slide................................................................9-81
Example 2: multiwell plate (96).........................................9-93
9.6
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Panorama .............................................................................9-99
General ................................................................................9-99
System requirements ..........................................................9-100
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Table of Contents
9.7
Special features of Panorama images .................................9-101

Acquisition of Panorama images.........................................9-101
Creating Panorama images from individual files .................9-106
Converting a tile image into a regular AxioVision image .....9-109
MosaiX ...............................................................................9-111
General ..............................................................................9-111
System requirements ..........................................................9-114
Special features of MosaiX images......................................9-114
Multidimensional MosaiX images .......................................9-115
Setting up the camera and scanning stage .........................9-116
Image orientation ...........................................................9-116

Directions of movement of the stage..............................9-117
Alignment of camera and stage......................................9-120
9.8
Acquisition of MosaiX images.............................................9-122

Stitching parameters...........................................................9-128
Converting a tile image into a regular AxioVision image .....9-131
TMA ...................................................................................9-133
Background ........................................................................9-133
Application .........................................................................9-133
Functions and integration into AxioVision...........................9-134
Make Map......................................................................9-135
Detect Cores ..................................................................9-135
9.9
Prerequisites .......................................................................9-135
Fast Acquisition ..................................................................9-136
Acquisition principles..........................................................9-136
Experiment property page ..................................................9-137
C (Channels) property page ................................................9-141
Extended parameters......................................................9-142
Enable ......................................................................................9-143
Name .......................................................................................9-143
Channel Color ..........................................................................9-143
Exposure Time [ms]...................................................................9-143
Dye...........................................................................................9-144
Display settings.........................................................................9-145
Exposure ........................................................................9-148
Fast Acquisition Setting Editor ........................................9-149
Channel Actions .............................................................9-152
Z property page (Z-stack) ....................................................9-152
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T (Time) property page .......................................................9-154

Fast Acquisition dialog ........................................................9-156
Fast Acquisition Document Cutter ..................................9-157

Information for Fast Acquisition..........................................9-161
9.10 Physiology ..........................................................................9-162
Introduction........................................................................9-162
Acquisition principles ..........................................................9-163
Acquisition .........................................................................9-165
Physiology Setup.................................................................9-168
Regions property page....................................................9-168

C (Channel) property page .............................................9-175
Markers property page ...................................................9-175
Physiology Acquisition ........................................................9-180
Physiology Acquisition Document Cutter ............................9-188
Cutter Physiology ...........................................................9-188

Physiology Measurements...................................................9-195
Information for Physiology..................................................9-211
Information ........................................................................9-212
9.11 FRET Analysis in the Physiology Module ..............................9-213
Method ..............................................................................9-213
Software package...............................................................9-213
FRET determination using correction methods ....................9-214
FRET determination using acceptor bleaching method........9-217
FRET determination using formula generator ......................9-218
Examples of FRET formulae for the formula generator ........9-219
Samples ..............................................................................9-220
Basic settings for image acquisition ....................................9-220
Image acquisition for AxioVision FRET analyses ...................9-221
FRET measurement in the AxioVision Physiology module ....9-223
FRET measurement according to Youvan ............................9-225
Functions of the Physiology window for FRET measurements9-226
Function keys for FRET measurement..............................9-229

Other pre-programmed FRET methods ...............................9-237
Donor Ratio ....................................................................9-237

Acceptor Ratio................................................................9-239
Gordon...........................................................................9-240
Xia..................................................................................9-242
Siegel (FRET calculation via acceptor bleaching) ..............9-244
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Table of Contents
Analysis of long time lapse images .....................................9-246

User-defined FRET measurements (formula generator) .......9-247
Example of a 2-channel measurement............................9-247

Example of an f0 measurement ......................................9-249
FRET online measurements .................................................9-251
Literature............................................................................9-259
9.12 Dual Camera ......................................................................9-261
Dual Camera setup hints ....................................................9-261
Dual Camera property pages ..............................................9-264
10 Image Processing Modules.............................................................. 10-1
10.1 Imaging Plus ......................................................................... 10-1
General ................................................................................ 10-1
Image enhancement............................................................. 10-1
Gray morphology ................................................................. 10-2
Image arithmetics ................................................................. 10-2
Fourier transformation.......................................................... 10-3
Color space transformation .................................................. 10-3
Working with image processing functions ............................ 10-4
Reducing or enlarging images or image regions ...............10-4

Copying various regions from an image and generating
a new image ..................................................................10-11
Working with individual color channels ..........................10-18
Converting a color image into a black/white image ........10-23
10.2 Inside4D (3D View) / 3D Measure .......................................10-32
The viewing modes Shadow, Transparency, Surface, Mixed
and Maximum ....................................................................10-38
Measure 3D Mode..............................................................10-39
Settings for the viewing modes ..........................................10-40
Data property page ............................................................10-40
Shadow mode ................................................................10-41

Transparency mode ........................................................10-42
Surface mode .................................................................10-43
Maximum mode .............................................................10-44
Mixed mode ...................................................................10-45
Illumination property page .................................................10-47
Shadow mode ................................................................10-49

Surface mode .................................................................10-50
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Maximum mode .............................................................10-50

Mixed mode ...................................................................10-50
Series property page...........................................................10-51
View property page ............................................................10-54
Shadow mode ................................................................10-54

Surface mode .................................................................10-59
Maximum mode .............................................................10-62
Mixed Mode ...................................................................10-65
Info property page..............................................................10-67
Clipping property page .......................................................10-69
Stereo property page..........................................................10-72
Special property page .........................................................10-72
10.3 Deconvolution ....................................................................10-75
How do I perform deconvolution using the Regularized
Inverse Filter?......................................................................10-76
10.4 Widefield Multichannel Unmixing .......................................10-84
Background ........................................................................10-84
The Principle of unmixing ...................................................10-85
The Widefield Multichannel Unmixing function ..................10-89
Working with the basic functions .......................................10-90
Unmixing with reference samples ...................................10-90

Unmixing of a multichannel image using ACE ................10-98
10.5 Colocalization...................................................................10-104
Background ......................................................................10-104
Control elements ..............................................................10-104
Regionn Select..................................................................10-105
Channel Select..................................................................10-105
Threshold .........................................................................10-106
Mask ................................................................................10-107
Graphical Display ..............................................................10-107
11 Image Analysis Modules..................................................................11-1
11.1 Interactive Measurement ......................................................11-1
General ................................................................................11-1
Working with interactive Measurement Programs ................11-1
Generating measurement programs .................................11-2

Loading and executing measurement programs ...............11-3
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Table of Contents
11.2 AutoMeasure (Automatic Measurement) .............................. 11-5

General ................................................................................ 11-5
The concept of the AutoMeasure module ............................ 11-8
The wizard for generating measurement programs .............. 11-9
Program management....................................................11-10
Image enhancement.......................................................11-11
Segmentation.................................................................11-12
Object Separation...........................................................11-13
Processing the measurement mask (binary image editor) 11-14
Set Measurement Propeeties ..........................................11-15
Evaluation ......................................................................11-17
Executing measurement programs......................................11-18
11.3 AutoMeasure Plus (Advanced Automatic Measurement) ....11-19
General ..............................................................................11-19
The concept of the AutoMeasure Plus module ...................11-19
Working with the segmentation functions..........................11-20
Dynamic segmentation...................................................11-21
Automatic segmentation of a fluorescence channel in a
multichannel z-stack image ............................................11-25
Edge detection ...............................................................11-28
Performing binary image processing ...................................11-35
Processing a binary image (smoothing, removing artifacts,

filling gaps).....................................................................11-35
Separation and/or reconstruction of structures using
watersheds.....................................................................11-39
Masking structures/Using Boolean functions...................11-45
Working with the Functions for automatic Measurement ...11-53
Generation of Measurement Properties Files and

Measurement .................................................................11-53
11.4 Particle Analyzer Projects ....................................................11-60
General ..............................................................................11-60
The system variants ........................................................11-60

Accessories for particle analysis ......................................11-62
The concept........................................................................11-65
Operation and configuration ..........................................11-65

Projects and test specifications .......................................11-69
Preparing the system ..........................................................11-70
Introduction ...................................................................11-70
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General AxioVision Settings............................................11-72

Special settings for particle analysis ................................11-74
Creating test specifications .................................................11-77
General ..........................................................................11-77
Importing and exporting test specifications ....................11-78
The Change Test Specification dialog .............................11-79
Testing test specifications ...............................................11-80
Hardware settings ..........................................................11-80
Image Source .................................................................11-81
Input form ......................................................................11-82
Evaluation scripts............................................................11-83
Modifying report templates ................................................11-87
Optional settings ............................................................11-88

Performing measurements..................................................11-90
11.5 NMI (Non-Metallic Inclusions) .............................................11-92
General ..............................................................................11-92
The system variants ........................................................11-92

The concept........................................................................11-94
Operation and configuration ..........................................11-94

Projects and test specifications .......................................11-96
Preparing the system ..........................................................11-97
Introduction....................................................................11-97
General AxioVision Settings............................................11-98
Special settings for NMI ..................................................11-99
Creating test specifications ...............................................11-102
General ........................................................................11-102
Importing and exporting test specifications ..................11-104
The Change Test Specification dialog ...........................11-105
Testing test specifications .............................................11-106
Hardware settings ........................................................11-106
Image source ................................................................11-108
Input forms...................................................................11-108
Evaluation script ...........................................................11-109
Modifying report templates ..........................................11-112
Optional settings ..........................................................11-112
Performing measurements................................................11-114
How do I create an NMI archive?..................................11-120

How do I create a test specification? ............................11-122
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Table of Contents
How do I set up image acquisition for several samples? 11-125

11.6 Grains...............................................................................11-131
The concept......................................................................11-133
Operation and configuration ............................................11-134
Preparing the system ....................................................11-134

The Material Analysis archive........................................11-136
Projects and test specifications .....................................11-139
Modify Test Specifications ............................................11-141
Image source................................................................11-142
Input forms ..................................................................11-143
Options Auto.............................................................11-144
Options Chord...........................................................11-144
The measurement procedure............................................11-144
Performing measurements............................................11-145
The results document ...................................................11-146
Generating reports .......................................................11-147
Creating and performing a grains analysis ........................11-148
How do I create an archive? .........................................11-148

How do I perform a measurement?..............................11-153
11.7 Multiphase .......................................................................11-155
The concept......................................................................11-156

Image source................................................................11-165
Input forms ..................................................................11-166
The measurement procedure............................................11-167
xv
Table of Contents

Creating and performing a multiphase analysis ................11-171

How do I perform a measurement? ..............................11-176
11.8 Comparative Diagrams .....................................................11-178
The concept......................................................................11-179

Image source ................................................................11-188
Input forms...................................................................11-188
Performing a comparative-diagram comparison............11-189
Creating and performing a comparative-diagram
comparison.......................................................................11-190

How do I perform a comparative-diagram comparison?11-195
11.9 Graphite ...........................................................................11-197
The Concept.....................................................................11-198

Modify Test Specifications ............................................11-205
Image source ................................................................11-207
Input forms...................................................................11-207
The measurement procedure ............................................11-208
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Table of Contents

Creating and performing a graphite analysis ....................11-211

How do I perform a measurement?..............................11-216
11.10 Layer Thickness Measurement ..........................................11-219
The concept......................................................................11-219
Operation and configuration ........................................11-219

Preparing the system ........................................................11-222
Introduction .................................................................11-222
General AxioVision Settings..........................................11-223
Creating test specifications ...............................................11-228
General ........................................................................11-228
Testing test specifications .............................................11-231
Image source................................................................11-233
Input forms ..................................................................11-233
Preprocessing script......................................................11-235
Optional settings ..........................................................11-238
Performing measurements................................................11-240
11.11 Calotte Grinding Measurement ........................................11-241
General description ..........................................................11-241
Performing a calotte grinding measurement.....................11-241
Describing the sample ..................................................11-242

Opening an image........................................................11-243
Drawing circles .............................................................11-244
Evaluation ....................................................................11-246
Appendix A Example of a Report ...................................11-247
11.12 Microhardness Measurement ...........................................11-248
General ............................................................................11-248
Workflow .........................................................................11-250
Performing a microhardness measurement.......................11-251
xvii
Table of Contents
Glossary............................................................................11-255
Appendix A Example of a report ....................................11-256
11.13 TIC Measurement .............................................................11-257
Automatic TIC measurement ............................................11-258
Interactive TIC measurement ............................................11-262
Causes of errors during interactive measurement .............11-263
TIC scaling ........................................................................11-265
11.14 SFM (Scanning Fluorescence Microscope) .........................11-270
SFM Evaluation - Original Datatable..................................11-273
SFM Histogram .................................................................11-276
SFM Scatter Plot ...............................................................11-282
SFM Gallery ......................................................................11-289
SFM Gated Datatable .......................................................11-295
12 Configuration Modules....................................................................12-1
12.1 Commander .........................................................................12-1
Introduction..........................................................................12-1
Special points relating to the creation of scripts ....................12-2
Batch processing - application of a script to several images ..12-2
Limitations of scripts .............................................................12-3
Use of scripts by several users of a system ............................12-3
Installation of scripts on other systems..................................12-5
Recording a script .................................................................12-5
Inserting commands into an existing script .........................12-10
Changing the way individual commands are executed,
selecting images to be displayed.........................................12-14
Executing a script automatically ..........................................12-17
Preparing a script for batch processing ...............................12-18
Repeating scripts ................................................................12-21
12.2 VBA ....................................................................................12-24
General ..............................................................................12-24
First steps ...........................................................................12-24
The VBA online help ...........................................................12-25
Welcome to Standard Visual Basic documentation .........12-25

Help with the Visual Basic user interface.........................12-25
Visual Basic concepts ......................................................12-25
Help with Visual Basic procedures...................................12-26
Visual Basic language directory.......................................12-26
Visual Basic add-in model ...............................................12-26
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Table of Contents
Reference for Microsoft Forms........................................12-26

Welcome to AxioVision Visual Basic documentation .......12-26
Managing and running macros...........................................12-26
Running macros via workflows, toolbars and shortcut keys 12-27
xix
Introduction
N
NKN
f=
q=`=
AxioVision is a modular image-processing and analysis system for modern

microscopy. The basic functionality for image acquisition and microscope
control, image processing and annotations, image analysis, documentation
and configuration can also be expanded by integrating additional modules
into the system for specific tasks (see section 1.2 "The Modules").
The basic version comprises the following functionalities:
f~=^=
A range of different camera types can be used with AxioVision, from simple
TV cameras through to high-resolution and high-sensitivity cameras. The
cameras of the Carl Zeiss AxioCam family guarantee optimum integration. As
the cameras are integrated seamlessly into the AxioVision software, you are
also able to generate complex images and image series with a simple mouseclick.
j=`=
With AxioVision it is possible to control any motorized Carl Zeiss microscope

fully automatically and interactively (you can of course also use manual
standard microscopes). Software control offers the following advantages: the
microscopes setting parameters can be saved as required, and are therefore
available for reuse during future tests, magnifications are determined automatically, and complex procedures are significantly faster and can be easily
reproduced at any time.
1-1
Introduction
f~=
AxioVision controls and monitors the Zeiss incubation components. Incubation

parameters like temperature and CO2- or O2 concentrations can be stored as
hardware settings and be reused for new experiments. All incubation
parameters are accessible as measurement parameters for further evaluation
of acquired multidimensional time series.
f~=m=~=^~=
The acquired image is immediately displayed on the monitor. It can then be

optimized using a wide range of techniques:
Contrast, brightness and color adjustment

Noise suppression, smoothing and contour enhancement
Sharpness enhancement/emphasizing of details
Correction of illumination influences and white balance
AxioVision can also be used to add any annotations that you may require to
the images. All elements, from scale bars and colored markings through to
text and graphics, have been integrated into the program.
f~=^~=
You are able to perform simple interactive measurements in the basic

program. The measured values (e.g. lengths, areas and angles) are made
available in a data table, and can be processed further using spreadsheet
programs, such as Microsoft Excel. The interactive measurement can be
executed via a special dialog, or freely via a menu or a toolbar.
a~=
Besides the image itself, the AxioVision image format ZVI also saves additional
data, such as the image number, date of acquisition, microscope settings,
exposure values, size and scale details, contrast procedures used etc.
Annotations and measured values are also saved with the image. Rather than
being permanently "burnt" into the image, annotations are present in the
form of a separate plane. This means that no image information is concealed,
and changes can be made at any time. Consequently, an image can be
reproduced years later under identical conditions.
1-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
The Image File Browser supports the management of the content of large
databases. With this browser you can navigate quickly within your file folders,
and obtain a clear display of all the key data acquired with the image.
For the generation of reports or presentations, AxioVision offers you
predefined report layouts. These can be modified or completely regenerated
at any time on an individual basis.
`~=
AxioVision offers you a great deal of freedom in terms of the arrangement of

your individual work environment. To speed up your work, it is possible to
execute any commands using freely definable key combinations. You can
configure your own toolbars and group functions together on your own
menus. Relevant control elements for camera and microscope control in the
form of individual dialogs are grouping together with just a few clicks of the
mouse. For recurring routine processes, workflows make simple operation
possible. As a result, operating errors can by and large be eliminated.
NKO
q=j=
The following modules are currently available as extensions to the basic

system:
f~=^=j=
^=
This module allows the optimum focus position to be calculated with

motorized microscopes. It can be used in reflected light, transmitted light,
bright field, dark field and fluorescence, and works with all cameras and
frame grabbers controlled directly by AxioVision.
b=c=
Needle-sharp images are essential for carrying out precise analyses.

Depending on the object and the setting, a microscope's depth of field is
often insufficient to generate a single image which is sharp over the entire
1-3
Introduction
plane. The AxioVision Extended Focus module solves the problem. A number
of images are acquired from different focus planes, and the sharp details of
each individual image are combined to produce an image that is sharp
throughout.
j~Cc=
This module is used to record and automatically relocate various positions on

slides, in culture plates and in multiwell plates using a motorized x/y stage.
c~=^=
This module expands the functionality of the modules multichannel

fluorescence, z-stack and time lapse allowing image acquisition to be done in
high speed.
c~=j~u=
Fast MosaiX expands AxioVision with the option of acquiring a large number
of high-resolution individual images in a very short time. The use of a flash for
exposure ensures that your samples are protected, and, thanks to the
optimum interaction between hardware and software, several hundred
images per minute can be acquired.
j~=c=
This module allows you to acquire multichannel fluorescence images with up

to 32 channels. It can be combined with the Z-Stack, Time Lapse, MosaiX and
Mark&Find modules.
j~u=
MosaiX is developed to analyze large surfaces - MosaiX permits the area of a

specimen to be scanned in order to generate one single large image. This
electronically created image can thus serve as a map to navigate the specimen
and provides a basis for further analyses.
1-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
m~~~=
Panorama is ideal for specimens which do not fit into the image frame. Highresolution panorama or overview images can be formed with pixel accuracy
from individual shots. Even overlapping images can be combined so precisely
that all the important details of your specimen are recorded in a single image.
q=i~=
This module allows you to acquire time lapse images. It can be combined with
the Z-Stack, Multichannel Fluorescence, MosaiX and Mark&Find modules.
wJp~=
This module allows you to acquire z-stack images. It can be combined with
the Multichannel Fluorescence, Time Lapse, MosaiX and Mark&Find modules.
a~=e=p=o=
With this module time lapse sequences can be acquired in high speed and
without compression artifacts. The raw data are streamed to a dedicated hard
disk. Either the complete sequence or selected parts of the sequence can be
converted into the ZVI image format using a Cutter function.
a~=`~~=
This module enables Fast Acquisition to use two identical cameras

simultaneously. This effectively doubles the speed of acquisition. Also, if
configured with two different emission filters, acquisition of two colors can
happen at the same time avoiding motion artifacts which may occur when
acquiring images sequentially.
eao=f~=Ee=a~=o~F==
The HDR module is available in AxioVision to allow you to test out its function.
This means that you can now try out this acquisition technique at your leisure
and examine the positive effect it has for your specific application. Following
image acquisition, a watermark is burnt into your HDR image.
1-5
Introduction
Once you have licensed this module, it is available to you without any
restrictions.
HDR Imaging enables you to produce images with a greater dynamic range
than the camera you are using would technically allow.
In certain acquisition situations the dynamics of an image scene, i.e. the range
of intensity differences present, can exceed the dynamic range offered by
even a good digital camera. An example here would be the acquisition of
polished steel sections in the field of materials science. Acquiring images of
structures in the reflective surface and in black inclusions at the same time is
no easy task. Another example could be taken from neurobiology, where you
may wish to simultaneously capture in an image not only the brightly
fluorescing GFP-labeled cell nucleus of a neuron, but also its axons and
dendrites, which emit much darker signals.
With the HDR technique, image sequences are generated during acquisition
using a constantly increasing exposure time. An initial image that is not
overexposed is taken as a starting point. The number of images and the
extent of the increase in the dynamics can be adjusted.
Image content that is concealed by noise in the first image is certain to be
shown with good contrast in an image acquired using a longer exposure time.
On the other hand, image content that is displayed clearly in the image with
the shortest exposure time will be overexposed in an image for which a longer
exposure time is used.
By means of the weighted superimposition of the component images it is
therefore possible to generate a resulting image that offers excellent contrast
both in dark image regions and in bright zones.
As pixels are saved with a maximum of 16 bits, 65,535 gray levels is the
greatest possible dynamic range that can be stored in an image.
With the help of the adjustable display characteristics curve in AxioVision,
even data with such a high dynamic range can be presented in a meaningful
way on a monitor.
1-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
f~=m=j=
^q=
An ApoTome system allows you, on the basis of the principle of fringe

projection, to generate optical sections through fluorescence samples. The
parts of the image that are out of focus are then removed, and an increase in
image sharpness
the signal to noise ratio (contrast)
and resolution in the axial direction
can be achieved.
f~=m=
The Imaging Plus module offers you all the main digital image processing
techniques. This module comprises functions for image enhancement, gray
morphology, image arithmetic and color space transformation.
Oa=a=
Using this module you can improve the quality of 2-dimensional fluorescence
images in both the lateral and axial direction in accordance with a predefined
or self-generated Point Spread Function (PSF).
Pa=a=
This module enables you to improve the quality of z-stack fluorescence images
using deconvolution algorithms. Using the Point Spread Function (PSF) this 3D
Deconvolution calculates out of focus light from all z planes back to its origin.
Four methods are available:
Nearest Neighbor for fast contrast enhancement results

Regularized Inverse Filter for access to genuine 3D filtering
Fast iterative algorithm for high speed restoration
Iterative Maximum Likelihood Algorithm the high-end method for
maximum light efficiency and increased resolution
1-7
Introduction
fQa=
The Inside4D module allows you to display z-stack images in three dimensions
in a very simple way. Three-dimensional structures can also be viewed as
animations over time, and exported as digital video films into AVI format or in
MOV format (compatible to QuickTime). Five projection methods are available:
shadow, transparency, surface, maximum projection, and mixed. You also
have access to a wide range of image processing options (display of cutting
planes, anaglyph view, iterative 3D measurement). The zoom factor, for
instance, can be freely selected, which also means that you can zoom into
structures to view them from the inside.
t=j~=r=
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing is a module for the removal of crosstalk

between fluorescent dyes in multichannel images. Crosstalk is a phenomenon
which occurs, whenever dyes are excited by excitation light of more than one
filter combination. Up to eight fluorescence channels using a traditional
epifluorescence microscope can be separated using unmixing matrices
determined either by automatic component extraction (ACE) or by measuring
crosstalk in appropriate reference samples.
f~=^~=j=
f~=j~=
This module allows the interactive measurement of a variety of object

parameters, such as size, circumference, number etc. Circle measurements
can also be performed simply by clicking on several contour points. The
measured data are saved together with the image, and are therefore available
for additional evaluations.
^j~=E^~=j~F=
With this module, measurement programs can be generated very quickly and
simply with the help of a wizard. All of the functions required for an image
analysis procedure are called up, one after the other. The parameters for the
functions can then be set for the measurement task in question, and saved at
the end as a measurement program. Once these measurement programs have
1-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
been defined, you can measure any number of images by performing series
analyses.
^j~=m=E^~=^~=
j~F=
This module expands the functions of the AutoMeasure module to include a

wide range of additional functions for single segmentation and binary image
processing. Here the functions are not executed in a wizard, but are available
individually as menu functions. They can be freely combined, allowing you to
create your individual measurement routines.
`~=d=j~=qf`=j~=
During the process of coating materials, quality is controlled by measuring the

thickness of layers in accordance with the DIN V ENV 1071 standard. The
Calotte Grinding Measurement application module allows you to determine
the thickness of calotte section layers. To prepare the calotte section samples,
a grinding ball with a defined diameter generates a calotte-shaped hollow in
the coating of the sample. This results in circular or elliptical indentations, the
diameters of which are determined by drawing in measurement circles. The
layer thickness is calculated automatically from the diameters of the
measurement circles and the diameter of the grinding ball.
qf`=j~=
The TIC module (Total Interference Contrast only in combination with the
TIC slider from Carl Zeiss) allows precise, contact-free and extremely simple
determination of the optical height and thickness of object structures over a
range from just a few nanometers through to several micrometers. The
advantage of the TIC method over conventional thin-layer thickness
measuring instruments (profilometers, atomic force scanning microscopes) lies
in the combination of short measurement and analysis times with a high
degree of accuracy. The use of circularly polarized light makes the orientation
of the structures on the sample irrelevant, eliminating the need for stage
rotation. It is even possible to analyze samples with large surface areas.
1-9
Introduction
m~=^~=
The Particle Analyzer module allows you to create and carry out particle
analysis projects. The aim is to classify particles based on a selectable
measurement parameter (in most cases: largest diameter). This classification
takes place on the basis of predefined norms or classes determined by the
user. Every measurement is managed within an archive as an independent
project. The results are analyzed graphically and statistically immediately after
the measurement and can be printed out in the form of a report. Work using
this module can be divided into two task areas:
Generating project templates to determine the sequence of an analysis:

type of image acquisition (MosaiX, single images etc.), template for input
form and report, sequence of image processing and measurement etc.
(for administrators only).
Carrying out the measurement (for all users).
kjf=
The NMI module allows you to determine the content of non-metallic

inclusions in steel. Several samples with an area of 200 mm can be analyzed
in a single measurement. Analysis can be performed in accordance with up to
5 standards at the same time.
1-10
ASTM E45-05 methods A and D

DIN 50 602:1998 methods K and M
JIS G0555:2003; methods A and B
ISO 4569:1998; methods A and B
EN 10247:2007; methods K, P and M
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
Every measurement is managed within an archive as an independent project.

The results are analyzed graphically and statistically immediately after the
measurement and can be printed in the form of a report. Work using the
module can be divided into two task areas:
Generating project templates to determine the workflow for an analysis:

type of image acquisition (single images from a camera or loaded from a
file etc.), template for input form and report, workflow for image
processing and measurement etc. (only for administrators).
d~=
The module Grains determines Grain sizes according to current international

standards. There is a choice of three different modes: interactive, by means of
a direct comparison with overlaid comparative images (Compare); semiautomatic intercept method, using various chord patterns (chord) and a fully
automatic analysis, based on a reconstruction of even complex grain
boundaries (Auto).
Auto: automatic reconstruction of grain boundaries DIN EN ISO 643,

ASTM E 112, ASTM 1382
Chord: Intercept method DIN EN ISO 643, ASTM E 112, ASTM 1382
Compare: Comparison with comparative diagrams SEP151061, ASTM
Plate IA, ASTM Plate IB, ASTM Plate II, ASTM Plate III, ASTM Plate IV,
BS4990


1-11
Introduction
j~=
This module is used for the analysis of multiphase samples. It makes it possible
to detect any number of phases in gray-level or color images. The following
measurement parameters are available for measurement and classification:
area, diameter, maximum feret

perimeter, form factor, ellipse (major and minor)
volume of sphere, volume of ellipsoid, gray value, color value


`~~=a~~=
The Comparative Diagrams module allows the comparison of a micrograph

with comparative diagrams interactively.
The result is a table containing the comparative diagram numbers relating to
each image and a table containing statistical analyses. You can also have a
micrograph displayed with an overlaid comparative diagram.

1-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
d~=
The Graphite module automatically analyzes the size of graphite particles in

cast iron samples in accordance with EN ISO 945 and SAE J 1887. The
following analyses are available:
Spherolite: Size-Analysis of spheroidal graphite according to EN ISO 945

Lamellar: Size-Analysis of lamellar graphite according to EN ISO 945
SinterCast: nodularity analysis according to SAE J 1887


n~cfpe=
The FISH technique (FISH = Fluorescence-In-Situ Hybridization) is used in the

fields of cytogenetics and tumor research to localize specific DNA or RNA
sequences in chromosomes. The QuantiFISH module offers you the
quantitative determination of FISH signals in DAPI-stained, interphase cell
nuclei of multichannel images or multichannel z-stack images. The results of
the FISH analysis are displayed both in the image and in data lists.
o~=
To observe processes inside cells, use is often made of fluorescent dyes. This
technique makes it possible to measure the concentration of messengers, e.g.
Ca2++, over a certain period of time. The Ratio module offers you a suitable
analysis method by means of the ratiometric processing of two fluorescence
channels in multichannel time lapse images. The calculated ratio image can be
displayed as a pseudo color image, making it possible to draw conclusions
about the concentration, for example. In addition, the module allows you to
1-13
Introduction
measure the intensity of the fluorescence of selected cells over time. The
results are displayed graphically and in data lists after the measurement has
been performed.
q~=
It is often necessary to observe the movement of cells or other objects during

biological processes. In many cases the processes in question are transport or
growth processes that require quantitative analysis. With the Tracking module
you can track moving objects in time lapse sequences using either an
automatic or an interactive method. The calculated tracking parameters (e.g.
distance, speed, direction etc.) are displayed in data lists.
qj^=
Tissue micro arrays consist of numerous small, circular tissue samples with a
defined diameter, which are fixed on a single slide. The TMA module makes it
possible to acquire a composite image of the tissue micro arrays. And you can
save the positions in a Mark&Find List.
`~~=
The acquisition of fluorescence images in several channels makes it possible to

visualize the relationship between biological structures. The Colocalization
module provides you with a tool that enables you to determine colocalization
quantitatively. It is always the colocalization of two channels that is analyzed.
For images with more than two channels the user must make a selection.
Colocalization results from the pixel-by-pixel comparison of intensities per
channel.
q~=
With this module you can generate a height map (topographic image) from a
z-stack and carry out roughness measurements in accordance with EN ISO
4287. To allow you to display the various aspects of the topographic image, a
rotation and a tilt mode are available in addition to four different 3D views
(texture, projection, grid, surface).
1-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
l=j~=
This module allows you to perform measurements in an online image using

interactive measurement tools. You can therefore generate measurement
values very quickly without having to acquire the image. In addition,
predefined or generated grids can be inserted into the online image and
compared with the structures in the image (e.g. to inspect components).
Pa=j~=
This module offers you a range of possibilities for the measurement of threedimensional objects. The image stacks are presented as a 3D volume model,
which allows the user to define the surfaces of interesting objects
interactively. A segmented data set is then generated from these settings.
Using the binary image processing function you can further process the
objects obtained, e.g. by means of interactive object separation. The
measurement of the 3D objects then takes place automatically for the entire
image stack or interactively by clicking on individual objects in the 3D view.
The function calculates morphometric parameters (e.g. barycentric
coordinates in x, y and z, volume or surface content) and densitometric
parameters (such as mean density of the object or standard deviation of mean
density of gray values) for all objects. In addition, field-specific parameters can
be calculated for the entire 3D image, e.g. number of 3D objects in the
image, total volume of all 3D objects or sum of the surfaces of all 3D objects.
m=
The Physiology module enables you to acquire time lapse images at a speed
that is only limited by the technical limitations of the devices you are using
(camera, light source) and the selected camera settings. To achieve such
speeds, the Physiology module automatically uses a "streaming" technique,
which involves the raw camera data being written directly to their own fast
streaming hard disk (or a suitable empty partition).
The results of the acquisition process are therefore a streaming document
(*.ziAR) and the data measured during acquisition (online).
1-15
Introduction
At the same time, enough memory is reserved so that the measurement data
can also be managed. Physiology calculates the maximum possible number of
individual images that can be acquired from the number of measurement
regions drawn in and the memory available on the streaming hard disk. As
this value is dependent on numerous factors (binning, ROI, number of
measurement regions drawn in, demands made on available free memory by
other applications etc.), the entire hard-disk space that is theoretically
available cannot always be used.
In a second step, which is separate from the acquisition process, the
streaming document is converted into a regular ZVI image document. With
the aid of a sort of video editor (Cutter) interesting regions in the image as
well as interesting time sections can be selected and converted potentially
reducing the data volume dramatically. Converted ZVI files are required for all
further processing steps in AxioVision.
Thirdly, a range of evaluation methods allows direct measurements of gray
intensities or ratiometric measurements of various kinds (exitation- and
emission ratio imaging) as well as a range of FRET (Frster resonance energy
transfer) measurements. In addition a custom formula editor allows the
generation of user defined evaluation formulas.
pcj=
This module allows you to analyze multichannel fluorescence images of

cytospin specimens. It also offers a predefined workflow for detecting and
measuring the cells that can be adapted flexibly to the sample in question.
The measurement results can be displayed in the form of an image gallery,
data table, histogram or scatterplot and provide additional information to
accompany the results of flow cytometry.
`~=o~=o~=
This module is used to analyze coal samples by measuring reflection in

unpolarized light.
The functionality comprises a flexible calibration process for user standards
and multiple sample analysis with integrated autofocus function. During the
analysis you can monitor the progress of the measurement in the online
1-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
reflectogram for the current field and the accumulated fields. The
measurement results are presented clearly in a report with a reflectogram and
V-type data.
From the sample data generated it is also possible to produce a theoretical
mixture by combining up to six individual profiles.
`~~=a~~=
Using the Comparative Diagrams module it is possible to compare

micrographs with comparative diagrams interactively. Various views can be
used:
Micrograph and one comparative diagram

Micrograph and two comparative diagrams
Micrograph and four comparative diagrams
Micrograph and eight comparative diagrams
The result you obtain takes the form of a table, along with the micrographs, if
required. Comparative diagrams are possible for up to five freely definable
dimensions.

^pp^v=
The ASSAYbuilder module is a so-called "high content analysis" module and

efficiently generates high-quality and biologically relevant data from your
image material.
1-17
Introduction
ASSAYbuilder describes your fluorescence images in the form of numerous

key parameters and provides objective, quantitative data that can be used as a
basis for decisions relating to the planning of further experiments or to
support published results. The module is operated using guided workflows
and an intuitive graphical user interface. No programming knowledge is
required.
Five analyst modules support you with solutions that have been specially
tailored to different biological tasks: Physiology Analyst, Morphology Analyst,
Membrane Analyst, CellCycle Analyst, Motility Analyst. Examples of supported
applications include cell-based toxicity tests, transcription factor activation,
cell-cycle analyses, cell-movement analyses and morphology determination.
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The Elispot (Enzyme Linked Immuno Spot) analysis is a sensitive method for
detecting and quantifying individual T lymphocytes that generate cytokine
spots as a result of antigen contact in vitro. With the help of the ELISPOT
system it is possible to determine the number, size and intensities of the spots
automatically. Analysis is carried out immediately upon acquisition of the well
images in 96 well plates or, alternatively, using saved well images. The
ELISPOT system has been developed as a complete system solution for the
precise and automatic analysis of Elispot assays, in particular also for use in
routine laboratories.
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With the Asset-Archive module you can save images, measurement data lists
and reports etc. as "assets" in a hierarchically structured database. You have
the option of creating various project types in which you can then save your
assets. A contact management function allows you to allocate projects to
different clients etc. You are also able to classify and structure your assets
within your own customized categories. The option of a full-text search
enables you to find individual data sets quickly. In addition, asset- or projectrelated filters allow you to carry out targeted searches for information in
individual data fields.
1-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Introduction
Long-term archiving is also possible, and gives you the option of transferring
your projects and the corresponding assets onto CD, DVD or magnetic tape.
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The Commander module allows you to record steps for image acquisition,
processing, and measurement in a single command a script. Finally a script
can be executed on any number of images automatically.
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Should any users find that even the wide-ranging functions offered by
AxioVision do not meet all of their requirements, they can increase the
available options still further and adapt the program to their needs. This
process is based on Visual Basic for Applications. VBA offers a complete,
integrated development environment with which programmers are familiar.
As VBA has been directly integrated into AxioVision, it offers the advantage of
fast interaction and the possibility of developing solutions without additional
programs.
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AxioVision fully supports the usual Microsoft Windows standards:

Files are stored in accordance with Microsoft Windows rules in the folders
provided for the purpose ("My Documents", "Documents and Settings"), so it
is easy to locate the files you need.
In multi-user environments, there is no need to make separate settings for
AxioVision in order to keep the configurations and data of individual users
separate and to protect them from unauthorized access. User administration is
also based entirely on the settings in Microsoft Windows.
1-19
Introduction
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The AxioVision manual and online help should not be regarded as separate
entities. When used in combination, they offer you immediate access to
comprehensive information. The User's Guide contains a broad overview of all
program modules, with detailed step-by-step instructions covering all the
basic functions and describing the activities that arise most frequently.
At the beginning of each chapter you will find information describing the
background to the relevant section of the program or the relevant module in
more detail. This may be conceptional information or a description of
theoretical details. The introduction also contains a step-by-step description of
operation. Due to the extremely wide range of functions offered by
AxioVision, it is not possible to describe every conceivable operational
situation in detail. However, once you have worked through the steps
described in the manual, you should be able to apply these procedures to your
specific task.
The Online Help provides full details of the parameters and setting options of
a function. It is therefore the ideal complement to the manual. If you have a
question about a specific parameter, press the F1 key to obtain further
information on it. The online help does not, however, contain descriptions of
procedures of the type found in the manual.
We strongly recommend that you familiarize yourself with the program using
the examples described in the manual before you start working on concrete
projects with AxioVision. Once you are familiar with the general operating
procedures, you will find all the information you require in the online help.
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We strongly recommend that all users save the data they create, such as
images, measurement data, archives, reports, forms and documents, at
regular intervals on an external medium. Otherwise it cannot be excluded that
access to this data may be lost as a result of operational errors or hardware
defects. Carl Zeiss and Carl Zeiss Vision accept no liability for consequential
damage resulting from insufficient data protection.
1-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Overview and Operating
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AxioVisions main window is divided into two main areas: the Workarea and
Workflow on the left-hand side, and the document area on the right-hand
side. The elements of the Workarea and the Workflow are used to select
and operate image processing functions and functions for controlling the
camera and microscope.
In the document area, all document types (images, archives, reports, forms)
are displayed and edited. The main window also contains the Microsoft
Windows specific control elements, such as the main menu, toolbar and
status bar.
AxioVisions main window
2-1
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The elements within the workarea (see figure below) can be used to
select processing functions on the work tab.

set parameters for processing functions on the property pages.
By dragging the title bar you can

separate the Workarea and the
Workflow, or move one on top of the
other.
Activated Microscope property page
Setting of functional parameters.
Tabs for switching between Workflow

and Workarea.
2-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Notes:
All of the workareas functions can also be found in AxioVisions main
menu.
The workarea and workflows are displayed one on top of the other by
default. To switch between them, use the tabs at the bottom of the
workarea.
If you have hidden the workflows, when displayed again they are shown
next to the workarea. You can, however, move them back on top of the
workarea by dragging the title bar. This gives you more room to display
documents.
You can show and hide the workarea using two different methods: either
via the menu commands View Windows Workarea or via the
button on the Standard toolbar
If the Standard toolbar is hidden, select the menu commands View

Windows Standard.
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One very simple way to operate AxioVision is to use workflows for routine
tasks that need to be performed again and again. All you have to do is click
on the functions in the workflow one after the other. You will then achieve
the desired results quickly and smoothly.
If you also hide all the elements that are not required, such as the workarea
and toolbars, you can concentrate fully on the work you are actually
performing.
2-3
Activated Standard workflow.
The last function executed is indicated with

an arrow.
To activate other workflows, click on them.

They then scroll upwards.
Tabs for switching between the Workarea

and Workflow.
Notes:
All the functions available in AxioVision can be used in a workflow (see
also chapter 8 "Configuration").
The workarea and workflows are displayed one on top of the other by
default. To switch between them, use the tabs at the bottom of the
workarea.
If you have hidden the workflows, when displayed again they are shown
next to the workarea. You can, however, move them back on top of the
2-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
workarea by dragging the title bar. This gives you more room to display
documents.
You can show and hide the workarea using two different methods: either
via the menu commands View Windows Workflow or via the
button on the Standard toolbar:
If the Standard toolbar is hidden, select the menu commands View

Windows Standard
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You have the option of generating your own toolbars and dialogs to create a
system that is tailored entirely to your own needs. If the range of setting
options in the dialogs for camera and microscope control is too detailed for
the work you are performing, you can therefore (with just a few clicks of the
mouse) generate your own dialog containing only those control elements that
you require for your work. This dialog can then be placed on a self-generated
toolbar, and all the other default elements can be hidden. You then have a
unique system that is optimized to meet your own individual requirements.
You can call up the My Dialog function
here via My Toolbar.
2-5
Notes:
You can generate as many personal toolbars as you want.
Your own dialogs can also be used on default toolbars.
The My Dialog dialog contains

options for Setting the exposure
time and changing the objectives,
and for the focus bar.
Functions for controlling the
scanning stage can be found on a
second tab sheet: Scanning
Stage.
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p=j=
Shortcut menus contain functions that are frequently required in connection

with documents (e.g. images) and certain elements of the AxioVision
interface. They are the easiest way to select these functions.
Shortcut menus are available for every element of the user interface. They can
be activated at any time by right-clicking on an element (see shortcut menu
for an image below):
2-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
OKS
m=t=
The Properties window is required whenever you want to look over or to

change the appearance, the behavior or certain additional information
relating to a document (e.g. an image) or a particular element of the
AxioVision interface. In this window, behind the tab sheets (Display,
Attributes, Colors, ...), you will find a list of the relevant information (e.g. at
an image) and/or will be given the option of entering or modifying certain
elements.
This may be information on the date of saving and the location where an
image file is to be saved, for example, but may also relate to the formatting
(Attributes) of text, lines and other objects you have drawn into the image
(Annotations). See Property window of an image below:
2-7
As the property window plays a central role in the operation of AxioVision, it

can be opened in a number of different ways:
2-8
Via the Properties function in the shortcut menu (see previous section).
Via the Properties function in the View menu.
By pressing the key combination Alt+Enter.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
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In order to process images using a computer, you must first acquire them in a
form which the PC can understand. This requires an electronic camera, which
acquires the image information from the microscope and converts it into
electrical signals. These signals are digitized and then processed and displayed
on the computer.
Compared to analog camera technology, modern digital camera technology
offers advantages in terms of the signal quality and camera resolution that
can be achieved. With this technology, the data are digitized directly in the
camera.
To transfer the data to the PC, you need to use frame grabbers, interface
boards or standardized digital interfaces. These are operated using special
software programs (known as drivers). With these device drivers integrated
into AxioVision it is now possible to acquire images via them.
When installing framegrabbers, interface boards and interfaces, use the
corresponding drivers supplied by Carl Zeiss and the associated manuals/the
manuals from the respective manufacturers.
The description below assumes that the frame grabber or interface board and
the corresponding driver have been successfully installed.
Detailed information on the cameras/framegrabbers supported by
AxioVision can be found in the current AxioVision online help, in the
AxioCam HR, MR and MRc5 installation and reference manuals, and in
the PDF files of the manuals, which can be found on the product DVD.
3-1
Image Acquisition
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When taking your first steps with the system, if possible use a simple sample
so that it will be relatively easy for you to determine whether the resulting
image is good or bad.
Place the sample under the microscope, and set the microscope in such a way
that you can see a good image through the eyepiece. Switch the microscopes
beam path to the TV adapter, e.g. 50% Topport and 50% Ocular.
Notes:
If you are not yet familiar with your camera's functions, make sure that
you have the respective manuals to hand so that you can look up any
relevant information.
This text describes the main procedure for image acquisition. For
explanations of the functions and setting options of all the cameras
supported by AxioVision, please refer to the manual for the camera
concerned. The description for the Carl Zeiss AxioCam product family
serves as an example for all supported cameras.
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The text below describes how to achieve your first image in AxioVision with
just a few clicks of the mouse (here with the AxioCam HR). The Standard
workflow is the easiest way to control image acquisition. If the workflows are
not displayed, in the View menu select the Windows function, and there
select the Workflow command.
3-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
Note:
The workarea may in fact be open but covered by the workarea. If that is
the case, simply click on the Workflow tab at the bottom edge of the
.
workarea
q=p~~==
Live starts and closes the live window.

Live Properties opens and closes the
window for adjusting the display
characteristic curve and for controlling the
camera (exposure time, white balance etc.).
Snap acquires an image using the active
camera.
Show Properties adapts the image display
using a characteristic curve and shows the
parameters of the image.
Scale bar inserts a scale bar.
Draw Annotations inserts a caption and
scale bar into the acquired image.
Navigator opens the navigator window for
zooming.
Save saves the image.
As the icons are identical on all menus, the following description applies both
to operation via the toolbar and to the workflow.
3-3
Image Acquisition
p======~=
Select the camera you want to use (if only one camera is installed, this
step is not necessary).
Set the light path to the camera.

Then click on the live image icon.
The live window is opened to display
the camera image.
This function can also be called up via

the Acquisition Live menu.
Now focus the camera image and

select the frame you want to acquire.
In the footer you can select a suitable

scaling for the objective you are using
from the List of available scalings.
Clicking on this icon overexposed (too

bright) areas will be displayed in red
in the live image.
Clicking on the gamma icon in the

bottom line of the live image
accomplishes the optimum color
reproduction.
In this drop-down list box you can

select the speed of the live image
(Slow, Middle, Fast).
3-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
Click on the icon Live Properties to

open the live properties.
Here you can see the settings for the display of the image like Brightness,
Contrast and Gamma. Settings made here are passed on the acquired image.
Note: Only the display is adapted, the camera data remain unchanged.
3-5
Image Acquisition
Make changes for the camera settings on the following controls:
The central element is the setting for

the exposure time on a digital
camera. The Measure button can be
used to determine an optimum
exposure time. Check the quality of
the exposure in the live image.
The arrow keys and sliders can be

used for fine adjustment of the
exposure time.
Exposure time can be edited via the keyboard.
Auto Snap performs an exposure measurement before the acquisition of

each image. Auto Live adjusts the exposure time continuously in the live
image.
If you are using a color camera, you

need to perform a white balance for
the image. If you select the automatic
balance (Automatic button), the
camera tries to determine an
optimum value itself.
Using the Warmer/Colder slider you can shift the target value of the
white balance to warmer ( redder) or colder ( bluer) tones.
The Show Channels check box allows you to switch to an alternative

setting option if you wish to influence the target value of the white
balance manually for each channel.
3-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
If you are using a color camera, you

need to perform a white balance for
the image. If you select the automatic
balance (Automatic button), the
camera tries to determine an
optimum value itself.
Move the slider to increase or

decrease the color intensity of the
acquired images.
Enter further settings for the selected

camera on the Adjust, Frame and
General property pages.
Click on the camera icon to acquire

an individual image, or in the
Acquisition menu click on Snap.
Click on the Show Properties icon

and activate the Display tab. Any
changes you make here are displayed
in real time in the image window.
3-7
Image Acquisition
Move the sliders

Gamma
Contrast
Brightness
up or down to adjust the image.
Good color reproduction on a
monitor is achieved with a gamma
value of around 0.45.
To find the optimum setting for

contrast and brightness, click on
Min/Max.
To undo all your changes, click on

Linear.
You can use this icon to insert a scale

bar into your image. The appropriate
scaling must have been generated
and selected in advance.
This icon is used to open the window

for generating annotations.
3-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
Lettering and marking can be

inserted in the Draw Annotation(s)
window.
In the dialog window Draw

Annotation(s) the icons scalebar,
text, line, rectangle, outline, curve
und ellipse are available in the menu
line.

Annotation(s) a field for Settings
for selected items as well as for
Font are available. If Display tag
name is activated, you can use the
icon in the drop-down list box
Tag. The dialog window Select tag
opens where parameters for lettering
can be selected.

Annotation(s) zoom symbols and
two buttons to toggle the color
channels are available at the bottom
of the image window.
Using the navigator you can magnify

or reduce the image and position the
displayed image area in the overview
window.
3-9
Image Acquisition
Click on this icon to save the image

you have generated to the
computers hard drive.
Notes:
Once you have found a good camera setting, you can save it with the
Settings Editor in the Tool menu and load it again automatically in the
future. This allows you, for example, to acquire particular samples under
the same conditions every time.
To allow correct scalings to be selected in the footer of the live image

during acquisition, you need to have generated these before you start
your work. If you are using a motorized or encoded microscope, the
scalings can be allocated automatically. For further information see Chapt.
9 "Configuration".
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Below you will find a few practical notes on the speed of the live image, color
adjustment, working with exposure times, fluorescence images and
configurable toolbars.
p====~=
There are three speed modes available for the AxioCam HR live image. If you
icon at the bottom edge of the live
use the pointer to click on the
image, a pop-up menu with the possible setting options appears. The current
setting is displayed at the bottom edge of the live image.
Each mode has its own particular compromises.
Live mode
Fast
Medium
Slow
3-10
Description
Greatly reduced resolution, fast frame rate
Medium resolution, moderate frame rate
High resolution, slow frame rate
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition
The image rate can be further increased by deactivating certain AxioVision

features:
Deactivating the focus bar.

Deactivating the live image scaling (1:1 representation of the image).
Activating a frame for the live image (Size) on the camera property page
Frame.
Set image orientation to original on the General property page (no
rotation).
Notes:
Note that the above mentioned notes are only valid for short exposure
times, as for very long exposure times the speed of the acquisition is
mainly dominated by the exposure time.
For very long exposure times, the live image will appear grainy, as
automatic amplification is active. However, this will not influence the
quality of the final image.
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Below you will find a detailed description of how best to set up AxioVision to
achieve optimum color reproduction with the AxioCam HR.
Note:
For an optimum color reproduction the monitor first has to be adjusted.
To do so please use a well-suited image.
Adjusting the display characteristic curve in AxioVision:
In order to achieve optimum reproduction of color images of the AxioCam
HRc data on a monitor, the display characteristic curve must be used to set
gamma compensation. The advantage here is that only the display is
influenced and the actual data remain unchanged. Further details on this can
be found below. The settings can be done as follows:
3-11
Image Acquisition
With the mouse click on the icon

in the footer of the live image.
This adjusts the display characteristic curve automatically for an optimum
color reproduction of the monitor (gamma = 0.45).
Or in an already acquired image:
In the Properties dialog window, set the gamma characteristic curve in

the histogram image on the Display property page.
Notes:
This also influences the reproduction of the color saturation.
For fluorescence images, background correction can also be carried out

simply by shifting the offset of the characteristic curve.
Clicking on this icon
3-12
returns to a linear display of the data.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Acquisition - HDR
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The HDR module is available in AxioVision to allow you to test out its function.
This means that you can now try out this acquisition technique at your leisure
and examine the positive effect it has for your specific application. Following
image acquisition, a watermark is burnt into your HDR image.
Once you have licensed this module, it is available to you without any
restrictions.
HDR imaging offers you the possibility of increasing the camera-specific
dynamic range. If you want to capture all the information from objects that
are extremely rich in contrast, it is usually necessary to acquire several images,
which need to be adapted to the relevant exposure situation. Either the very
bright or the dark structures can be correctly exposed. With the HDR module
it is possible to document all the information in a single image.
To achieve this effect, depending on the parameters set, several images are
automatically acquired with different exposure times and subsequently
merged into a single image with an increased contrast range.
To achieve the best possible result with your image, it is crucial to set the
exposure time precisely. No position on the specimen may appear
overexposed. This is the only way to guarantee that the information acquired
in the brightest structures is differentiated and contributes to the HDR image.
In this case a simple measurement to determine the correct exposure time
prior to acquisition is not suitable, as this involves performing average
metering that is subject to tolerances. Instead, the overexposure warning
should be activated and the display characteristics in the non-logarithmized
display should be adjusted in such a way that there genuinely is no
overexposure of any pixel.
The advantages of the technique depend to a great extent on the specimen
and on the microscopy technique being used. A sample in transmitted-light
bright field generally has only a relatively flat dynamic range. This means that
the effect you notice from the use of the HDR method will not be an increase
in contrast, but merely a reduction in image noise. Images of specimens
3-13
acquired using other contrast techniques, such as dark field, reflected light or
fluorescence, exhibit a stronger increase in contrast, depending on the
structure in question, as they often have a higher dynamic range than that of
the cameras used.
In many cases, it is not possible at first sight to see a clear improvement in the
acquired HDR image compared to a normal image. This is due to the limited
display depth of monitors, which usually have a contrast range of 8 bits. As no
further tone mapping is performed in AxioVision to map the increased
dynamic range to a monitor, an adjustment can only be made with the help
of the gamma setting (non-linear bending of the display curve).
The additional information gained from expanding the dynamic range is most
noticeable when performing measurements. Thanks to the more
differentiated display, more brightness gradations are available to the user,
which means that as well as a distinction in bright structures there is also
nuancing in dark areas of the image. This allows segmentations to be
performed more precisely and measurement results to be refined.
Note:
For detailed information on the individual functions and parameters,
please simply refer to the online help (F1 key).
eao=~=
In the following sections you will see that acquiring an HDR image using an
AxioCam is extremely simple. By bearing a number of fundamental aspects in
mind, you will quickly achieve good results.
If you are using a camera from another manufacturer, it may be necessary to
change parameters in HDR Setup, even for simple HDR imaging. This will be
mentioned at the relevant points and the procedure will be explained in more
detail under the final point Basic settings in HDR Setup.
3-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
HDR Mode
The quickest way to obtain an HDR image using an AxioCam is to use HDR
Mode.
This mode is independent of the other image acquisition modules and can be
activated individually for all acquisition functions.
on the Acquisition menu you can activate and

Using the HDR button
deactivate the HDR Mode very simply.
This button can make your work with the HDR module much easier as it also
informs you of the current status of the function. When the HDR Mode is
active, the HDR button is highlighted in blue. If, on the other hand, the
module has been deactivated, the button is no longer highlighted.
Tip:
The button for the HDR Mode can be found on the Acquisition toolbar.
To allow you to maintain a constant overview of the HDR function and,
consequently, avoid any undesired extension of the acquisition time, you
can place the button on your own predefined toolbar using the My
AxioVision function (Tools menu My AxioVision).
You will find this function under the following menu item: Acquisition
HDR HDR Mode.
3-15
If you activate HDR Mode, all subsequent images will be generated with an
increased dynamic range.
HDR Mode can be operated in two different settings. On the one hand, there
is Simple Mode, in which only the dynamic extension can be set. In this case
the other information required is completed automatically. Beneath the slider
you will find the information on the number of images used, the source for
merging the dark value and the extension factor. This is therefore a good way
to get to know HDR Mode without having to set a large number of
parameters. Expert Mode, on the other hand, contains all the setting options
required to individually adapt the HDR image.
3-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Simple Mode
Expert Mode
The acquisition parameters should be selected carefully, especially in Expert

Mode, as these define the duration of the exposure and therefore the burden
placed on the sample. To give you an idea of the exposure time to be
expected, a factor for the extension of the overall acquisition time is shown
underneath the acquisition parameters.
As a rule of thumb for the correct setting of HDR Mode, the following should
apply: a dynamic extension of 2 bits should result in the exposure count
increasing by 2. This guarantees good information density in the HDR image.
The predefined settings with an extension by 2 bits using 3 images and the
source Input Tag for merging the dark value are a good starting point for
working with an AxioCam.
Note:
If you are using a camera from another manufacturer, it cannot be
guaranteed that an input tag" for merging the dark value will be
transferred to AxioVision and consequently that the result will be free of
errors. If the source "Input Tag" is not available for the calculation, the
dark value set is used instead (see also the section "Basic settings in HDR
Setup").
3-17
Simplest way to generate an HDR image

Following this brief explanation of the different versions of HDR Mode, we will
now return to a description of the quick acquisition of an HDR image.
Activate HDR Mode in the simple display and set the slider to a dynamic
extension of 2 bits. If you are using HDR Mode for the first time, the following
data will be completed automatically and displayed in the information rows
underneath the slider: an exposure count of 3 images, an exposure time
extension by a factor of 7 and the dark source Input Tag. If you have
already used HDR Mode and have changed the input parameters, these values
will be displayed and applied.
Please therefore always pay attention to the settings to ensure that your HDR
image is acquired as you want it to be.
Now you need an object that is rich in contrast and must determine the
correct exposure time. To do this, activate the overexposure warning. This
makes it easy to determine the right acquisition time. Adjust the exposure
time in such a way that no overexposed pixels are displayed. The more
precisely you do this, the more gradations you will be able to differentiate
later in the bright structures of the HDR image.
Once the correct exposure time has been determined, you now only need to
click on
or the F2 key.
Everything else takes place automatically and the output image will already
show the HDR image with a dynamic range that has been increased by 2 bits.
3-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
An individually adapted HDR image step by step

Another way to obtain an HDR image is to make use of the individual
functions.
These can be opened either via the Acquisition menu or in the work area
under HDR HDR Functions.
The individual functions allow you to enter individual settings for an HDR
image and adapt it to the properties of the various cameras. Using the
individual functions is also an excellent way to familiarize yourself with the
operation of the program and the various merging and setting options.
A good HDR image can be improved even further by means of a calculation
using an adapted dark value. This means that an individual black-reference
image is subtracted for each exposure time. Only a few additional operations
are necessary to do this. Black references are normally created before the
actual acquisition of the image. In this case, due to the individually adapted
exposure times, it is easier and less time-consuming to acquire the black
reference after actual image acquisition. One condition for achieving a
flawless result with your image is to ensure that the beam path is absolutely
3-19
free of stray light. You should therefore always make sure that the camera
sensor is not receiving any light at all.
For the HDR image you must first adjust the specimen and define the
appropriate exposure time. As with the use of HDR Mode, make sure that
there are no overexposed areas in the image (activate overexposure warning).
This is the only way to guarantee that you will gain the maximum information.
Open the HDR Series function

and set the Image Count and
Extra Bits parameters for the
increase in the dynamic range.
With these two details you have

defined all the important data for
acquisition itself.
Once everything has been set

to your satisfaction, click on
the
button.
HDR Series generates an image series consisting of images with different

exposure times. The various component images are displayed in a
multichannel image. This means that you can view all the exposure times
separately from each other, analyze them and save them for other uses.
To generate the black reference you only need to close the light path to the
camera and acquire a black-reference image using the same settings as before
for the HDR image.
Note:
The display of the series initially shows you an overlay of all images
acquired. Click on the
icon to view the individual images.
To obtain a finished HDR image, all that you now need to do is merge the
individual components. To do this, select the HDR Merge function.
3-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
To merge the black-reference

series previously acquired, set
the parameter Dark Image as
the dark source.
Select the image by clicking on

.
Lastly, activate the previously

acquired HDR image. To do
this, all you have to do is click
once on the images
Acquisition tab.
No other changes to the parameters are required if you are using an AxioCam
camera. If you are operating an AxioCam ICc 1 or ICc 3 in 8-bit mode, the
output bias should be reduced to the value 3 (more detailed explanations can
be found in the following section or in the online help).
starts the merging process. The HDR image is now finished.
Basic settings in HDR Setup
The settings in HDR Setup determine all the parameters that cannot be
changed individually in the various HDR functions. This function is therefore of
central importance.
3-21
HDR Setup can either be opened via the Acquisition menu or in the work
area under HDR HDR Functions HDR Setup.
The default values in HDR Setup have been set in such a way that they can
be adopted without any further changes for an AxioCam.
It may be necessary to change the dark value for the merging of the HDR
image if you are using a camera from another manufacturer. To determine
the actual dark value, it is helpful to take the value of the darkest areas of a
simple image as a reference.
The second setting that you should change, if necessary, if you are using an
AxioCam ICc 1 or AxioCam ICc 3 in 8-bit mode or a camera from another
manufacturer is the Output Bias parameter. This determines the brightness
value of the darkest pixel in the output image and should be set to the value 3
in the case of the AxioCam ICc.
3-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
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AxioVision has been specially designed to support motor-driven microscopes

from Carl Zeiss.
The introduction of the new microscope types from the Axio Imager, Axio
Observer and SteREO series means that the established Axioplan, Axiovert,
Axioskop and Stemi systems are being replaced. These systems will no longer
be developed or produced, but will naturally still be supported by AxioVision.
As the Axio Imager, Axio Observer and SteREO microscopes open up
completely new opportunities for computer-aided microscopy, new
requirements are also necessary with regard to the configuration of the
systems. Therefore, a distinction is made in AxioVision between the
established systems Axioplan, Axiovert, Axioskop and Stemi and the new Axio
Imager, Axio Observer and SteREO systems. Various configuration programs
are available for both generations of instruments. However, there is only a
difference as far as operation in AxioVision is concerned where functional
differences actually exist. Therefore, if you change your system, you will be
immediately familiar with the new microscope without having to readapt.
The microscope is either controlled via a property page containing all
configured components or via control elements for individual components.
The property page for controlling the microscopes can be activated up by
clicking the Microscope entry in the work area or by selecting from the
Microscope menu the function Microscope.
Alternatively you can select single controls from the five functions General,
Transmitted Light, Reflected Light, Stage/Focus and Extra.
A more detailed description of the controls can be found in the Online help.
4-1
Microscope Control
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At the time of AxioVisions release the following Carl Zeiss microscopes are
supported:
Axioplan 2
Axioplan 2 imaging
Axioplan 2 imaging e
Axioplan 2 imaging e man
Axiovert 200 man
Axioskop 2 mot plus
Axioskop 2 mot
Your microscope type and its individual facilities are selected in the separate
program Microscope Configuration. This configuration program can be
found on the Microsoft Windows Desktop.
Here you can define your microscopes type and components.
4-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
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The following microscopes are currently supported:
Axiovert 100 M
Axiovert 200 M
Axiovert 200 M MAT
Axiovert 200 MAT
Axio Imager (A1, D1, M1, Z1)
Axio Observer (A1, D1, Z1)
Axio Observer MAT (A1m, D1m, Z1m)
SteREO Discovery (V8, V12, V20)
SteREO Discovery (V8, V12, V20) o.EMS
SteREO Lumar.V12
SteREO Lumar.V12 o.EMS
The microscope type and the individual equipment you are using on your
microscope are selected in the separate MTB2004 Configuration program.
his configuration program is located on the Microsoft Windows Desktop.
4-3
Microscope Control
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In order to activate a new microscope configuration, you must first exit

AxioVision. You can then start the relevant configuration program
(Microscope Configuration or MTB2004 Configuration) to activate the
appropriate configuration or to make the desired changes to the current
configuration.
A new feature of AxioVision release 4.3 is the opportunity to change the
configuration directly at the start. The following dialog is displayed when
AxioVision is started:
Here you can choose the microscope type and then start the corresponding
configuration program via Configuration.
If this dialog is not displayed, you should check the settings in the Tools
Options General function:
4-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Here, you can specify your type of microscope and activate the Microscope
Selection dialog by activating the Show selection dialog at startup check
box.
In addition, for the new Axio Imager, Axio Observer and SteREO microscopes
only, it is possible to change the configuration of the microscope when
AxioVision is running:
The MTB2004 Configuration program can be started via the Microscope

Configure microscope function. You can then make changes to the current
microscope configuration. These changes are adopted immediately.
The possibility of changing a configuration is limited, however:
Changes to the current configuration are limited to the objectives and the
reflector. You will need to restart AxioVision to make any further changes.
Only the current configuration can be changed. You will also need to
restart AxioVision in order to activate a different configuration or to
generate a completely new configuration.
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Under the Tools menu you can open the Settings Editor dialog (keyboard
command Alt+S). In this dialog you can generate, save and retrieve settings
for your current hardware, i.e. for your microscope, camera or other external
components such as filter wheels or shutters. You can also apply these
settings to the hardware.
These settings are intended to make it easier for you to operate your
microscope. They are also used for microscope control when you are
generating complex experiments, e.g. with the Multichannel Fluorescence or
Z-Stack modules. The settings are saved as a document (*.zvhs).
4-5
Microscope Control
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The text below explains step by step how to generate and modify a hardware
setting document and how to apply it to the microscope. In this example, the
reflector nosepiece is to be switched to the Rhodamine position, and the
integrated fluorescence shutter is to be opened so that light falls on the
sample. The setting is to be saved as a document with the name
"Rhodamine.zvhs".
In the Tools menu, open the

Settings Editor. It can also
be opened using the key
combination Alt+S.
In the window that is now

open, click on New, enter a
suitable name, such as
"Rhodamine", in the dialog
window, and click on OK.
You can decide, whether you
only (User) or other persons
(Workgroup) can use the
settings file
Now add hardware settings to

the empty document. To do so,
select from the list Available
Components.
4-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Click on
to open the
microscope branch, and then
open the branch for the
Reflected Light component
group. The tree should now
look like this:
Select the Reflector component, and add it to the Rhodamine setting by

. Repeat this step for the Internal Shutter.
clicking on
You can also add this component by using Drag&Drop.
You will now see these two components listed in the setting window:
Both components contain a certain setting. In our example, the component

Reflector is set to the filter set "[1]49 DAPI BP", and the Internal Shutter is
Closed. These parameters correspond to the current setting status on your
microscope. What you see may therefore differ from the examples shown
here.
4-7
Microscope Control
Select the component

Reflector and click on the
button. This selection
dialog is opened:
From the drop-down list box,

select the reflector position
for Rhodamine (in this case it
is 15 Ex.546/12 at position
3), and confirm with OK.
Now select the component

Internal Shutter, click on
button, and then
the
click in the dialog on Open.
Confirm your selection with
OK.
Save your settings by clicking on

becomes inactive (
4-8
. This button then

).
. The
Test your new hardware setting by clicking on
reflector block should now swing to position 3, and the shutter for the
fluorescence lamp should open.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
The hardware setting "Rhodamine.zvhs" has now been saved and can be
assigned to a function key (for more information, please refer to chapter 8
"Configuration" - " Define key combinations for functions") or used in an
experiment as part of the acquisition of a multichannel image, for example.
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The Definite Focus functionality in AxioVision enables control of Definite

Focus, an LED-based focus stabilizer. Definite Focus can e.g. be used to
compensate changes in the distance between microscope objective and
specimen caused by temperature fluctuations.
Notes:
Definite Focus control is also possible without using AxioVision, although
depending on the application, this may only be possible with limited
functionality.
For further information on the working principle, operation and

compatibility with hardware components (e.g. objectives), please refer to
the Definite Focus operating manual.
In this section several examplary use cases are given for operation of definite
Focus by AxioVision. However, the quality of the actual results that can be
obtained, not only depends on the software settings but also on many other
parameters like e.g. type of sample, microscope objective, speed of focusdrift, etc.
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In this example Definite Focus automatically stabilizes the focus-position (Z) at

a single xy-Position in a culture dish, without needing further settings or
interactions made by the user.
4-9
Microscope Control
The following schematic representation (not to scale) shows how Definite

Focus operates during such an experiment.
Make sure that Definite Focus control by AxioVision is running in default

mode. Default handling of Definite Focus is the preferred working mode.
in the menu Tools
The box
Options Acquisition must not be checked for this mode. Activation
and deactivation of Definite Focus during the experiment will now be
carried out automatically by AxioVision.
Place your specimen on the microscope stage and focus it.
Open the Definite Focus window in the menu microscope XYZ

Definite Focus:
4-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Define the activity interval of Definite Focus by entering a Period value.

The faster the expected focus drift is, the smaller the value has to be.
Activate Definite Focus by clicking the
button.
Activity of Definite Focus is displayed in the Status area of the Definite Focus
window by a periodic indication of Waiting and Setting focus, as
well as by an animated icon
Now start the image acquisition experiment as you are used to it. This can
be e.g. a single- or multichannel timelapse experiment.
4-11
Microscope Control
Note:
Definite Focus keeps the distance from the bottom of your sample (e.g.
the culture dish) constant. Please note that movement of individual cells in
the culture dish can nevertheless lead to a situation where these cells are
not in focus anymore. In this case use of the software- (image-) based
autofocus functionality of AxioVision is recommended. The AxioVision
software-autofocus can also be used additionally to Definite Focus.
b~=OW=^~=J~~=~==
==~=====Ec~=^F=
Definite Focus operation in Fast Acquisition experiments is different from that

in Multidimensional Acquisition experiments. Due to the nature of Fast
Acquisition experiment, Definite Focus has to be restricted to not interfere
with the highly efficient image acquisition process.
It is not recommended to use Definite Focus in Fast Acquisition Experiments
including z-stacks. For Acquisition of fast timeseries only, we suggest to
perform experiments aiming at the optimization of a suitable Definite Focus
period for the desired image acquisition interval.
Note:
If you should observe a continuous focus jitter, please increase the
Definite Focus period to restrict the effect to a subset of (defined) images.
In case you observe periodic changes in image brightness (especially when

multibandpass- or longpass-fluorescence filters are used), please install
the IR-blocking filter delivered with you Definite Focus device. Please also
see the Definite Focus hardware manual for this procedure.
b~=PW=^~==~~==
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tile images of a MosaiX.
4-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control

in the menu Tools
The box

Definite Focus:
button.
4-13
Microscope Control
Check the box

on the MosaiX
property page. If the box is checked, Definite Focus will be activated
during the MosaiX acquisition the same the software autofocus would
get activated. This means you are free to choose between Off, At
Center, At 1. tile, Every nth tile. Please see the MosaiX help and
manual for a description of these options.
Start the image acquisition.
b~=QW=^~=J=~=~=
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multiple xy-positions of a multiwell plate.
4-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control

in the menu Tools
The box

Definite Focus:
on the XY property
Check the box
page. If the box is checked, Definite Focus will be activated before image
acquisition at every single position of the active positionlist.
button.
Note:
When multiwell plates or holders are tilted too much or the bottom of the
plate is very uneven, the difference in the z-position of xy-positions that
are very far apart, can be greater than the lock-in range for Definite Focus
with the used objective.
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In this example Definite Focus automatically adjusts the focus-position (Z) at

multiple xy-positions of a multiwell plate and at the same time compensates a
z-drift over time.
4-15
Microscope Control

Proceed as described in example 4.

Definite Focus:
4-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Define the activity interval of Definite Focus by entering a value into the
Period field. The faster the expected focus drift is, the smaller the value
has to be. You should also take into account the time interval that you
use for the image acquisition. When a time interval of 120 seconds is
used for image acquisition, it could e.g. make sense to use a Definite
Focus period of perhaps 5 or 10 seconds.
Note:
When multiwell plates or holders are tilted too much or the bottom of the
plate is very uneven, the difference in the z-position of xy-positions that
are very far apart, can be greater than the lock-in range for Definite Focus
with the used objective.
4-17
Microscope Control
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In this example, Definite Focus is controlled by user-defined hardwaresettings. This mode is only recommended if the results obtained by the
automatic Definite Focus control are not satisfying. It is also recommended
that only users, experienced in generating hardware-settings are using this
mode.
Deactivate the default handling of Definite Focus by AxioVision by

in the menu
checking the box
Tools Options Acquisition. Activation and deactivation of
Definite Focus during an Experiment is not done automatically anymore
by AxioVision, but has to be defined by the user in an experiment with
hardware-settings.
You will find the Definite Focus Control-Components for the creation of
hardware-settings in the menu Tools Settings-Editor in the category
Microscope XYZ.
Create a hardware-setting Definite Focus active that activates Definite

Focus for focus stabilization with an interval (period) of 5 seconds.
4-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Create a hardware-setting Definite Focus inactive that deactivates

Definite Focus.
Use these hardware-settings to enable focus stabilization and correction

by Definite Focus in between the timepoints of a timelapse experiment,
while disabling Definite Focus immediately before image acquisition. For
this use the submenu Settings before/after Timepoint in the Tab T of the
Multidimensional Acquisition.
4-19
Microscope Control
You may now start you experiment. Definite Focus will correct the focus
position between all timepoints every 5 seconds. During image acquisition
it will be inactive to minimize the possibility of any putative negative
influence of Definite Focus on image quality.
4-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
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Function
In quantitative TIRF microscopy it is important to know the exact angle at
which the sample is being illuminated so that additional parameters of the
evanescent field and the sample (penetration depth, refractive index, critical
angle of total reflection etc.) can be determined from this. The angle is
generally set using a motorized deflection unit and is influenced by the optomechanical tolerances of the microscope components being used (e.g. filter
set, objective).
It is therefore necessary to calibrate the deflection system. For this purpose,
use is made of the effect that causes the depth to which the illumination light
penetrates into the sample to decrease exponentially when the critical angle
of total reflection is reached and exceeded. This penetration depth then
amounts to just a few tens or hundreds of nanometers. The consequence of
this is that the background fluorescence from parts of the sample that are
further away from the cover slip drops rapidly.
It is possible to measure the intensity via the surface brightness of the
objective pupil. To do this, the deflection unit is moved automatically in such a
way that the laser focus passes directly across the entire objective pupil once.
(The position of the laser focus in the objective pupil determines the angle at
which the sample is illuminated.)
4-21
Microscope Control
Laser focus in objective pupil
The angle setting of the deflection unit and the integrated intensity of the
pupil image at this angle are always measured.
The resulting integrated intensity curve (see below) depending on the angle
setting of the deflection unit is subsequently analyzed.
Two jumps in intensity can be identified in the graph. These occur at the
moment the sample illumination reaches the critical angle of total reflection,
when the intensity of the background fluorescence increases/decreases. The
sample-illumination angles are equal in size and differ only in the sign that
precedes them.
4-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
The graph shows the integrated intensity depending on the angle of the
deflection unit:
Critical angle of total

reflection +-g
Light intensities in the objective pupil or a plane conjugated to it:
The angle setting 0 of the deflection unit at a sample-illumination angle of

0 degrees is therefore calculated as follows:
0(=0) = 1 -2
1 and 2 are the angle settings of the deflection unit at which the critical
angle of total reflection is realized in the sample.
The signs preceding the angles must be observed.
The deflection unit has therefore been calibrated and there is a direct
relationship between the angle setting of the deflection unit and the angle of
sample illumination. In other words, you know what deflection angle results in
a sample-illumination angle of 0.
4-23
Microscope Control
It is now possible to set defined sample-illumination angles, as sampleillumination angle and deflection angle are in a fixed relationship to each
other as a result of the optical and mechanical structure.
= f(- 0),
= f() + 0
From the critical angle 1 or 2 you can now calculate the refractive index of
the sample.
n1 = n2 x sin ( f(g-0) )
n2 = refractive index of cover slip
n1 = refractive index of sample
The angle must be calibrated for each combination of objective and
fluorescence filter set, as each filter set causes slightly different deviations in
the beam path due to manufacturing tolerances.
To automatically correct the TIRF sliders offset from the zero position, follow
the procedure below:
Insert your sample into the microscopes sample holder. Only aqueous
samples are suitable for calibration purposes. Fixed specimens are not
suitable!
Focus on the lowest layer of your sample. No air bubbles or impurities

must be present in the oil.
Set the laser intensity to the lowest possible level.
Move the Bertrand slider installed in front of the camera into the beam
path.
Restrict the camera frame to roughly the diameter of the imaged

objective pupil.
Switch the display characteristics of the live image to Linear.
4-24
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Microscope Control
Select the laser intensity and camera exposure time in such a way that the
image is neither overexposed nor underexposed at the middle setting for
the illumination angle.
Select the combination of filter, objective and laser line that you wish to
calibrate.
Start the calibration run by clicking on the Automatic Calibrate button.
Calibration now begins.
When calibration is complete, a display appears of the measured average gray

values as a function of the angle set.
If automatic calibration fails, follow the procedure below:
Reactivate the laser and set the angle to the left-hand detected edge,
denoted as B1. Take note of the image displayed. Now repeat this for B2
by changing the uncorrected angle until it is at the point of the steepest
slope. Repeat the step until the image intensity has equal values. Exit the
dialog by clicking on the Apply button.
Open the live display and set the beam to the zero position using the
corresponding button for setting the illumination angle. If the fluorescence
returning from the sample is at the center of the objective pupil.
4-25
Image Processing
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The task of image processing essentially consists of two fields of activity:

correction and optimization of the acquired image data.
In many cases digital image processing functions are required to make up for
the technical limitations of the available devices. However, we should point
out that often (in fact probably in most cases) image processing functions are
needed to compensate for carelessness during image acquisition.
It is therefore essential to make sure that you fully utilize the capabilities of
your technology both prior to and during image acquisition. This is the only
time when the actual original information is available. It is also your best
opportunity to ensure good image quality.
One area that is often neglected is the preparation of the sample. The
principle here is that a poor sample inevitably results in a poor image. For this
reason you need to be self-critical and check whether the quality of your
sample is suitable to provide optimum acquisition results.
Whatever you use image processing functions for, make sure that wherever
possible original data are not overwritten. You should always be able to return
to the original image to ascertain whether executing a function has actually
brought about an improvement or has in fact resulted in relevant image
information no longer being available.
q==~===~=
In AxioVision there are two different ways to process images. They each have
different features and have been devised for different areas of application. On
the one hand, all functions can be executed via the Processing menu or the
Workarea. Alternatively, via the Properties window, you can optimize the
quality of the image display (brightness, contrast and gamma value) for your
monitor using a characteristic curve.
5-1
Image Processing
In both cases AxioVision ensures that initially your original data are not
modified:
If you are using the functions via the Processing menu, by default the
result is displayed in a new image document. You can then decide
whether you want to save the result in a new file or overwrite the existing
file.
If you are working via the Properties window, the numerical values of
the brightness and color information of your images are not modified.
Only the display of the saved values on the monitor is adapted. As long as
you save your images in AxioVision "ZVI" format, in addition to the
original data it is only the settings in the Properties window that are
saved in the file.
When you open the file, it is then the optimized display that is initially
made available. You can revert to the original display at any time via the
Properties window. If you export the image into a different format, the
settings of the Export function can be used to specify whether you want
to save the original data or whether you want the settings in the
Properties window to be adopted before saving. In the latter case,
however, the gray or color values are changed, and you are no longer
able to restore the original data.
Note:
We recommend that initially you always save your images in ZVI format,
and only export them to an external format if you need to do so.
f~=~=
In the section that follows, image format should not be understood to mean
the file format (ZVI, BMP, TIF etc.), but rather the way in which brightness and
color are displayed in an image.
Conventional TV cameras are able to distinguish 256 gray levels. The entire
spectrum from black to white is displayed using this number of brightness
levels. To be able to distinguish 256 gray levels on a PC, 8 bits are required.
These images are therefore known as 8 bit images.
5-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
To display color images, three of these gray level images are required one
for red, one for green and one for blue. These images are essentially gray level
images. This means that a color image is made up internally of 3x8-bit images.
We therefore also talk of 24 bit images. With these kinds of image it is
possible to distinguish up to 16.8 million color values.
Modern digital cameras, however, are not only able to distinguish 256 gray
levels, but can actually distinguish as many as 65536. This means that 8 bits
are no longer sufficient to save the data. 16 bits are required in such cases.
However, 16 bit images are essentially only gray level images too. If three of
these images are combined to form a color image, we talk of 48 bit images.
Note:
Some file formats are not able to save 16 and/or 48-bit images. We
therefore recommend that you always save your images in ZVI format
initially, and only export them to an external format if you need to do so.
RKO
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Annotations are additional drawing elements (scale bars, captions, arrows

etc.) that can be drawn into an image. The word "into", however, is not
strictly accurate, as the annotations are in fact drawn on top of the image. In
other words, the annotations are drawn into their own plane on top of the
actual image information, ensuring that initially the original information is not
overwritten.
Provided that you save your images in AxioVision "ZVI" format, this plane
information can be retained. The annotations are therefore saved separately
from the actual image information. When you open the file, any annotations
that are present can be changed, deleted or hidden or new annotations can
be added.
The AxioVision ZVI format is the only format that supports this plane
technique. Consequently, if you save the image in a different format, in the
settings of the Export function you must specify whether or not you wish to
"burn" the annotations into the image. You have the following options:
5-3
Image Processing
If you burn the information into the image, the pixels that lie beneath the
annotations are overwritten and you will then be unable to restore them.
If you decide not to burn the annotations into the image, the annotations
are lost.
Alternatively, you can save the image twice (once in its original form and
once with the annotations burnt in).
Note:
As there are considerable limitations involved in saving images in external
formats, we recommend that initially you always save your images in ZVI
format and only export them to an external format if you need to do so.
RKP
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The text below outlines the principal method for operating the image
processing functions. The steps described are identical for all functions. A
description of the operation of the individual functions and their parameters
can be found in the online help under the Processing menu entry.
The individual steps in the following examples can also be practiced using the
original images that were employed. The sample images can be found on the
Product DVD.
p=~=~=E~F=
Images frequently contain noisy regions or inhomogeneous brightnesses,

which impair the detection of the objects to be measured (segmentation). To
achieve satisfactory segmentation, these kinds of images are processed using
smoothing filters.
5-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
All filter functions work using filter matrixes, the size of which can be set
using the KernelSize parameter. During the filtering process, the central pixel
in the matrix is combined with the gray values within the matrix, and is
therefore given a new value.
Which smoothing filter is most suitable depends on the structures that are
present in the image. You should therefore try out various filters initially.
The Sigma function is particularly appropriate if you wish to remove uneven
brightnesses from within structures without influencing the edges of these
structures. Fine structures are also preserved.
To suppress noise, the Gauss function can be used. This reduces the dynamic
range of the image and smoothes the entire image, including the object
edges.
The following example explains step by step how to smooth the structures in
an image using two different filter functions.
From the Product-DVD load the image "Bone-overview.zvi" from the
folder Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images via the function File
Open Image, or acquire an image with the camera. The image is
displayed in AxioVisions image window.
5-5
Image Processing
Select from the Processing menu the Smooth functional group and then the
Sigma function.
You will now see the dialog
window of the Sigma function.
If the Automatic Preview check
box is activated, you will see the
reduced input and output images.
Set CreateNew to Off so that a
different filter function can later
be executed with the same image.
Set the value 13 for KernelSize
and the value 31 for Sigma by
clicking on the arrow keys or by
entering the values directly.
Click on the Splitter Display icon
to display the original and the
result image side by side.
Click on OK to close the dialog.
5-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
Select from the Processing menu the Smooth functional group and then the
Gauss function.
window of the Gauss function.
box is activated, you will see the
reduced input and output images.
button in
If you click on the
the Input field, the image gallery
appears. Select the original image
"Bone-overview.zvi" by clicking
on it.
Set the value 13 for KernelSize

by clicking on the arrow keys or by
entering the value directly.
5-7
Image Processing
Compare the two resulting images.

With the Sigma filter, strong smoothing has been achieved without the
edges becoming blurred:
With the Gauss filter, weak smoothing has been performed using the
same KernelSize. The edges of the object have also been smoothed:
Note:
Adjust the display characteristic curve in the resulting image if necessary.
5-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
p~=`=E~F=
Uneven illumination, vignetting in the optical system or inhomogeneous

sensitivity of the camera sensor can sometimes lead to a so-called shading
effect in images. This means that the brightness of the image is uneven,
which greatly impairs the detection of the objects to be measured.
To eliminate this disruptive effect, shading correction must be performed
using a reference image. As a rule, an empty field with no structures is used
as a reference image. Often, however, the image has already been acquired,
and the sample is no longer available to allow the acquisition of an empty
field. In this case a pseudo-shading reference image can be used. This is
generated by applying particularly strong smoothing (e.g. using a strong
Lowpass filter) to the original image. The smoothing can, however, take place
automatically within the shading correction function, which renders the
generation of a shading reference image superfluous.
The following example explains step by step how to perform shading
correction.
From the Product-DVD load the image "SAND.ZVI" from the folder Demo
Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images via the function File Open
Image, or acquire an image with the camera. The image is displayed in
AxioVisions image window.
5-9
Image Processing
Select from the Processing menu the Adjust functional group and then the
Shading Correction function.
window of the Shading
Correction function.
If the Automatic Preview
check box is activated, the
reduced input and output
images appear.
Set CreateNew to Off so you
can select the images freely.
Select the loaded image as
Input and Reference.
Set the Auto parameter to On.
This will result in a pseudoshading reference image being
generated automatically in the
background and combined with
the original image.
Click on the Splitter Display
to display the original
icon
and the result image side by
side.
5-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
The resulting image then contains homogeneous illumination.
Note:
`==uv====~=~=
E~F=
During the acquisition of multichannel images using a manual microscope,

you switch from one fluorescence filter to another by moving the fluorescence
slider manually. In the acquired images, this can result in a shift of a few pixels
between the individual channels in the horizontal and vertical directions. The
individual fluorescence channels are shown in a pseudo color display. The XY
pixel shift that has occurred must be subsequently corrected, to ensure that
the individual fluorescence channels lie precisely on top of one another in the
horizontal and vertical directions in the pseudo color image.
The following example explains step by step how to correct this XY pixel shift.
5-11
Image Processing
From the Product-DVD load the image "Endothelial_cells_FL_shifxy.zvi"

from the folder Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images via the
function File Open Image, or acquire an image with the camera. The
image is displayed in AxioVisions image window.
5-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
Now select from the Processing menu the Geometric functional group, and
then the Shift function.
window of the Shift function.
box is activated, the reduced
input and output images appear.
Activate Enable channel
selection, so that you can enter
the XY shift for an individual
channel.
Click on Subset.
5-13
Image Processing
Activate only the channel that

you want to be corrected
(channel 1 in the example).
Deactivate Copy selected items
only, so that all channels are
present in the resulting image
(including the uncorrected ones),
and click OK.
In the dialog window, activate
the channel to be corrected
Set the shift for ShiftX and
ShiftY by clicking on the arrow
keys, or by entering the values
directly.
Notes:
The value for ShiftX and/or ShiftY always relates to the number of pixels
that you want to be shifted.
Click OK to close the dialog window.

Note:
5-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
`======~=J~=
~=
During the definition of multichannel z-stack images, the focus plane is

normally set for one channel only. This means that the acquisition of the
various fluorescence channels always starts with the same focus plane. When
you switch from one fluorescence filter to another, the excitation and
emission wavelengths, which also influence the focus plane, change. If the
objective is not corrected for this chromatic aberration, the focus planes
between the individual fluorescence channels in the acquired image will not
correspond.
The individual fluorescence channels are shown in a pseudo color display.
When you switch between the individual channels, a small shift is visible in the
z direction. This can be subsequently corrected, so that in the pseudo color
image the individual fluorescence channels lie exactly next to each other in the
z direction.
The following example explains step by step how to balance out this z pixel
shift.
From the Product-DVD load the
image "Hela_DsRed
_RevGFP_Zshift.zvi" from the
folder Demo Images and
Scripts\AxioVision Images via
the function File Open
Image, or acquire an image
with the camera.
The image is displayed in
5-15
Image Processing
Select from the Processing menu the Geometric functional group, and then
the Shift function.
window of the Shift function.
images appear.
Activate Enable channel
selection, so that you can enter
the Z shift for an individual
channel.
Click on Subset to enter the
specific settings in the Select
Subset window.
5-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing

you want to be corrected
Deactivate the Copy selected
items only check box, so that
all channels are present in the
resulting image (including the
uncorrected ones).
Click on OK.
In the Shift dialog window,
activate the channel to be
corrected (channel 2 in the
example).
Set the shift for ShiftZ by
clicking on the arrow keys, or
by entering the values directly.
Notes:
The value for ShiftZ always relates to the number of sections by which
you want the shift to be made.
Example: If ShiftZ is set to the value 5, the stack in the resulting image
starts at section 6. The first 5 sections remain empty, whilst the last 5
sections of the original image are omitted.
If a value of -5 is set, the first 5 sections of the original image are omitted.
The first section of the resulting image is section 6 of the original image.
The last 5 sections of the resulting image remain empty.
It is also possible to perform a shift by a fraction of a section (e.g. 0.3).

The value to be entered can be calculated from the distance between the
individual sections.
5-17
Image Processing

Choose a z-level in the middle (here 13) using the player.

This is the resulting image obtained.
Note:
5-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
RKQ
b~==f~=a~===j=
The fastest and easiest way to display an image that is optimally adapted to
the monitor is to use the Standard workflow. A description of this workflow,
including all the steps involved in image acquisition, can be found in chapter 3
"Image Acquisition".
RKR
a~==~=c~=^~=
Make sure that the Annotations toolbar

is visible: right-click on the main menu or
any toolbar and activate Annotations (a
tick must be visible in front of it).
Now activate the image into which you

want to draw annotations. To do this,
simply click on the image or select it via
the tabs at the top of the document
area.
From the Annotations toolbar select the
tool you want to use, e.g. the Scale Bar.
5-19
Image Processing
Now draw in the scale bar: click once on

the starting point, drag out the desired
length and then click on the end point.
To format the annotations (change the
line color, font etc.), right-click in the
image and select Properties.
In the Properties window activate the

Attributes tab.
Select an element from the list.
Change the Settings for selected

items:
1: Line thickness
2: Line style
3: Fill mode
4: Line type
5: Line color
6: Fill color
7: Text color
8: Text alignment
9: Font
The settings only apply to the selected element. To specify standard settings,
please read the next section.
5-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Processing
RKS
p=p~~=p==^~=
Activate the image for which you want to

specify standard settings. To do this,
simply click on the image or select it via
the tabs at the top of the document area.
To enter the settings (line color, font
etc.), right-click in the image and select
Properties.
In the Properties window activate the

Attributes tab.
Make sure that no elements are selected
in the list of annotations and displayed
above the Default settings formatting
options.
Now change the:

1: Line thickness
2: Line style
3: Fill mode
4: Line type
5: Line color
6: Fill color
7: Text color
8: Text alignment
9: Font
Note:
The settings are now used for all elements that are subsequently drawn
in. If you save your images in ZVI format, the settings are saved with the
image.
5-21
Image Analysis
f~=^~=
SKN
d~=
With AxioVision Version 4 you are now able to perform interactive

measurements in the basic program.
m=~===~=
Measurements can, as a rule, be performed in two different ways:
The individual measurement tools, e.g. line, circle etc., can be accessed
via the Measure menu and/or toolbar. Individual values can be
determined quickly using this method.
Via the Measure Interactive Measurement Start Measurement

function. This function contains the image to be measured with all the
measurement tools in a single dialog. It is, therefore, particularly suitable
for use in workflows and Commander scripts, and for this reason is also
integrated into the Measure workflow. This method gives you the option
of being led through the entire procedure, from image acquisition
through to the saving of the image, via measurement and evaluation.
`==~=
^~==~=
To obtain measurement values in real units, you must have allocated the
correct scaling to the image you want to measure. This usually takes place
during image acquisition (see chapter 3 "Image Acquisition").
6-1
Image Analysis
f===~===~=~=~=
If a scaling has not been allocated to the image you have selected, you can
allocate one now:
Make sure that the image is selected (simply click on it).

From the Measure menu, select the Scalings function.
Select the corresponding scaling from the Scalings Control list.
Click on the Apply scaling to image button.
a~=~=~~=
The measurement data can be displayed in different ways:

In principle, all measurements are displayed in the graphics plane as
annotations. Which measured values are displayed for the relevant tool is
freely configurable (please also see the "Configuring measurement tools"
section). The display itself (color, line thickness etc.) can be formatted via the
View Properties Attributes dialog.
If you use the View Properties Measurement dialog, the measured
values are displayed in table form. In this dialog you also have a direct link
between the table of measured values and the image that is currently
selected. This means that when you activate a tool in the image, the
corresponding values are automatically displayed in the table, and vice versa.
p~=~~=
p~=~=~~=
The simplest and most convenient way to save the data is to save your images
in AxioVision ZVI format. This is because this format saves the measurement
data together with the image. Consequently, all data (pixel data,
measurement data, annotations etc.) are present in the image file. There is no
need to perform an additional saving procedure.
6-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
If you save your image files in an external format (BMP, JPEG etc.), the
measurement data, together with all other additional information
(annotations, acquisition data etc.), are saved in a separate file. As long as you
open the images using AxioVision, the data in this separate file are
automatically read in again and displayed. Read also section 7.2 "Saving 2D
Images" in chapter 7 "Documentation".
p~=~=~~=~~=~=
To save the measured values in a separate file, you should use the Measure
Create Data Table function. This function writes the measurements
relating to the selected image in a data table. This data table is a completely
normal document in AxioVision and can then be saved as a file. The data table
no longer has a direct link to the image. To combine the values of several
images in a single file, the Measure Append Data Table function can be
executed.
`=~==
The interactive measurement tools can configured to your own requirements.

Using the Measure Interactive Measurement Configure
Measurement Tools function, you can generate configurations for the
application scenarios of your choice. In a configuration you can determine
which measurement parameters should actually be measured for a
measurement tool and then displayed later in a data table, and which
measurement parameters should be displayed in the graphics plane. A
measurement can then be loaded via the Measure Interactive
Measurement Load Configuration function. The defined settings are
automatically active for a special measurement application. You can specify
the default behavior of the measurement tools in the same way.
6-3
Image Analysis
SKO
j~=W=~=~=~=
~=
The easiest way to perform interactive measurements is to use the Measure

workflow. This can be found on the Workflow. If the workflow is not
displayed, in the View menu select the Windows list, and there select the
Workflow command.
Note:
The Workflow may in fact be open but covered by the Workarea. If that
is the case, simply click on the Workflow tab of the work area:
.
6-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
j~=W==
Live opens and closes the Live window.

Live Properties displays a window
containing the camera parameters and
the display characteristic curve.
camera.
Show Properties opens the image
Properties dialog window with the
property pages Display, Attributes,
Color, etc.
Scale bar inserts a scale bar.
Draw Annotations inserts annotations
into the acquired image.
Load Tools opens a dialog to select and
activate a specific configuration.
Start Measurement starts the
measurement.
Save saves the image.
6-5
Image Analysis
b==f~=j~=c=
Go through the toolbar function by function:
Acquire an image, or load an image from the hard drive.

Adapt the display on the monitor.
Insert a scale bar, if necessary.
Draw in annotations, if required.
Load a measurement tools configuration.
The next button starts the interactive measurement.
Start the Start

Measurement function.
Perform any
measurements by
selecting a measurement
tool from the toolbar.
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
Distance
Circle
Curve
Curve (Spline)
Angle 3
Angle 4
Events
The measurements are

performed directly in the
image.
6-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Click on OK.
Now save the image

with the measurement
results via the Measure
workflow.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
a~=~==~=~~=
The measurement data from an image can be
displayed as a list;
exported into an Excel-compatible text format; or
combined with the measurement data from other images to perform an
overall evaluation.
Select the function

Measure Create
Table.
If you do not save your

images in ZVI format,
export the
measurement data by
clicking on Save.
To exit the dialog, click

on Close.
6-7
Image Analysis
SKP
p=~==~~==
~=~~=
The interactive and automatic measurement functions produce measurement

data tables which, as a rule, contain raw data. In the AxioVision menu
Evaluate, a range of analysis functions are available to allow you to process
these data.
To measure several images in a measurement loop, you need to accumulate
all the measurement data in a data table (Append table function). This
measurement data list can be used to calculate statistical values, such as the
mean and standard deviation (Calculate statistical values function), or to
classify the measurement data (Calculate classified table function).
It is also possible, however, to combine individual columns from the same or
from different data tables in the form of a new data table (Concatenate
table function). In many cases you will need to filter out only specific
measurement values from a data table, e.g. only the measurement values of
the FITC channel (Filter table function), or to perform calculations using the
measurement values of different columns (Calculate table columns
function).
To obtain a clear presentation of the measurement data from time lapse
images, the pivot table (Calculate Pivot table function) is a useful tool.
Note:
Sample scripts of all evaluation functions can be found on the Product
DVD in the folder Demo Images and Scripts\Commander Script Examples.
6-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
SKQ
`~=~~==
j=~=~==~====
=wao=
A report is used for printing out images, sample information, data tables and
histograms. A template, in which the layout and formatting for the individual
report elements (image, data table, etc.) are defined, always forms the basis
for a report.
In AxioVision, a selection of sample report templates is available. All reports
have the file extension *.zdr and can be modified for a specific application.
Please also read the section "Modifying a report template" and "Creating a
report template" which you will find further down this section.
Newly created files or modified files are saved in the user folder My
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Templates\Data Report Templates or in the work group
folder Shared Documents\Carl Zeiss\Templates\Data Report Templates.
Reports will be connected to the respective documents (images, data tables):
with an archive
with a folder
with a gallery
To create a report correct links are mandatory. If you move the documents,
which are linked to the current reports to another location, the links in the
report have to be updated accordingly.
Note:
A description about reports with the file extension ZVR can be found in
chapter 7.3 " Generate, print and export reports with the file extension
ZVR".
6-9
Image Analysis
o=~=~=
The meaning of each icon will be displayed when you move the cursor on one
of the icons.
j=~==~=
The following example will show you how to modify an existing template for
another application (displaying user data and an image) and save it as a new
template.
First enter your user data on the Tools menu Options ID.
Use the Snap function to acquire an image with the camera, or load the
image "Cat-Cerebellum(1300).zvi" from the Product DVD from the folder
\Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\Imaging Plus using the
Open image function on the File menu.
6-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
From the File menu, select the New function, and then activate the
Reports (zdr) tab sheet. Select the Timelapse template. Then click on
OK.
6-11
Image Analysis
The report is now displayed in the Edit
6-12
mode.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
With the left-hand mouse button depressed, drag out a rectangle over
the object in Section2.
Press the Del key to delete the selected fields. Click on

large image field.
Now show the property window by clicking on the
and create a
icon.
6-13
Image Analysis
In the Data Origin field, select "From Gallery" under Origin of Date
and under File "[Active Image]". The original image now appears in the
image field.
6-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Adjust the size of the image field to the size of the image.
Use the
icon in the toolbar to switch to Preview mode to allow you
to check the report. Then use the
icon to return to Edit mode.
The new report template can be saved and a name entered, e.g.
"Image+userdata", using the Save Report As Template function on the File
menu.
Note:
The information relating to the user, company and address only appears if
this has been entered on the Tools menu Options ID.
6-15
Image Analysis
`~=~==~=
The following example shows you how to create a template for a z-stack from
an empty layout. The images of individual z-planes are displayed with focus
positions as annotations.
image "Anaphase-chromosomes.zvi" from the Product DVD from the
folder \Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\Imaging Plus using
the Open image function on the File menu.
From the File menu, select the New function, and then activate the
Reports (zdr) tab sheet.
Select the Blank template and then click OK. To see a preview of a
template, click on Apply. The corresponding template is then opened
without the New dialog being closed.
An empty layout is now displayed in Edit mode.
6-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Click on
, drag out a
text field in Section1 and
position it in the top part of
the report. A description
field automatically appears
next to the text field.
Now click on any position in

Section1 outside the text
field / label field.
Click on the text field to

position it in the desired
location, independently of
the label field, and, if
necessary, to adjust the size.
Double-click on the text in

the label field and replace it
with the text "Sample". To
change the display of the
word "Sample" do the
following:
6-17
Image Analysis
Click on
to open the
property window for the
label field.
In the Format field, select

14 and Bold under Font.
6-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
In the Working Object

field, select the TextField1
function from the dropdown list box.
In the Data Origin field,

select "From Gallery" under
Origin of Date, "[Active
Image]" under File and the
file "FileName" under File
Field.
In the Format field, select

12 and Bold under Font.
6-19
Image Analysis
Use the
icon to switch to Preview mode to allow you to check the
image name in the text field.
Then use the
Downsize Section1 of the report template by positioning the mouse on

the bottom edge and dragging upwards with the left-hand mouse button
depressed.
6-20
icon to return to Edit mode.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Click on
and insert a new section below Section1. Now increase the
size of Section2 of the report by positioning the mouse on the bottom
edge and dragging downwards with the left-hand mouse button
depressed.
and with the left-hand mouse button depressed, drag out an

Click on
image container.
In the Data Origin field, select "From Gallery" under Origin of Data
and "[Active Image]" under File.
6-21
Image Analysis
In the Properties window enter the following settings:
Field General
Left 0.05, Top 0.05, Width 6.51, Height

2.5
Field Gallery View Setup
Column Count 3
Field Cell Setup
Image Area Size (%) 80

Show Cell Frame off
Tags FokusPosition, RelFokusPosition
Field Image Setup
Show Image Frame off
Feld Tags Setup
Tag Name Column Width (%) 70

Show Tags Frame on
Show Tags Grid on
Field Subset Mode Setup
Z-Stack Supset Enabled (28) on

Z-Stack Condition 7,9,11,13-18,2022,24,26,28
6-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Now click in the headline on the label field (Header) and enter in the
Properties window any text (e.g. name of the company) in the Format
field under Text.
Adapt the size of the region field by dragging out with the left-hand
mouse button depressed.
6-23
Image Analysis
6-24
Click on
and insert a new image field to position a company logo.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Field General
Left 15.4, Top 0.5, Width 1.5, Height 1.5
Field Data Origin
Origin of Data Company Logo
Field Format
Show Annotations off

Show Image Frame off
6-25
Image Analysis
The logo selected in the Tools menu Options Logo will be displayed
automatically.
In the footer click on the text field at the right edge and enter the
following settings:
Field General
Left 15, Top 0.2, Width 1.9, Height 0.6
Field Data Origin
Format Page Number M / N
6-26
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Image Analysis
Now click on the label field (Footer), positon it close to the text field at
the right edge and enter the following settings in the Properties
window.
Field General
Left 13, Top 0.2, Width 1.5, Height 0.6
Field Format
Text Page
Alignment Left
Text Color Black
6-27
Image Analysis
Use the
report.
6-28
icon to switch to preview mode to allow you to check the
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
The new report template can be saved and a name entered, e.g. "z-stack",
using the Save Report As Template function on the File menu.
6-29
Image Analysis
`~=~===~==~=
The following example will show you how to display automatically in a report
several images among each other together with information about the
images.
Use the Snap function to acquire any number of images with the camera,
or load the images "graphite and ferrite with perlite obj20x 01.zvi",
"lamellar graphite obj20x 01.zvi" und "spherolite graphite obj20x 01.zvi"
from the Product DVD from the folder \Demo Images and
Scripts\AxioVision Images\Graphite using the Open image function on
the File menu.
Select the function Create Data Report from the Evaluation menu.
6-30
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
In the dialog window select the

function Connect to Gallery
from the drop-down list
Connection in the Create
Data Report field.
From the drop-down list

Template select the
"1Image.zdr" template.
In the edit field Report Name

enter a name for the report to
be create, e.g. "Testreport5".
Click the OK button.
Select one after another Section3, Section4, Section5 and delete the
respective section by clicking on
Click on the image in Section1 and delete this image using the Del key.
Click on
and insert an image container.
6-31
Image Analysis
Field General
Field Data Origin
Field Gallery View Setup
Field Cell Setup
Field Bildeinstellungen
Field Einstellungen Felder
6-32
Left 0.3, Top 0.5, Width 10, Hight 5

Origin of Data From Gallery
Column Count 1
The number of culumns indicates how many
images can be displayed side by side.
Packing Style Image left
Tags Filename
Image Area Size (%) 55
Show Cell Frame off
Bildrahmen anzeigen aus
Feldbezeichnung Spaltenbreite (%) 40
Gitternetzlinien fr Felder anzeigen aus
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
To check the report template click on
to select the Preview mode.
You can save the new report template and entering a name (e.g. "3images")
using the Save Report As Template in the File menu
6-33
Image Analysis
`~=====waoI==
=~=~==~=~=mac==
`~=~===~=~=
This example shows you how to incorporate an open image into a report and
display it with the associated microscope and camera information.
image "Material_sample.zvi" from the Product DVD from the folder
\Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\Imaging Plus using the
Open image function on the File menu.
To create a report, select the Create Data Report function on the

Evaluation menu.
6-34
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
In the dialog window, select

the Connect to Gallery
function via the Connection
drop-down list box in the
Create Data Report field.
In the Template drop-down

list box select the template
1Image.zdr.
In the Report text field enter a

name for the report to be
created, e.g. "Testreport5".
Click on OK.
The new report is displayed

and you can save it using the
Save Report As Template
functions on the File menu.
Notes:
The microscope and camera information only appears if the camera and
microscope were connected and configured in MTB2004 prior to image
acquisition.
When the report is saved, the files linked to the gallery (images, data
tables) are automatically stored in a folder with the same name as the
report.
6-35
Image Analysis
^=~==~==~===~=
The following example shows you how to replace an image present in a

report with another image.
You can work through this example after you have followed the example in
the section "Creating a report for an image".
image "Color_grains.zvi" from the Product DVD from the folder \Demo
6-36
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Image Analysis
Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\Imaging Plus using the Open

image function on the File menu.
The current image will be adopted.
The modified report can be saved using the Save or Save As functions
on the File menu.
m=~==
The following example shows you how to print out a saved report or one that
you have just created.
Activate the report you have created by clicking on it or open a saved

report using File menu Open Report.
From the File menu, select the Print function to open the standard dialog
for printing documents.
Enter the desired settings and click on Print to print the report.
p~=~==~=~=mac==
The following example shows you how to create a PDF file from a saved
report or one that you have just created. This can be sent and printed out
again at any time on any system.
Activate the report you have created by clicking on it or open a saved

report using File menu Open Report.
From the File menu select the Save to PDF function.
Under File name enter the desired name and click on Save to save the
report as a PDF file. This report can then be opened using Adobe Acrobat
Reader.
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Image Analysis
`~=~===~=~==
~=
The following example shows you how to display a pseudo color image and
the images of the individual fluorescence channels with the corresponding
channel names for a 3-channel fluorescence image.
image "CHO-3-channel_fluorescence.zvi" from the Product DVD from the
folder \Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\ Multichannel
Fluorescence Z-Stack using the Open image function on the File menu.

Evaluation menu.
In the Create Data Report field,

select Connect to Gallery from the
Connection drop-down list box.
In the Template drop-down list

box select the template
3channelfluorescence.zdr.
In the Report Name field enter a

name for the report to be created,
e.g. "Testreport4".
Click on OK.
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Image Analysis
The new report is displayed and you can save it using the Save or Save
As functions on the File menu.
Note:
report.
6-39
Image Analysis
`~=~===~==~=~===
=~=
Note:
The information relating to the user, company and address only appears if
this has been entered on the Tools menu Options ID.
The following example shows you how to display the images of individual
time points for a 2-channel time lapse image.
image "4-Channel-timelapse.zvi" from the Product DVD from the folder
\Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images\ Multichannel Fluorescence
Timelapse using the Open image function on the File menu.

Evaluate menu.
In the Create Data Report field, select Connect to Gallery from the
In the Template drop-down list box select the template Timelapse.zdr.
In the Report Name field enter a name for the report to be created, e.g.
"Testreport5".
Click on OK.
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Image Analysis
For the two channels (DIC, FITC) the time points 1,5-10, 20 and 30 will be
displayed in the report.
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Image Analysis
The new report is displayed and you can save it using the Save Report
As Template function on the File menu.
Note:
report.
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Image Analysis
`~=~===~=~I=~~=~=~=
~=
Sample scripts can be installed from the Report Script Examples folder of the
Product DVD by launching the setup.exe function.
The following example shows you how to present the data of a measurement
in a report with output images, a statistics table and a histogram.
Carry out the measurement for a

number of images. To do so, select the
Repeat script function on the
Commander menu.
In the Select Source field select from the drop-down list box Folder,
from the drop-down list box Look in the directory Shared
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Images and mark the two images "round1.zvi" and
"round2.zvi".
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Image Analysis
Select in the Script selection field the sample script "AV48Example11aEvaluate_batch_EN.ziscript" and then click on Start.
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Image Analysis

Evaluate menu.
In the Create Data Report

field, select Connect to Gallery
from the Connection dropdown list box.

Image+Datatable+Histogra
m.zdr.
In the Report Name text field

enter a name for the report to
be created, e.g. "TestreportA".
Click on OK.
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Image Analysis
The new report is displayed and you can save it using the Save Report As
Template function on the File menu.
Note:
report.
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Image Analysis
`~=~===~=~~=~=
Product DVD. by launching the setup.exe function.
The following example shows you how to perform a measurement with a
Commander script, display the measurement values that are saved in files in
a two-page report and automatically save this report both in ZDR format and
as a PDF file.
Carry out the measurement for a number of

images. To do this, select the Repeat script
function on the Commander menu.
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Images and mark the two images "round1.zvi" and
"round2.zvi".
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Image Analysis
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Image Analysis
The script automatically saves

the generated raw-data, class
and statistics tables in the
directory C:\guest and opens
the Create Data Report
dialog.

3datatables.zdr.
A report with three data tables

will be created automatically.
Click OK.
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Image Analysis
The report can anytime be loaded and printed out from the folder C:\guest.
Note:
When you are using a report template that contains file links to a folder,
the linked files need to be retained if the report is to be printed out again
at a later point in time.
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Image Analysis
`~=~=====~=~=
Product DVD. by launching the setup.exe function.
The following example shows you how to display images and measurement
values saved in an archive together in a report.
First, use the New function on the File menu to create a new Asset
Archive with the name "Test" in the folder C:\guest.
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Image Analysis
Create a new project with the name "P0001" using the Add New
Project function on the Archive menu, using the template Default.

images. To do this, select the Repeat script
In the Select Source field select Folder from the drop-down list box,
under Look in the directory Shared Documents\Carl Zeiss\Images" and
mark the two images "round1.zvi" and "round2.zvi".
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In the Script selection field select the sample script "AV48Example13aEvaluate_batch_EN.ziscript" and then click on Start.
In the menu Commander Scripts Workgroup open the file

"AV48Example13a2-Evaluate_batch.ziscript"
Click Start.
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Image Analysis
All files, created with the script are saved automatically in the project
"00001" of the archive.
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Image Analysis

Evaluate menu.
In the Create Data Report field,

select Connect to Archive from the
In the dialog Create Report select

in the drop-down list box Template
"P0001".
In the Template drop-down list box

select the template
Image+Datatable+Histogram+
Archive.zdr.
In the Report Name text field enter

a name for the report to be created,
e.g. "TestreportB".
Click on OK.
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Image Analysis
The new report is displayed and you can save it using the Save or Save As
functions on the File menu.
Note:
When you are using a report template (e.g.
Image+Datatable+Histogram+Archive.zdr) that contains file linked to a
project within an archive, the linked files need to be retained in this
archive/project, if the report is to be printed out again at a later point in
time.
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Image Analysis
SKR
`~=~=
m==~=
A chart is used for the graphic display of measurement data that are available
in a data table.
In AxioVision it is possible, in the opened data table, to switch directly from
the table view to the chart view. The type of chart is defined in the chart view
(e.g. bar chart, line chart). From this, it is possible to generate an image or a
meta file. The chart settings can be saved as well as loaded.
Newly created or modified chart settings are saved in the Eigene Dateien\Carl
Zeiss\Data\Evaluate user folder or in the Gemeinsame Dokumente\Carl Zeiss\
Data\Evaluate" work group folder with the file extension *.zdcs.
`~=~~=~==~==
Sample scripts can be installed from the folders Report Script Examples and
Evaluate Script Examples of the Product DVD by launching the setup.exe
function.
The following example shows you how to generate various data tables (raw
data table, statistic table, classification table). You need these tables to carry
out the bar charts and line charts, which are descriped on the following
pages.

images. To do so, select the Repeat script
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Image Analysis
In the Select Source field select from the drop-down list box the function
Folder. Select from the drop-down list box Look in: the directory Shared
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Images. Now mark the two images "round1.zvi"
and "round2.zvi".
The result are three data tables:
6-58
Raw data table (OutputTableRegion)

Statistic table (StatisticTable)
Classification table (ClassificationTable)
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Image Analysis
`~=~=~=~=
In order to create a bar chart, the data must be available in a classified table.
In the example below, the number of measurement values in each class is
displayed as an individual bar. First, execute the sample script described in the
" Creating data tables with a script" section.
Click on the table ClassificationTable and switch-on the Chart View at the
lower edge of the dialog window.
In the Chart Data field, select

under Chart Type "Series in
Rows".
In the Series Values Columns

field, select the column with the
desired measurement values, in
this example "Count
(Diameter)". Only the bars of
this column will be displayed.
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Image Analysis
Activate the check box Show

Graph Values to display the
measurement values in the
corresponding bars.
Under Series Captions enter

the name of the classes (e.g.
Class1, Class2, Class3, ) by
double-cklicking on the chart
title.
In the Legend field activate the

check box Legend Visible. The
name of each individual class
will be displayed in the
respective color at the right side
of the chart.
Alternatively you can activate

the check box Legend from
Column. Select under Series
Caption Column the column
"Description. The class
boundaries will be adopted.
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Image Analysis
Instead of the legends you can

display the names of the series
in rows below the bars. To do
so switch off Legend Visible in
the Legend field.
In the X Axis field switch on
Show Series On X Axis.
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Image Analysis
In the Caption field unter Chart

Type enter a title, e.g.
"Diameter distribution".
In the Chart Data field, under

Rows Condition, enter e.g.
"4-10", if you will display only a
part in a sorted
Under Sorting Type select

"Ascending" and under Series
Values Columns select "Count
(Diameter)".
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Image Analysis
The bar chart will be displayed. You can save the chart settings by clicking on
the Save As button.
`~=~=uJv==~=
In order to create an X-Y point chart (so-called scattergram), the data must be
available in a raw data table. In the example below, area and diameter are
plotted against one another. First, execute the sample script described in the
"Creating data tables with a script" section.
Click on the table OutputTableRegion and switch on the Chart View at the
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Image Analysis
In the Chart Data field select under

Chart Type "X-Y-Point".
Under Series Values Columns select

this column, which displays the
measurement values on the y axis, in
this example "Area".
Under X Axis Values Type select

"Values in Column".
Under X Axis Values Column select

this column, which displays the
measurement values on the x axis, in
this example "Diameter".
In the X Axis field activate the check

boxes X Axis Caption Visible and X
Axis Caption.
Under X Axis Caption enter

"Diameter".
In the Y Axis field activate the check

boxes Y Axis Caption Visible and Y
Axis Caption.
Under Y Axis Caption enter "Area".
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Image Analysis
In the Caption field enter a title

under Chart Caption, e.g. "Area (Y),
Diameter (X)".
The X-Y point chart will be displayed. You can save the chart settings by
clicking on the Save As button.
6-65
Image Analysis
`~=~=uJv==~=
To create a X-Y line chart the data should be available in a raw data table. In
the following example area the mean gray value is plotted against the time
points to demonstrate the changing of the fluorescence intensity of the cells
over the time.
Carry out the measurement for a time series.

To do so, select the Repeat script function on
the Commander menu.
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Images and mark the image
"2ChannelTimelapse.zvi".
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6-67
Image Analysis
The result is a filtered table (FilterTable2).
Click on the table FilterTable2 and switch on the Chart View at the
In the Chart Data field, select "X-YLine" under Chart Type.
Under Series Values Columns select

the column, which displays the
measurement values on the y axis, in
this example " Densitometricmean".
Under X Axis Values Type select

"Values in Column".
Under X Axis Values Column select

the column, which displays the
measurement values on the x axis, in
this example " ImageIDTime".
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Image Analysis
In the X Axis and Y Axis fields switch

on the check boxes Show X (Y)
Values and X (Y) Axis Caption
Visible.
In the X Axis field enter "Timepoint"

under X Axis Caption and in the Y
Axis field enter "Mean gray value"
under Y Axis Caption.
In the X Axis field enter the value

"0" under Precision, to display the
timepoints as integer values.
In the Legend field switch off the

function Legend Visible.
In the Caption field enter a title

under Chart Caption, e.g.
"Fluorescence intensity". The mean
gray values of each individual cell at
each timepoint will be displayed.
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Image Analysis
The X-Y line chart will be displayed. You can save the chart settings by clicking
on the Save As button.
p~=~==~==
To save chart settings click on the Save As button in the Chart View of
the data table. Enter a name for the chart, e.g. "line chart".
To reset chart settings click on the Reset button.
To import chart settings, use the
6-70
icon in the report's design mode.
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Image Analysis
i~=~=~~=~===~=~=
First, generate a data table containing several measurement values, e.g.

by measuring an image interactively. Click on the Load button in the
chart view.
Alternatively you can also call up the Create Data Chart function from the
Evaluate menu.
Select "Use External Settings" under the Data settings type parameter.
Then select your file containing the settings under the External chart
settings file parameter.
Now make the necessary adaptations.
`~=~=~==~=~=
In the Chart View of the data table click on the Create Image button
and enter a name. The chart will be saved in bmp format.
b=~=~=~=~=~==
In the chart view of the data table, click on the Create EMF button and
enter a name. You can choose between two formats: EMF (enhanced
meta file) and WMF (Windows meta file).
Alternatively you can also call up the Create Data Chart function from the
Evaluate menu.
Select "Use External Settings" under the Chart settings type parameter
to select your file under External chart settings file or select "Use
Settings From Table" if you wish to adopt the settings from the table.
6-71
Image Analysis
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Documentation
a~=
TKN
d~=
Documentation is probably the most important part of your work. This term is
often used to cover a number of different procedures:
In one case it may simply be a question of saving image files under a definable
name; in others it may be a question of storing additional information with
the images, so that the conditions of acquisition can be traced and recreated
identically, or so that individual images can be found again quickly using this
additional information.
Even in the basic version of AxioVision, the Image Browser offers a wide
range of options that enable you to manage your images efficiently.
Additionally you can save your images in a folder-based archive.
Via the AxioVision module Asset Archive, you can archive even extremely
large quantities of data.
Note:
Important information about "Saving" can be found in chapter 8.2 "User
and File Administration".
TKO
^s=wsf=J==f~=c~==a~=
j=
^~~===wsf=~=
The AxioVision ZVI image file format is central to documentation with

AxioVision. Compared to external formats, such as BMP, JPG, TIF etc., the ZVI
format offers you numerous advantages:
Saving without loss of quality. AxioVision also saves the current

display settings for brightness, contrast and gamma value, without
modifying the original data. You can, therefore, reactivate the original
display of the image at any time. For external formats, you either have to
go through the laborious process of finding the relevant display again or
7-1
Documentation
the pixel information has to be saved in modified form. However, in this

case the original data are lost.
Incorporation of additional data (e.g. microscope and camera

configurations, comments, information on the sample etc.).
Separate saving of image and annotations. This means that

annotations can also be changed or deleted at a later time. When
external formats are used, annotations have to be "burnt" into the
image. However, they can then no longer be deleted or changed. In this
case, of course, the pixel data beneath the annotations are overwritten.
Incorporation of measurement data for interactive measurements

into the image file.
Management of all data in a single file. This makes it much simpler to

handle the files, particularly when working with multidimensional images.
If you use external formats, every single image has to be saved separately.
This can quickly result in several hundred individual image files.
None of the above features are available with other formats. In short, the ZVI
format has been specially developed for use in the field of digital microscopy.
This is not the case with any of the other formats.
p~=Oa=~=
AxioVision gives you the option, for images saved in external formats, saving
all additional information (additional data, annotations, interactive
measurements etc.) separately from the actual image data. An additional file
is created, containing these data, for each image. The format of the file is
XML. This XML file is saved in the same folder as the image. The name of the
XML file is composed of the name of the image + the extension + "XML".
Therefore, if the saved image is called "Testimage.jpg", a file is generated
with the name "Testimage.jpg. meat.xml", which then contains all the
additional information.
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Documentation
When you open an image with AxioVision that has been saved in an external
format, the system will always check automatically whether a file containing
the corresponding additional data is present. If one is, these data are read out
and displayed accordingly. Of course, this only applies if you are working in
AxioVision. When you open an image such as this in a different image
processing program, the image is displayed without the additional
information.
To save an image with a format larger than 8 bits such that it can be displayed
in another application program just like it is displayed in AxioVision, we
recommend that you activate the Apply display mappings check box when
saving the image (File Save As). Please note, however, that this will
change the pixel values.
p~=~=~=
In principle, multidimensional images can be saved using the standard

function for saving images (File Save As). Images can also be saved in
external formats using this function. For multidimensional images, however,
all single images then have to be saved in separate files. In order to retain an
overview, only the first image is saved under the specified name and folder for
each multidimensional image. A separate subfolder is created for the single
images that belong with it:
A MosaiX image saved as a jpg file. The single images are saved in the
MosaiX TMA.jpg_Files folder.

An XML file with the additional information is also saved in the folder with the
single images. The XML file containing the additional information always
bears the name "_Meta.xml":
7-3
Documentation
Subfolder containing single images and XML file

When you open an image with AxioVision that has been saved in an external
format, the system will always check automatically whether such a folder is
present. If one is, the single images are read out and combined to form a
multidimensional image. In the course of this process, the information from
the "_meta.xml" file is analyzed.
Note:
The File Export function offers special functions for saving
multidimensional images. These include, for example, functions for
generating video formats or special functions for saving multichannel
fluorescence images.
TKP
j~~=f~===f~=c=_=
The Image File Browser allows you to display the images contained in the
folders on all of your PCs drives as a gallery or list, or with a form for entering
additional data; you are able to search for and load images and view a slide
show. The image browser is a convenient, easy-to-use tool to help you
manage your images.
To open the image browser, select File Image File Browser.
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Documentation
q=f~=c=_==
The left-hand side shows your systems folder structure, in the familiar
Microsoft Windows Explorer format.
The Image File Browser can be operated fully using the functions on the
toolbar.
If you select a particular folder, all the image files it contains are displayed
automatically in the selected mode (here Gallery mode).
7-5
Documentation
q====f~=c=_=~=
Refreshes all views.

Opens the dialog window Scan drive.
Creates a new folder or edits an existing one.
Loads the selected image(s) from the archive.
Moves to the first record.
Moves to the previous record.
Moves to the next record.
Moves to the last record.
Deletes the currently selected record.
Selects the Data Grid mode.
Selects the Form mode.
Selects the Gallery mode.
Runs the slide show using all records. To stop the slide show, press the
Esc key or right-click in the image and deselect Slide show.
Runs the slide show using selected records. To stop the slide show,
press the Esc key or right-click in the image and deselect Slide show.
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Documentation
`====f~=c=_=
Grid View
Displays the image files contained in the

selected folder in grid view.
Gallery View

selected folder in gallery view.
Form View

selected folder in form view.
First,
Selects the first, previous, next or last image

in the selected view.
Previous, Next, Last

Loads the selected image.
Load Image
Purche deleted files
Purches the deleted image files from the

cache.
7-7
Documentation
32x32, 64x64, 128x128
Selects the size of the image files displayed.

Shows all image files as a slide show.
Slide show
Slide show (selected)
Shows all selected image files as a slide

show.
Opens the images property window.
Properties
`======
First,
Selects the first, previous, next or last image

of the selected view.
Previous, Next, Last

Use Timer
Slide show
Auto Zoom
7-8
Activates the timer: the slide show

automatically proceeds to the next image
or
Deactivates the timer: in this case use the
arrow keys on the keyboard to go to the
next () or previous () image.
Stops the slide show.
Continuously adjusts the zoom factor of the
image display to the size of the window.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Documentation
`~====~~==
A form is used to enter data and to display information on the monitor.

To display image information and enter additional information switch to the
Form view by clicking on the
"Archive.zvf" is used:
icon. In the Form view, the form
The form "Archive.zvf".
This form must be in the folder Programs\Carl Zeiss

Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\Form.
7-9
Documentation
To use a different form for the form view in the Image Browser, generate a
new form on the basis of the installed templates, and save this form in the
folder mentioned above.
From the File menu select the New function and there the Form tab.
Select one of the templates and click on OK. To see a preview of
templates, click on Apply. The corresponding template is then opened
without the New dialog being closed.
Now select the Save As function from the File menu, and go to the data
directory "C:\Programs\Carl Zeiss
Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\Form". Open the form folder, or
create it if it does not already exist, and save the template under the
name "Archive.zvf".
Now open the image browser and refresh the image gallery
form view is not active, click on the
toolbar.
TKQ
. If the
button on the image browsers
d~I==~=====
==wso=
Reports are used to display and print out saved images and the additional
information relating to them (title, author, comments, keywords etc.). Each
report is based on what is known as a report template. Templates specify the
layout and formatting for the report and its individual elements (image, data
etc.).
You can modify report templates yourself, or generate completely new ones.
Please also read the section "Templates for forms and reports", which you will
find further down this section. The template files are saved in the folder
Programs\Carl Zeiss Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\Report.
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Documentation
To allow reports to be incorporated into other documents (e.g. Word files),

the option of exporting them is available. AxioVision offers export into the socalled Microsoft Windows Metafile Format (WMF). This format allows you to
incorporate reports into virtually any Microsoft Windows program. The
individual fields of a report can be modified in most cases. However, the
precise range of functions depends on the program in question.
d~===
Activate the image for which you

want to generate a report.
Select from the File menu the New function, and activate the Reports
(zvr) tab.
Select one of the templates and

click on OK. To see a preview of
templates, click on Apply. The
corresponding template is then
opened without the New dialog
being closed.
7-11
Documentation
The new report is now displayed.

You can save it just like any other
file via File Save or Save As.
m=~==
Activate the report that you want to

print.
Select from the File menu the Print
function. The standard dialog for
printing documents is then displayed.
Enter the desired settings and click on
OK to print the report.
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Documentation
b=~==
Activate the report that you want

to export.
Right-click in the report and select

the Export to WMF function.
A standard Microsoft Windows dialog for saving the file is then opened.
Select the target folder under Save As and enter a file name.
Then click on OK to save the report.
7-13
Documentation
q~===~==
Reports are mainly used to print out saved images and the additional
information relating to them (title, author, comments, keywords etc.).
Forms are used for displaying information in a structured way and for
entering information on screen.
Reports and forms are based on what are known as templates. Templates
specify the layout and formatting of the individual elements (image, data etc.).
You can modify templates yourself, or generate completely new ones. The
template files are saved in the folder Programs\Carl Zeiss
Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\Forms or Report.
AxioVision is supplied with a range of different templates. This means that
you do not necessarily have to generate templates yourself. Often, however, a
modification will be necessary to bring the templates into line with company
or project-specific requirements.
As the generation of templates can be very time-consuming, depending on
their complexity, we recommend that you use an existing template as a
starting point wherever possible. This avoids having to generate them from
scratch (an even more time-consuming process).
Note:
The following example runs through the steps required to edit a template,
using the example of a report. These steps also apply, however, to form
templates.
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Documentation
p===~=~=
Select from the File menu the New function, and activate the Reports or
Forms tab.
Select one of the templates (e.g.

Reports - Standard) and click on
OK. To see a preview of templates,
click on Apply. The corresponding
template is then opened without
the New dialog being closed.
7-15
Documentation
The report is now displayed with its

current layout.
Notes for report templates:

The details in the header (logo, company name etc.) do not have to be
defined as individual fields, but can be entered directly via a dialog. To do
this, select Tools Options ID. Enter the corresponding data here.
These data are then displayed automatically in the reports header.
If you have not yet entered this information, this area is empty.
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Documentation
To modify the template, you need

to switch to Design mode.
To do this, right-click in the
template and activate the Design
mode command from the shortcut
menu.
The draft mode is active if the tick
can be seen to the left of the
Design mode command.
To see the position and size of all
elements, activate the Show
bounding box option from the
shortcut menu. All fields are then
displayed with a blue frame.
To make positioning easier, you can activate a grid, with which all elements
can then be automatically aligned.
Select from the shortcut menu the
Grid settings function.
Activate the Show Grid and Snap
to Grid options, and click on OK.
A yellow grid is now displayed on

top of the template.
7-17
Documentation
j=~===
To move one or more fields, you

need to select the field(s) in
question. To do this, click on an
individual field, or drag out a frame
around the fields you want to
move with the left-hand mouse
button depressed.
If you hold down the Shift key
while clicking, you can also select a
number of individual fields.
To move the fields, left-click in the
selected area, and drag the fields
with the left-hand mouse button
depressed. The pointer changes to
a cross during this process.
The fields are automatically aligned
with the grid.
To delete the selected fields, simply
press the Del key on your
keyboard.
The fields are then deleted, but can
be restored via the menu function
Edit Undo provided you have
not saved the template.
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f===~=~==~=
If you want to insert a new field,

you can select the Text tool from
the Annotations menu and then
position it in the desired location.
The simplest way to do this,

however, is to copy an existing
field. In this case all of the
attributes (size, color, font etc.) are
adopted.
To do this, click on an individual field, or drag out a frame around several
fields with the left-hand mouse button depressed.
If you hold down the Shift key while clicking, you can also select a
number of individual fields.
To duplicate the field and move it
at the same time, hold down the
control key (Shift key), and leftclick in one of the two selected
fields. Drag it to the desired
location with the left-hand mouse
button depressed.
To change the name of a field,
switch to editing mode by doubleclicking in the field.
You can now enter a new name:
7-19
Documentation
So far you have only changed the

field name! Now you need to
specify that relevant information
should also be entered to the right
of the identifier.
To do this, select the empty field to
the right of the field name, and
open the Properties window by
right-clicking in the field. Activate
the Item tab.
A particularly important element
here is the Tag parameter, which
displays the information available in
AxioVision images. Click on the
button to make a selection.
Now complete the other parameters according to your requirements.

Carry out these steps for all of the fields that you wish to use in your
template.
Then save the template in the folder Programs\Carl Zeiss
Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\Report.
The templates are now available in the list of available templates on the File
New dialog.
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Documentation
`~==~=
Changing field attributes means modifying the appearance (color, line

thickness, text type, text size etc.) of fields.
To change the attributes for individual
or several fields, you need to select
the field(s) in question. To do this,
click on an individual field, or drag
out a frame around the fields you
want to change with the left-hand
mouse button depressed.
If you hold down the Shift key while
clicking, you can also select a number
of individual fields.
7-21
Documentation
Now right-click in the report and

select from the shortcut menu the
Properties command.
In the Properties dialog, activate the
Attributes tab.
Now change the attributes using the
tools under Settings for selected
items.
If necessary, select a different Font.
Save the template in the folder
Programs\Carl Zeiss
Vision\AxioVision4\0009\Templates\
Report".
TKR
b==j~=f~=
Using the image editor, it is possible to generate a large number of images in

a targeted way from large, complex ZVI images. The result is always a new,
unsaved image with reduced complexity. It is possible to influence the
following dimensions:
7-22
x/y pixel resolution

channels
instants of exposure
z-stack positions
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Documentation
When you select the Change Image Dimensions function on the Edit menu,
a wizard is opened. This wizard always uses the active image in the
foreground. When you are working in the image editor, it is not possible to
execute any other functions in AxioVision. Only the pages that are relevant for
the image are displayed in the wizard.
Open a multidimensional image. In this example, a 3-channel z-stack
fluorescence image will be modified. Channel 1 and z-planes #1-6 are to
be removed from the image, and the x/y resolution is to be reduced by a
factor of 2.
Select from the Edit menu the Change Image Dimensions function. A
dialog is opened in which the image located in the foreground is
displayed. All the control elements that are required to operate the image
(Player) can be found at the bottom image edge.
As the first step, indicate that you want to remove the selected images,
and click on Next.
Now select channel 1 (which is to be removed), and click on Next.
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Documentation
From the drop-down list box, select the desired reduction in resolution
(1:2).
This setting means that every second pixel in both the x and y dimensions
is removed. This reduces the image resolution to a quarter. Click on Next
to proceed to the next step.
Now define the z plane range that you want to be removed from the
image.
To do this, move the z slider to position 1
.
Click on the top Get player position button
. Now move the slider to z-position #
6, and click on the bottom Get player position button
.
button. A preview of the
To check the result, click on the
reduced image is created. If you are happy with the selection, click on
. The wizard is closed, and a new image with the reduced
complexity is generated. Save this image under a new name.
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TKS
`~=~=^=^=
What is an asset archive?

Using the Asset Archive module, you can store images, measurement data
lists, reports, etc. as assets in a hierarchically structured database. Different
projects can be created in which your assets can be stored. A contact
management feature enables you to allocate the projects to different clients
etc., and you can classify and structure your assets in your own customized
categories. A full-text search function makes it possible to find individual data
sets again quickly. Using asset or project-related filters, you can carry out
targeted searches for information in individual data fields.
The long-term archiving feature allows you to transfer your projects and the
associated assets onto CDs, DVDs or tape drives.
File New Archive
In order to archive assets, you must first create an asset archive. We
recommend that you create just one archive and manage your assets using
the organizational structures that the archive offers.
To create an archive, open the File menu and select the New command.
In the next dialog, select the Archive tab sheet. There, select the Asset
Archive entry and click on OK.
Asset archives are SQL databases. In the next dialog SQL-Archive, give the
new archive a name. You can also specify the work folder in which the
archived images will be stored. To do this, click on the button and select
the desired folder. Naturally, you can also create a new folder.
Click on OK to generate the asset archive.
The new asset archive is now ready for you to use.
7-25
Documentation
`~===
Structuring your asset archives

The asset archive gives you the opportunity to structure your assets in
different ways. On the one hand, you can divide your work into different
projects. All the images, data lists and reports that you can allocate to a
project can also be stored in a project in the asset archive. An asset archive
allows you to create any number of projects.
If, however, you do not want to make use of this structuring option, you can
archive all your assets in a single project, although this means that at least one
project must exist.
Creating projects
In order to create a (new) project, execute the Add New Project function in
the Archive menu. In the Add New Object dialog window, you can select a
name for the project. It is also possible to enter a description and comments
in the appropriate fields.
In addition, you can allocate a contact to the project, and the project will then
also be listed under this contact. To do this, click on the button in the
Contact group. You can now select a contact from the Select Record list.
You can amend this entry or carry out this selection step later at any time if,
for example, you did not create any contacts when you created the project.
`~=~=
Allocating projects to clients

Projects are often allocated to individual clients, customers or patients. It is
frequently necessary to process several projects from one client. To make it
possible to allocate these projects to particular clients, the asset archive gives
you the opportunity to manage these clients in a list of Contacts.
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Documentation
Creating contacts
In order to create one or more contacts in an archive, execute the Add New
Contact function in the Archive menu.
In the Add New Object dialog window, you can now enter the name of a
company, as well as the surname, first name and any other personal details
relating to the new contact.
If you click on OK, the contact is incorporated into the list of contacts and can
then be allocated to individual projects.
If you now click on Contacts in the project tree, you will see a list of all the
contacts that have been created.
^=~=~==~=~=
What are assets?

Assets are digital resources. In AxioVision, assets are simply archived files or
data. An image, a list of measurement values or a report layout these are all
examples of files that are commonly managed using AxioVision.
What are data sets?
Data sets represent assets. Every data set refers to an asset. Data sets contain
information about assets, such as the file size and type, storage location,
creation date and much more.
Activating the project
Assets, as data sets, are always allocated to a project. This means that you are
currently working on a project and add the assets to this project. Click on a
project from the project list in the project tree to activate it. You can now
make this project the default active project. To do this, right-click on the
project and select the Set Start Folder function.
7-27
Documentation
Adding assets
Image
In order to archive an image, select it and execute the Add to Archive
function in the Archive menu.
You will see a form containing the information that AxioVision already has on
this image. You can now give the asset a title and a subject; keywords and
comments can also be added.
If the image was not acquired using an automatic Zeiss microscope, you can
also complete the fields relating to image information.
The asset archive will store this image in the allocated work folder and it will
automatically be given a file name.
If you archive an image that has already been saved as a file, a second file will
be created.
Data list
If you have obtained measurement data from an image, this information is
available in AxioVision in the form of data lists. These data lists can also be
archived as assets. To do this, select the data list and execute the Add to
Archive function in the Archive menu.
You can also archive data lists that have already been saved.
Archiving from Microsoft Windows Explorer
As a rule, you can select any files in Microsoft Windows Explorer and use drag
and drop to move them into an active project in the asset archive. Please note,
however, that in this case the asset archive saves each asset archived in this
way again as a file in the allocated work folder.
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t==~==
If you click in the relevant entry fields, it is possible to select the content of the
field from a value list that you have created. To do this, click in the entry field,
and the button will appear at the edge of the field. Click on this button
if, for example, you wish to insert keywords from a pre-defined list.
You will find the available values in the list above. Select a value and insert it
into the current data field by means of a double-click or by clicking on the
Append button. Clicking on the Replace button replaces all the values that
were previously contained in the field with the selected value.
You can expand the value list by clicking on Add New, entering the new
value in the Enter value to add window and confirming the entry with OK.
A selected value can be removed from the value list using the Delete button.
s=
Using the Gallery View and Grid View commands, you can specify how the
contents are displayed for each selection project lists, contacts, assets within
a project, categories and user-defined search queries.
`~=
Using categories, you can structure your assets in different ways. This is useful
when saving similar assets in different projects and if you want to work with
cross-project organizational criteria. You can define and manage the
categories yourself; an asset can be allocated to one or more categories, or
none at all.
Creating a category
Execute the Add New Category command in the Archive menu. Enter the
name of the new category in the Add New Object dialog and confirm by
clicking on OK. The category is then available and listed under Categories in
the archive tree.
7-29
Documentation
Allocating an asset to a category

To allocate an asset to a category, you first need to activate a project. Select
an asset in the active project and, using the mouse, drag it to the desired
category. Now, when you activate the category in the archive tree, all the
assets that belong to this category will be displayed. You can also drag an
asset to several categories one after the other.
Within a project it is possible to highlight several assets. To do this, hold down
the Ctrl or Shift key as you highlight the assets using the mouse.
p~=
You can search for different types of data sets in an asset archive:
You can start a keyword search across all the data fields of an asset. All
the assets in which the search text has been found are then displayed.
Using a wizard, you can generate search queries. This allows you to
search through the contents of one or more data fields of assets or
projects and to display the hits.
h=~=
To search for a text in all assets, select the Search function in the Archive
menu. You can then enter the keywords in the Enter search keywords
dialog field. Click on OK to see the search results.
The Search command will now have opened in the archive tree and the
Keywords entry will be activated. Here, you will see the result of the search
query.
You can enter a new search term or switch back to all the available projects at
any time.
`~=~=J=~=
To create a user-defined search, open the Search entry in the archive tree and
right-click on the User defined entry. Select the Add New Filter command
in the shortcut menu. This starts the filter wizard.
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Documentation
In the first step, you can define which objects you wish to search for in
the asset archive. You can search for assets or projects which should meet
certain search criteria. Searching for projects results in a list of all projects
which meet the search query criteria. When you search for assets, the
data sets which meet the criteria of the search query are listed,
irrespective of the projects. Click on Next.
In this step, you must select a data-set field in which a search will be
carried out for certain values. Different attributes will be displayed
depending on the types of objects that you are searching for. Select the
first attribute and click on Next.
This step allows you to define how the values in the data field should be
compared. You can choose between:
1. An exact, case-sensitive match.
2. A non case-sensitive match.
3. A check to establish whether certain text is contained in a field
4. A comparison of numerical values: less than, less than or equal
to, greater than, greater than or equal to.
5. You can then define whether the exact opposite of the formulated
condition should be met by activating the Condition MUST NOT
match check box.
6. Click on Next.
In this step, enter the value with which the comparison should be made.
Click on Next.
You can now choose whether you wish to add additional criteria to the
search query. If you wish to add further conditions, you can select
whether at least one condition (Yes, OR additional possible
conditions) or every individual condition should be met (Yes, AND
additional required conditions). If you add additional conditions,
proceed as in step 2. When you have completed the definition of the
search query, select No, finish filter and click Next.
You can now define whether the search query should be stored. In the
drop-down list box, you can choose between Dont save and Save for
all users. If you select Save for all users in the drop-down list box, you
can enter a name for the search query in the Name field.
7-31
Documentation
The search will then appear under this name in the list of user-defined
searches. If you click on Finish, the search query is stored and the
definition process is concluded.
In the archive tree, you can now open the Search entry and activate the
newly created search under User defined.
j~~=~=
Asset archives can be adapted specifically to the requirements of the user. In

order to make such adjustments, however, you, as the user, will need special
administrator rights.
If you wish to execute one of the following functions for an asset archive, the
first time you call up the function you will be asked to enter the password for
the administrator user. The default setting for this password is zeiss.
p=~=~=
We recommend that you first set a new password for the administrator.
To do this, start the Change Password function from the Archive
Manage Archive menu. Before you can change the password, you must first
log on as the administrator. You will then be asked to enter a new
password and to confirm this a second time. After successfully executing this
function, you will also be logged on as the administrator. This mode will
remain active for as long as you have the current archive open.
c=~~=
For each data field in an Asset-Archive you can specify certain parameters.
There are three types of objects: ADDRESSES, IMAGES, PROJECTS. Select a
type first an then select a field from the list of fields. You can modify the
following parameters of a field: Name, Data type, Maximum Length, Input
Validation Rules. The Input Validation Rules allow you to specify rules
which apply when a user enters data into that field.
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Long-term archiving
You can also transfer your archived assets onto external storage media. The
long-term archiving function is used for this purpose. If you use this function,
assets are transfered onto CD, DVD or tape drives and are deleted from the
hard drive of your computer. The entries relating to the individual assets and
preview images will remain on your computer so that you continue to have
direct access to the information about the assets.
Select the projects and/or assets in the archive that you want to transfer.
Now start the Long Term Archivation function in the Archive Manage
Archive menu. When you call up this function for the first time, you will be
asked to identify yourself as the administrator of the archive.
In the first step of the wizard, you will see how many projects and assets you
have selected to be archived and how much memory will be required for this.
Click on Next.
In this step, select a storage medium by double-clicking on the <New
Medium> entry in the Media available for writing area. If you have more
than one drive for writeable media, you can select a Drive Type in the New
Medium dialog window. Select an unambiguous name for the transfer
medium in the Medium Name field. The transfer medium will later be
referenced using this name should you wish to open the transferred assets in
AxioVision. Click on Next.
In this step, you can determine whether the data carrier to which you have
written the data should be compared with the original data at the end of the
process. Click on Finish to start the actual transfer. Depending on the
volume of data, this process may take some time.
p==~=~=
Using this function, you can specify the basic folder in which your archive(s)
will be saved. The default setting for this is the folder for My Pictures.
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During the creation of a new asset archive, you had the option of specifying a
work folder for the new archive. Using this function, you can change this
work folder.
Please note: if you have already archived assets, you must move ALL the files
from the previous storage location to the new storage location manually.
`~===
If you are logged on as the administrator you can change other properties of
the asset archive. Activate the Root entry in the archive tree that displays the
name of your archive and execute the Properties function in the View menu.
Activate the General tab sheet in the Properties window. You can now
change the following properties:
Copy data from last record
Here you can specify how the input form of a new asset will be treated. You
can copy the values from the previously added asset always or never or you
can select to be asked for each new asset, whether or not the values shall be
copied.
Storage format for images in archive
Select the format in which images should be stored. You can choose from the
following formats: ZVI, JPEG and TIFF.
Name for Projects Folder
If necessary, you can also replace the name Project with another expression.
Name for Addresses Folder
If necessary, you can also replace the name Addresses with another
expression.
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Configuration
`~=
UKN
d~=
One of the most striking new features of AxioVision Version 4 is the fact that
it allows you to adapt the interface and the way you operate the program
almost entirely to suit your own requirements. A great deal of attention has
therefore been devoted to ensuring that the configurations of individual users
can be managed separately. This is guaranteed by saving individual data, such
as toolbar configurations, customized dialogs and workflows, general system
settings and, of course, the data generated on an individual basis, separately
from the data of other users. The Microsoft Windows user administration is
used entirely. In AxioVision additional settings are not required.
The settings of an individual configuration can be exported easily and can be
accessed to other users or to all users (see also chapter 8.7 "Exporting and
Importing User Configurations").
UKO
lW=p==^s=
This chapter gives you a brief overview of the steps to setup up AxioVision. In
the appropriate subchapter you will find further information.
f~~=
Installation must be carried out with administrator rights.
AxioVision is then available to all users of the system (including new users
who are set up after installation). Installation is not carried out individually
for each user.
Remain in administrator mode during the following steps described

below. Read also Chapter 1 and 2 of the Installation Manual AxioVision
Product Suite.
8-1
Configuration
p==^s=
AxioVision can now be set up as desired:
Microscope configuration and/or MTB2004 Configuration

Scalings
Hardware settings files and experiments
Toolbars, keyboard shortcuts, workflows and user dialogs
Measurement programs
_~===~=~====
~==
After configuration the settings and user files can be backed up via the
Tools menu Import/Export Configuration.
In step 1 select Export.
Important: Please ensure that Save
all user documents in ZIP-file is
also activated in step 2 Select
sources so that the user files
(scalings, hardware settings etc.) are
also exported:
The result is two files with the name given to them during the export and the
extensions AVCONF and ZIP. You can select the folder for these two files.
The relevant settings for individual users can be imported using the same
function.
To do so select Import in step 2.
8-2
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Configuration
Notes:
The relevant user must naturally be logged on under Microsoft Windows
during the import not the administrator.
The channel pool, used for simple definition of multichannel

fluorescence images, cannot be exported. If necessary, the corresponding
file must be copied via Microsoft Windows Explorer.
j~===~~~==~==
To make the user files available for all users, the files in the ZIP file must
be extracted into the Shared Documents folder of the All Users user
account.
The directory structure required by AxioVision is generated automatically.
UKP
r=~=a~~=^~=
j=t==~~=
Under Microsoft Windows XP there are three fundamental levels of security

that are allocated to users. These are granted to end users through their
membership of the groups Users, Power Users or Administrators.
The Users group is the most secure group, as the standard rights of this
group do not allow the members to change operating system settings or
the data of other users. Members of the Users group are able to carry out
most general tasks, such as running applications, using local and network
printers, as well as shutting down and blocking the work station. Users
are not entitled to release directories or set up new local printers.
Under certain circumstances, members of the Users group are not

able to execute AxioVision, e.g. if cameras from other manufacturers
are being used or a Matrox Meteor frame grabber is installed.
8-3
Configuration
Power Users are able to execute the following tasks: installing programs
that do not change operating system files, or installing system services.
Adjusting system-wide resources, including printers, date, time, energy
options and other control panel resources. Creating and managing local
user accounts and groups. Stopping and starting system services which
are not started by default. Power Users have no access to the data of
other users on an NTFS volume unless they are granted this right by the
users concerned.
In order to use AxioVision, users should always belong to the

Power Users group.
The Administrators group carries out maintenance tasks on the

computers. The standard rights for this group give members complete
control over the entire system. For this reason, only reliable employees
should belong to this group.
r==
Each user under Microsoft Windows XP has a personal folder for the files that
he has created. These personal folders are created by Microsoft Windows for
each user of the computer. If a computer is used by more than one user, the
individual personal folders are indicated by the name of the corresponding
user. In addition, Microsoft Windows provides the Shared Documents folder
for files that you want to release for other users.
When a new user is created under Microsoft Windows XP, a user account is
set up for each user.
8-4
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Configuration
Theoretically, user data should only be saved in the My Documents folder. This
folder has a link to the Microsoft Windows Desktop as well as in Microsoft
Windows Explorer. The personal folders can be accessed very easily via these
links:
However, the folder is actually located within the folder structure of the user
account.
For reasons of data security, however, we recommend that you separate
program and data files. This means that the data created by a user should be
stored on a different drive from the programs.
8-5
Configuration
Advantages of this procedure:

1. After installation and configuration an image of the system partition can be
created, which makes it possible to restore the system very quickly in the
event of a disaster. Images represent a 1:1 copy of the hard drive,
irrespective of whether or not there are files in the memory. An attempt is
therefore made to limit the size of the system partition.
2. When you are making regular data backups, it is not always necessary to
back up the complete system partition as well only the user data needs to
be backed up.
3. The data folder can be moved to a separate drive with sufficient memory,
even for multidimensional images (see also point 1). If the folder is on a
network drive, automatic backup by the relevant IT department is often
ensured.
q=~=~=?^=r?=
Microsoft Windows always creates a default user account with the name All
Users. Files saved here can be used by all users of the system. This "shared
account" can be used to save files (e.g. scalings and measurement programs)
that are used centrally by all users, without the need to copy these files
individually to each users personal account in the event that the files are
modified.
`~===
Set up new users (or create new user accounts) via the computer
administration function (Microsoft Windows Desktop My Computer
shortcut menu Manage Local Users and Groups):
8-6
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Configuration
Notes:
Administrator rights are required to create a new user or to allocate a
profile.
When you add a new user, the Users profile is allocated by Microsoft
Windows by default. A different profile can be allocated after the user has
been set up.
AxioVision is released for use with the Power Users profile only. This is
mainly for reasons of hardware support. The Matrox Meteor drivers, for
example, do not function with the Users profile.
8-7
Configuration
a~~=~~==^s=
a~~==
AxioVision stores all files created by the user in the My Documents\Carl

Zeiss\Data folder. There you will find additional subfolders for the individual
documents, such as automatic measurement programs, calibrations,
experiments etc.:
Folder structure of the AxioVision data folder
8-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
^s=~=
Within the My Documents folder, you will also find the Microsoft Windows
default folder My Pictures, which is suggested by AxioVision as a location for
saving your images.
q~==
During the acquisition of

multidimensional images using the
Time Lapse Imaging module, if the time
intervals are less than 1s, images are
only stored in the user memory.
However, if the experiment is too
complex, it is possible that the user
memory may not be able to hold all the
images, which are then stored
temporarily in the folder for temporary
files.
8-9
Configuration
AxioVision draws your

attention to this by
means of an
appropriate message
before acquisition:
This folder is also located within the user account. As huge amounts of data
can accumulate as part of this process, this folder should also be moved.
Notes:
Since the highest possible speed is important for this procedure, you
should either create a reference to a different drive on the same hard
drive, or use a different, faster, hard drive.
On no account should you transfer the folder for the temporary files to a
network drive. Data transmission is clearly too slow here.
^s=~==
Files that are important for AxioVision to function (INI files for devices etc.) are
also saved within the user account in the folder Application Data\Carl
Zeiss\AxioVS40.
This subfolder is not displayed if you are a normal user. It is only available to
administrators.
j==j=a==
Select the Properties function in the shortcut menu of the My

Documents folder (right click on the desktop or in Explorer).
Click on the Move... button in the My Documents Properties dialog
and select the target folder. If you click on OK, the folder is adopted into
the Properties dialog.
8-10
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Configuration
Exit the My Documents Properties dialog by clicking on OK. All

subfolders and files from My Documents will now be moved into the new
folder.
Repeat these steps for each user.
Notes:
This step must be performed for each user before AxioVision is executed
for the first time. AxioVision remembers this path in "plaintext" after the
first program start. If the My Documents folder is not moved until after
the first program start, AxioVision creates the folder and all subfolders in
the original place again!
The following tip should only be followed by specialists (and even

specialists should be reminded to save data beforehand.)
The following action can be taken if AxioVision is accidentally started
BEFORE the folder has been moved, resulting in the problem described
above:
Close AxioVision.
Delete the UserOptions.xml file in the Application Data\Carl

Zeiss\AxioVS40\Profiles\Default folder of the appropriate user
account.
The file is automatically recreated and the current path settings for
My Documents are read in again the next time AxioVision is started.
Never simply move the My Documents folder via Explorer. Always follow
the procedure described above, as only then will all the links and
references to this folder work.
In AxioVision the paths for user and work group files and templates are
displayed in the Tools menu Options function Folder tab sheet. It
is also possible to change the paths here. However, you should avoid
doing this for the reason given above.
8-11
Configuration
j====~==
Select System in the control panel.

Click on Environment Variables on the Advanced property page.
Repeat these steps for each user.
Change the settings of the
user variables for TMP and
TEMP via Edit in the
Environment Variables
dialog.
UKQ
p~=
d~=
Scalings are required to allow you to display scale bars and measurement
values in real units instead of pixel values. This requires configuration of the
system for every combination of objective, optovar and camera resolution. If
you are using a camera of the AxioCam family, please be aware of the
following!
Notes:
Only the basic resolution needs to be calibrated for the cameras of the
AxioCam family. All other resolutions (higher resolution levels and binning
modes) are then derived from this basic calibration automatically.
For theoretical scaling there is no need using a stage micrometer, but

special settings in the microscope configuration are necessary, which are
described in the Online Help.
The theoretical scaling offers you the option of having scalings calculated
automatically for a microscope that contains motorized or encoded elements.
8-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
This means that there is no need for the time-consuming generation of

scalings using a stage micrometer.
Calibration is usually performed using a stage micrometer. The scale depicted
on the stage micrometer allows you to specify a known length simply and
precisely.
Each scaling is saved in its own file with the extension "ZVSC".
Notes:
You can also use scalings from AxioVision Version 3, simply by copying
them into this folder.
As scalings are often also of interest to other users, in some cases it may
be useful to save them in the shared account All Users (please read
section 8.7 "Exporting and Importing User Configurations").
d~=~=
Acquire an image
of the stage
micrometer.
Make sure that
you position as
much as possible
of the scale in the
image.
8-13
Configuration
From the
Measure menu,
select the
Scalings
function.
In the Scalings
Control window
click on New.
The scaling
wizard is started.
8-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
Right-click in the
image and select
Auto Zoom to
view the entire
image.
Enlarge the
window, if
necessary.
Click on Next.
Select the mode

Single Distance
(X=Y).
Click on Next.
8-15
Configuration
In the image click

on the start and
end points of the
scale.
Enter this distance
into the Distance
field, and select
the Unit.
Then click on
Finish.
Enter a name for

the scaling and
click on OK.
The new scaling
now appears in
the Scalings
Control window,
and is activated
automatically.
The scaling is
used as the
default for
subsequent image
acquisition
procedures.
8-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
Notes:
As scalings are often also of interest to other users, in some cases it may
be useful to save them in the shared account All Users (please also read
the previous section and section 8.7 "Exporting and Importing User
Configurations").
The Save As button is a simple way to save individual scalings for the
work group.
UKR
^~==r=f~=
The Customize function in the Tools menu allows you to customize the user
interface. This function gives you a great deal of freedom in configuring
AxioVision. You can therefore design "your own" AxioVision, showing only
those functions that you actually need.
Any changes made in the Customize dialog are immediately displayed on the
AxioVision interface. The dialog does not therefore contain "traditional"
buttons, such as OK or Cancel. Once you have made the desired changes,
button in the top right-hand corner.
simply close it using the
`~=~=
How do you create a toolbar for quick access to the image processing
functions?
From the Tools menu select the
Customize function.
Make sure that the Toolbar

property page is active in the
Customize dialog.
8-17
Configuration
To create a new toolbar:
Click on New.
Specify a name for the new

toolbar.
Click on OK.
Define the size of the icons

and indicate whether labels
should be assigned to the
buttons as well.
In the Available commands

field, select the commands that
you would like to use on the
toolbar.
Select the command
Processing Adjust
Brightness/Contrast/Gamma
Then click on Add to apply it to
the toolbar.
Apply further functions from
the Processing menu in the
same way.
8-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
The toolbar now contains the

commands displayed.
To create the toolbar
definitively, click on OK.
The Processing toolbar is now

displayed at the top of the
AxioVision window.
8-19
Configuration
Notes:
You will also find the toolbar in
the toolbar list if you right-click
in the main menu or on another
toolbar.
This procedure can also be used

to modify existing toolbars.
To do this, simply select one of

the existing toolbars in the
Select Toolbar drop-down list
and then proceed as described
above.
a==~===
You can execute any command that is available in AxioVision by pressing

shortcut keys. This is particularly useful for quickly calling up commands that
you require time and again, such as image acquisition or the activation of a
camera or microscope setting that you often need (requires a motorized
microscope).
Customize function.
Make sure that the Keyboard

Customize dialog.
8-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
In the Available commands field,

select the commands that you
would like to use on the toolbar.
Select, for example, the command
Acquisition Snap.
Click in the Press Shortcut key

field using the mouse.
Then press the shortcut key(s) on
your keyboard that you would like
to use to execute the command.
(If possible, the shortcut key should not

already be assigned to any other
command.)
Now click on Assign.
Close the dialog by clicking on the
button in the upper-right corner of
the window.
8-21
Configuration
`~==~=
The creation of your own dialogs allows you to take complex control dialogs
for, say, microscope and camera operation and pick out precisely the elements
that you need to operate your applications. This considerably simplifies parts
of the operation. Create a dialog that enables you to control the objective
nosepiece and lamp voltage on a motorized microscope as well as to set the
cameras exposure time.
Customize function.
Make sure that the Dialogs

Customize dialog.
To create a new dialog, click on
New.
Enter the following data:

Name (dialog + button)
Tooltip Text
Status Text (status line)
Button Symbol
Toolbar, on which the button
should be created to open the
dialog.
Click on OK to create the
dialog.
8-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
Now select the entry Tab 1.

To change the name, click on
Edit Tab.
Specify a Name and a Tooltip

Text.
Then click on OK to create the
tab.
Now select Exposure in the

Select control field.
To insert both into the dialog,
click on Add.
Notes:
The control elements depend
on your system configuration
and may differ from those
displayed here.
To create a second property

page in your dialog for
controlling the microscope
components, click on New Tab.
8-23
Configuration
Specify a Name and a Tooltip

Text.
Then click on OK to create the
property page.
Now select Objective and

Halogen lamp in the control
elements field.
To insert both into the dialog,
click on Add.
Note:
The control elements depend
on your system configuration
and may differ from those
displayed here.
Close the dialog by clicking on

the button in the upper-right
corner of the window.
The button is now displayed on the toolbar you have chosen. The result now
looks like this:
The dialog contains two property pages: Camera and Microscope.
8-24
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
The Camera property page

contains the element for
controlling the Exposure time.
The Microscope property page

contains the elements for
controlling the objectives and
for controlling the lamp voltage.
Note:
Also check the Tooltip text and
the texts in the status line.
a==
Workflows are the most efficient way to operate AxioVision. They are the
"central element" for executing the functions required to perform a specific
task. All you have to do is click on the buttons they contain one after the
other to achieve the desired results quickly and without problems. If you also
hide all the control elements that you do not need, you can concentrate fully
on the work you are actually performing.
Note:
You can also place dialogs you have created yourself and all the toolbars
on a workflow.
8-25
Configuration

Customize function.
Make sure that the Workflows

Customize dialog.
To create a workflow:
Click on New Folder and then on
Folder name.
Specify a name for the new
workflow.
Click on OK.
In the Available commands field, select
the commands that you would like to
use on the toolbar.
Select, for example, the menu
command File Image File
Browser.
Then click on Add to apply it to the
workflow.
Also apply the menu commands
View Show Properties
Annotations Scale bar
File Save
8-26
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
Close the dialog by clicking on the button in the upper-right

corner of the window.
The workflow is now located under the
My Workflow bar.
UKS
d~=p=
In this dialog you can enter settings for the configuration of AxioVision. The
settings are grouped by topic on property pages.
The settings comprise:
AxioVisions starting performance.

Selection of language.
Specification of user-specific paths for AxioVision documents.
Image display.
Automatic saving of images after acquisition.
Entry of user information.
And much more.
From the Tools menu select the Options function. The Options window
with the General, Layout, Folder, Storage, Acquisition, Naming, Display,
ID and Commander property pages is opened.
Details on the settings used there, and how they influence the system, can be
found in the online help.
8-27
Configuration
UKT
b=~=f=r=`~=
d~=
The term user configuration is understood to mean all the settings you have
made to adapt AxioVision to your own personal requirements after
installation.
The Import/Export Configuration function allows you to back up your
personal work environment in a convenient way, so that you can restore it
quickly and easily in the event of problems with the system. On multi-user
systems, you therefore have the option of making settings that are of interest
to all users (e.g. scalings, toolbars etc.) available very quickly to all users by
offering access to this configuration via the shared account All Users.
Please also read section 8.3 "User and Data Administration", as well as the
section "Importing user files" later in this section.
The following elements of AxioVision can be exported:
All settings made in the Customize dialog on the Tools menu. This
means all the toolbars, shortcut keys, workflows and dialogs you have
generated. (Please also read section 8.5 "Adapting the User Interface".)
All settings in the Options dialog on the Tools menu. (Please also read
section 8.6 "General Settings".)
You can also save a record of which modules have been activated. See
the Modules Manager function on the Tools menu.
To allow you to make your personal files available to other users, if necessary,
all files from the folder My Documents\Carl Zeiss are placed together in a
compressed archive (ZIP file). The folder structure from the Carl Zeiss data
folder is retained.
8-28
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
b=
Select from the Tools menu the Import/Export Configuration function.

A wizard is started. This guides you through the individual steps of the export
process.
Select the elements to be exported, and the folder and file name for the
target file.
This will result in two files (if you have also exported the user files) in the
selected folder. One file has the extension *.avconf. This file contains all the
elements of your configuration. The second file has the extension *.zip. All
the user files are saved in this file.
Note:
If you want to make your exported configuration available to other users,
make sure that you save the files in a generally accessible folder.
f=
f==~==
To import the configuration of another user, select from the Tools menu
the Import/Export Configuration function.
A wizard is started. This guides you through the individual steps of the import
process. At the end of the process, all of the other users elements are
available.
NOTES:
A configuration can only be imported by the relevant user.
8-29
Configuration
f===
User data cannot be copied via the import function. This has to be performed
separately by unpacking the ZIP file. The reason for this is to avoid files you
have created yourself being inadvertently overwritten.
Start Microsoft Windows Explorer, and go to the previously selected
folder containing the ZIP file with the other users files.
Double-click on the ZIP file to unpack it.
Now select the folder My Documents as the target folder. The user files
are copied automatically into the correct folder structure. If the Carl Zeiss
subfolder does not yet exist in your My Documents folder, it is created
Notes:
You need appropriate software to unpack ZIP files. A program is available
automatically under Windows XP Professional. Ideally contact your system
administrator. Usually these kinds of tools will be present anyway.
If you want to make the files available to all users, select the shared
account All Users (Shared Documents) as the target folder for unpacking
the files. All users of the system will then be able to share use of the files
(e.g. scalings).
UKU
`~=~=^s=~==
~==
_~=
Anyone who finds the management of users too complicated can continue to
use the procedure supported under AxioVision Release 3 (see below). Other
subfolders with new profiles are created for the different configurations in the
Application Data\Carl Zeiss\AxioVS40\Profiles folder of the relevant user
account, in addition to the default profile Default. The name of the profile is
allocated while it is being created. The description from the earlier manual
follows:
8-30
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
`~=~=~=
Right-click on the AxioVision icon on the Microsoft Windows desktop.

Select the Create Shortcut function from the shortcut menu.
A new AxioVision icon is created on the desktop.
Now right-click on the new AxioVision icon, and select the

Properties function from the shortcut menu.
8-31
Configuration
The Properties window is opened.
Enter the following at the end of the Target field: -u=Name (N.B. Insert a
space before -u!). Here 'Name' is the description for the configuration.
Use, for example, -u=Test to create a configuration with the name Test.
Adopt the setting by clicking on OK.
8-32
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Configuration
To change the description of the new configuration on the Microsoft

Windows desktop, right-click again on the new AxioVision icon, and from
the shortcut menu select the Rename command. You can now enter a
name of your choice in the icon's description field.
Enter, for example, Test Configuration and then click on any area of the
desktop to adopt the entry.
You can now start AxioVision from the new icon and configure it
accordingly.
8-33
Modules - ApoTome
f~=^=j=
VKN
^q=
d~=
The ApoTome software module controls the ApoTome hardware (control box
and slider) and coordinated image acquisition using a digital camera, such as
the AxioCam MRm. An ApoTome system allows you to generate optical
sections through fluorescence samples. The parts of the image that are out of
focus are then removed, and an increase in
image sharpness
the signal to background ratio (contrast)
and resolution in the axial direction
is achieved.
The following units are required for an ApoTome imaging workstation:
Microscope: Axio Imager.Z1, Axio Imager.D1, Axio Observer.Z1,
Axio Observer.D1, Axiovert 200 or Axioplan 2 imaging e
Anti-vibration system
Digital camera with more than 10-bit dynamic range
ApoTome control box and slider (release for Axio Imager,
Axioplan 2 imaging e and Axiovert 200)
PC with monitor
AxioVision basic package and the optional ApoTome software module
For details on setting up and using the hardware components, such as the
microscope and ApoTome control box/slider, please refer to the manuals
enclosed with the corresponding devices.
Note:
Before using the ApoTome, familiarize yourself with the basic functions of
the AxioVision software. You should be familiar with the operation of the
camera and microscope components in particular.
9-1
Modules - ApoTome
c==~==
The optics of a microscope are optimized for analyzing very thin samples. For
a cover-glass-corrected objective, all optical calculations are performed for
very thin objects that lie directly beneath the cover glass. All cover-glasscorrected objectives from Carl Zeiss are optimized for this particular usage,
and exhibit an optimum Point Spread Function (PSF) for the wavelengths for
which the corresponding objective has been specified.
In biological applications, however, the vast majority of samples used do not
satisfy these optimum requirements. Sometimes thicker biological tissue slices
are used, e.g. to analyze cells in the tissue using specific fluorescent markers.
In such cases, during microscopic analysis, and particularly during
documentation, the set focus plane is hidden by parts of the image that
originate from above and below the actual focus plane. As a result the image
appears "faded", the contrast is reduced, and the background becomes
bright. In extreme cases important structures and image details may be
completely hidden.
The above representation of a microscopic image of cell nuclei in tissue shows

this effect.
A number of methods can be used to prevent or reverse this effect, such as
confocal laser scanning microscopy or 3D Deconvolution.
9-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
With the ApoTome the principle of "fringe projection" has been employed.
This technology involves inserting a grid structure with grid lines of a defined
width into the plane of the field diaphragm of the reflected light beam path.
As the plane of the field diaphragm is matched to the focal plane, this grid
structure can be displayed on the microscope. When you look into the
eyepiece you can therefore see the grid, superimposed onto the actual
sample.
Above is a schematic representation of the reproduction of the grid. In reality

the grid lines are much thinner.
A scanning mechanism in the ApoTome slider is used to move the grid
structure in three defined steps within the sample plane. The movement of
the grid takes place very quickly (in less than 20 ms). A digital image is
acquired at each grid position.
The movement of the grid is represented schematically below:
Grid Position 1
Grid Position 2
Grid Position 3
9-3
Modules - ApoTome
The three raw images are combined online on the PC to form a resulting
image. The time it takes to process the image depends on the image size:
512 x 512: approx. 30 ms
1300 x 1000: approx. 100 s
The processed resulting image is an optical section through the sample with
the following characteristics:
The grid structure has been removed from the raw images.
The parts of the image that are out of focus are no longer visible.
The sharpness and contrast of the image have been increased.
The images resolution in the axial direction has been increased.
A corresponding resulting image is represented schematically above.
The above image is an application image of cell nuclei (tadpole brain section)
in black and white.
Top left: conventional fluorescence
Bottom right: optical section
9-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
t====~=~=~=\=
One possible way to explain this is to use the image of the grid in the sample:
The image of the grid provides the necessary information on the distance of
the various sample structures from the set focal plane (see figure above).
Some sample structures are in focus, while others lie above or below the focal
plane, and enter the set focal plane.
The technique of grid projection makes use of the fact that the image of the
grid above and below the actual focal plane is blurred, and enters the blurred
areas of the sample. When the grid line is moved, significant brightness
differences (= contrast) appear in the focal plane. Outside the focal plane only
minor differences are produced, as the sample and the image of the grid are
practically "blurred" together. The brightness differences are detected by the
algorithm used to combine the three raw images, and are used to remove the
parts of the image that are out of focus.
e~~=~=
For information on setting up the devices, please refer to the manuals of the
devices concerned.
First switch on the microscope, then the fluorescence switched-mode
power supply, followed by the ApoTome control box and the camera.
Then switch on the PC.
9-5
Modules - ApoTome
^q=`~==^~=O=~==
Open the Microscope Configuration program on the Microsoft
Windows desktop by double-clicking on the
icon.
Configure the microscope. To use the

ApoTome, the ApoTome check box must be activated.
If the ApoTome control box has been connected directly to a free COM
port on the PC via a serial RS 232 cable, select the corresponding COM
port in the list box.
If the ApoTome control box has been connected directly to the
microscope via a CAN bus cable, in the list box select the same COM port
that you selected under Microscope.
Close Microscope Configuration by clicking on the Exit button, and
confirm the changes by clicking on the Save & Exit button in the dialog
that then follows.
9-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
^q=`~==^=f~I=^=
l==^=OMM=
Open the MTB2004 Configuration program on the Microsoft Windows
desktop by double-clicking on the icon
Note:
Configurations for various microscopes are created and managed in
MTB2004 Configuration. Please refer to the manual or online help for
MTB2004 Configuration for detailed information on creating
configurations.
For the description of the ApoTome configuration below, it will be
assumed that the microscope itself has already been configured.
Make sure that the ApoTome control box is connected to the PC and is
switched on.
Open the configuration tree under Reflected Light Path.
Click on the No ApoTome entry. The entry will be shown with a blue
background.
9-7
Modules - ApoTome
Select the ApoTome by clicking on ApoTome in the selection area on

the right-hand side of the user interface and assign it.
In the information area, you can now select the connection type (RS232
or CAN bus) and the COM port being used (port 1 to 5).
Check the connection by clicking on the Check Connection button. If

the ApoTome is found at the specified port, a green symbol is displayed
next to the button.
Note:
If you activate the Simulate Hardware check box, for example, the
function of the ApoTome can be adjusted virtually in the AxioVision
microscope control and imaging software (simulation mode).
9-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
^q=`~~=
Start the AxioVision software by double-clicking on the

on the Microsoft Windows desktop.
icon
For subsequent steps it is useful to have easy access to the following control
elements. Please bear in mind that, depending on the features of the device,
some control elements may not be present, or may appear different:
: Reflector nosepiece for switching between

fluorescence wavelengths.
Internal shutter for opening and closing the

shutter.
Camera exposure time.
9-9
Modules - ApoTome
Light path for switching the light path, e.g.

with an Axiovert 200.
You can also create a user-specific dialog containing all the control elements
required, including the control elements for the ApoTome functions.
Information on creating dialogs can be found in chapter 8 "Configuration".
`~~==~==
To set the optimum angle of deflection for the ApoTomes scanner unit, you
need to carry out a fine adjustment of the scanner calibration in accordance
with the system structure. The mirror sample and the special reflected light
reflector cube, both of which are supplied with the ApoTome, are used for
this purpose. Insert the Push&Click filter cube into an empty reflector
nosepiece position, and enter this filter set as Refl. BF, for example, in the
Microscope Configuration or the MTB2004. The calibration must be
performed for each of the two grids provided.
It is advisable to calibrate the grid for the low magnification range (grid
marked with "L" for "Low magnification") using a 20x objective.
In the phase calibration dialog the positioning of the camera is also optimized.
To achieve optimum performance, the camera horizontal should be aligned
parallel to the ApoTome grid lines with as much precision as possible.
The calibration process is supported by a wizard. Start the function by
selecting from the Acquisition menu the ApoTome function, and then
Phase Calibration.
9-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
The software wizard guides you through the calibration process in 5 steps.
The most important instructions are displayed in the wizards text field.
Step 1: Select Start Conditions
Move the ApoTome slider to the iris position (click stop position 1).
Use the reflector position with the ApoTome bright-field reflector.
Place the mirror sample supplied under the microscope, open the
reflected light shutter, and focus (directly on the microscope) on the
reticle at the center of the sample.
Now switch to operation of the software on the PC.
In the software, enter settings for grid, reflector, and objective, if you
have not already done so. Pay particular attention to ensuring that the
grid is correctly selected.
Note:
It is possible to use the ApoTome in combination with a Colibri, an
excitation filter wheel, a Sutter DG-4 or DG-5 or a T.I.L.L. Photonics
Polychrome V. In this case, carry out the relevant settings in addition to
the microscope settings (grid, reflector, objective).
Click on Next to proceed to the next step. The live image is opened
automatically.
9-11
Modules - ApoTome
Step 2: Optical Focusing
Set an optimum exposure time by clicking on the
button.
Display the reticle as sharply as possible in the live image. The green
focusing rectangle in the live image can help you find the optimum focus
position. Position the focusing rectangle over the center of the reticle.
Notes:
On the Microscope property page you can enter general settings for the
microscope.
Click on Next to proceed to the next step.
9-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
p=PW=d=c=
Move the ApoTome slider carefully to the second click stop position
(ApoTome mode).
Move the focusing rectangle in the Live window to a position where no
part of the reticle is present.
Click on the Full Scan button. The grid will now move through its
adjustment range automatically, in increments of ten steps. A sharpness
value for the reproduction of the grid will be determined, and displayed
as a histogram, following each increment. When the end of the
adjustment range has been reached, the grid position with the highest
sharpness value will be set automatically.
9-13
Modules - ApoTome
You can choose to carry out a fine adjustment around the grid position
with the highest sharpness value by clicking on the Local Scan button. A
local area above and below the sharpness maximum that has been
identified will be covered automatically in individual steps, and the
sharpness value will be determined for each individual step. The data
from the local scan will be included in the histogram, and the grid
position with the highest sharpness value will again be located
automatically.
Note:
You can determine the grid position freely using the buttons for coarse
and
, and fine focusing,
and
. You may
focusing,
need to use this function if, for example, a sharpness maximum cannot be
determined automatically.
9-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Step 4: Camera Alignment
The purpose of this step is to achieve precise alignment of the camera. To

achieve optimum results, the camera horizontal should be aligned parallel to
the grid lines with as much precision as possible. The software automatically
detects a grid line and calculates the camera horizontals deviation from this
grid line in degrees.
As the vertical line of the reticle interferes with the detection of the grid lines,
please first move the reticle out of the cameras field of view.
A green rectangle marks the softwares search area, a yellow line indicates a
detected grid line and a small dark-green rectangle shows you the starting
point for line detection.
9-15
Modules - ApoTome
If the contrast in the image is insufficient to detect a grid line automatically, a

corresponding error message appears:
In this case you should take steps to increase the contrast (e.g. increase the
exposure time, refocus the grid (step 3)).
If it is still not possible to detect a grid line, a corresponding error message
appears:
In this case the deviation of the grid lines from the camera horizontal is
probably too great. Rotate the camera until the long side of the camera's field
of view is roughly parallel to the grid lines. To do this, loosen the
corresponding lock on the camera adapter and realign the camera.
If a grid line can be detected but the deviation is still greater than 5 , you will
see a message to this effect:
9-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
In this case, rotate the camera further to minimize the deviation. For fine
adjustment you can use the red bar in the dialog. Try to achieve a deviation <
0.1 .
Once the camera has been aligned with sufficient precision, please lock the
camera adapter in this position.
Notes:
If you change the ApoTome grid, the new grid should be inserted with
the same alignment, if possible. The grid mount in the ApoTome slider
has a small amount of play to make it as simple as possible to change the
grid. You should always align the grid, if possible, with the same edges in
the grid mount. If you wish to check the camera alignment following a
change of grid, you can run through the phase calibration dialog up to
step 4. Should you not wish to perform a new phase calibration, cancel
the dialog after step 4, once the camera has been aligned.
Step 5: Final Full-Phase Calibration
This step is used for the actual setting of the scanner calibration. In each case,
two images are acquired. The grid is displaced by precisely the width of a line
between the first and second image. The two images are subtracted from
each other, and the resulting image is displayed. If the system is perfectly
calibrated, the two images cancel each other out a black image with a noise
component is shown.
9-17
Modules - ApoTome
Phase calibration is performed automatically in accordance with the focus

calibration of the grid, carried out in the preceding step.
Click on the Full Scan button. A predefined area around the specified
phase calibration value will be covered in coarse steps. At each position,
the calibration value will be determined, and displayed in the histogram.
When the end of the area has been reached, the minimum value
(minimum number of residual lines present in the image) will
automatically be selected in the histogram.
You can choose to perform an additional fine adjustment using the Local
Scan button. An area close to the minimum on either side will be covered
in individual steps, and the data included in the histogram. This may
enable you to identify an even lower minimum, where there are even
fewer residual lines in the image.
9-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Notes:
Optional you can change the phase value stepwise by clicking on the
and
. You may need to use
buttons
this function if, for example, a sharpness maximum cannot be determined
automatically.
Click on the Close button to end the phase calibration.
Repeat the procedure to calibrate the phase shift for the second grid, if
necessary.
Although the settings do not change once calibration has been

performed, from time to time you should check that the system is
perfectly calibrated. This applies in particular after dismantling and
reassembling the system.
`~~=====
For the ApoTome to function optimally, the grid must be displayed precisely in
the focus set on the objective. The grids focus depends on the objective and
the excitation and emission wavelengths of the fluorescence. This means that
the grid focus needs to be calibrated for every fluorescent dye (e.g. DAPI,
FITC, Rhodamine etc.). It is best to perform calibration using your own
fluorescence sample, although this must exhibit flat fluorescence to allow the
focusing of the grid. Alternatively, you can also use the fluorescence sample
provided.
A wizard is available for the calibration of the grid focus. This guides you
through the calibration process in 3 steps. Start the function by selecting from
the Acquisition menu the ApoTome function, and then Grid Focus
Calibration.
The most important instructions are displayed in the wizards text field.
9-19
Modules - ApoTome
Step 1: Select Start Conditions
Move the ApoTome slider to the iris position (click stop position 1).
Use a reflector position with a fluorescence filter (e.g. 10 Ex. 470/40).
Place the fluorescence sample under the microscope, and open the
reflected light shutter.
Focus on the sample on the microscope.
Switch to operation of the software on the PC.
In the wizard, select the settings for Grid, Reflector and Objective, if
you have not already done so.
Notes:
Make sure that the correct transmission grid is selected for the objective
being used. The table at the end of this chapter provides an overview
explaining which transmission grid should be assigned to which objective.
It is possible to use the ApoTome in combination with a Colibri, an

excitation filter wheel, a Sutter DG-4 or DG-5 or a T.I.L.L. Photonics
Polychrome V. In this case, carry out the relevant settings in addition to
the microscope settings (grid, reflector, objective).
Click on Next to proceed to the next step. The live image is opened
automatically.
9-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
p=OW=l~=c=
Set an optimum exposure time by clicking on the
button.
Focus the sample as sharply as possible in the live image.

Note:
On the Microscope property page you can enter general settings for the
microscope.
Click on Next to proceed to the next step.
p=PW=d=c=
Move the ApoTome slider carefully to the second click stop position
(ApoTome mode).
Move the focusing rectangle in the live window to a position where the
fluorescence is as flat and bright as possible.
9-21
Modules - ApoTome
Click on the Full Scan button. The grid will now move through its
adjustment range automatically, in increments of ten steps. A sharpness
value for the reproduction of the grid will be determined, and displayed
as a histogram, following each increment. When the end of the
adjustment range has been reached, the grid position with the highest
sharpness value will be set automatically.
You can choose to carry out a fine adjustment around the grid position
with the highest sharpness value by clicking on the Local Scan button. A
local area above and below the sharpness maximum that has been
identified will be covered automatically in individual steps, and the
sharpness value will be determined for each individual step.
The data from the local scan will be included in the histogram, and the grid
position with the highest sharpness value will again be located automatically.
Note:
You can determine the grid position freely using the buttons for coarse
and
, and fine focusing,
and
. You may
focusing,
need to use this function if, for example, a sharpness maximum cannot be
determined automatically.
9-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
When you click on Close to end the calibration, the following dialog
window is displayed:
Click Yes, if you want to carry out a further calibration, or click No if you
want to end the calibration.
Once calibration is complete, a corresponding message is displayed in the
status window of the ApoTome dialog window (Acquisition menu
ApoTome function ApoTome Dialog Settings).
`~~==
There are two possibilities for managing ApoTome calibration data:

User mode (conventional): An individual file containing the calibration
data is generated in each Windows user account, i.e. each user generates
his own calibrations and then works with these. Other users do not have
access to these data. In this case, the file containing the calibration data
can be found in the My Documents folder of the user account in question
under My Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\ApotomeSetting\Default.ini".
Administrator mode: A user generates calibration data which are then
made available to all other users. In this case, only the user who has
generated calibrations in the ApoTome administrator mode is able to
change these or add to them. The file containing the calibration data can
be found in the folder Shared Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\ApotomeSetting\Default.ini.
9-23
Modules - ApoTome
The user mode is activated automatically following a new installation of

AxioVision. If you want to change the mode, open the calibration mode
dialog (Acquisition menu ApoTome function Calibration mode):
The administrator mode is password-protected. The default password is

"zeiss" and can be replaced by a password of your choice following the first
log in.
9-24
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Once administrator mode has been activated, all users are only able to access
the calibrations that can be found in the shared files. However, any individual
calibrations that have previously been generated remain in the relevant user
accounts (although they cannot be used). If you switch back from the
administrator mode to the user mode, the file containing the calibration data
that has been saved in the shared files will be copied to the Windows user
account of the ApoTome administrator. Users of other Windows accounts can
then use their old calibrations again or may have to generate new calibrations.
f~=~=
As an ApoTome imaging system works with a digital CCD camera, the

ApoTome mode can be regarded as an expansion of the cameras
functionality.
p==~~=
In principle, a cooled monochrome CCD camera (AxioCam MRm, AxioCam

HRm etc.) is used in combination with the ApoTome for fluorescence images.
When you start AxioVision, a monochrome camera is automatically selected (if
possible) for operation with the ApoTome.
If several monochrome cameras are connected to the system, you need to
define the one that you want to be used in ApoTome mode. To select the
camera, follow the procedure below:
Click on ApoTome in the work area or open the ApoTome dialog
(Acquisition menu ApoTome function ApoTome Dialog). Select
the Extras property page
In the ApoTome: Camera drop-down field, select the camera that you
want to use in ApoTome mode.
9-25
Modules - ApoTome
p=~=~=
For single image acquisition, follow the procedure below:

For efficient operation, open the control elements for the camera
exposure time (Acquisition menu Adjust function Exposure), the
shutter and the reflector (Microscope menu Reflected Light function
Reflector or Internal Shutter).
Make sure that the ApoTome slider is in the second click stop position
(ApoTome mode).
Click on ApoTome in the work area or open the ApoTome dialog
(Acquisition menu ApoTome function ApoTome Dialog
Settings property page).
Make sure that in the ApoTome: Grid field the grid that is currently
inserted has been selected. On the basis of the objective that is currently
being used, a recommended grid will also be displayed in this field.
Select the Camera property page.
button on the toolbar. The shutter is

The live image is opened using the
opened automatically with the live image.
button to set an optimum exposure time for
Click on the
the specimen. To achieve optimum results with the ApoTome, the images
should be illuminated in the best possible way. Full use should be made of
the cameras dynamic range. However, no pixels should be overexposed.
The histogram displayed will help you achieve optimum illumination.
9-26
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Various settings can be made for the ApoTome mode. Three settings are
available for the live image in ApoTome mode (Settings property page in the
ApoTome dialog).
Grid Visible: The behavior of the live image is the same as in conventional
camera mode. No processing takes place. As the grid is located in the beam
path, it is also visible in the live image. The grid is moved up and down
constantly, to prevent grid lines being "burnt" into the sample as a result of
the bleaching effects of the fluorescent dye.
Optical Sectioning: In this mode three images are acquired, combined online
into an optical section, and displayed. As this mode requires the acquisition of
three raw images, the speed of the live image is reduced accordingly.
Note:
In this mode, if you change the focus on the microscope or the position
of the sample, artifacts, in the form of lines, may appear in the live image
for a short time. The same effect can occur if vibrations are passed on to
the microscope. The lines disappear from the live image as soon as the
sample is stabilized again.
Conventional Fluorescence: In this mode two raw images are acquired, and
the grid position is displaced in each case by precisely the width of the lines.
From these two raw images, an image that corresponds to the conventional
fluorescence image (wide field) can be calculated. This mode enables you to
make comparisons between the conventional fluorescence image and the
optical section.
9-27
Modules - ApoTome
Image acquisition is triggered using the
button on the toolbar.
Four settings are available for image acquisition in ApoTome mode (Settings
property page in the ApoTome dialog).
No Processing: The behavior of image acquisition is the same as in
conventional camera mode. No processing takes place. As the grid is
located in the beam path, but is moved constantly up and down, the
image acquired corresponds to a conventional fluorescence image. This
setting is only used if you are carrying out automated image acquisition in
several channels, and processing needs to be switched off, e.g. to acquire
a transmitted light or a phase contrast image.
Optical Sectioning: In this mode three images are acquired, combined
online into an optical section, and displayed.
Conventional Fluorescence: In this mode two raw images are acquired,
and the grid position is displaced in each case by precisely the width of
the lines. From these two raw images, an image that corresponds to the
conventional fluorescence image (wide field) can be calculated. This mode
enables you to make comparisons between the conventional fluorescence
image and the optical section.
Raw Data Mode: In this mode the raw image acquisition data are saved
(i.e. the individual images with the various grid positions are saved
internally). The advantage of this mode is that it allows you to switch
between the algorithms (Optical Sectioning versus Conventianal
Fluorescence) after image acquisition:
9-28
To do this, open the shortcut menu for the acquired image by clicking
on the Properties icon at the bottom edge of the image. screen
Alternatively, you can also open the shortcut menu by right-clicking in
the acquired image.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
ApoTome Image property page:
Click on the WF (Widefield = Conventional Fluorescence) or SEC

(Section = Optical Sectioning) buttons to switch between the
corresponding algorithms. The filter used to remove residual lines in the
image (Filter drop-down list box) and the display scaling (Auto Display
Scaling) can also be adjusted. The application of the algorithm takes
place purely in the display plane of the image data and does not change
the original raw data.
Note:
In order to process ApoTome data in AxioVision using the 3D
Deconvolution module, you must acquire the image in the Raw Data
Mode.
Acquiring images in the Raw Data Mode substantially increases the memory
required for the image data. In the Averaging default setting, for example, it
is increased by a factor of 3 in comparison to an image acquired with
ApoTome in the Conventional Fluorescence or Optical Sectioning modes.
If the Averaging value is increased by 2 or 3, the resulting memory
requirement increases by a factor of 6 or 9. We therefore recommend that
you use the SIMConvert function to convert the raw data to an optical
section or a conventional fluorescence image, thereby substantially reducing
the data volume again (e.g. after using 3D Deconvolution or for 3D
reconstruction of an image stack using the Inside 4D module.)
9-29
Modules - ApoTome
The thickness of the Optical Section can be displayed in the Depth Info field
on the Extras property page.
Notes:
Depending on the sample, fluorescent dye, exposure time etc., fine
residual lines may be visible in the resulting image in ApoTome mode.
These lines can be removed using the filter. You can select Off, Weak,
Medium and Strong.
The residual lines are displayed in the Fourier space as points along a
vertical line. The filter "removes" a defined group of points from the
Fourier spectrum.
Start with the setting Weak. If residual lines can still be identified in the
image, increase the setting step by step. As the filter is used during the
calculation of the optical section, a new image must be acquired whenever
changes are made to the filter setting.
A further increase in image quality can be achieved if you use a value of 2 or
higher in the Averaging field.
If you use the value 2, for example, two ApoTome images are acquired and
averaged. This method significantly reduces the noise component. An
additional effect is the reduction or removal of residual lines in the image.
9-30
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
j~=~===^q=
The ApoTome functions are fully integrated into AxioVisions automatic image
acquisition modes. You can perform acquisition of multichannel fluorescence
images, z-stack images, time lapse images, MosaiX and any combination of
these modes using the ApoTome. The images are acquired in accordance with
the settings made under Acquisition menu ApoTome function
Acquisition Mode. A precise description of the Multidimensional Acquisition
functionality can be found in section "Multidimensional Acquisition".
A prerequisite for the above is calibration of the system as described in
chapter 8 under the headings "Configuration" and "Scalings". Essentially, for
multidimensional acquisition the same functions as those described in the
previous sections apply.
If, during multichannel image acquisition, components that are responsible for
the fluorescence wavelength being used are operated automatically, for
example, a focus calibration must be available for each combination. The
crucial components are:
Reflector nosepiece
Colibri
External excitation filter wheel (e.g. Ludl, Sutter)
Sutter DG-4 or DG-5
T.I.L.L. Photonics Polychrome V
If a grid focus calibration is not available for a combination of the above
external components, a single image is acquired automatically without any
shifting of the grid. This artifact is usually easy to identify as an image with
clearly pronounced fringes. For better control of image acquisition, open the
ApoTome: Status window (Acquisition menu ApoTome Status
function). This window will inform you if, during multidimensional image
acquisition, a microscope status is set for which no ApoTome focus calibration
is available.
9-31
Modules - ApoTome
^~=~=~===^q=
E=F=
With the ApoTome, the speed of image acquisition (image rate) is limited by
the following:
1. At least three raw images have to be acquired for a resulting image.
2. During image acquisition, as much as possible of the gray-value range of
the camera in question should be used. This generally results in exposure
times that prevent high acquisition speeds from being achieved.
However, provided that acquisition takes place in one fluorescence channel
only, it is possible to increase the image acquisition rate to a value in the
region of 4 to 5 images/s. To achieve these values, follow the procedure
below:
Open the ApoTome: Status window (Acquisition menu ApoTome
Status function).
In the ApoTome Dialog on the Camera property page, set a frame that
is as small as possible (e.g. 512 x 512 pixels or smaller).
Tip:
If your requirements with regard to optical resolution allow, you can
increase the binning on the camera to 2x2 (Camera work area Frame
property page). This function makes it possible to reduce the cameras
exposure time by around a factor of 4, at the expense of the resolution in
the image.
9-32
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
For the ApoTome: Acquisition Mode, select the Raw Date Mode
setting (ApoTome property page Settings property page).
In the work area, select the Multidimensional Acquisition entry and

then the C (Channels) property page.
Make sure that no Hardware Settings has been selected for the During
Acquisition and After Acquisition drop-down list boxes.
Determine an optimum exposure time by clicking on the

button. A pop-up window containing a live image opens.
. If necessary, the
Confirm the exposure time by clicking on
measured exposure time can be reduced manually by around 10 to 20%.
9-33
Modules - ApoTome
Select the T (Time) property page and activate the

check box.
Set the Interval Settings to Maximal Speed or alternatively the
Interval to 0.
In the Duration Settings field, define either the number of cycles

# Cycles (e.g. 50) or the Duration.(e.g. 15s).
Click on the
button to start acquisition of the image sequence.
In the ApoTome Status dialog the message Calibrated Burst Mode:
ON is displayed.
In this mode the image data are acquired as quickly as possible, with the
grid being constantly shifted. The optical sections are only calculated after
acquisition (and following a staggered pattern, i.e. the last 3, 6, 9 raw
images etc.), according to the setting of the ApoTomes Averaging
function, with different grid positions.
This technique increases the image rate by around a factor of 3, but not
the temporal resolution, as rapidly moving particles on the sample can
nevertheless lead to movement artifacts in the resulting image due to the
exposure times selected during the acquisition of the raw data.
9-34
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
The image view (Optional Sectioning / Conventional Fluorescence)

can be switched at any time, on the basis of the raw data acquired. The
corresponding settings are made on the ApoTome property page in the
shortcut menu of the acquired image.
Notes
A further slight increase in acquisition speed can be achieved by
deactivating the Show preview at Start check box in the
Multidimensional Acquisition work area Experiment property
page.
l===~~=
The following tables provide an overview of the allocation of grids to

objectives.
Axio Imager
Objective
EC-Plan-Neofluar
10x/0,3
EC-Plan-Neofluar
20x/0,5
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/0.75
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/1,3 Oil
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/0.95 Korr
optical section
thickness @ 490 nm
(RU/m)
NA
Immersion
10
0.3
Air
L1
1.01 / 11.04
20
0.5
Air
1.03 / 4.05
40
0.75
Air
H1
1.09 / 1.89
40
1.3
Oil
1.07 / 0.94
63
0.95
Air
H1
0.7 / 0.76
DAPI
recom.
grid
9-35
Modules - ApoTome
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/1,25 Oil
EC Plan-Neofluar
100x/1,3 Oil
LCI Plan-Neofluar
25x/0,8 Imm. Korr.
LCI Plan-Neofluar
63x/1.3 Imm. Korr.
63
1.25
Oil
H1
1.08 / 1.03
100
1.3
Oil
H1
0.71 / 0.63
25
0.8
63
L1
0.88 / 1.35
1.3
Oil, water
or glycerine
water or
glycerine
H1
1.08 / 0.96
10
0.45
Air
L1
1.45 / 6.88
20
0.8
Air
L1
1.08 / 1.65
40
0.95
Air
H1
1.07 / 1.16
40
1.0
Oil
H1
0.85 / 0.84
40
1.3
Oil
1.07 / 0.94
63
1.0
water
H1
0.93 / 1.22
Plan-Apochromat
10x/0,45
Plan-Apochromat
20x/0,8
Plan-Apochromat
40x/0.95 Korr
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.0 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.3 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1.0 W
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1,4 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
100x/1,4 Oil
63
1.4
Oil
H1
1.06 / 0.81
100
1.4
Oil
H1
0.7 / 0.53
LD-LCI-PlanApochromat 25x/0.8
25
0.8
Oil, water
or glycerine
L1
0.88 / 1.35
10
0.45
water
L1
1.42 / 6.88
40
1.2
water
0.94 / 0.85
63
1.2
water
H1
0.95 / 0.86
40
1.1
water
0.94 / 1.02
100
1.45
Oil
H1
0.67 / 0.48
100
1.46
Oil
H1
0.67 / 0.47
C-Apochromat
10x/0,45 W
C-Apochromat
40x/1,2 W
C-Apochromat
63x/1,2 W
LD C-Apochromat
40x/1.1 W
alpha Plan-Fluar
100x/1.45 oil
alpha PlanApochromat
100x/1,46 Oil
9-36
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Axio Observer / Axiovert 200
Objective
EC-Plan-Neofluar
10x/0,3
EC-Plan-Neofluar
20x/0,5
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/0.75
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/1,3 Oil
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/0.95 Korr
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/1,25 Oil
EC Plan-Neofluar
100x/1,3 Oil
LCI Plan-Neofluar
25x/0,8 Imm. Korr.
LCI Plan-Neofluar
63x/1.3 Imm. Korr.
Plan-Apochromat
10x/0,45
Plan-Apochromat
20x/0,8
Plan-Apochromat
40x/0.95 Korr
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.0 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.3 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1.0 W
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1,4 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
100x/1,4 Oil
LD-LCI-Plan-Apochromat
25x/0.8
DAPI
recom.
grid
optical section
thickness @ 490 nm
(RU/m)
NA
Immersion
10
0.3
Air
VL
0.90 / 9.81
20
0.5
Air
VH
1.37 / 5.36
40
0.75
Air
VH
0.93 / 0.90
40
1.3
Oil
VL
0.75 / 0.66
63
0.95
Air
VD
0.82 / 0.89
63
1.25
Oil
VH
0.93 / 0.89
100
1.3
Oil
VD
0.83 / 0.73
25
0.8
63
VL
0.78 / 1.20
1.3
Oil, water or
glycerine
water or
glycerine
VH
0.93 / 0.82
10
0.45
Air
VL
1.26 / 6.09
20
0.8
Air
VL
0.95 / 1.46
40
0.95
Air
VH
0.92 / 0.99
40
1.0
Oil
VH
1.28 / 1.91
40
1.3
Oil
VL
0.75 / 0.66
63
1.0
water
VD
1.09 / 1.42
63
1.4
Oil
VH
0.91 / 0.69
100
1.4
Oil
VD
0.81 / 0.62
25
0.8
Oil, water or
glycerine
VL
0.78 / 1.20
C-Apochromat 10x/0,45
W
10
0.45
water
VL
1.26 / 6.09
C-Apochromat 40x/1,2 W
40
1.2
water
VH
1.25 / 1.13
63
1.2
water
VH
0.82 / 0.74
9-37
Modules - ApoTome
LD C-Apochromat
40x/1.1 W
alpha Plan-Fluar
100x/1.45 Oil
alpha Plan-Apochromat
100x/1,46 Oil
40
1.1
water
VH
1.25 / 1.35
100
1.45
Oil
VD
0.79 / 0.56
100
1.46
Oil
VD
0.78 / 0.54
recom.
grid
optical section
thickness @ 490 nm
(RU/m)
Axioplan 2 imaging e
Objective
EC-Plan-Neofluar
10x/0,3
EC-Plan-Neofluar
20x/0,5
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/0.75
EC-Plan-Neofluar
40x/1,3 Oil
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/0.95 Korr
EC-Plan-Neofluar
63x/1,25 Oil
EC Plan-Neofluar
100x/1,3 Oil
LCI Plan-Neofluar
25x/0,8 Imm. Korr.
LCI Plan-Neofluar
63x/1.3 Imm. Korr.
Plan-Apochromat
10x/0,45
Plan-Apochromat
20x/0,8
Plan-Apochromat
40x/0.95 Korr
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.0 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
40x/1.3 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1.0 W
Plan-Apochromat
63x/1,4 Oil
Plan-Apochromat
100x/1,4 Oil
9-38
NA
Immersion
DAPI
10
0.3
Air
PL
0.95 / 10.30
20
0.5
Air
PL
0.77 / 3.02
40
0.75
Air
PH
0.98 / 1.71
40
1.3
Oil
PL
0.79 / 0.70
63
0.95
Air
PH
0.64 / 0.69
63
1.25
Oil
PH
0.98 / 0.93
100
1.3
Oil
PH
0.65 / 0.57
25
0.8
63
PL
0.82 / 1.26
1.3
Oil, water or
glycerine
water or
glycerine
PH
0.98 / 0.86
10
0.45
Air
PL
1.32 / 6.40
20
0.8
Air
PL
1.00 / 1.54
40
0.95
Air
PH
0.96 / 1.05
40
1.0
Oil
PH
0.77 / 0.76
40
1.3
Oil
PL
0.79 / 0.70
63
1.0
water
PH
0.85 / 1.10
63
1.4
Oil
PH
0.96 / 0.73
100
1.4
Oil
PH
0.63 / 0.48
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
LD-LCI-Plan-Apochromat
25x/0.8
25
0.8
C-Apochromat 10x/0,45
W
10
0.45
40
1.2
63
1.2
LD C-Apochromat
40x/1.1 W
40
alpha Plan-Fluar
100x/1.45 oil
alpha Plan-Apochromat
100x/1,46 Oil
Oil, water or
glycerine
PL
0.82 / 1.26
water
PL
1.32 / 6.40
water
PH
1.31 / 1.19
water
PH
0.86 / 0.78
1.1
water
PH
1.32 / 1.42
100
1.45
Oil
0.61 / 0.43
100
1.46
Oil
0.60 / 0.42
l=^q=p=
In addition, the following control elements can be found on the Extras

property page:
ApoTome: Auto Shutter
If Automatic Shutter Control is activated, the shutter is controlled
automatically if
1. the live image is opened or closed
2. an image is acquired
This function is useful in order to protect the sample against the bleaching of
fluorescence and is activated as a default setting when the software is
installed.
ApoTome Display Normalization
The algorithm used to calculate the optical section reduces the images gray
value range. If the Display Normalization function is activated, the display
characteristic curve is automatically adjusted to guarantee a bright, highcontrast display of the gray values. This function is activated as a default
setting when the software is installed.
9-39
Modules - ApoTome
ApoTome: Status
This field displays status information relating to the ApoTome and image
acquisition with the ApoTome. It makes sense to have this window open or to
integrate it into your own customized dialogs so that any problems with the
system can be analyzed quickly.
`==^q=~==~=~~==
If you select the Raw Data Mode for image acquisition with the ApoTome,
the size of the data is increased by a factor of 3, 6, 9 etc. in accordance with
the settings under Averaging. If you are acquiring z-stack images, images in
several fluorescence channels or time lapse images, this can lead to enormous
volumes of data that can be difficult to work with during subsequent
analyses. The SIMConvert function converts the raw data to an optical
section or a conventional fluorescence image with a substantially reduced
data volume.
Use of this function is strongly recommended after you have acquired a zstack in Raw Data Mode and processed it using the AxioVision 3D
Deconvolution module.
To perform conversion, follow the procedure below:
Click on the ApoTome image that you want to convert.
Click on the ApoTome entry in the work area.
Open the function tree by clicking on screen in front of the ApoTome
entry click on SIMConvert. The parameters for the function are listed
underneath the work area.
9-40
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
Adopt the settings in the top Parameters field. The default settings
ensure that the selected image is processed and a new image is created
automatically (the original file is retained). The Enable channel selection
check box should be deactivated, as generally all the channels in an image
should be converted in the same way.
Four parameters are available in the lower area of the property page for the
actual conversion Combine Mode, Filter, Image Normalization und
Display Normalization:
Combine Mode: This parameter determines the algorithm used to
convert the image. You can select from Conventional Fluorescence or
Optical Sectioning.
Filter: Depending on the sample, fluorescent dye, exposure time etc., fine
residual lines may be visible in the image that results from the conversion.
These lines can be removed using the filter. The options Off, Weak,
Medium and Strong are available.
The filter function makes use of the fact that the residual lines are
displayed in the Fourier space as points along a vertical line. The filter
"removes" a defined group of points from the Fourier spectrum, thereby
removing the residual lines.
9-41
Modules - ApoTome
Display Normalization: The algorithm used to calculate the Optional

Sectioning reduces the gray value range of the image data, depending
on the specimen and the acquisition conditions. The On functional
parameter automatically sets the images display characteristic curve so
that a bright, high-contrast image is displayed. The Min/Max function of
the display characteristic curve is used, which sets the display
characteristic curve on the basis of the darkest and brightest gray value in
the image histogram. If a z-stack is converted, the image plane that is
currently set in the active image is used to determine the Min/Max value
for the entire image stack.
Image Normalization: As described under "Display Normalization", the
algorithm used to calculate the Optional Sectioning reduces the gray
value range of the image data, depending on the specimen and the
acquisition conditions. As the so-called floating point format is used for
raw data acquisition with the ApoTome and the subsequent combination
of the gray value data, during the conversion from floating point back to
gray value, a normalization function can be applied directly to the data to
display a bright, high-contrast image. The On parameter activates this
form of normalization.
Note:
If Image Normalization is switched on, Display Normalization is no
longer necessary, as the result of both functions has the same effect for
the user. For the conversion of a z-stack, the Image Normalization
function offers advantages, as the gray value distribution of all image
planes can be taken into account.
9-42
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - ApoTome
^qW=eao=j=
By activating the HDR Mode, images with an expanded dynamic range can
also be acquired in ApoTome mode. For further details, please refer to the
description of HDR Snap and the AxioVision manual.
If the ApoTome is operated in HDR Mode, the corresponding number of
images will be acquired for each grid position with various exposure times
and, from this, an HDR image will be calculated for each grid position. The
ApoTome calculation will then be performed on these three HDR images. This
will ultimately result in an optical section with an expanded dynamic range.
Because in the HDR Mode several images are acquired with very long
exposure times, residual fringes may occur in the ApoTome optical section as
a result of bleaching effects. In this case, it is necessary to use the ApoTome
filters in order to suppress the residual fringes.
The additional time required for calculating the HDR image can lead to delays
in the displaying of the preview when multidimensional images are acquired.
In this case, the preview should be deactivated.
9-43
Modules - Autofocus
VKO
^=
d~=
Autofocus enables you to focus a sample automatically. To do this, you need

a microscope with a motorized z-drive. Autofocus can be operated with all
cameras that are available for use with AxioVision, with the exception of those
that are only controlled via a TWAIN interface. You can use this functionality
for the illumination methods reflected light, transmitted light, bright field and
dark field, as well as fluorescence.
Note:
The Autofocus functionality is not suitable for the contrasting methods
Phase Contrast and DIC.
To make it possible to focus samples automatically with the different
microscopy procedures and at all possible magnifications, it is necessary to
carry out calibration in advance on a sample which has been focused
manually. The calibration requires information on the objective and optovar
magnification, the numerical aperture of the objective being used, the
illumination method and, if you are using a digital camera, the corresponding
resolution.
If all the components of your microscope are motorized, AxioVision
determines these parameters automatically. Otherwise the missing calibration
data have to be entered manually.
Note:
We recommend that you recalibrate the system whenever microscope
components have been changed.
9-44
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Autofocus
`~~=^=
m~~=
Switch the light path to the camera. Open the live image window by clicking
on the icon for the live image in the Standard toolbar
select the Live function in the Acquisition menu.
. Alternatively,
Now focus the camera image and select the frame to be acquired.
`~~=
Select the Autofocus function in the Acquisition menu.

Activate the Settings property page.
Make sure that the settings for the
type of Illumination, Objective,
Optovar and live image speed match
those on your system.
Note:
The setting options depend on your system configuration and may differ
from those shown here.
9-45
Modules - Autofocus
Now activate the Calibration

property page.
Check the settings for Microscope
and Camera.
Note:
If individual components are not
encoded or motorized, you must
enter the relevant information here
using the keyboard.
Then click on New to create a new
calibration with these settings.
Enter a name for the calibration and

click on OK.
The calibration process is now started
automatically.
r=^=
The quickest and easiest way to use the Autofocus is to run it directly via the
toolbar at the bottom of the live image window.
If the results are unsatisfactory, you can make fine adjustments via the
Autofocus property page. A detailed description of the parameters available
there can be found in the online help.
9-46
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Autofocus
Use of the Autofocus together with the other modules for image acquisition is
described in the relevant sub-sections.
Notes:
Before the Autofocus can be used, calibration must be carried out for the
microscope and camera setting you are using. See the preceding chapter.
If problems arise during execution or if execution is not possible for

certain reasons, please check the Autofocus function in the Acquisition
menu. Activate the Focus tab and look under Status. There you will
receive an indication as to why the execution process has failed.
Make sure that the Standard
toolbar is displayed: right-click
on the menu or any toolbar and
activate Standard (there must
be a tick in front of it).
Switch the light path to the

camera. Then click on the icon
for the live image in the
Standard toolbar.
9-47
Modules - Autofocus
If the tool bar of the live image

window is not displayed, rightclick in the live image and
activate the Live tool bar
On/Off entry (there must be a
tick in front of it).
Now select the frame to be

acquired on the sample, and
then click on the Autofocus
button in the live image toolbar.
Now click on Snap to acquire an
individual image.
9-48
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Multidimensional Acquisition
VKP
j~=^=
Images with more than two dimensions cannot be acquired using your
cameras normal acquisition function. These kind of images may consist, for
example, of several channels or a time lapse series. For these images
AxioVision requires additional information, such as the number of channels, zplanes etc. This collection of information is referred to within AxioVision as an
"experiment".
In the work area you will find Multidimensional Acquisition. If you click
here the Experiment property page opens. The control elements for the
modules Multichannel Fluorescence, Z-Stack, Mark&Find and Time Lapse
appear here, depending on which modules you have purchased.
The Experiment property page contains an overview of the modules that are
installed and a selection of important control elements. From this page you
can perform a wide range of functions to control, modify, save and execute a
previously prepared experiment.
On this page you can re-use settings of already acquired images via the Reuse
function.
Each module also has its own tab, on which the essential settings can be
made.
Notes:
Please note that you may not have access to all of the modules and
functions described here. This depends on the options you have
purchased.
For detailed information on the individual functions and commands,

please refer to the online help (F1 key).
9-49
e==f=~=~=\=
In the work area click on Multidimensional Acquisition.
In the work area you will now see the Experiment property page.
9-50
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Note:
Please bear in mind that the options listed here are only displayed if the
corresponding modules are available.
In the Options field the dimensions for your experiment can be selected.
In the Experiment window the name of the current experiment is

displayed.
The default experiments name is "Default_Setting". The default name for

an acquired image is
. A serial number will
be attached to this name after acquisition. You can specify the basic
name for the acquired image here before acquisition.
.
Make the desired settings for your experiment and click on

A dialog is then opened. Save your new experiment.
Click on
and click on OK.
, select an experiment from the list of experiments
9-51
Once this experiment has been loaded, the settings it contains are
adopted.
If you want to adopt these settings from a ZVI image that has already
, select the desired image, and confirm
been saved, click on
with OK. Only the acquisition settings used for this image are adopted.
The image itself is not loaded. This function makes it easier for you to
acquire images under reproducible conditions.
To execute the experiment, click on
9-52
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
j~=c==
With the Multichannel Fluorescence module you can define up to 8 channels

to be used for acquisition. These channels are saved together in a ZVI
document. This allows you, for example, to switch quickly back and forth
between the various views to compare different channels.
Notes:
purchased.

e==f=~=~=~=\=
In the following example a 3 channel fluorescence image should be

generated. The channels should be configured for the fluorochromes
Rhodamine, FITC and DAPI. Please use a test sample to test the settings.
Notes:
The following instructions require use of a motorized microscope.
You should also be able to generate, edit and apply settings in the
Settings Editor and should already have generated channel-specific
settings (see chapter 8 "Configuration" - "Settings Editor"). The
hardware components available to you may differ from those shown in
this example.
In the Workarea activate the property pages under Multidimensional
Acquisition:
9-53
Go to the C property page

. To generate various channels, you
need to enter the channel-specific parameters here.
From the Dye field select the Rhodamine fluorochrome.
9-54
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Once the dye has been selected, a suggested channel color with
wavelengths for excitation and emission maximums are assigned to the
channel.
If you do not like the suggested color, you can change it (e.g. to 100%
red) by making a selection from the list:
A channel name is automatically generated from the dye

but can be changed if needed, e.g. to reflect the
type of exposure used
Now allocate a hardware setting to the channel. To do this, select

"Rhodamine.zvhs" from the list in the field During Acquisition:
button. This opens the

You can test this setting by clicking on the
fluorescence shutter, and switches the reflector to the correct filter
position.
9-55
Repeat the procedure for the next field, and select the setting "shutter
closed.zvhs". This ensures that the shutter is closed immediately after
.
acquisition
To determine the exposure time for the Rhodamine channel, click in the
button. The hardware
Exposure field and then click on the
settings you have selected are now applied to the microscope and a
dialog is opened:
To set the correct exposure time, click on the

close the dialog by clicking on
entered and used for the channel (
button and
. The new exposure time is now

).
Add a new channel to your experiment. To do this, click in the Extended

Channel Parameters dialog on
. A copy of the channel
you have already configured is then added to the experiment.
9-56
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Now change the settings that are relevant for the new channel (channel
name, dye, hardware setting during acquisition, exposure time
measurement):
Duplicate the second channel, and change it accordingly for the DAPI dye:
9-57
You can add together up to 8 channels in this way.

You should now save the settings you have made as a new experiment
(see above), so that you can use them again in the future.
To acquire your 3-channel image, click on
a progress bar informs you about the procedure:
. During acquisition
If you want to cancel the acquisition, click on Cancel.
9-58
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The resulting image appears in the image area, where it can be operated
using the player:
This image has not been saved, as you can see from the * symbol in the
image name. Save the image. The program remembers the last storage
location that you searched for.
e==f=~~=~==E===
~=F\=
Above you have seen how to configure channels for multichannel images and
save them as an experiment. An experiment therefore contains settings that
are specifically intended for that particular experiment. As time goes by you
will find channel settings that can be applied in many different cases. You
may also wish to combine channels from different experiments. The "channel
pool" has been created for these kinds of requirement. These instructions
describe how to work with the channel pool.
9-59
Note:
The following instructions require use of a motorized microscope. The
hardware components available to you may differ from those shown in
this example. You must also be able to generate, save and load
experiments and have already created a multichannel experiment.
Load an available multichannel experiment. In this example a 3-channel
experiment (Rhodamine/FITC/DAPI) is loaded. If you go to the Channel
property page, you should see e.g. the following channel parameters:
9-60
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Select the Rhodamine channel: In the Channels field click on

.
Repeat this for the other channels.
Now remove the channels from the experiment by clicking repeatedly on
. The C (channel) property page should now only
contain one channel.
Now click on the
new dialog:
button. The channel pool opens as a
The size of this dialog can be changed to give you sufficient space to
work with the channel parameters.
9-61
Now select the Rhodamine channel
and add it to the empty experiment by clicking on the

the channel pool is closed and the
button. Clicking on
channel now appears on the C property page:
To add another channel to the experiment, repeat the last steps.

In the channel pool you can also duplicate, modify or remove channels.
To do this, select the desired channel and click on the corresponding
button.
9-62
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
wJp~==
Using the Z-Stack module you can acquire series of images over a defined zfocus range. The resulting image is known as a z-stack. These kinds of image
are required for the calculation of three-dimensional displays.
Z-stack images are essential for the 3D Deconvolution module. The ApoTome
module benefits from z-stack images, as they can be used to generate
impressive 3D images quickly. Using the Extended Focus module a sharp
image can be calculated from a z-stack.
The AxioVision module Z-Stack allows the easy determination of the correct zdistance between individual images of a z-stack if the maximum of axial
resolution of the objectives should be achieved. This optimum step size (also
called the Nyquist criterion) is a function of the numerical aperture of the used
objective and the recorded wavelength (in the case of fluorescence usually the
emission maximum). It is calculated as follows:
The axial resolution d is approximated from the following formula:
At a given wavelength = 540 nm and a numerical aperture N.A. = 1.3 at a

refractive index of 1.52 daxial= 0.970 m. According to Nyquist a twofold
oversampling (approximately 485 nm between neighboring z-planes) all
available information will be collected. This sampling rule is a prerequisite for
reconstructing z-stacks with the module AxioVision 3D-Deconvolution.
Notes:
purchased. In order to follow this introduction, you need to know what
an AxioVision "experiment" is. Please read the documentation on
experiments in section "How do I create an experiment?".

9-63
e==f=~=~=J~\=
In the work area activate the property page under Multidimensional

Acquisition.
On the Experiment property page select the
(Z-Stack) function.
From the two possible definition modes select the Top/Bottom mode:
9-64
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Click on the
button in the
control
element. A dialog is opened that contains a live image and the control
element for focusing. Please note that light will only fall on the sample if
it has been directed onto the sample manually, or if a hardware setting
have been configured for the selected channel. On the microscope, focus
on the area where you want the z-stack to begin. To adopt this
z-position, close the dialog by clicking on OK. The new z-position is then
automatically adopted into the start field.
Repeat this procedure to determine the Stop position using the
button from the
control area.
Now define the desired interval between the individual z-planes. You can
enter any value here. To guarantee maximum resolution in the z-direction,
click on the
button.
The correct value is calculated, taking into consideration the numerical

aperture of the objective and the emission wavelength of the
fluorochrome (this takes place automatically if a fluorochrome has been
selected from the list). If no emission wavelength is stated, a wavelength
of 500 nm is taken as a basis.
To check your selection, you can navigate through the z-stack using the
z-stack navigation function. To do this, open a live image, and activate
the hardware settings for the desired channel (e.g. on the channel page
via the
button
You can now position the focus drive at the upper

or the center
.
or lower
limit
of the defined z-stack.
9-65
If you are not satisfied with the definition of the z-stack, you can modify it
step by step (with the set increment) using the
Adopt the new definition by clicking on the
buttons in the control area for z-stack settings.
or
buttons.
/
to begin acquisition. During acquisition a progress bar

Click on
informs you about the procedure:
If you want to cancel acquisition, click on Cancel.

using the player. This image has not been saved, as you can see from the
* symbol in the image name. Save the image. The program remembers
the last storage location you have chosen.
9-66
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
q=i~==
The Time Lapse module can be used to acquire series of images over a defined
period of time. The resulting image is a time lapse series. These kinds of image
are required for time lapse acquisition of changing processes.
Note:
purchased. In order to follow this introduction, you need to know what
an AxioVision "experiment" is. Please read the documentation on section
"How do I create an experiment?". For detailed information on the
individual functions and commands, please refer to the online help (F1
key).
e==f=~=~==~=\=
In the work area activate the property pages under Multidimensional

Acquisition.
9-67
On the Experiment property page select the Time lapse function
Enter the desired time interval, e.g. 2 minutes. The unit can be selected
from the drop-down list box.
Now enter the desired number of images (# Cycles). The total duration of
the experiment is calculated from this.
Alternatively, you can enter the interval and the total duration, and this
information will be used to calculate the number of cycles. Select the
function that you want to be calculated
.
It is also possible to enter numerical values directly into the input fields. To
calculate the dependent value, click on the
button.
to begin acquisition. During acquisition a progress bar
Click on
informs you about the procedure:
If you want to cancel acquisition, click on Cancel.

using the player. This image has not been saved, as you can see from the
* symbol in the image name. Save the image. The program remembers
the last storage location that you searched for.
9-68
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
^~=~=~W=j~Cc=
The Mark&Find module allows you to acquire images of various positions on

your sample, also in combination with the Multidimensional Acquisition
modules. All the dimensions offered by AxioVision can also be used for a
position list. The output images are saved automatically in a folder that you
have defined, and from this a folder-based archive is generated. This makes it
easy to manage the individual images.
Notes:
functions. This depends on the options you have purchased.
In order to follow this introduction, it is useful to know what an

AxioVision "experiment" is. You will find the relevant information in the
How do I create an experiment? section.

9-69
e==f=~=~=j~Cc=\=
In the work area, activate the Multidimensional Acquisition function:
Select the Experiment property page and load an experiment.
9-70
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Select the
(Positionlist) tab sheet.
Open the Mark&Find dialog by clicking on the
button.
9-71
Load a saved Mark&Find database from the list box
or define a new list by clicking on New/modify an existing list by

selecting Edit (please read section 9.5 Mark&Find "How do I
generate a Mark&Find list?", or call up the online help (F1 key)).
The Mark&Find control element now shows a graphic display of the

selected list.
9-72
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Note:
The graphic will only have the expected appearance if both the reference
point on the sample and the sample holder have been centered. Please
read section 9.5 Mark&Find "How do I generate a Mark&Find list?", or
consult the online help (F1 key).
If you click on the Positions tab sheet, you will see a tabular display of the
position list.
. The Mark&Find control element now

Close the dialog by clicking on
displays the number of positions and the name of the position list:
9-73
Click on
to begin acquisition.
During acquisition a progress bar informs you about the procedure:
If you want to cancel acquisition, click on
A preview containing acquisition parameters is also displayed:
9-74
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
At the end of the above procedure, a folder-based archive showing all output
images is created.
These can be loaded and handled in the same way as normal individual
images.
Note:
No images are displayed during the acquisition of a position list. To view
the images, you need to exit the experiment.
9-75
Modules - Extended Focus
VKQ
b=c=
d~=
The Extended Focus function is available as an optional module for

AxioVision. This function enables you to display the sharp areas of different
focus positions of your sample in a single image.
Essentially, the Extended Focus module is operated interactively. You do not
need a motorized microscope. Several images are acquired at different focus
positions. The sharp areas are extracted from each of the images and
automatically combined. You immediately obtain a sharp 2D image. The
individual images of the different focus positions are not saved, but are
combined straight away. The focus is driven manually across the entire zrange until all the details have been displayed sharply. There are no
specifications, recommendations or formulae that say how many images have
to be acquired or how large the distance between two focus positions should
be. This always depends on the sample in question. Generally speaking, it can
be said that it is better to acquire too many images than too few.
Alternatively, an image with extended depth of field can also be calculated
using a z-stack. To do this, you need a z-stack image, the acquisition of which
requires a motorized microscope and the Z-Stack module (see also section 9.8
"Z-Stack Images").
^=~==b=c=
The Extended Focus function can be run via the work area on the left of the
AxioVision window. If the work area is not displayed, activate it using the
Standard toolbar
Alternatively, select the Windows function in the View menu and then select
the Workarea entry.
Note:
The work area may be open but covered by the workflows. If that is the
case, simply click on the Workarea tab at the bottom of the work area.
9-76
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Switch the light path to the camera. Open

the live image window by clicking on the
live image icon in the Standard toolbar.
Alternatively, select the Live function in the
Acquisition menu.
In the work area select the Acquisition
entry in the Extended Focus section.
If you capture images with a Stereo
microscope, select an appropriate value for
Quality of alignment. This will correct the
lateral shift which occurs when you are
focusing through the specimen.
Select Wavelets as the Method for
calculation.
Click the Interactive button to capture the
single images by pressing the Ctrl key.
Note:
As an alternative you can click the Start button to capture the images.
Press the Ctrl key to capture the first image
Now go to the next focus position.
Press the Ctrl key to acquire the next
image.
9-77
Notes:
The image of the second focus position is now automatically combined
with the first image.
You can now acquire further images until the result is satisfactory.
r=J~=~==b=c=
Activate the image to which

you would like to apply the
Extended Focus function. To
do this, click on the image or
select it via the tabs at the top
of the document area.
Now select the Extended
Focus (Computation from Zstack) function in the
Processing menu.
The two thumbnails show the

original image (left) and the
resulting image (right).
To select a specific frame, you
can magnify, choose any frame
from, or reduce the thumbnails.
9-78
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
If the z-stack was acquired with

a Stereo microscope, select an
appropriate value for Quality
of alignment. This will
compensate the lateral shift
which usually occurs during
acquisition of the z-stack.
Select Wavelets as the
Method for calculation.
Click on Apply to check the
result.
Now click on Cancel to exit the
function.
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Modules - Mark&Find
VKR
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The Mark&Find module allows you to record the positions of an encoded or

motorized x/y stage and relocate them in the future.
Open the Mark&Find window using the Microscope Mark And Find
menu command.
The recorded positions are saved in a database, which is able to store the
position lists of several carriers. You can select the size of the carrier
concerned. The following types are available: Petri dish, Slide/Dish holder,
Multiple slides and Multiwell plates.
The module supports slides with sizes of 76 mm x 24 mm, 76 mm x 50 mm,
48 mm x 25 mm and 48 mm x 27 mm, or any user-defined size. Petri dishes
can have a diameter of 35 mm, 60 mm or a user-defined diameter. Multipleslide plates are supported in a format with 8 slides per plate or may have a
user-defined format. Multiwell plates are supported in formats with 6, 12, 24,
48, 60, 96, 384 and 1536 wells per plate.
To make it possible to display the recorded positions graphically, when you
first use the module you will need to define the center of the carrier on the x/y
stage. If you also want to work with your carriers and the recorded positions
on other Carl Zeiss microscopes using AxioVision, you will need to work with
absolute stage positions for each carrier (please also refer to Microscope in
the online help (F1 key)).
Note:
Many control elements in Mark&Find control both the microscope stage
and the focus drive. If used incorrectly, damage can therefore be caused
to objectives and/or carriers lying in the stages traveling range.
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e==f=~=~=j~Cc=\=
The following two examples explain how to define a Mark&Find position list
for a slide (example 1) and a multiwell plate (example 2). The same procedure
should be followed for other types of carrier, e.g. Petri dishes.
b~=NW==
In the following example, a new database is created and 3 positions on a

standard slide are created and saved. The slide is centered to ensure that a
correct graphic display of the positions is achieved. A reference point is also
selected on the slide. In this example positions are only recorded in relation to
the center of the slide.
Open the Mark&Find dialog using the Microscope Mark And Find
menu command:
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Modules - Mark&Find
Select a database from the drop-down list box of slide/dish collections or

create a new database. To do this, click on
in the left-hand field. The
Manage carrier collections dialog is opened:
If you click on
, a dialog is opened in which you can select a slide/dish
collection file.
deletes the selected slide/dish collection.
opens another dialog where you can give the database a

name.
allows you to change the name of the database.
saves your current database, whilst

deletes
existing position lists and creates an empty database. In addition,
enables you to save the file in
Excel format (.xls). Click on
or
to exit the dialog.
Now add a new slide to the database. To do this, click on the New icon
in the Slide / dish holder field:
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Modules - Mark&Find
This opens the following dialog:
Give the new carrier a name, e.g. "Slide 2.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Select the standard slide from the Type drop-down list box:
It is also possible to import positions from a position list in a text

. A position list to
document by clicking on
be imported should have the following structure, for example:
Slide,,,,
Name,Width,Height,,
Slide,76000.00,24000.00,,
Positions,,,,
Comments,PositionX,PositionY,PositionZ,Color
"Position(1)",-11058.36,-4043.66,1.00,Blue
"Position(2)",-2382.21,5485.68,-1.55,Red
"Position(3)",10049.20,-4067.70,-2.25,Green
"Position(4)",3674.27,-1514.12,3.00,Yellow
To ensure that Mark&Find is able to understand this document, it must be
saved in the form of a CSV document (Comma Separated Values). This
export option is available in Microsoft Excel, for example.
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Confirm your selection by clicking on
You will now see the new carrier as an entry in the list of carriers in the
Mark&Find dialog:
Now insert the "home slide" (Carl Zeiss part number 453583) into the
holder. The center of this slide is marked with a high degree of precision,
and the slide has polished edges to ensure precise insertion into the
holder.
Make sure that the control elements for stage control are displayed in the
foreground:
Manually set the stage position to 0 by clicking on the
button.
Make sure that you are in the graphic view of Mark&Find:
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Modules - Mark&Find
Define the center by clicking on the

button. The graphic display of
the carrier should now be centered as follows:
The white cross indicates the current stage position (in relation to the
optical axis of the microscope).
Remove the home slide and insert your carrier into the holder. Define a
reference point on your carrier. This should be a conspicuous structure on
your carrier that you will be able to find again easily in the future. If you
do not set a reference point, all coordinates refer to the zero position of
the motorized x/y stage.
button. In the graphic view, a small gray cross indicates
Click on the
the current reference position. The coordinates are also displayed (in m
for the x, y and z axes):
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This reference position can be automatically relocated at any time in the

future by clicking on
Once these preparatory steps have been completed, you can locate and save
any desired positions on your carrier.
To do this, move the stage to the desired position, bring the sample into
focus (this is best done in the live image) and click on one of the colored
icons
Repeat this procedure until you have defined all the positions of interest
on your carrier. The selected positions are shown in the graphic as colored
crosses. The white cross indicating the current stage position covers the
current position, the name of which is also visible.
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
These positions can be relocated. To do this, double-click on one of the

positions:
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Modules - Mark&Find
The large white cross indicating the current stage position shows the
movement of the stage as it travels to the new position:
Alternatively, if you click on

, you can also have a number of positions
generated automatically as a sample selection. Here you only need to
define the number of positions in the x and y dimensions. Please note
that any previously saved positions are lost.
Now go to the Positions property page:
All defined positions are listed here in tabular form on the basis of the
parameters Name, X, Y, Z, Color, Classification, Enabled and
Position.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Name: name of the position. If you click in the corresponding field, you
have the option of changing this name.
X: the x-coordinate in m. The value displayed can be changed manually.

To do this, click in the number field and enter the desired value.
Y: the y-coordinate in m. The value displayed can be changed manually.
Z: the z-coordinate in m. The value displayed can be changed manually.
X: the x-coordinate in mm. The value displayed can be changed manually.
Color: indicates the color used when the position was defined. The color
can be changed with the help of the color selection dialog, which opens if
you click in the field.
Classification: a number of different positions can be combined in the
form of a group by assigning the same names to them. Change the name
of the classification by clicking in the field. Division into groups allows you
to sort position lists on the basis of specially defined conditions and travel
to the positions they contain.
Enabled: indicates the activation status of a position. Only positions that
are marked with a "*" symbol are used in the experiment. Click twice in
the corresponding field to deselect the position via a check box, and to
reselect it again as required.
Position: indicates the sequence in which the positions were originally
created.
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Modules - Mark&Find
It is possible to select several positions by making a multiple selection (Shift +

mouse click) or by selecting them individually (Strg + mouse click). These
positions can then be modified together.
By double-clicking on the name of a parameter, you can sort the position list
on the basis of that parameter.
Once you have selected a position, you can delete it by clicking on
undoes an action, whilst
Clicking on
previously been undone.
redoes an action that has
The selected position is located automatically by clicking on
moves the stage to the previous position in the list,
Clicking on
whilst clicking on
moves it to the next position.
You also have the option of zooming into the graphic display by clicking
on
or zooming out of it by clicking on
. Hold down the Shift
key and move the mouse wheel to make use of a stepless zoom function.
Clicking on
restores the full view of the entire slide.
to resort your position list. The criteria X Position, Y

Select
Position, Z Position, Name, Index and Shortest distance are available
for selection from a drop-down menu.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Further selection options can be found on the Options property page:
Include focus in move: if this check box is activated, the z-position

(focus position) saved when the position was defined is also restored
when you travel to a position.
Wrap around during move next/previous: if this check box is
activated, when "traveling forwards" you move from the last position to
the first position in the list, and when "traveling backwards" from the
first position to the last position.
Prompt for name of new positions: if this check box is activated, a
dialog for entering the position name is displayed automatically after each
new position is created.
Move focus drive to load position between wells and multiple
slides: if this check box is activated, the objectives are moved to the load
position while you are moving to another well or slide, in order to prevent
damage.
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Modules - Mark&Find
To make it easier to locate positions for the Mark&Find list, the option is
available of having the carrier scanned fully automatically at a low
. Provided that
magnification to obtain a preview. To do this, click on
the MosaiX module is licensed and selected in the module list, the
following dialog appears:
button to generate an overview

You can now click on the
image containing the set number of columns and rows with a defined
overlap. You have the option of setting the objective for acquisition, the
exposure time and the size of the tile image in m (300, 512, 1024 or
2500).
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Modules - Mark&Find
Click on
to transfer this overview to the graphic display in
your Mark&Find dialog.
The overview dialog is otherwise operated in the same way as the MosaiX
dialog (please also read the manual and the online help entries on MosaiX,
F1 key).
Now save the changes. To do this, click on the
button.
You have now successfully generated a position list and can use this at any
time to relocate the saved positions. This list can also be used within the
context of Multidimensional Acquisition.
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Position lists for multiwell plates are created in the same way as for slides,
although there are a number of additional control elements and functions.
These additional, divergent functions are presented below, without explaining
all the functions that are identical to those in example 1 again. For details of
the general functions, please also refer to the section Example 1: slide.
To ensure that you can work sensibly with multiwell plates, the coordinates of
the plate need to be adapted to the stage coordinates by means of
calibration. The more wells your plate has, the more important it is to perform
precise calibration.
Note:
If the stage has already been calibrated and a standard plate has been
selected, the program tries to locate the correct position after you call up
the wizard. Please first ensure, therefore, that there are no obstacles
within the stages travel range.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Select a low objective magnification (e.g. 10x) and transmitted light

illumination. Place a multiwell plate of the type that you wish to use in the
holder on the microscope stage.
icon. This opens the calibration wizard. If you have

Click on the
already performed calibrations, you are asked whether you wish to retain
the calibration data. Select No if you wish to perform a new calibration
and reject the old calibration data. Select Yes to continue working with
the old calibration data.
Note:
The orientation of the camera and the stage axes must be correctly
configured to allow error-free calibration. The movement of the camera's
field of view must correlate with the movements of the slider (or joystick)
for stage control in all four directions. The camera orientation, the camera
port being used and the settings for the image orientation and axis
orientation of the stage all influence this behavior.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Use the stage control to move interactively to the positions on the

multiwell plate that correspond to the well marked in yellow. The aim is
to travel to the calibration points symbolized in the control area at the
bottom left and to move them to the center of the live image (reticle). The
first position to be located could look something like this in the live
image:
button, which is currently active, you can

By clicking on the
now define this calibration point. It then becomes possible to calibrate the
next position. In total, the following positions need to be located and set
for a calibration:
Top left well: 12, 6, 9 and 3 o clock position

Top right well: 12 and 9 o clock position
Bottom right well: 12 oclock position
Wells that have already been calibrated are shown green in the graphic.
Wells that have yet to be calibrated are marked in yellow.
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Modules - Mark&Find
Click on
to go back to the previous step of the calibration.
Click on
to return the calibration wizard to its original state.
Click on
have made.
to exit the wizard without saving any changes you
button under the live image only becomes active once all
The
the necessary calibration steps have been performed. Click on it to save
the calibration and exit the wizard.
As an alternative to calibrating on the basis of the well edges, it is
possible to calibrate using the well center only. To do this, activate the
Center positions only check box. You then only need to define the
center positions of the top left, top right and bottom right wells. You
should use a low objective magnification for this that allows you to view
the entire well in the live image.
Go to the Multiwell graphics property page. Double-clicking on a well
automatically moves the stage to the center of the selected well. The
current stage position is marked with a red cross. The selected well (B3) is
outlined in blue:
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Modules - Mark&Find
By outlining several wells with the left-hand mouse button depressed or

performing a multiple selection using the Strg key, combinations of
different wells can also be selected (in the example B3, B4, B5, row C):
To automatically generate positions in the selected wells and save them in

. A position at the center of the
a Mark&Find position list, click on
well is now generated for all selected wells, using the current focus
position. Wells in which positions have been set are marked with
hatching:
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Modules - Mark&Find
Alternatively, by clicking on
, it is also possible to have a number of
positions generated automatically for each well. Here you only need to
define the number of positions in the x and y dimensions. Please note
that any previously saved positions are lost.
You can, of course, also locate positions manually and add individual
positions by clicking on the
icons.
A special function that is available for multiwell plates allows you to

overwrite the focus position of the selected position by clicking on
.
This function makes it possible to adapt a position list that has already
been created to a multiwell plate with a different focus position (e.g. due
to a different base thickness).
In the case of multiwell plates, you can also define a rule on the Options
property page that will be used to automatically name the positions in the
list:
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Modules - Panorama
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The Panorama module creates large images from individual images, enabling
you, for example, to display objects that would otherwise not fit into an
image field. The images are combined with pixel precision, either interactively
by superimposing the images, or (with support from the software) using
Stitching (automatic image combination). It is also possible to combine
displaced images so that they fit together perfectly.
Panorama image consisting of four different images.
Panorama images can be created in two different ways:

Combining images acquired directly via a camera.
Using already saved images.
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Modules - Panorama
p==
There are no special technical requirements for generating Panorama images.

The operation of the module has been specially designed for the use of
manual microscopes and single image acquisition.
Notes:
The automatic acquisition of large composite images is possible using the
MosaiX module and requires a scanning stage.
If you wish to combine images acquired directly from the camera, however,
you will require a camera that has been integrated into AxioVision. It is not
possible to use TWAIN devices, but you can acquire images using a camera
integrated via the TWAIN interface, and then create Panorama images from
the individual files.
It is not necessary to use a scanning stage, but this does make it easier to
position the individual images. AxioVision will then adjust the resulting image
size automatically, and suggest a position for the newly acquired image. The
known stage coordinates are converted directly into the image position. A
correct image can then usually be generated using Stitching (automatic
image combination).
You should bear in mind that the resulting images may sometimes require a
very large amount of storage space. In particular, if you are using highresolution digital cameras, such as those in the AxioCam family, the Panorama
images can easily take up as much as several hundred megabytes. The
computer you are using should therefore have an appropriate user memory
and hard disk capacity. You should also consider the possibility of external
storage (network, CD/DVD writer etc.), as otherwise local hard-disk capacities
may be quickly used up.
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Modules - Panorama
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Generally, an image that has been acquired using the Panorama module is the
same as any other it is just larger, and made up of several component
images. For Panorama images, a special view which allows you to work more
efficiently with the individual images is therefore available via the image
window: Tile View.
In this view you have access to the individual images (the "tiles") that make
up a Panorama image. Here you can "pick up" the tiles individually, and
change their position or alignment. You can also display information on the
individual tiles, and insert circumscribing rectangles.
Pane to activate the tile view in the display window.

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The Panorama Acquisition function can be executed via the work area on
the left-hand side of the AxioVision window. If the work area is not displayed,
activate it via the Standard toolbar
Alternatively, select the Windows function on the View menu and then the
Workarea entry.
Notes:
The work area may in fact be open but covered by the workflows. If that
is the case, simply click on the Workarea tab at the bottom edge of the
work area
9-101
Modules - Panorama
Set the light path to the camera. Then

open the live window by clicking on the
icon for the live image on the Standard
toolbar. Alternatively, select the Live
function from the Acquisition menu.
Select the scaling for the chosen objective
from the List of available scalings
underneath the live image, if automatic
scaling is not available.
To adjust the live image, click on the
Properties button. Alternatively, select the
Properties function from the View menu.
Notes:
To guarantee a stitching result without annoying shading on the image
border, you should execute or activate the shading correction. Go to the
General tab in the Properties dialog. Make sure that the camera is
viewing a completely empty image. To ensure that this is the case, move
your sample on the microscope completely out of the field of view.
Click the Shading Correction button to acquire the shading correction

image.
To ensure that dirt particles from the slide are not visible in the correction
image, use a clean slide and a clean objective and completely defocus the
microscope.
Please note that if the objective is changed the white reference has to be
generated again.
A detailed description of the steps involved in preparing for image

acquisition can be found in the section "Step by Step to the First Image"
in section 3.3 "Quick Guide to the First Image".
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Modules - Panorama
Close the Live display and select the

Acquisition entry under
Panorama in the work area.
The cameras live image is now

displayed at the center of the
Panorama Acquisition dialog. To
ensure that you have sufficient
space to position several images,
we recommend that you reduce
the display accordingly. To do this,
use the buttons on the toolbar of
the Panorama image.
Move the scanning stage to the starting point of the region you want to
acquire, and focus. Then click on Snap Image or use the F2 key of the
keyboard.
The live image (marked by a white circle in
the center) and the acquired image overlap
partially. To acquire the next image, drag
the live image (with the left mouse button
depressed) to the position where you want
the next image to be acquired. The images
should clearly overlap.
Do not attempt to put adjacent images
together with pixel precision. The function
for automatic alignment (stitching) requires
a overlap of good visible structures. The
guide value is around 20%. And: There
must be
ca. 20%
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Modules - Panorama
Now move the specimen to the new

position. The areas where the live image
overlaps with the images already acquired
are displayed in semi-transparent form.
This makes it easier to position the next
image.
The images do not have to be aligned
precisely, as they can be placed in the
correct position automatically later on
using the stitching function. However, if
the image regions that belong together are
positioned too far away from each other,
automatic stitching may not work.
Repeat the previous steps until you have acquired the entire region.
If the result is unsatisfactory, you can shift the individual tiles of the
Panorama image manually.
To do this, make sure that the
editing mode is active. (The Turn
on/off tile mode button at the
bottom edge of the Panorama
image has to be depressed.) Then
click inside a tile. The tile is
highlighted by a white circle at its
center. Hold down the left mouse
button, and move the tile to the
desired position. As before, areas of
overlap with other images are
displayed in semi-transparent form.
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Modules - Panorama
To delete individual tiles, click on a

tile. Then press the Delete selected
tile button at the bottom edge of
the Panorama image.
Click on OK to adopt the completed Panorama image into AxioVision.
At the bottom of the image window click on Tile View.
To align the tiles in relation to each
other, click on the button for
automatic tile alignment on the
toolbar directly under the image
window.
Alternatively, select the Stitching entry under Panorama in the work area.
Notes:
It is also possible to add extra images to an existing Panorama image. To
button in the top right-hand corner of the
do this, click on the
Panorama Acquisition dialog window. A gallery of all images currently
loaded in AxioVision is displayed. Select the desired image, and carry out
the steps described to add further single images to the existing Panorama
image.
button in the upper right corner of the

If you click on the
Panorama Acquisition dialog, you can start generating a new Panorama
image directly, without having to close the dialog first.
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Modules - Panorama
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If the individual tiles of a Panorama image are already available as individual

files, they can be put together manually. The most frequent problem and
source of errors here is the overlap of the individual tiles. If the overlap is too
large or too small, this can lead to problems when using the function that
automatically combines the tiles (stitching).
In principle, we therefore recommend that you create the images using the
Panorama acquisition function, and ensure that there is an appropriate area of
overlap. Please note, that the images must be of the same type (color/gray
values, size) to put them together.
The Import from Files function can be executed via the work area on the
left-hand side of the AxioVision window. If the work area is not displayed,
activate it via the Standard toolbar.
Alternatively, select the Windows function on the View menu and then the
Workarea entry.
Notes:
The work area may in fact be open but covered by the workflows. If that
is the case, simply click on the Workarea tab at the bottom edge of the
work area
All the steps involved in the generation of a Panorama image can be

found in sequence in the Panorama workflow.
Select the Import from files entry under
Panorama in the workarea.
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Modules - Panorama
Select the folder containing the

individual tiles of your Panorama image.
button above
To do this, click on the
the gallery. The Microsoft Windows
standard dialog Select folder is opened.
Select the desired folder and confirm by
. All the
clicking on
available images are now displayed as
thumbnails in the gallery.
To put the Panorama image together,

drag the first image into the Panorama
image area.
The image fills the whole of the
Panorama image area. To ensure that
you have sufficient space to position
additional images, we recommend that
you reduce the display accordingly. To
do this, use the buttons on the toolbar
of the Panorama image.
The selected image is now marked with

a red cross in the gallery, to show that it
has already been used.
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Modules - Panorama
Select the next image from the gallery

and drag it to the desired position. The
images should clearly overlap. The
function for automatic alignment
(stitching) requires a certain overlap. The
guide value is around 20%.
Drag all the other images into the Panorama image one after the other in
the same way, and position them.
If the result is unsatisfactory, you can of course subsequently shift the
individual tiles of the Panorama image manually.
Click inside a tile. The tile is highlighted
by a white circle at its center. Hold down
the left mouse button, and move the tile
to the desired position. As before, areas
of overlap with other images are
displayed in semi-transparent form.
To delete individual tiles, click on a tile.

Then press the Delete the selected tile
button at the bottom edge of the
Panorama image.
Click on OK to adopt the completed Panorama image into AxioVision.
At the bottom of the image window click on Tile View.
To align the tiles in relation to each
other, click on the button for automatic
tile alignment on the toolbar directly
under the image window.
Alternatively, select the Stitching entry under Panorama in the work
area.
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Modules - Panorama
Notes:
It is also possible to add extra images to an existing Panorama image. To
button in the top right-hand corner of the
do this, click on the
Import from files dialog window. A gallery of all images currently
loaded in AxioVision is displayed. Select the desired image, and carry out
the steps described to add it to the image.
If you click on the New button, you can start generating a new Panorama
image directly, without having to close the dialog first.
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As tile images are a special format, they cannot be further processed or

measured using the AxioVision functions. You have to convert them into a
regular AxioVision image first.
Acquire a tile image, or load one from the hard drive.
Select the Convert Tile Images
function from the Processing menu.
The current tile image is displayed,
with a frame, on the left-hand side.
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Modules - Panorama
You are now able to position the

frame freely and change its size.
If the mouse cursor is inside the
frame, keep the left mouse button
pressed and you can move the whole
frame.
If you move the mouse cursor onto
one of the frame handles, keep the
left mouse button pressed and resize
the frame.
Once you have selected the desired region, click on OK. A regular
AxioVision image is then generated. This image can now be processed
and measured in the usual way.
Note:
The size of the resulting image is reduced to 4096 pixels by default. If the
frame size set exceeds this value, the resulting image is automatically
reduced accordingly. The region you have selected is always used,
however. If you want to avoid reduction, you can freely configure the size
of the AxioVision image.
Select the Options function from the Tool menu. Activate the
Acquisition tab sheet.
Under Multidimensional image
acquisition you can adjust the Max.
MosaiX image size parameter
accordingly. The size of the value that
you can select for this setting is
essentially dependent on your
computers user memory.
If the setting you select is too large, you may not be able to process the
resulting images optimal. The processing speed will in any case be reduced
dramatically, constricting optimal working.
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Modules - MosaiX
VKT
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The MosaiX module has been developed to resolve a classic microscopy

problem: the insufficient size of the field of view. At high magnifications in
particular, the region that can be seen through the eyepiece is never large
enough. If you are working with cameras, the problem is frequently
exacerbated by the fact that the cameras rectangular sensor cuts off regions
of the round field of view when it is viewed through the eyepiece.
The ideal situation, therefore, would be to display the entire region of interest
in a single image, even at high magnifications.
A number of different application scenarios are conceivable:
Acquisition of image overlapping objects
In the simplest case, the object of interest cannot be displayed in full in a
single image at the selected magnification. This means that several
individual images have to be combined to form a larger overall image,
and if the number of images in question is small, or if the system you are
using does not have a scanning stage, you may be well advised to make
use of the Panorama module too.
Archiving of a complete slide ("virtual slide")

The archiving of specimen over al long period requires a high amount of
space and its always associated with loss of quality (i.e. bleaching). The
digital archiving of complete specimen is because storage media are
becoming cheaper all the time is a realistic way to save them permanently
with consistent quality.
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Modules - MosaiX
Correction of objects cut by the image border

If you want to measure large areas, usually several single images have to
be acquired. In this case always the questions comes up, how to handle
objects that are not visible in full in the image. These objects should not
be measured, as this would distort the measurement result. Using MosaiX
images, you can avoid this problem completely.
With MosaiX, a specimen is scanned with a scanning stage extensively to
generate a large "virtual" representation. This electronically generated image
of the specimen serves as a map for navigating around the sample, and as a
basis for further analyses. The advantage of this method is that you only have
to scan the specimen once, and it is then available for all subsequent
processing or analysis steps.
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There are two ways to combine the individual images with the highest
possible pixel precision:
Ensure that the stage calibration and camera alignment are correct. The
images are then "simply" put together. No check is performed to
establish whether this has been done correctly. This is a fast method, but
a certain amount of care is required when you are configuring the system.
The second option automatically guarantees that all images are correctly
positioned in relation to each other. This is what is known as Stitching.
Here the image structures of adjoining images are used as a basis to
check that the boundaries actually fit together correctly. If this is not the
case, the images are automatically placed in the correct position in
relation to each other.
As the focus plane does not always remain the same if samples are large, or if
the scanning stage has to travel large distances, automatic focusing is often
required during acquisition. Two options are available here: the Autofocus
function and Focus Correction.
Autofocus: here every nth selected tile image is focused in accordance
with the calibration performed. The focus plane found is retained for the
acquisition of the following tile images, until the next nth tile is reached.
This is Focus Correction: With this method a focus landscape is
defined. Several focused positions are used to calculate the threedimensional surface curves of the object and the individual tiles are
focused accordingly. At least three positions need to be set. The larger
the desired MosaiX, the more positive the effect of setting more focus
positions will be on the sharpness of all the tile images.
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Modules - MosaiX
p==
A scanning stage is essential for generating MosaiX images. To make use of

the options for automatic focusing, you will require a microscope with a
motorized z-drive. The Autofocus function requires the AxioVision
Autofocus module.
You should also bear in mind that the resulting images may sometimes
require a very large amount of storage space. Images with several hundred
MB, or even several GB, are not uncommon. This means that the computer
you are using must have an appropriate user memory and hard disk capacity.
You should also consider the possibility of external storage (network, CD/DVD
writer etc.).
p~=~==j~u=~=
Generally, an image that has been acquired using the MosaiX module is the
same as any other it is just larger, and made up of several component
images. For MosaiX images, a special view which allows you to work more
efficiently with the individual images is therefore available via the image
window: TileView. In this view you have access to the individual images (the
"tiles") that make up a MosaiX image. Here you can "pick up" the tiles
individually, and change their position or alignment. You can also display
information on the individual tiles, and insert circumscribing rectangles.
Button to activate the tile view in the display window.
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j~=j~u=~=
The MosaiX module can also be used together with the modules for
multidimensional image acquisition. It can therefore be combined freely with
the Multichannel Fluorescence, Z-Stack, Time Lapse and Mark&Find modules.
If you are using MosaiX together with the Mark&Find module, you can define
a region around any position in a Mark&Find position list for which you want
to acquire a MosaiX image.
Muscle specific GFP tag (yellow), nuclear stain (blue), stage 10.5 embryo, 2 channel
fluorescence Z-stack ApoTome acquisition of 3x3 Camerafields, stitched together with
the new MosaiX module of AxioVision 4.2. Dr. Frederic Relaix and Emanuelle Perret,
PFID, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France.
The Extended Focus module is only useful in combination with the MosaiX
module if you are using Z-stack images. A microscope with a motorized Zdrive is required.
If you want the individual planes of a region of a specimen to be acquired
manually for the extended focus, the Panorama module is also required, to
put the individual images together.
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Modules - MosaiX
p===~~=~=~=~=
If you want to acquire good quality MosaiX images, you need to ensure that
certain requirements relating to the interaction of the camera and
microscope/scanning stage are met. This is firstly to guarantee the correct
movement of the stage, and secondly to prevent the individual tiles from
being shifted or rotated in relation to each other during acquisition.
f~=~=
The image orientation in the eyepiece and the image on the monitor must be
identically. This means that the image on the monitor must not be rotated in
relation to the eyepiece display. If the alignment in the live image is wrong, it
can be corrected either by rotating the camera or by adjusting the image
alignment:
Set the light path to the camera. Open the
live window by clicking on the icon for the
live image on the Standard toolbar.
Alternatively, select the Live function from
the Acquisition menu.
To change the image alignment, click on
the Live Properties button. Alternatively,
select the Live Properties function from
the View menu.
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In the Live Properties dialog, select the

General tab.
Select the appropriate Image Orientation
from the drop-down list box, so that the
live image and eyepiece image will
correspond.
Notes:
A detailed description of the steps involved
in preparing for image acquisition can be
found in the section "Step by Step to the
First Image" in section 3.3 "Quick Guide to
the First Image".
a=====~=
To guarantee that the stage moves correctly, the direction of movement must
be set in such a way that a movement of the camera is simulated when the
control function in AxioVision is used to move the stage. This means that if
the stage control function is moved to the right, the objects in the live image
move to the left. If the stage control function is moved up, the objects move
down. If the directions of movement are wrong, they can be adjusted via the
Microscope Configuration program.
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Modules - MosaiX
Set the light path to the camera.

Open the live window by clicking on
the icon for the live image on the
Standard toolbar. Alternatively,
select the Live function from the
Acquisition menu.
Select the Stage/Focus entry from
the Microscope menu, and open the
stage control function via the Stage
entry.
Now check the directions of

movement in the x- and y-directions.
First move the stage to the right.
The objects in the image should move
to the left.
If the objects also move to the right,
you need to change the direction of
movement via the Microscope
Configuration program.
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Before you do this, however, test the

movement in the y-direction.
Move the stage up.
The objects in the image should move
down.
If, instead of moving as described
above, the objects move in the exact
opposite direction, the directions of
movement of the stage can be
reversed.
Close AxioVision and start the MTB
2004 Configuration program. If the
program is not available as an icon on
the Microsoft Windows desktop,
select MTB 2004 Configuration via
Start
Programs
Carl Zeiss
Vision.
In MTB 2004 Configuration select
the
drop-down menu. You can change
the direction of travel by clicking on
the quadrants.
If you are using the MAC 5000 as

stage controller, the movement can
be reversed by the check boxes of the
parameter Invert x-Axis and Invert
y-Axis.
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Modules - MosaiX
Click on
to come out of the MTB 2004 Configuration
program and save the settings.
Start AxioVision again, and follow the steps described above to check the
direction of movement.
Note:
If you are working with a joystick, you may find that the direction of
movement cannot be changed when the joystick is being used. This
means that the hardware and software joysticks have different directions
of movement.
^==~~=~=~=
The camera and stage must be aligned with each other in such a way that
objects move parallel to the x- and y-axes when the stage is moved.
Otherwise, the individual tiles of the MosaiX image would have to be rotated
in relation to each other in order to combine them exactly.
The home slide (part number 453583) offers you optimum definition
conditions. The center of this slide is marked with a high degree of
precision, and the slide is covered and has polished edges. This
ensures that it can be placed precisely into the slide holder.
Alternatively, you can use a point that stands out clearly on a slide of
your choice.
Set the light path to the camera. Open
the live window by clicking on the icon
for the live image on the Standard
toolbar. Alternatively, select the Live
function from the Acquisition menu.
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Find a point that stands out clearly on

your slide, or position the center of the
home slide (as shown in the example) in
the top left-hand corner of the live
image.
Select the Stage/Focus entry from the

Microscope menu, and open the stage
control function via the Stage entry.
Now move the stage to the left. The

selected point moves to the right.
Note:
If the point moves to the left, you need
to change the direction of movement.
Please refer to the previous section.
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Modules - MosaiX
The selected point should move parallel

to the top edge of the image over the
entire image width, up to the top righthand corner. If it does, the edges of the
stage and the camera are aligned
parallel to each other.
If it does not, you need to rotate the camera slightly, and then move the point
across the image again. Keep doing this until parallel movement is achieved.
Note:
If you are no longer able to combine your MosaiX images correctly, this
check should be repeated. It is quite possible that the camera has been
inadvertently rotated.
^==j~u=~=
Set the light path to the camera. Open the

live window by clicking on the icon for the
live image on the Standard toolbar.
Alternatively, select the Live function from
the Acquisition menu.
Select the scaling for the chosen objective
from the List of available scalings
underneath the live image.
To adjust the live image, click on the Live
Properties button. Alternatively, select the
Live Properties function from the View
menu.
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Notes:
To guarantee a stitching result without annoying shading on the image
border, you should activate the shading correction. Go to the General
tab in the Live image properties dialog. Make sure that the camera is
viewing a completely empty image. To ensure that this is the case, move
your sample on the microscope completely out of the field of view.
To ensure that dirt particles from the slide are not visible in the correction
image, use a clean slide and a clean objective and completely defocus the
microscope.
Please note that if the objective is changed the shading correction has to
be generated again.
A detailed description of the steps involved in preparing for image

acquisition can be found in the section "Step by Step to the First Image"
in section 3.3 "Quick Guide to the First Image".
Select the Acquisition entry under
MosaiX in the work area.
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Modules - MosaiX
The MosaiX Acquisition property page

displays the current MosaiX settings.
In order for automatic alignment
(stitching) to be performed successfully,
the images need to be acquired with an
overlap. A value of 10-20% is
recommended.
The MosaiX-Setup dialog is available if
you wish to adjust these settings. To
open the dialog, click on
The MosaiX Acquisition Setup

dialog is the central dialog for
defining the position and size of the
MosaiX image to be acquired of your
specimen.
To define a new MosaiX image, reset

any existing settings. To do this, click
button below the
on the
Navigator.
The size is reset to one tile. The
starting point is the current stage
position. You can choose between
the rectangle or circle mode or the
overview image.
As a reference point you can choose between the tile in the top left-hand
corner or the center of the entire MosaiX image.
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Modules - MosaiX
Now, starting from the current

point, move to the furthest points of
the MosaiX area using the control
elements for the Stage in the
Microscope and camera group.
First, move to the left edge of the

area you wish to acquire, for
example, or double-click on the
corresponding position in the
Navigation window.
Click on the button to enlarge the

MosaiX image to the current
position.
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Modules - MosaiX
The MosaiX area is now enlarged to

the current position.
Repeat these steps for the right, top

and bottom edges of the area you
wish to acquire.
Note:
To check that the MosaiX area has
been correctly defined, you can
move to individual tiles directly by
double-clicking on a tile in the
navigator.
If you wish to reduce the area for

the MosaiX image, move to the new
edge positions (top, bottom, right,
left) and click on the appropriate
button for clipping the MosaiX
image.
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Click on OK to adopt the settings.

The settings are now adopted into
the MosaiX Acquisition property
page.
Start acquisition by clicking on Start.
AxioVision now covers the defined

area and displays the result step by
step.
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Modules - MosaiX
p=~~=
Scanning stages deviate from their exact positioning as they move. To ensure
that it is nevertheless possible to assemble an overall image correctly when
you are acquiring combined images (MosaiX), the single images (tiles) are
acquired with overlapping regions and are subsequently fitted together using
the so-called stitching method. It is essential that sufficient structures are
displayed within these overlapping regions. The stitching algorithm attempts
to recognize the precisely matching regions of two tile images that are located
side by side and tries to position them accordingly.
Tile 1
Tile22
Tile
Overlap region
Tile 1
Tile 2
The idea of the stitching algorithm is based on pattern recognition. A

structure is detected in the overlapping region of a tile image. An attempt is
then made to find this structure again in the overlapping region of the
neighboring tile.
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Error of the scanning stage movement
Tile 1
search space
MinimumOverlap = 3% 30 Pixel
pattern region
Tile 2
SearchDepth =
15 % = 150 Pixel
15% MosaiX-Overlap
The tile images in the diagram overlap by 15%. The Overlap parameter is set
in the MosaiX Acquisition function.
Note:
Tiles that do not overlap cannot be fitted together!
Three parameters are important for the stitching algorithm:
MinimumOverlap, Search Depth and SobelSize.
The MinimumOverlap parameter indicates the size of the pattern
region. The size is given as a percentage of the tile size. If, for example, a
tile image contains 1000x800 pixels and the MinimumOverlap has been
set to 3%, this results in a pattern region of 30 pixels.
In the diagram, this region is shaded dark gray. An attempt is now made
to find the structures contained here in the overlap region of the
neighboring tile (light gray rectangle).
The stitching algorithm can only be applied successfully if visible structures
are present in the search space. If only a few structures are present, you
can increase the MinimumOverlap parameter. This means that the
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Modules - MosaiX
pattern region that you wish to look for is expanded and the possibility of
finding a clear structure is increased.
The MinimumOverlap region selected should not be larger than the
MosaiX-Overlap, however. This means that, when acquiring objects that
contain few structures, you should select a 20-30% overlap for the
MosaiX Acquisition function so that you can subsequently set the
MinimumOverlap to a high value, such as 10%.
The lower the value set for the MinimumOverlap parameter, the quicker
the stitching process takes place.
The SearchDepth parameter indicates the percentage of the tile size in
which the best match for the defined structure should be searched for in
the 1st tile image. If you use an accurate scanning stage, the
SearchDepth can be kept low (e.g. 5%), as the pattern region can be
found close to the original position.
For stages that are less accurate, you will need to work with a larger
SearchDepth in order to have a chance of finding the structure.
However, you should bear in mind that if too large a SearchDepth is
selected, an incorrect stitching position may be found particularly if the
specimen displays similar or recurring structure patterns.
Remember that a lower value for the SearchDepth parameter speeds up
the stitching process.
The SobelSize parameter indicates the way in which the stitching
algorithm deals with the structures in the defined pattern region for an
optimum search result. In most cases, you can retain the preselected value
Low.
However, if your tile images contain blurred structures which cause
stitching problems, you can set this value to Off. In this case, it is essential
that you perform shading correction during the acquisition of the tile
images. Should the problems continue with the Low or Off values, you
can use the High parameter value. This selection then takes larger image
structures into account for pattern recognition.
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`=~==~==~=~=^s=
~=
As tile images are a special format, they cannot be further processed or

measured using the AxioVision functions. You have to convert them into a
regular AxioVision image first.
Acquire a tile image, or load one from the hard drive.
Select the Convert Tile Images
function from the Processing menu.
The current tile image is displayed,
with a frame, on the left-hand side.
You are now able to position the

frame freely and change its size.
If the mouse cursor is inside the
frame, keep the left mouse button
pressed and you can move the whole
frame.
If you move the mouse cursor onto
one of the frame handles, keep the
left mouse button pressed and resize
the frame.
Once you have selected the desired region, click on OK. A regular
AxioVision image is then generated. This image can now be processed
and measured in the usual way.
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Modules - MosaiX
Note:
The size of the resulting image is reduced to 8192 pixels by default. If the
frame size set exceeds this value, the resulting image is automatically
reduced accordingly. The region you have selected is always used,
however. If you want to avoid reduction, you can freely configure the size
of the AxioVision image.
Select the Options function from the
Tool menu. Activate the Image tab
sheet.
In the Multidimensional acquisition
field you can adjust the Max. MosaiX
image size parameter accordingly.
The size of the value that you can
select for this setting is essentially
dependent on your computers user
memory.
If the setting you select is too large, you may not be able to process the
resulting images optimal. The processing speed will in any case be reduced
dramatically, constricting optimal working.
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Modules - TMA
VKU
qj^=
_~=
Tissue microarrays consist of hundreds of small tissue samples of cores fixed

on a single:
Biopsies embedded in paraffin
Composite image of a tissue microarray
This technique makes it possible to analyze a wide variety of tissue samples in

parallel, under the same conditions and without variability in the staining. In
connection with automated image acquisition and analysis, tissue microarrays
are fed into an efficient high-throughput procedure.
The functions of the TMA module are integrated into AxioVision, expanding
the software with the option of acquiring tissue microarrays. On the other
hand, all the modules available in AxioVision can also be combined with TMA,
e.g. with the quantitative analysis methods.
^~=
The TMA module enables the acquisition of an overview "map" of the tissue
microarray. Tissue cores are automatically detected and identified with a grid
position and a coordinate list is created. Using the detected core positions,
TMA acquires high resolution images of immuno-histochemically stained or
fluorescence labeled core samples (e.g. FISH) and can acquire images with
multiple separately labeled fluorochromes.
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Modules - TMA
The AxioVision measurement functions provide all the tools for counting cells
and quantifying staining intensity, percent positive marked elements and
other parameters.
c=~=~==^s=
TMA adds two functions to AxioVision one for generating a composite

image and one for deriving a position list from the composite image. The
functions are available via the Applications TMA menu. Consequently,
they can be used in your own toolbars and workflows etc. via the Extras
Customize function.
The TMA workflow can also be used for routine work.
Detailed descriptions relating to the individual functions can be found in the

online help. Simply start a function and then press the F1 key.
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j~=j~=
Captures a low magnification overview map of the array using a mosaic

technique. This is a quick and easy to use function with re-usable templates
for different tissue microarray layouts. Make Map can acquire an overview in
brightfield or fluorescence illumination.
a=`=
Automatically detects the cores from the overview map image and assigns
grid coordinates. A highly sensitive algorithm is used that can cope with
distorted array patterns or missing cores. The grid coordinates of each core
are used to create a Mark&Find list. Coordinates can be referenced to marker
cores on the sample, allowing cores to be relocated after the slide has been
replaced on the microscope. Additionally, the reference point is required for
using the TMA position list correctly with other modules of AxioVision.
m=
In order to work with TMA, the Mark&Find and MosaiX modules must also be
installed on your system in addition to TMA. Depending on what you wish to
use the TMA module for, other modules may also be useful, e.g. Multichannel
Fluorescence, Z-stack, Autofocus, AutoMeasure. Your microscope must be
equipped with a scanning stage, to facilitate automatic location of the
sample.
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Modules - Fast Acquisition
VKV
c~=^=
^==
The Fast Acquisition module enables you to acquire multidimensional images

(Time Lapse, Z-Stack, Multichannel Fluorescence) at a speed that is only
restricted by the technical limitations of the devices you are using (camera,
light source, focusing unit) and the selected camera settings. To achieve this
speed, the Fast Acquisition module automatically uses a "streaming"
technique, where the raw camera data is written to a fast hard disk (or a
suitable empty partition), which is only used for streaming. This can be
defined in Tools Options Storage Folder for Camera Streaming
File.
The result of acquisition is a streaming document (*.ziAR).
After the data is collected,, the streaming document is converted into a
regular ZVI image document. This is required for all further processing steps in
AxioVision.
The principle is illustrated in the following schematic (the actual harddisk
configuration in your computer may be different):
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This method of acquisition greatly depends on the PC equipment and

configuration. Please adhere to the technical requirements for fast acquisition
systems, which can be found in the "AxioVision Product Suite" installation
manual.
The Fast Acquisition menu entry contains three functions for calling up the
Acquisition, Cutter and Information dialogs.
Note:
You can also call up the Fast Acquisition entry from the Workarea.
b==~=
Activating this function you will find the property page Experiment as well as
property pages for the modules Multichannel Fluorescence, Z-Stack and
Time Lapse. In many ways the operation of these functions is comparable to
the respective modules of the Multidimensional Acquisition.
On the Experiment property page you will find an overview of the available
functions and also of a range of important control elements. From this
property page you can load, save and execute a previously prepared
experiment. Here you can also extract the relevant experiment data from a
stored image and start a new experiment under identical conditions.
Each dimension function has its own property page.
C = Channels
Z = Z-Stack
T = Time Lapse
From the Experiment property page you can specify the dimension that you
want included in your experiment. AxioVision requires information such as the
definition of channels, z-planes and time series. This collection of information
is referred to in AxioVision as an "experiment".
You can save the experiment and execute it by clicking on the
button. The result of this process is always a new, unsaved image.
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Note:
Experiments defined for the Fast Acquisition are different from
experiments of the Multidimensional Acquisition and are therefore not
interchangeable. This is reflected by the document extension ZVXF.
Options
Each dimension function has a check box that allows you to specify whether
you want to use the function in question. The status line to the right provides
the most important information on the settings you have made on the
corresponding property page.
Experiment
In the first line you will see the name of the current experiment. If a default
experiment has been defined, this line is empty. You can load a previously
button. Another dialog opens in
saved experiment using the
which previously stored experiments present on the system are listed:
to load the
Now select an experiment and click either on

experiment or on
to close the dialog again.
Note:
Please note that experiments can be recognized automatically by
AxioVision in three different places on the system:
In a central location in the program directory (accessible to all users)

(Windows XP/VISTA: C:\Program Files\Carl Zeiss
Vision\AxioVision\Data\AcquisitionRecording\FastAcquisition).
In a central location for a work group (accessible to all members of

that group) (Windows XP: C:\Documents and Settings\All
Users\Shared Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\AcquisitionRecording\

FastAcquisition; Windows VISTA: D:\User_Data\Public\Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\AquisitionRecording\FastAquisition).
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In your personal work folder (for the user "Administrator" (Windows

XP: e.g. C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\AcquisitionRecording\FastAcquisition)
(accessible to you only); Windows VISTA:
D:\User_Data\Administrator\Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\AquisitionRecording\FastAquisition.
A newly created or modified experiment can be saved by clicking on

. Experiments are always saved with the extension "ZVXF" in your
personal document folder (e.g. for the user "Administrator": C:\Documents
and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\Carl

Zeiss\Data\AcquisitionRecording\ FastAcquisition).
You can also use

to save an experiment in a different
location. This means, for example, that you can make a ZVXF experiment file
available to several local Microsoft Windows users by saving it in the workgroup folder (C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\
AcquisitionRecording\FastAcquisition).
Working with default experiments
Instead of loading stored experiments it might be useful to store a standard
experiment as the default experiment. This is useful when several users are
working with the systems. For example, a standard experiment could contain
all of the available possible channels on the imaging system for example.
Starting with this default set up all channels not needed for the experiment
can then simply be deactivated (right mouse click on the channel tab)
temporarily.
The experiment which should become the default first has to be configured as
desired. Then, to make an experiment the default, the Save As Default
option has to be selected from the Save dialog (accessed by clicking on ).
From now on, every time, AxioVision is started, the default experiment will
load automatically. Changes made to this experiment during an AxioVision
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session are automatically discarded when the program is closed. This ensures
that the standard experiment is always available to other users and not
accidentally modified.
Changes made to the default experiment during an AxioVision session can be
discarded by choosing Load Default from the
button.
In order to reset the experiment to the factory default, the Load Factory
Default option can be selected from the
button.
A newly acquired image is given the name Fast-Acquisition-Stream-,

followed by a serial number. If you want to change the name of the image,
you can do this in the Prefix input field.
Camera
From the drop-down list field you can select, which camera should be used for
fast acquisition. This is important for systems which are set up with two
identical cameras in a Dual Camera configuration. You can choose either the
ActiveAcquisition camera, which is the camera currently active in the system
or you can specifically specify one camera of your choice (e.g. AxioCamHS_2)
which will then be automatically selected for acquisition. Finally, you can
choose Dual Camera. In this case, two identical cameras can be used
simultaneously. Please see the help for Dual Camera elsewhere for further
details.
Hardware-Settings for Experiment
Here you can enter hardware component settings that you want to be
executed at the start of the experiment before image acquisition starts, e.g.
switching of light path to camera or desired camera resolution.
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Before experiment: Here you can select a suitable hardware setting

from the drop-down list box. If you click on the
button, you can
apply the selected hardware setting to the microscope to test the settings.
After experiment: You can use an additional hardware setting for the
end of the experiment. If you click on the
button, you can apply the
selected hardware setting to the microscope to test the settings.
`=E`~F==~=
Here you can define up to 5 channels to be used for acquisition. Only one
channel is displayed per page. To switch between channels, click on the
. The tabs show the channel number and
corresponding button
are also displayed in the selected channel color to help you to find the channel
you are looking for.
You can temporarily disable a channel by right-mouse clicking on the channel
tab. The channel will become inactive
during the next acquisition.
and will not be used
You can also change the order in which the channels are acquired by
dragging a channel tab to another place
number is reset after release of the mouse button
. The channel
.
Settings
Dye: Here you can make a selection from a list of frequently used
fluorescent dyes. If you make a selection from the drop-down list box, a
suggested color is also inserted into the Color field. Values for excitation
and/or emission maximums are also assigned to each fluorochrome. This
information is important if you are using the 3D Deconvolution module,
for example.
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In the
dialog you can also enter a new
fluorochrome into the Dye text field. The appropriate wavelength
information can be entered in the corresponding text fields (please also
see Extended parameters).
Color: Here you can select a suitable channel color (often also known as
pseudo color, in particular with black/white cameras in fluorescence
microscopy).
Click in the drop-down list box to select from a range of default colors.
A new color can be selected via the Microsoft Windows color selection
. Select a color field from the left-hand area or
dialog by clicking on
pick out a color from the color gradients on the right-hand side. Colors
you define yourself appear as Custom colors in the bottom part of the
list.
Name: Here you can assign a name of your choice to the channel.
Default channel name is the dye name.
b=~~=
In addition to the setting options offered on the C (Channels) property page,

you can also make more advanced channel settings in an expert mode. The
options available here are restricted to parameters that cannot reduce the
speed of fast image acquisition. For this reason you will not find all the
options here that are available in Multidimensional Acquisition.
button opens the new dialog Extended Channel
The
Parameters in the form of a floating window.
This dialog displays all the channels of the current experiment next to each
other in tabular form. Some functions are brought together as subgroups.
to open the group and on to close it again.
Click on
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The channel table also contains all the control elements you need to be able
to make the correct settings. The parameters are listed and explained
individually below:
Enable
Here you can deactivate the use of a channel temporarily without having to
remove the entire channel entry from an experiment.
Name
Give the channel a name of your choice (e.g. "DAPI-Automatic").
Channel Color
This allows you to select a suitable channel color (often also known as pseudo
color, in particular with black/white cameras in fluorescence microscopy).
Click in the drop-down list box to select from a range of default colors.
A new color can be selected via the Microsoft Windows color selection dialog
by clicking on
. Select a color rectangle from the left-hand area or pick out
a color from the color gradients on the right-hand side. Colors you define
yourself appear as "Custom" colors in the bottom part of the list.
Exposure Time [ms]

Here you can enter the exposure time being used for the channel into the
value field, either directly or using the
buttons. To determine the
exposure time interactively, click on

. The dialog that opens contains a live
image, generated using the channel-specific hardware settings. In this live
button) to
image the main control elements are available (
allow you to determine the correct exposure time. After confirmation (clicking
), the dialog is closed and the new exposure time is adopted
on
automatically. Please note that fast image acquisition only allows images to be
acquired in rapid succession if suitably short exposure times are used.
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Exposure Mode
In the drop-down list box, three modes are available:
1. Camera settings: The value that has just been entered on the cameras
Adjust property page (called up e.g. via Acquisition menu Select
Camera) is used. Any value present in the channel table is ignored.
2. Channel settings: The exposure time entered in the channel table is used.
The value on the cameras Adjust property page (called up e.g. via
Acquisition menu Select Camera) is ignored.
3. Optimum Speed Value: The exposure time is chosen according to the
readout time of the camera, which is determined by the used camera
parameters (Binning, ROI). With this setting it is possible to maximize the
acquisition speed in the case of 2D time lapse imaging. This setting does not
make sense in all other cases involving other hardware such as wavelength
switching devices or fast piezo focussing devices.
Dye
This information is essential if you have installed the ApoTome or 3D
Deconvolution modules. Here you can make a selection from a list of
frequently used fluorescent dyes in the drop-down list box. This suggested
color is also entered into the Color field. The correct values for excitation
and/or emission maximums have also already been assigned to each
fluorochrome. This information is important if you are using the 3D
Deconvolution module, for example.
You can, however, also enter a fluorochrome into the text field yourself. The
corresponding wavelength information can be entered into the following two
fields.
Excitation wavelength [nm]
This information is crucial if images are to be used in the 3D Deconvolution
module. If you have entered your own fluorochrome under Dye, here you can
specify the excitation maximum for that fluorochrome. Please bear in mind
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that the value that is relevant here may be dependent on the excitation filter
you are using.
Emission wavelength [nm]
This information is crucial if images are to be used in the 3D Deconvolution
module. If you have entered your own fluorochrome under Dye, here you can
specify the emission maximum for that fluorochrome. Please bear in mind that
the value that is relevant here is dependent on the emission filter you are
using. If you are using a bandpass emission filter, for example, its maximum
should be entered here. If you are using a longpass emission filter, you should
enter the actual emission maximum of the fluorochrome.
Display settings
Here you can influence the way in which your images are displayed on the
screen. These settings do not influence the data in your images. The settings
guarantee that images are always correctly displayed on the screen,
irrespective of the dynamic range you are using on the camera. Any settings
you make here have exactly the same function as the editing of the display
characteristic curve (Properties function on the View menu). In the dropdown list box, six display modes are available:
1. System default (from Live image): The values currently set for the
display curve in the live image properties window are copied to the acquired
image. The display curve is normally set to linear by default.
2. Gamma and automatic black/white value: The values entered in the
table for Gamma, Auto black value and Auto white value are all used.
3. Gamma only: Only the value entered in the table for gamma is used.
Display settings for black and white values are carried over from the Live
image property / Display window and not from the table values here.
4. Automatic black/white value only: Only the values entered in the table
for Auto black value and Auto white value are used. The Gamma value is
carried over from the Live image property / Display window and not from
the table value here.
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5. Black/white value autom. to min/max: The black value for the display
curve is automatically set to the darkest pixel (=min), the white value to the
brightest pixel (=max) in the image. This corresponds to the Min/Max
function in the image Properties/Display window. The gamma value is
carried over from the Live image property / Display window and not from
the table value here.
6. Fixed black/white value and gamma: Sets the display curve to both
Gamma and a fixed black and white value based on the available dynamic
range of the camera. Values are taken from the table entries for Gamma,
Fixed black value and Fixed white value.
Gamma
In this edit field you can enter a Gamma value which is used to emphasize
certain intensity ranges within your image when it is displayed on the monitor.
A value <1 emphasizes the medium pixel intensities (also called mid tones).
A value >1 emphasizes pixel intensities of very dark and very bright pixels, and
therefore increases the contrast. Recommended settings are 0.8 for
fluorescence images, 1.2 for phase contrast or DIC and 0.45 for true color
images. Please bear in mind that a "correct" setting of the gamma value is
dependent on numerous parameters, such as the monitor setting, ambient
brightness etc., and a universal value cannot be prescribed. This value is only
used in the modes Gamma and automatic black/white value, Gamma
only and Fixed black/white value.
Auto black value [% dark pixels]
Indicate here the percentage of dark pixels in the image that you want to be
displayed as 100% black. This reduces the unspecific background of the
display. For fluorescence images a value of 5% is a good starting point. This
value is used in the modes Gamma and automatic black/white value and
Automatic black/white value only.
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Auto white value [% bright pixels]

Indicate here the percentage of bright pixels in the image that you want to be
displayed as 100% white. A value of 0.1% for fluorescence images, for
example, emphasizes structures that are represented by a small number of
very bright pixels and is therefore a good starting point. This value is used in
the modes Gamma and automatic black/white value and Automatic
black/white value only.
Fixed black value [% of camera range]
Here you can define a fixed black value below which all pixels will be
displayed as 100% black. This value is defined as percentage of the dynamic
range of the camera used rather than the image content. This guarantees
equal and comparable display settings for all images acquired with this
experiment. This value is used only in the mode Fixed black/white value
and gamma. The following table shows some percentage values and the
corresponding gray value of a camera with a given gray value range:
Camera bit depth
Maximum gray value
10
12
14
16
256
1024
4096
1638
4
65536
Fixed black value

1%
5%
10 %
20 %
Resulting black value [in gray values]

3
10
41
164
13
51
205
819
26
102
410
1638
51
205
819
3277
655
3277
6554
13107
Fixed white value [% of camera range]

Here you can define a fixed white value below which all pixels will be
displayed as 100% white. This value is based upon the dynamic range of the
camera used rather than the image content. This value is defined as
percentage of the dynamic range of the camera used rather than the image
content. This value is used only in the mode Fixed black/white value and
gamma. The following table shows some percentage values and the
corresponding gray value of a camera with a given gray value range:
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Camera bit depth

Maximum gray value
Fixed white value
80 %
90 %
95 %
99 %
10
12
14
16
256
1024
4096
16384
65536
Resulting white value [in gray values]

205
819
3277
13107
230
922
3686
14746
243
973
3891
15565
253
1014
4055
16220
52429
58982
62259
64881
Channel display weight [%]

In the case of a multichannel image you can enter a bias for the contribution
of individual channels in the mixed-color display (pseudo color). This function
can also be found on the Colors property page (Properties function on the
View menu).
b=
Here you can set the main acquisition parameters.

Time: Here enter the exposure time being used for the channel into the
buttons.
Measure: To determine the exposure time interactively, click on the

button. The dialog that opens contains a live image,
generated using the channel-specific hardware settings. The exposure
time is automatically measured when the dialog is opened. After you click
, the dialog is closed and the new exposure time is
on
adopted automatically.
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Mode
Fixed: The time (in ms) entered in the Time field is used. The value on
the cameras Adjust property page is ignored.
Camera: The time (in ms) entered on the cameras Adjust property page
is used.
Settings during Acquisition
This field shows icons of those hardware components, which are switched
before the selected channel is acquired.
Settings after Acquisition
This field shows icons of those hardware components, which are switched
after the selected channel has been acquired.
Edit Hardware Settings
Clicking on
Editor.
opens the Fast Acquisition Setting
c~=^=p=b=
In Fast Acquisition, fast hardware devices as well as a few selected slow

components can be controlled during an experiment. Fast hardware devices
include fast switchable light sources such as Colibri, Sutter DG4 or Uniblitz
shutters. Relevant slow components include the motorized reflector turret or
internal shutters in a microscope.
This dialog contains all the channels configured for Fast Acquisition and allows
a quick configuration of all the hardware relevant for setting up the channels.
The channel name of the currently selected channel is also shown in the title
of the Settings window. The dialog is subdivided in two horizontal areas. The
upper area refers to settings which are activated before the acquisition while
the lower area refers to settings activated after acquisition of the selected
channel.
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Both areas show a list of available components, dependent on the available

hardware components set up in the Microscope Configuration. As a rule,
slow components are controlled through serial commands (via RS232 or USB)
while fast devices are controlled directly through electrical signals (TTL)
which are connected to the system using the Analog/Digital Input/Output card
installed in the computer.
The listed items show an Enable checkbox which enables or disables a
hardware component for Fast Acquisition. By selecting an entry in the list, the
corresponding control elements are displayed on the right side where the
appropriate settings can be made. An entry can be selected (meaning the
components line in the list is selected by mouse click) but still be disabled
(Enable checkbox is off). In this case the control elements are shown in a
grayed out manner.
The Status shows, if a component belongs to the class of fast or slow devices.
After the Component name a fourth column Value summarizes the status
the device will assume during acquisition of the selected channel. This text is
also shown on the Fast Acqusition C (Channel) page.
Both areas can be further configured for the experiment using a set of control
elements situated at the bottom of each list. The order in which the devices
are activated during an experiment can be changed by moving an entry
upward to the top of the list. This can be done using the up or down arrow
. Slow components should be activated first so that faster
buttons
components are only switched after the slow components have reached their
final position. This prevents unnecessary damage to the sample. By clicking on
the
icon all settings are applied to the hardware items. This allows you to
test, if the settings would work during acquisition. Clicking on the

button
on the other hand puts a selected hardware item in a mode so that changes
are immediately applied to the hardware. This helps especially when adjusting
laser power for the laser module.
The complete list can be reset to its default by clicking on
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Settings for Dual Camera

If two identical cameras are available and properly configured in the system,
the acquisition speed in Fast Acquisition can be considerably increased by
using the optional Dual Camera module. If the Dual Camera option is
selected on the Experiment page (Camera) the system uses both cameras at
the same time.
Please observe the information about dual camera installation in the Dual
Camera chapter of this document.
The synchronous mode of operation for both cameras further depends on
how the Fast Hardware Settings in the Fast Acquisition Setting Editor are
set up. Channel #1 may have a hardware settings configured before but not
after acquisition while for channel #2 only settings after acquisition may be
configured. Checking the Synchronize Dual Camera checkbox will gray out
the appropriate before/after acquisition section in the channel Settings fields.
This guarantees synchronous operation of both cameras. The checkbox is
enabled by default as soon as Dual Camera is selected on the Experiment
page ( Camera).
If the checkbox is unchecked and settings are configured contrary to these
instructions, acquisition will commence anyway but both cameras will be
operated sequentially, i.e, without synchronicity. This can still make sense for
certain applications, if the primary goal for Dual Camera is the fact that both
cameras can be optically configured to see different spectral signals but there
will be a time delay between the two channels.
Adjusting the laser intensity and assignment of wavelengths
In contrast to all other hardware items available for Fast Acquisition
adjustments to the AOTF module can only be done on the first channel page.
Transmission settings for the three possible AOTF channels have to be done
on the set up page for the first channel but are used correctly in the following
and
channels as long as the proper AOTF channel has been activated
turned on
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`~=^=
Using the
button you can add a channel from the
Channel pool to the experiment, and then remove it from the
.
is used to
experiment again using
add a copy of the currently selected channel to the experiment. If you
want to permanently store a channel setting you have made so that it can
be used again in other experiments, you can transfer channels to the
Channel pool (
button).
w==~=EwJ~F=
Settings
Note:
Please note that a fast piezo focusing unit must be available and correctly
connected to allow the fast acquisition of z-stacks. This will be used
automatically during acquisition. The option of direct control of the piezo
focusing unit by the user is not available, in order to prevent operating
errors. Please use the microscopes internal focus drive to focus on the
sample.
The desired number of slices can either be entered directly into the #
. The distance between the
Slices value field or via the arrow buttons
individual z-planes (in m) can also be specified in this way in the Slice
distance input field.
button, the correct z-interval is
If you click on the
calculated automatically in accordance with the Nyquist theory (2x
oversampling in axial direction). This is a prerequisite for successful use of
the Deconvolution module.
Under Mode you can select whether you want to specify a z-stack from a
central z-position (Center) or interactively specify an upper/lower zposition limit (Start/Stop). The input field for Center and the
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corresponding button
or the input fields for Start and
Stop and the corresponding buttons

and
will become active in accordance with your selection. If you click on the
buttons, the current z-position is adopted into the value field.
The total thickness of the stack is indicated in the Z-Stack height value
field. If a z-stack height is achieved that exceeds the maximum travel
range of the fast piezo focusing unit, a warning message is displayed
(
Piezo out of range).
Within the context of Fast Acquisition, the All channels per slice mode is
used automatically, as channel switching can generally be performed faster
than focusing. In contrast to Multidimensional Acquisition, it is not
therefore possible to deactivate this mode here.
Z-Stack navigation
This field allows you to use the focus drive with the z-stack acquisition
parameters. Using the
and
buttons, you can move the focus drive in
defined increments. If you click on

stack.
and
, the z-drive moves to the center of the
move it to the lower/upper limit.
The slider
allows you to move directly to a certain position. The height
of the z-stack is represented by a blue bar. If you go beyond the lower/upper
limit using the
or
button, this bar gets smaller and smaller.
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q=EqF==~=
The time lapse dimension function allows you to acquire time lapse images
and create films of moving processes in living cells or tissue and even of
certain material applications. A time lapse image can be defined by entering
the maximum speed, interval, maximum duration, number of images required
or total duration of the experiment. The entries in the fields influence each
other. AxioVision can calculate an approximate duration as a function of the
time and the number of cycles, or the number of cycles as a function of the
total duration and intervals.
Interval Settings
You can choose between Maximal Speed and a defined Interval. The
desired time interval can either be specified directly in the Interval input field
. The unit can be selected from a drop-down list
or via the arrow buttons
box (hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds).
Duration Settings
You can choose between Maximal Duration, a defined number of cycles or
a defined duration. The desired number of cycles can either be entered
.
directly in the # Cycles input field or via the arrow buttons
The total duration can either be entered directly in the Duration input field or
. The desired unit can be selected from a drop-down
via the arrow buttons
list box (hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds).
If you have changed either of the input values by entering a value directly into
button to automatically calculate the other
the field, click on the
value, i.e. the possible number of cycles (if you have defined the duration) or
the time required (if you have defined the number of cycles). The input field
for which the value is to be calculated is inactive. Please note that the values
calculated in this way are only approximations. If you want the possible
minimum interval times to be calculated precisely, please use the
button.
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Current Size
Once the time settings have been made for your experiment, the memory
required for the raw data and the resulting image series appears in this field.
Please note that streaming data files should not be stored on the same
physical hard disk as the ZVI image data generated from them during
conversion. Only in this way can maximum speed be achieved during
acquisition and conversion.
Limits
If you have selected Maximal Speed or Maximal Duration, you can click on
button to have the absolute time limit that is possible with
the
the current microscope setting calculated for your experiment. A limited
number of images are acquired for this purpose. The limits resulting from this
are displayed as the minimum possible interval.
If any of the dimensions you have selected are not possible with the current
settings due to insufficient hard-disk capacity, a warning message appears. In
addition, details on the storage medium currently being used are displayed.
Starting an experiment
To acquire an experiment, open the Fast Acquisition dialog window by
clicking on
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c~=^=~=
Start (F5): Click on this button to start acquisition of the image

sequence. This procedure can be repeated several times without the need
to exit the Fast Acquisition dialog. The acquired image sequences are
stored as raw data on the defined streaming partition.
Stop (F8): Click on this button to stop acquisition before the end point
defined in the parameters has been reached. Once you have stopped the
process, a new image sequence can be initiated using the Start (F5)
button, although this will then be saved in a separate file.
Pause (F6): Click on this button to pause the acquisition procedure.
Continue (F7): Click on this button to continue acquisition in the same
image file.
A progress indicator shows

the elapsed time for the
selected experiment.
Indicators for the available

main memory and disk
space for the raw data
provide important
information on the status
of the overall system. It is
also possible to see for
how long it will be
possible to acquire image
data.
In case the harddisk performance for the Streaming partition being too
low some images may not be saved during acquisition. These images are
instead stored temporarily in RAM. The number of affected images is
shown here.
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To give you an impression of the current acquisition process, the acquired

images are shown in a Preview. Here you can select a channel
(
) and influence its display settings
), e.g. to improve the display of

(
dark images with a low dynamic range. Due to the special acquisition
technique, here you do not have access to all the intervention options
that would be available to you when using the multidimensional image
acquisition, where a ZVI image is generated immediately.
Further processing of the image
The Start Cutter button closes the acquisition dialog and opens the Fast
Acquisition Document Cutter dialog.
c~=^=a=`=
Describes the name of the input

document.
button opens a gallery from which you can also load a document
The
other than the one that was last active. To do this, click on the thumbnail
of the desired streaming document.
: With these buttons you can select a channel to

affect its display settings.
: The buttons on this
toolbar can be used to adjust the display (brightness, contrast, zoom etc.)
of the images.
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Using the
button on the toolbar, it is possible to define a region of
interest in the image that you want to be taken into account during the
conversion to ZVI. This also allows you to reduce the data volume to the
relevant parts of the image.
Experiment Overview: In the bottom area you will see an overview of
the entire experiment along a timeline:
Each acquisition event is signified by a yellow line allowing easier frame

selection
It is possible to define the areas of the streaming document that you want
to be converted to ZVI. When this dialog is called up for the first time, no
time points are selected by default. Selection can be done by clicking with
the left mouse button and dragging whilst keeping the mouse key
depressed. Selection is symbolized by a magenta selection bar. The
selection that is currently active is marked in magenta, whilst inactive
selections are shown in gray
Segments within the experiment where the acquisition had been paused
are signified through a lighter color. Such paused areas are automatically
excluded from conversion.:
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The time point currently displayed is indicated using the following

marking line:
If you grab the upside-down triangle with your mouse, you can select the
time point of your choice. In the area at the lower half you can use the
left-hand mouse button to define an area to be converted: hold down
mouse button, drag, release
defined area is marked in violet. You can
mark as many areas as you wish.
It is possible for selected areas to be moved (left-hand mouse button).
Adjusts the zoom factor of the histogram in such a way that the
entire experiment is displayed.
Allows you to display a part of the experiment in the histogram with
a higher zoom factor (Zoom in).
Reduces the zoom factor for the displayed histogram area (Zoom
out).
Moves the displayed histogram area (only active with Zoom in).
In the bottom area of the dialog you will find a table containing the
selected areas with an indication of the exact start and end time points,
the resulting duration and the start-image position and end-image
position for the marked segments.
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It may be beneficial, especially if you need to select a time point precisely,,
and set it as the start point
to position the time point marking line
for a new area selection. This is done using the
button.
As soon as a start point has been defined, the

defining an end point becomes active.
button for
to browse through
You can use the two arrow buttons
the streaming file frame by frame. This allows a more precise frame
selection.
To select the entire time series for conversion, click on the
button.
To delete selected area markings, you can use the
(or alternatively the Delete key).
button
Conversion Information
Here you will find a display of the file size of the newly generated ZVI
image, the number of individual images it contains and the available
memory on the target drive.
Executing editing
converts the currently shown frame into a ZVI image and

leaves the dialog open
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selects the complete streaming file, starts conversion

immediately and closes the dialog. This button is selected as default which
means that you can confirm this action immediately by hitting Enter on your
keyboard.
Carries out the conversion to a ZVI image according to the
individual selections, after which the dialog is closed automatically.
Carries out the conversion to a ZVI image, but the dialog
remains open. This allows you to generate several ZVIs of different areas and
regions conveniently one after another, without having to call up the dialog
again each time.
Closes the dialog. No ZVI image is generated.
The result of the conversion is a new, unsaved ZVI image. The ZVI images
generated in this way can now be subjected to further, more precise analysis
in a second step.
f~==c~=^=
This function opens a dialog window, where you can find in tabular form
important information in connection with the experiment. The information it
contains refer always on the current experiment and will be updated
automatically upon changing the experiment.
Show
In the drop-down list you can select, whether only an overview or all available
information are shown.
To get more explanations to the existing information, you can select an item.
In the bottom area of the dialog you will find more explanation.
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Modules - Physiology
VKNM
m=
f=
Many intra- and intercellular processes are accompanied by rapid changes in

the local concentration of various ions, such as calcium (Ca++) or magnesium
(Mg++). For example, the penetration of an egg cell by a sperm cells sets in
motion an intracellular signal cascade that results, within a few seconds, in
the egg-cell membrane becoming impermeable for other sperm. The signal
transmission between cells, such as neurons, is another example. In these
cases the transmission of the signal is also accompanied by the release of
calcium ions. It is therefore possible to visualize these processes by measuring
the Ca++ concentration via imaging.
The AxioVision Physiology module supports all the common methods of
calcium measurements as well as many other ion measurements such as pH.
Method 1: excitation at one wavelength, detection at another
wavelength.
What is measured here is the increase in the intensity of a calcium-sensitive
dye as a function of the Ca++ concentration. Examples of such dyes are
Calcium-Green-1, Fluo-3, Fluo-4 or the BAPTA-based Oregon-Green dyes. The
fact that only rapid sequential acquisition in one channel is necessary for this
method means that it is ideal for measuring relative calcium changes, even
with extremely rapid processes. However, it is difficult to perform quantitative
measurements using this method. One method by which this can be
attempted is to calculate the ratio of F/F0 by which a baseline time point is
selected as F0.
Method 2: excitation in two wavelengths, detection of the changes in
fluorescence intensity in one wavelength, generation of a ratiometric
output image. (Excitation ratioing)
This method is based on the fact that certain calcium-sensitive dyes change
their excitation spectrum as soon as calcium is bound. The most popular dye
from this class is Fura-2. This is particularly well suited to imaging techniques,
as it is easy to change the excitation wavelength with the help of fast
wavelength changers (e.g. Sutter Lambda DG4). In addition, the ratiometric
measurement principle means that the quantification is concentrationindependent. One disadvantage of Fura-2 is the need to perform excitation in
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
the UV range. Measurement of pH values can be performed using the dye

BCECF, which changes its excitation maximum upon binding to protons (H+
ions).
This method can also be used to perform calibrated calcium or pH
measurements to determine absolute calcium concentrations or pH values.
There are two methods for calibration: One involves creating one calibration
valid for the whole image, the other method involves measuring minimum
and maximum responses on a cell per cell base and using these values to
deduce calcium values for each measured ROI. Physiology supports the second
calibration method, also known as in situ calibration...
Method 3: Excitation in one wavelength, detection of the changes in
fluorescence intensity in two wavelengths (Emission ratioing)
This third method uses dyes with which the calcium binding produces a
change in the emission spectrum. This is also a ratiometric method. This
requires the simultaneous detection of the signal in two wavelengths, which
requires the use of the two camera module Dual Camera. With this module
two cameras, which have been appropriately configured using a dual camera
adapter to each see a different wavelength, can be operated simultaneously
producing a two channel image in the same instant. A popular dye used for
emission ratioing is Indo-1. Also Calcium sensitive FRET sensors such as the
yellow cameleon fluorescent proteins follow a similar acquisition principle.
For an overview of this issue, we recommend that you refer to Takahashi, A.,
et al., Measurement of Intracellular Calcium. Physiological Reviews 70, No. 4,
pp1089 ff, 1999. Another good review appeared in Methods in Cell Biology,
Vol. 72, pp 369-387 (Ratio Imaging: Measuring Intracellular Ca++ and pH in
Living Cells by Randi B. Silver, 1998). For further information on the reagents
and techniques used, see also http://www.invitrogen.com/probes.
^==
The Physiology module enables you to acquire time lapse images at a speed
that is only limited by the technical limitations of the devices you are using
(camera, light source) and the selected camera settings. To achieve such
speeds, the Physiology module automatically uses a "streaming" technique,
which involves the raw camera data being written directly to their own fast
streaming hard disk (or a suitable empty partition).
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The results of the acquisition process are therefore a streaming document

(*.ziAR).
At the same time, enough memory is reserved so that the measurement data
can also be managed, which are necessary for online display of the charts.
Physiology calculates the maximum possible number of individual images
that can be acquired from the number of measurement regions drawn in and
the memory available on the streaming hard disk. As this value is dependent
on numerous factors (binning, ROI, number of measurement regions drawn
in, demands made on available free memory by other applications etc.), the
entire hard-disk space that is theoretically available cannot always be used.
In a second step, which is separate from the acquisition process, the
streaming document is converted into a regular ZVI image document. This is
required for all further processing steps in AxioVision.
The principle is illustrated in the following schematic (the actual hard disk
configuration in your computer may be different):
This acquisition technique depends to a great extent on ensuring that you

have the correct PC equipment and the correct configuration. Please observe
the minimum technical requirements, which can be found in the "AxioVision
Product Suite" installation manual.
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The procedure for calcium measurements with the Physiology module can be
divided into four steps:
Preparation of the experiment, setting of the camera and drawing in of
measurement regions
Setup.
Acquisition of the time lapse image, including measurement of the
changes in concentration during the acquisition process itself, with
options for interaction to control the experiment
Image Acquisition.
Conversion of the acquired raw data into ZVI and downstream analysis
Cutter
Measurement of the acquired data with options to select measurement
methods, specify the type of background correction or even select custom
calculation formulas
Physiology Measurements.
These steps are explained below following the individual control elements as
they appear in the software.
^=
If you select this function on the Acquisition menu Physiology

Acquisition Acquisition, the Physiology Acquisition dialog opens. This
dialog can be resized to accommodate the text presented in the Parameters
field.
Parameters: An overview of the most important acquisition parameters
of the experiment currently active is displayed in list form: acquisition
mode, number of ROIs (measurement regions), number of possible
acquisition cycles, time interval currently set and maximum possible
streaming file size. Please note that these values depend on the settings
you entered in the Setup dialog.
: Opens the Physiology Setup dialog.
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Template
All settings relating to an image acquisition procedure with the Physiology
module are managed as an Experiment.
Name: Name of the experiment. If the default experiment is loaded, the
name field remains empty ( * ).
A newly created or modified Physiology experiment can be saved by
. Experiments are always saved with the
clicking on
extension "ziAR" in your personal document folder (e.g. for the user
"Administrator": C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\AcquisitionRecording\PhysiologyAcquisition).
You can also save an experiment under a new name using Save As (click
on
at the side of the
button).
It is also possible to define a Physiology experiment as a default

experiment, instead of constantly reloading experiments.
To do this, the Physiology experiment must first be configured in the
desired way. To make this experiment a default experiment, you then
at the side of the
need to select the Save As Default option (click on
button). This Physiology experiment will now be loaded

as a default experiment every time you start AxioVision. Any changes that
are made to this experiment while AxioVision is running will be rejected
automatically when the program is closed. This ensures that the next user
will always find the familiar default experiment.
If, after making changes, you want to restore the default experiment
while AxioVision is running, you can do this using the Load Default
option (click on
at the side of the
To load a saved experiment, click on
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button).
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To reset the Physiology Experiment to the factory default state, the

Load Factory Default option is available (click on
at the side of the
button).
Prefix: Here you can enter the basic name for all images acquired using
the Physiology module.
Camera
From the drop-down list field you can select, which camera should be used for
fast acquisition. This is important for systems which are set up with two
identical cameras in a Dual Camera configuration. You can choose either the
ActiveAcquisition camera, which is the camera currently active in the system
or you can specifically select one camera of your choice (e.g. AxioCamHS_2)
which will then be automatically selected for acquisition irrespective of which
camera is the currently active camera. Finally, you can choose DualCamera. In
this case, two identical cameras can be used simultaneously. Please see the
help for Dual Camera elsewhere for further details.
Hardware-Settings for Experiment
In this field you can enter hardware settings that prepare the hardware for
fast Physiology Acquisition, e.g. switching the light path to the camera or
preparing the light sources for fast acquisition.
Before experiment : Here you can select a suitable hardware setting
button, you can
from the drop-down list box. If you click on the
apply the selected hardware setting to the microscope to test the settings.
After experiment : You can use an additional hardware setting for
the end of the experiment. If you click on the
button, you can apply
the selected hardware setting to the microscope to test the settings.
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m=p=
Here you can enter settings for the experiment on the Regions, C (Channel)
and Markers property pages.
As soon as more than one channel has been configured, channel 1 is
ratiometrically processed with channel 2 (method 2 or 3). If only one channel
has been configured, the method Ratio Single Channel should be used and
the analysis performed with the help of an F0 image. It is also possible to
configure more than 2 channels (e.g. for a brightfield image). However, it is
always only channels 1 and 2 that are analyzed. For method 3 (emission
ratioing) Dual Camera has to be selected. Here camera #1 is always assigned
to channel #1, camera #2 to channel #2.
The Physiology Setup dialog is opened by clicking on
o==~=
On this property page you can prepare the Physiology Experiment by

defining the method for calculation, acquiring test images, drawing in
regions, setting the camera exposure time and specifying how the ratio image
should be calculated.
Setup Measurement Regions of Interest (ROI)
This page is divided into 6 areas, containing an image display and the
corresponding chart display. First of all, you should acquire a test image. In
order to do this, the channels must have been correctly set (on the
C (Channel) property page of the Physiology Setup dialog). The
explanations given here relate to method 2 with the acquisition of 2 channels.
For other type of experiments (e.g. for the FRET calculations) additional
control elements will appear.
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To perform acquisition, click on the

button. Three images
are acquired for each channel using the currently active camera settings
and a mean-gray-value image is calculated to suppress background noise.
You will now see channel 1, channel 2 and the calculated ratio image,
including a rainbow color table ("Rainbow LUT").
At the lower edge of the dialog you will find a toolbar. A description of
the first 11 tools can be found under Display Panel.
Using the other tools it is possible to draw in up to 100 regions, which
will be used during the acquisition procedure itself for the online analysis.
When you draw in several regions, the next color from the color list is
automatically assigned to each new region.
: Allows you to click on and select measurement regions that have already
been drawn in to move them, enlarge them, delete them or change their
color.
: Used to draw in a rectangular measurement region. If the
button is
not selected, the tool remains active and it is possible to draw in several
measurement regions one after the other.
: Used to draw in a measurement region with a free form of your choice
button is not selected, the tool remains active and it is
(spline). If the
possible to draw in several measurement regions one after the other.
: Used to draw in an ellipse as a measurement region. If the
button
is not selected, the tool remains active and it is possible to draw in several
measurement regions one after the other. If the Shift key is depressed while
drawing in the ellipse, a circular form is enforced.
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Draws a circle. Starting point and end point of the drawing defines the
diameter making it easy to e.g. define a circle encompassing a complete cell.
button is not selected, the tool remains active and it is possible to
If the
draw in several measurement regions one after the other.
When clicked, the last shape used for drawing a ROI is remembered
and drawn into the overlay by simple clicking. This allows the cloning of a
shape with ease. It works with all ROI tools except the free form spline tool.
This function can be disabled by selecting
: Deletes all selected measurement regions.

: Selects all available measurement regions.
: Allows you to change the color for a measurement region.
: Via Custom... it is possible to add further colors to the list

from a color selection dialog.
: Defines a selected measurement region as a background region. The
mean gray value from this region can, if desired, be automatically subtracted
from the measurement values from other regions. Selecting this option will
also include subtraction of the background for the calculation of the ratio
image.
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Settings Channel 1
Here it is possible to enter the desired exposure time for channel 1.
Time: enter the exposure time to be used for the channel into the value
field, either directly or using the arrow buttons

on
Note:
Please note that, in order to achieve high acquisition speeds, the exposure
time should not be set too high. Maximum exposure time allowed in
Physiology experiments is 800 msec. If resulting images are displayed too
dark, adjust the display settings accordingly. Also, consider using camera
binning and define a region of interest for the camera to further increase
the acquisition speed.
Settings Channel 2
Here it is possible to enter the desired exposure time for channel 2.
Time: Here enter the exposure time being used for the channel into the
buttons.
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on
Sync
In order to ensure identical exposure times for all channels click on the Sync
button. Running experiments with the same exposure times is highly
recommended for most FRET measurements.
Note:
Settings for channel 2 are only available if more than one channel is set
up. Also, for single channel ratioing (method 1), the image area for
channel 2 is used to display the so-called F0 reference image instead. An
exposure time for channel 2 can be defined nevertheless.
Ratio Image Definition
Method: From the drop down list box you can select which calculation
method you want to use for your experiment. 7 Methods are available for
analysis during acquisition (online):
Ratio Dual Channel: Classical dual channel ratio imaging using either
method 2 (excitation ratioing, e.g. Fura-2) or 3 (emission ratio
imaging, e.g. Indo-1). Ratio is always calculated dividing channel #1 by
channel #2. Only available with setups containing two or more
channels.
Ratio Single Channel: Single Channel ratio imaging such as Fluo-4;

can be done with single or multiple channel setups, online processing
always done with channel #1.
Fret Youvan: Sensitized emission FRET measurements using three

images. Channel #1 = Donor, Channel #2 = Acceptor, channel #3 =
FRET. Only available with setups containing three or more channels.
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Fret Gordon: Derivative of FRET Youvan. Only available with setups

containing three or more channels.
Fret Xia: Derivative of FRET Youvan. Only available with setups

containing three or more channels.
Fret Siegel BL: Acceptor bleaching method, requires two channel

setup (channel #1 = donor, channel #2 = bleached acceptor).
Measurement done on channel #1 only.
Fret Dual Channel: Ratiometric FRET method with 2 channels only

disregarding the acceptor channel from the FRET calculation. This
method can be used for fast FRET measurements using two cameras
simultaneously in a Dual Camera configuration
Note:
All the following explanations are based upon the Ratio Dual Channel
method. A detailed explanation of the available FRET methods please see
Physiology Measurements.
To calculate the ratio image, the gray values from channel 1 are divided by the
gray values from channel 2 pixel by pixel. As the resulting ratio values are
usually very small, the results are multiplied by an arbitrary factor. This makes
it possible to display the ratio values as an image. To enable you to distinguish
ratio differences more easily, these values are displayed in color using a
rainbow colored look up table.
The ratio image is calculated as outlined in the formula shown here:
- r (x,y) = ratio image

- Multiplier = factor by which the result of the division is multiplied
- channel 1 (x,y): image from channel 1
- Offset = factor that influences the general brightness of the ratio image.
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In order to make it easier to match ratio image display and ratio charts the
display can be influenced directly by changing lower (Minimum) and
upper (Maximum) boundaries of the actual Ratio values. Use the sliders
for Minimum or Maximum or by enter the values directly in the edit
fields:
The corresponding multiplier and offset factors are updated in the

displayed formula.
By increasing the lower limit one can reduce the background of small
ratios, by raising the upper limit, also larger ratios can be displayed
properly. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 3 cover the range of ratios
commonly occurring in biology.
In the case of a single channel (method 1), a reference image is used as a
denominator for the calculation. This so-called F0 image can be acquired
button. Please note, that once an acquired F0
using the
image is available it will remain active as long AxioVision is running. As
soon as the conditions of the experiment change, a new F0 image has to
be acquired.
If a ROI has been selected for background correction the ratio image is
calculated after background subtraction. This can lead to very small gray
values producing very large ratios which are then visible as white noise in
the ratio image. This happens e.g. around the edges of cells. This negative
effect can later be dealt with during offline measurement by including the
Confidence Mapping function.
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`=E`~F==~=
The basic functions available on this property page are identical to those on
the C (Channels) property page for Fast Acquisition.
In Physiology, up to 5 channels can be configured for acquisition. However,
only the first (for single channel experiments, method 1) or the first and
second channel (methods 2&3) will be taken into account for the online
analysis. The other channels will nevertheless be acquired and used during the
conversion into a ZVI document and will therefore be available for further
processing.
j~==~=
Marker
One of the most important functions for ion measurements is the ability to
change the conditions of the experiment during acquisition and to log
changes in the experiment. Physiology makes two types of markers available
for this purpose.
Speed Marker: These markers can be used to change the interval
between the individual time points for image acquisition at the touch of a
button.
Event Marker: These markers enable you to enter previously defined
events, such as a change of media, into the current experiment at the
touch of a button. It is also possible to apply hardware settings using
Event Markers.
Both types of marker are incorporated into the log when they are used. They
subsequently enable you to navigate more easily within the acquired data and
can also be inserted into the image as annotations.
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Speed Marker
You can define as many markers as you wish. To create a new marker,
click on the
settings.
button and enter the desired
Marker Settings control area: Here you can give the Speed Marker a
Name, enter a Tool tip text that will appear as a yellow text box if the
mouse is moved over the button, allocate a Color to the marker from the
drop-down list box and define a Shortcut that enables you to
operate the marker rapidly without having to click with the mouse.
Interval settings control area: Here you can define the acquisition
frequency of a Speed marker. You can choose between 6 options:
As fast as possible: Acquisition will happen as fast as the camera

allows
Interval: The desired time interval can either be specified directly in

the Interval input field or via the arrow buttons
. The unit can be
selected from a drop-down list box (hours, minutes, seconds,
milliseconds).
Start for: Instead of starting the experiment for an undefined period

of time this marker setting allows you to specify a time duration for
the whole experiment. You have to start the experiment with this
marker for the timing constraint to take effect and not the regular
Start (F5) button.
Note:
The remaining time of the experiment when using the Start for
function is determined by calculating the number of remaining
frames given the currently active interval setting when clicking the
Start for Speed marker. This means, that when changing the interval
during acquisition after having clicked on a Start for speed marker
the timing of the experiment will not be as anticipated as the nr. of
remaining frames will not be modified.
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Pause: Pauses the experiment
Continue: Continues a paused experiment
Stop: Stops the experiment
Trigger Mode control area: Here you can set up a marker to activate
itself automatically upon an incoming trigger. Triggers can be either a
predefined timer starting with the experiment or an electrical TTL signal
coming in through the Digital I/O Device/SVB-1.
Off: Turns off automatic triggering
After: The desired timing for a software trigger event can either be
specified directly in the After input field or via the arrow buttons
.
The unit can be selected from a drop-down list box (hours, minutes,
seconds, milliseconds). The marker will be set once after starting the
experiment when the specified time has elapsed. This feature allows
setting up heterogeneous physiology experiments for unattended
operation. This is done simply by defining several speed markers with
different time intervals and trigger timings according to the following
example:
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The experiment gets started with an interval setting of 1 frame/s by

clicking on the Start (F5) button. At the same time the counter for
the software trigger events is started. After 2 min. the frequency is
increased to 2 frames/s, after 4 minutes to as fast as possible, after 5
minutes the original acquisition frequency of 1 fps is restored and the
experiment stopped after 10 minutes.
TTL Input: Alternatively one can also use hardware trigger signals to
activate a speed marker. Two TTL input lines are available through the
Digital I/O Device together with the SVB-1 (TTL In 7 or TTL In 8).
Both can be configured to react upon a change from low to high
voltage (High) or from high to low (Low) depending on the type
of external TTL source.
To delete a marker, click on the drop-down list box next to each button
and select the Delete option
Event Marker
Here you can define as many event markers as you wish. To create a new
marker, click on the
desired settings.
button and enter the
Marker Settings control area: Here you can give the Event Marker a
Name, enter a Tool tip text that will appear as a yellow text box if the
mouse is moved over the button, allocate a Color to the marker from the
drop-down list box and define a Shortcut that enables you to
operate the marker rapidly without having to click with the mouse.
Hardware Settings control area: Here it is possible to select an existing
hardware setting that you want to be executed if the marker is selected
during acquisition. Please note that you should only make changes to
devices which make sense to change during fast image acquisition. You
should not make any adjustments to, in particular, the camera resolution
or the light source, to prevent the sequence of the experiment being
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disrupted. Please check the Enabled check box in order to activate the
execution of the hardware setting.
Trigger Mode control area: Here you can set up an event marker to
activate itself automatically upon an incoming trigger. Triggers can be
either a predefined timer (counting starts with the start of the experiment)
or an electrical TTL signal coming in through the Digital I/O Device. Since
Event marker can also be linked with hardware settings it is possible to set
up flexible experiment protocols where specific hardware components are
switched during the experiment automatically.
Off: Turns off automatic triggering
After: The desired software trigger timing can either be specified

. The unit
directly in the After input field or via the arrow buttons
can be selected from a drop-down list box (hours, minutes, seconds,
milliseconds). Markers triggered that way will be executed once
during the experiment after the specified time has elapsed.
TTL Input: Alternatively one can also use hardware trigger signals to
activate an event marker. Two TTL input lines are available through
the Digital I/O Device together with the SVB-1 (TTL In 7 or TTL In
8). Both can be configured to react upon a change from low to high
voltage ("High") or from high to low ("Low") depending on the type
of external TTL source.
To delete a marker, click on the drop-down list box next to each button
and select the Delete option
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m=^=
The dialog for image acquisition is opened using the

dialog is divided into four areas:
button. This
Area for setting markers.

Area containing buttons for starting and stopping acquisition as well as
the most important status information.
Area containing charts and the acquired images.
Overview chart for the entire experiment.
Speed Marker
Here you can activate a speed marker, either by mouseclick, by using a
keyboard shortcut (if configured) or by a trigger signal. The acquisition speed
then changes accordingly. Each marker if clicked is entered in the marker list
for the experiment. It is also possible to use special speed marker settings to
automatically change the acquisition speed, start the experiment for only a
predefined period of time, pause, continue or stop the experiment.
It is also possible to create new markers or modify existing ones during
acquisition. To do this, click on the Edit option in the drop-down list box for
the marker.
then make the desired changes.
In the dialog that opens you can
Event Marker
Here you can activate an event marker, either by mouseclick, by using a
keyboard shortcut (if configured) or by a trigger signal. The corresponding
coment is then entered in the marker list for the experiment. If an event
marker is linked to a hardware setting, the corresponding hardware setting is
executed.
It is also possible to create new markers or modify existing ones during
acquisition. To do this, click on the Edit option in the drop-down list box for
the marker.
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In the dialog that opens you can then make the desired changes. The Enable
Hardware Settings option activates or deactivates the link to the Event
Marker.
Acquisition area
Start (F5): Clicking on this button (or keyboard shortcut F5) starts
acquisition for the experiment. It is possible to repeat this procedure
multiple times once acquisition has been completed without leaving the
Physiology Acquisition dialog. The acquired image sequences are
stored as raw data on the defined streaming partition.
Stop (F8): Clicking on this button (or keyboard shortcut F8) stops
acquisition. Once you have stopped the process, a new image sequence
can be initiated immediately using the Start (F5) button, although this
will then be saved in a new streaming file.
Pause (F6): Clicking on this button (or keyboard shortcut F6) pauses the
acquisition procedure.
Focussing (F9): Clicking this button (or using the keyboard shortcut F9)
changes the acquisition speed to As fast as possible in order to allow
focusing the sample. During this time the system continues delivering
images but they will not be saved. This function is therefore equivalent to
pausing the experiment while still updating the images. This helps avoid
gathering unnecessary data. Clicking on Continue (F7) will commence
acquisition with image storage with the last selected acquisition speed.
The focusing time in the final image will be indicated by a focusing
marker as well as a Pause segment.
Continue (F7): Clicking on this button (or keyboard shortcut F7) allows
you to continue acquisition in the same image file.
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A progress indicator shows

the elapsed time for the
selected experiment.
Indicators for the available

main memory and disk
space for the raw data
provide important
information on the status
of the overall system. It is
also possible to see for
how long it will be
possible to acquire image
data.
In case the hard disk performance for the Streaming partition being
too low some images may not be saved during acquisition. These
images are instead stored temporarily in RAM. The number of
unsaved images is indicated here as well as the usage of RAM
memory (bar on the left).
Charts and image display

Markers: Shows all entries for the current experiment in list form. Every
event is entered as a comment and transferred to the ZVI image during
subsequent conversion.
: These buttons allow you to
adjust the display (brightness, contrast, zoom etc.) for the images during
acquisition as well as show a display histogram.
icon opens a dialog in which the
The drop-down list box next to the
sliders for influencing the ratio image are available. These allow you to
change the ratio display during acquisition.
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For method 2 (excitation ratioing in two channels) or method 3

(emission ratioing), channel 1, channel 2 and the ratio image are
displayed. To the left of these are the corresponding measurement value
charts.
For method 1 (single-channel experiments), only channel 1 and the
acquired reference image F0, as well as the ratio image, are displayed.
For FRET imaging you will see Donor, Acceptor and the processed FRET
image.
If you double-click into the Ratio image it will magnify and hide the other
image displays. Also only the Ratio chart will be displayed. This will allow
easier observation of the experiment. Double-clicking once more restores
the standard layout.
The charts can display 6 different measurement values for all drawn-in
measurement regions (this setting can be entered via a shortcut menu
Displayed value , which is opened by right-clicking):
Mean gray value channel 1

Mean gray value channel 1 minus background
Ratio value
Ratio value minus background
Chart settings: The three charts next to channel 1, 2 and ratio image can
be configured by right-clicking on a chart and selecting Chart Settings
upon which a Chart Settings dialog is opened:
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The dialog is divided into three tabs which allow the configuration of the
chart parameters such as changing the default title, specifying a specific
value range for X- or Y-axis, displaying or hiding legend and title or
specifying tick marks. A Reset button on the X Axis and Y Axis page
resets the chart configuration to its default setting.
Experiment overview chart: At the bottom edge of the window you
will see an overview of the entire experiment. Here you see the Ratio
values displayed as measurement traces, all event markers are shown by
name and with a cross marking the time point and a navigation tool with
a line marking the current time point.
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Each camera acquisition (snap) is marked on the x-axis by a yellow line
allowing precise frame selection
Here too it is possible to select which values you want the chart to display
(right-hand mouse button, Chart settings). During the experiment, the
new images and measurement values of the time lapse image are added
continuously. The X-axis of the overview chart is updated once every 10
minutes during an experiment. The broken red line of the navigation tool
moves with each acquired image which is always displayed automatically.
However, you can also stop the marking line by deactivating the
button.
You have the option of using the marking line like a slider to move to an
earlier time point and revisit the acquired data. The red, broken marking
line has two red, solid peripheral lines. The area within these two lines
corresponds to the area that is displayed in the charts next to the images.
If you grab the squares at the top edge of the area boundaries, it is
possible to change the range shown in the charts.
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ROI and line selection: During the experiment, especially one with many
measurement ROIs drawn in, it may be desirable to e.g. see which cell is
especially active. You can therefore click on either an interesting looking
measurement line in any of the charts, select a ROI in one of the displayed
image displays or select it in the ROI legend at the bottom of each chart
.
Either selection will automatically select the corresponding shapes in the
other areas. Selected lines show up more brightly on the screen,
unselected lines become subdued in appearance.
If a ROI or measurement line is selected, moving the mouse cursor along

the line with no buttons depressed shows a gray line and a pop up text
showing the relevant intensity or ratio values.
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To move the marking line step by step, you can use the
buttons.
and
After stopping the experiment (Stop or F8), you can directly load the new
file in the Cutter to allow conversion into ZVI by clicking on the
button.
Clicking on the
button will exit the dialog.
Note:
No other setting options are accessible in AxioVision while the
Physiology Acquisition dialog is open. This is designed on purpose to
prevent operating errors.
Once the dialog is closed, all acquired image data are loaded in
AxioVision in streaming format, but have not yet been saved. They exist
on hard disk but not in a format which AxioVision can read.
The streaming data can be saved as a *.ziStream document. Streaming
files per se cannot be reopened in AxioVision. Upon saving each
*.ziStream file will be accompanied by a *.ziAR file containing all relevant
meta-information about the experiment and the data, which you will see,
when reopening a streaming file. Both files are necessary to open an
experiment again.
Please also note, that streaming files must not remain on the streaming
disk in order to prevent disk fragmentation and the resulting loss in hard
disk performance. Upon closing AxioVision, you will be therefore asked if
you want to save or discard unsaved streaming files.
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m=^=a=`=
To generate a ZVI image from a saved or unsaved *.ziAR streaming

document, you will require the Cutter. Open the Cutter via the
corresponding entry in the work area or the Acquisition menu
Physiology Acquisition Cutter.
The principal task of the Cutter is to reduce the time-consuming conversion
of the raw data into a ZVI image to a sensible level. This makes it possible to
reduce the data volume and speed up the further processing of the data.
Note:
The Cutter can only be opened if a suitable streaming file has also been
loaded in AxioVision (otherwise the following error message appears: No
streaming document available to edit. Please first open a streaming

document (*.ziAR)).
`=m=
The Cutter Physiology dialog is structured in a similar way to the

Physiology Acquisition dialog.
Describes the name of the input

document.
button opens a gallery from which you can also load a document
The
other than the one that was last active. To do this, click on the thumbnail
of the desired streaming document.
: The buttons on this

toolbar can be used to adjust the display (brightness, contrast, zoom etc.)
of the images.
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Using the
button on the toolbar, it is possible to define a region of
interest in the image that you want to be taken into account during the
conversion to ZVI. This will dramatically reduce the data volume to the
relevant parts of the image.
icon opens a dialog in which the
The drop-down list box next to the
sliders for influencing the ratio image are available.
Marker: Shows all entries for the current experiment in list form to the
right of the dialog. Every marker is transferred as a comment to the ZVI
image during conversion and can later be inserted into the generated ZVI
image as an annotation via Annotations Frequent Annotations
Event marker / Speed marker.
The time format for the marker list can be changed by right-mouse click
in the header row of the list and selecting the Properties Dialog:
Please select the desired time format (Seconds, Minutes, Hour or the
generic format hh:mm:ss:msec which is the default setting) from the
drop down list. You can also select the frame number.
For methods 2 or 3 (excitation or emission ratioing in two channels),
channel 1, channel 2 and the ratio image are displayed. To the right of
these are the corresponding charts displaying the measurement values .
For method 1, only channel 1 and the acquired reference image F0, as
well as the ratio image, are displayed.
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measurement regions (this setting can be entered via the menu
Displayed value , which is opened by right-clicking):

Ratio value
Ratio value minus backgroundccc
Chart settings: The charts can be configured by right-clicking on a chart

and selecting Properties upon which a Chart Settings dialog is opened:
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specifying tick marks. A Reset button resets the chart configuration to its
default setting.
Experiment Overview: In the bottom area you will see an overview of
the entire experiment displaying markers and measurement curves:
Each acquisition event is signified by a yellow line allowing easier frame

selection
In this control element it is possible to define the areas of the streaming

document that you want to be converted to ZVI. When this dialog is
called up for the first time, nothing is selected. Selection can be done by
clicking with the left mouse button and dragging whilst keeping the
mouse key depressed. Selection is symbolized by a magenta selection bar.
Segments within the experiment where the acquisition had been paused
are signified through a lighter color. Such paused areas are automatically
excluded from conversion.
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The time point currently displayed is indicated using the following

marking line:
If you grab the upside-down triangle with your mouse, you can select the
time point of your choice. In the area at the lower half you can use the
left-hand mouse button to define an area to be converted: hold down
mouse button, drag, release
defined area is marked in magenta. You
can mark as many areas as you wish.
The area that is currently active is marked in magenta, whilst inactive
selections are shown in gray
It is possible for marked areas to be moved (left-hand mouse button).

Adjusts the zoom factor of the chart in such a way that the entire
experiment is displayed.
Allows you to display a part of the experiment in the chart with a higher
zoom factor (Zoom in).
Reduces the zoom factor for the displayed chart area (Zoom out).
Moves the displayed chart area (only active with Zoom in).
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In the bottom area of the dialog you will find a table containing the
selected areas with an indication of the exact start and end time points,
the resulting duration and the start-image position and end-image
position for the marked segments.
It may be beneficial, especially if you need to select a time point precisely,
to position the time point marking line
and set it as the start point
for a new area selection. This is done using the
button.
As soon as a start point has been defined, the

defining an end point becomes active.
button for
to browse through
You can use the two arrow buttons
the streaming file frame by frame. This allows an even more precise frame
selection.
To select the entire time series for conversion, click on the
button.
To delete selected area markings, you can use the
(or alternatively the Delete key).
button
Conversion Information
Here you will find a display of the file size of the newly generated ZVI
image, the number of individual images it contains and the available
memory on the target drive.
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Executing editing
converts the currently shown frame into a ZVI image and

leaves the dialog open
selects the complete streaming file, starts conversion

immediately and closes the dialog. This button is selected as default which
means that you can confirm this action immediately by hitting Enter on your
keyboard.
Carries out the conversion to a ZVI image according to the
individual selections, after which the dialog is closed automatically.
Carries out the conversion to a ZVI image, but the dialog
remains open. This allows you to generate several ZVIs of different areas and
regions conveniently one after another, without having to call up the dialog
again each time.
Closes the dialog. No ZVI image is generated.
The result of the conversion is a new, unsaved ZVI image. Images generated in
this way can now be subjected to post acquisition analysis using the
Measurements function
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m=j~=
During acquisition preliminary measurements are performed based on the

drawn in measurement regions. These online measurements mainly feed the
charts with data for online display. Measurement regions can also be moved
to compensate for moving cells during the experiment. This option as well as
other vagaries during the experiment can lead to measurement values
inconsistent with the experimental goals. Therefore a detailed analysis of the
acquired data must be done after the acquisition. This can be done using the
Measurements function in the Physiology module.
Measurements can read any ZVI time series, also if the series has not been
acquired using Physiology. ZVI time series can have one or more channels,
which can be selected flexibly for measurement. The strict channel order
which is required for online measurement does not apply for offline
measurement. Streaming files (*.ziAR) must be converted into ZVI first using
the Cutter.
You can open the Physiology Measurements dialog by clicking on
Measurements in the Acquisition menu Physiology Acquisition
Measurements.
Always the active ZVI image is loaded into the Measurement dialog. By
using the
Gallery.
button another ZVI image can be selected from the
The left side of the dialog features three tabs for setting up which
channels should be measured (Channel Setup), for configuring the
measurement parameters (Measurement) as well as parameters for
generation of the ratio image (Ratio Image).
Channel Setup
Method: From the drop down list box you can select a calculation
method. Default method is Ratio Dual Channel. There are 8 predefined
methods but you can also use your own custom formula. The parameters
which can be changed depend on the method selected. For the various
FRET methods the different formulas used are displayed as well:
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Ratio Dual Channel: Classical dual channel ratio imaging using either
method 2 (excitation ratioing, e.g. Fura-2) or 3 (emission ratio
imaging, e.g. Indo-1), only with two channel setups. Ratio is always
calculated dividing channel #1 by channel #2.
Ratio Single Channel: Single Channel ratio imaging such as Fluo-4;

can be done with single or multiple channel setups, online processing
always done with channel #1.
Fret Youvan: Sensitized emission FRET measurements using three

images. Channel #1 = donor, channel #2 = acceptor, channel #3 =
FRET.
Fret Donor Ratio: channel #1 = donor, channel #2 = acceptor,

channel #3 = FRET.
Fret Acceptor Ratio: channel #1 = donor, channel #2 = acceptor,

channel #3 = FRET.
Fret Gordon: Derivative of FRET Youvan.
Fret Xia: Derivative of FRET Youvan.
Fret Siegel BL: Acceptor bleaching method, requires two channel

setup.
Custom formula: Using regular algebra terms a customized formula

can be edited and applied to the data.
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Examples for FRET calculations using the Custom Formula

function
Youvan
Fc = (GWfr - BGfr) - CFdon * (GWdon - BGdon) - CFacc * (GWacc - BGacc)
(ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.275
* bg2)
(ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 * bg2)
(ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)
(ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)
Gordon
Fn = Fc / ((GWdon - 1.275 * BGdon) * (GWacc - 1.275 * BGacc))
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2
1.275 * bg2)) / ((ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) * (ch2 - 1.275 * bg2))
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 *
bg2)) / ((ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) * (ch2 - 1.3 * bg2))
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)) / ((ch1 - bg1) *
(ch2 - bg2))
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)) / ((ch1) * (ch2))
Xia
NF = Fc / SQRT((GWdon - 1.275 * BGdon) * (GWacc - 1.275 * BGacc))
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2
1.275 * bg2)) / sqrt((ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) * (ch2 - 1.275 * bg2))
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 *
bg2)) / sqrt((ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) * (ch2 - 1.3 * bg2))
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)) / sqrt((ch1
bg1) * (ch2 - bg2))
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)) / sqrt((ch1) * (ch2))
Acceptor Ratio
AcR = Fc / (GWacc - 1.275 * BGacc)
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2
1.275 * bg2)) / (ch2 - 1.275 * bg2)
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 *
bg2)) / (ch2 - 1.3 * bg2)
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)) / (ch2 - bg2)
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)) / (ch2)
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Siegel (Acceptor Bleaching)

BL = 100 * (1 - (GWdonbef - BGdonbef) / (GWdonaft - BGdonaft))
100 * (1 - (f0 - 1.275 * bgf0) / (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1))
100 * (1 - (f0 - 1.3 * bgf0) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1))
100 * (1 - (f0 - bgf0) / (ch1 - bg1))
100 * (1 - (f0) / (ch1))
Calculation of correction factors:
Donor correction factor
CFdon = 100 * (GWfr - BGfr) / (GWdon - BGdon)
100 * (ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) / (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1)
100 * (ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)
100 * (ch3 - bg3) / (ch1 - bg1)
100 * (ch3) / (ch1)
Acceptor correction factor
CFacc = 100 * (GWfr - BGfr) / (GWacc - BGacc)
100 * (ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) / (ch2 - 1.275 * bg2)
100 * (ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) / (ch2 - 1.3 * bg2)
100 * (ch3 - bg3) / (ch2 - bg2)
100 * (ch3) / ch2)
Neue Formeln:
Donor Ratio 1
DoR = Fc / (GWdon - 1.275 * BGdon)
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2
1.275 * bg2)) / (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1)
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 *
bg2)) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)) / (ch1 - bg1)
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)) / (ch1)
New formulas for customer formula (examples):
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2-channel methods:
Donor Ratio 2 (Gordon)
FR01 = (GWfr - BGfr) / (GWdon - BGdon)
(ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) / (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1)
(ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)
(ch3 - bg3) / (ch1 - bg1)
(ch3) / (ch1)
Donor Ratio 3 (Gordon)
FR02 = (GWacc - BGacc) / (GWdon - BGdon)
(ch2 - 1.275 * bg2) / (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1)
(ch2 - 1.3 * bg2) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)
(ch2 - bg2) / (ch1 - bg1)
(ch2) / (ch1)
Donor Ratio 4
FR03 = ((GWfr - BGfr) - CFdon * (GWdon - BGdon)) / (GWdon - BGdon)
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1))/(ch1 - 1.275*bg1)
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)) / (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1)
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1)) / (ch1 - bg1)
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1)) / (ch1)
3-channel methods:
Zal
Eapp = ((GWfr - BGfr) - CFdon * (GWdon - BGdon) - CFacc * (GWacc
BGacc)) / ((GWfr - BGfr) - CFdon * (GWdon - BGdon) + G * (GWdonBGdon))
((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2
1.275 * bg2)) / ((ch3 - 1.275 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1) +
2.0 * (ch1 - 1.275 * bg1))
((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - 1.3 *
bg2)) / ((ch3 - 1.3 * bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - 1.3 * bg1) + 2.0 * (ch1
1.3 * bg1))
((ch3 - bg3) - 0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) - 0.09 * (ch2 - bg2)) / ((ch3 - bg3)
0.19 * (ch1 - bg1) + 2.0 * (ch1 - bg1))
((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) - 0.09 * (ch2)) / ((ch3) - 0.19 * (ch1) + 2.0 *
(ch1))
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Note:
All the following explanations refer prominently to the Ratio Dual
Channel method.
Channel Selection: The ratiometric measurement can be set up here by
selecting numerator and denominator channel used in the ratio
formula. Select the desired channel (channel name as specified in the
experiment) from the appropriate drop down list.
Ratio Image Definition: In both methods ratio values are displayed by
applying a color look up table (LUT) to aid the visual distinction of small
ratio changes. The ratio image is calculated as outlined in the formula
shown here:
- r (x,y) = ratio image

- Multiplier = factor by which the result of the division is multiplied
- Offset = factor that influences the general brightness of the ratio image.
The lower and upper limit of the displayed ratio can be entered using the
sliders for Minimum or Maximum or by entering the values directly in
the edit fields. These values are also put in the output ratio image as
image tags and are used by the LUT Scale annotation. By raising the lower
limit one can reduce the background of small ratios, by raising the upper
limit, also larger ratios can be displayed properly. A minimum of 0 and a
maximum of 3 cover the range of ratios commonly occurring in biology.
opens the Open Table dialog
Look-up Table (LUT): Clicking on
which allows selection of a desired look up table. Depending on the
application or the personal preference various LUTs serve different
purposes. For Ratio imaging a rainbow look up table is frequently used
(RAINBOW.COL).
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In case of the Ratio Single Channel method the Reference Image (F0)
section becomes active which allows definition of time points for
calculation of an averaged F0 reference image.
In order to generate an appropriate reference image for a single channel
measurement a suitable range of time points can be defined from within
the same channel. This, e.g., could be a resting phase, where cells do not
show any ion fluctuations as well as do not move. You can either enter
the desired time points directly in the From and To edit fields or take over
the current time point as selected with the time player by clicking on the
buttons.
From this series of individual time points an averaged reference image is
calculated after click on
After the reference has been created, the charts become active and
measurements can be performed.
Measurement
This tab contains functions for background correction as well as for in situ
calibration should absolute concentrations be determined. Background
correction is applied both to the measurement results for each measurement
ROI and the corresponding measurement charts as well as to the ratio image.
: If selected, the uncorrected raw gray values
are used to calculate the ratio values
: If selected, a fixed background value is
subtracted from all time points. This value is channel specific and can be
entered in the edit fields next to the appropriate channel number. In case
of single channel images for which an F0 reference image has been
defined, the F0 reference is considered as a pseudo channel #2.
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: If a measurement region (ROI) has been selected

in the image, this option becomes active. Here a background value for
each channel and time point is measured and subtracted from the gray
values of the other measurement regions used to calculate the ratio. If
either of the two other options is selected, the selected background ROI is
converted into a standard measurement region. To again use a
background region use the
into a background ROI.
button from the toolbar to convert a ROI
In Situ Calibration: If enabled, the check box enables a dialog to

perform in situ calibration for calibrated Calcium and pH measurements.
As a prerequisite for in situ calibration you need to treat your cells with
agents who allow you to determine the minimum (R(min) and the
maximum R(max) response of the loaded dye. In the case of Calcium
measurements using Fura-2, e.g., this is frequently done using
Ionomycine, a drug, which permeabilizes the cell membrane followed by
treatment with low and high calcium buffer.
Move the cursor of the navigator tool to the part in the chart, which
shows minimum ratio:
click on
to use the current cursor position as the time
point used for determining the minimum ratio of each ROI.
Repeat the same for R(max).
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Clicking on
opens a floating dialog Calibration editor
showing the calibration charts.
Here you can select between Calcium Calibration or pH Calibration.

In the case of Calcium calibration the formula according to
Grynkiewicz et al. (Journal of Biological Chemistry, Volume 260:
3440, 1985) is used. Here you can also modify the kD, which has
been calculated to be 224 nM at 1 mM Mg++ and 37C.
A viscosity correction factor typically between 0.7 and 0.85 has been
suggested to be used by M. Poenie (Cell Calcium Volume 11, 2-3, pp
85-91, 1990), which can be entered here as well. Setting the value to
1 disables correction.
In the case of pH calibration a simple linear interpolation is performed

using R(min) and R(max).
OK closes the dialog and activates calibration.
All measurements are done online, i.e., when the dialog first opens, all
calculations are done once. The system then tries to update the
measurements on the fly upon changes to ROIs etc. For large time series with
many time points and/or many measurement regions, calculation of all values
for all time points can take several seconds. To prevent the system from
responding slowly, the calculation update is interrupted after a few seconds
so that not all values may be present. In this case the charts may be
incomplete which will be signified by a yellow signal
. Clicking on the
button forces the complete calculation which is symbolized

by changing the signal color to
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Options
You can choose between two methods of calculating the ratio image:
Standard and Confidence Mapping. Standard is active if the check box is
unchecked.
The second algorithm is called Confidence mapping. This method has been
suggested by Tsien and Harootunian (Tsien, R.Y., and Harootunian, A.T. 1990.
Practical design criteria for a dynamic ratio imaging system. Cell Calcium 11:
93-109.) to prevent noise from influencing the ratio display negatively.
When dividing two small gray values by each other, fluctuations in the gray
value introduced by noise can result in quite large ratio values. With this
method each ratio pixel value is put in proportion to the brightness of its
original input pixels. This effectively introduces a bias for the display of
brighter and therefore more relevant pixels. Consequently dark pixels become
underrepresented in the result image reducing the displayed noise in the
image.
The calculation is done in two steps:
Calculation of the Ratio
Calculation of the confidence:
while ImageMaxValue is the brightest pixel present in the image.
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The display can be explained by setting the Hue = LUT (Ratio) and
the Luminance = Confidence or as follows:
For confidence mapping it is not possible to directly enter a Ratio value as

annotation in the resulting ratio output image due to the dual
functionality required to calculate the ratio pixel appearance.
In order to influence the displayed value range both Multiplier (range
between 0 and 10) and Offset values (value range of -1 to 1) can be
changed on the Channel Selection tab using the sliders or by directly
entering the values in the edit fields.
Information Color Ratio Image
The size and number of cycles of the resulting ratio image are displayed here.
Tool bar
: The buttons on this toolbar
can be used to adjust the display (brightness, contrast, zoom etc.) of the
images or analyze individual pixels using the picker tool.
Using the other tools it is possible to draw in up to 20 regions, which will be
used for measurement. When you draw in several regions, the next color from
the color list is automatically assigned to each new region.
Allows you to click on and select measurement regions that have already
been drawn in to move them, enlarge them, delete them or change their
color.
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Used to draw in a rectangular measurement region. If the

button is
measurement regions one after the other.
Used to draw in a measurement region with a free form of your choice
button is not selected, the tool remains active and it is
(spline). If the
possible to draw in several measurement regions one after the other.
Used to draw in an ellipse as a measurement region. If the
button is
measurement regions one after the other. If the Shift key is depressed while
drawing in the ellipse, a circular form is enforced.
Draws a circle. Starting point and end point of the drawing defines the
diameter making it easy to e.g. define a circle encompassing a complete cell.
When clicked, the last shape used for drawing a ROI is remembered
and drawn into the overlay by simple clicking. This allows the cloning of a
shape with ease. It works with all ROI tools except the free form spline tool.
This function can be disabled by selecting
: Displays the measurement values instead of the charts. You can click on
an entry upon which the corresponding time point is selected in the time
series. These values can also be exported as a data list later. The data table is
set up as shown here, the Channel 1 etc. is replaced by the actual channel
name as specified in the experiment. Also, the set up shown here is only valid
for the Ratio Dual Channel case. Especially in FRET experiments, the Ratio
column will contain the calculated FRET values.
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Index
Row index
TimeStamp
relative time
Markers
Marker
R1_Channel1
mean density of region 1, channel 1
R1_Channel2
R1_Ratio
ratio value region 1, channel 1 / channel 2
R1_Channel1(-BG)
background corrected mean density of region 1, channel 1
R1_Channel2(-BG)
R1_Ratio(-BG)
background corrected ratio value region 1 channel 1 / channel 2
R2_Channel1
R2_Channel2
R2_Ratio
ratio value region 2, channel 1 / channel 2
R2_Channel1(-BG)
R2_Channel2(-BG)
R2_Ratio(-BG)
background corrected ratio value region 2, channel 1 / channel 2
etc
etc
If no background correction is done, the background corrected value column

is omitted from the table. In the case of calibrated measurements additional
value columns will be present.
Clicking again on
again
hides the table and displays the measurement charts
Deletes all selected measurement regions.

Selects all available measurement regions.
Allows you to change the color for a measurement region.
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: Via Custom... it is possible to add further colors to the list from

a color selection dialog.
Defines a selected measurement region as a background region. The
mean gray value from this region can, if desired, be automatically subtracted
from the measurement values of all other regions.
Markers
Shows every event which has been transferred as a comment to the ZVI image
during conversion. Clicking on an event moves the time marker tool to the
corresponding time point.
The time format for the marker list can be changed by right-mouse click
in the header row of the list and selecting Properties:
Please select the desired time format (Seconds, Minutes, Hours or the
generic format hh:mm:ss:msec which is the default setting) from the
drop down list. You can also select the frame number.
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Charts
measurement regions (this setting can be entered via a shortcut menu, which
is opened by right-clicking):
Ratio value
Ratio value minus background
Chart settings: The three charts next to channel 1, 2 and ratio image
(two in the case of single channel experiments) can be configured by
right-clicking on a chart and selecting Properties upon which a Chart
Settings dialog is opened:
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specifying tick marks. A Reset button resets the chart configuration to its
default setting.
Creation of output documents
When all settings are made, clicking on OK will prompt the opening of the
following dialog
Check all documents you want to be created as result of the

measurement. In most cases at least the Color Ratio Image as well as
the Ratio Table containing all measurement data will make sense to
keep.
The data can be saved in the generic CSV file format or in an XML format,
which can be opened directly with Microsoft Excel (2003 edition
necessary). AxioVision has basic charting features for all data tables which
can be accessed via the Chart View button at the bottom of the table.
The ratio image is a 24 Bit color image including all ROIs as annotation.
Several annotations are available to help create informative movies for
presentation. The Ratio range can be displayed using the LUT Scale
annotation, both speed and event markers can be added as well.
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All annotations can be found in the Annotation menu Frequent

annotations. The Show values picker tool
additionally shows the
ratio value of each pixel for ratio images aiding the data evaluation:
The resulting charts may be useful to quickly put together a presentation

of the data. They can be saved as EMF (enhanced meta file) or WMF
(Windows meta file) data. Both formats are vector based so that they can
be inserted in programs like Microsoft PowerPoint and rescaled without
loss of quality.
Clicking on OK closes the measurement dialog, the output documents are
created and displayed as unsaved documents in AxioVision.
f~==m=
This function opens a dialog window, where you can find in tabular form
important information in connection with the physiology experiment. The
information it contains bear always on the current experiment and will be
updated during each sequence of the experiment.
Show
In the drop-down list you can select, whether only an overview or all available
information are shown. To get more explanations to the existing information,
you can select an item. In the bottom area of the dialog you will find more
explanation.
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f~=
In the Information Current Physiology Experiment dialog, various items of

information about the currently active Physiology experiment are shown, i.e.
expected image size, available hard disk space etc. These values do not relate
to open image documents or streaming files.
Show
Using the drop-down list box it is possible to select whether you want an
overview only (Reduced information) or all information (All information) to
be displayed. All parameters relating to the current experiment are presented
in list form. For further explanations on the meaning of the entries, click on an
entry. You will then see an explanation in the text box at the bottom edge of
the dialog.
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Modules - FRET Analysis in the Physiology
VKNN
cobq=^~===m=j=
j=
The FRET technique allows you to quantify the distance between two
molecules conjugated to different fluorochromes.
By combining FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) with optical
microscopy, it is possible to obtain quantitative temporal and spatial
information about the binding and interaction of proteins, lipids, enzymes,
DNA and RNA in vivo. Usually, these processes lie below the resolution of an
ordinary microscope. Thanks to the recent development of numerous variants
of green fluorescent proteins (mutant GFPs), it is possible to use FRET to
measure the interaction of intracellular molecular groups in intact living cells
where the donor and acceptor fluorescent dyes are actually part of the
molecules themselves.
However, FRET microscopy measurements currently suffer from many
different sources of distortion, which need to be corrected. These include
direct excitation of the acceptor at the donor excitation wavelength and the
dependence of FRET on the concentration of the acceptor.
p~=~~=
The Carl Zeiss AxioVision FRET software is part of the Physiology module and
offers you a choice between several of the methods described in the literature
for determining FRET (see section 9.10 Physiology Measurements "Examples
of FRET formulae"). Each method includes the acquisition of time lapse image
series with the option of determining the FRET amount inside selected
regions. These regions are defined using circles with variable sizes or are
drawn in freehand. The results of time lapse series can be displayed as timedependent curves for each individual region. In addition, color-coded images
are created for each time point.
Depending on the method selected, these color-coded images are calculated
for each pixel individually and either show an intensity value for FRET (Fc
Youvan), a FRET ratio image in relation to donor * acceptor (Fn Gordon), a
FRET ratio image in relation to the square root of donor * acceptor (NF Xia),
or in relation to the acceptor (Acc) or donor (Don) alone.
9-213
As an alternative method, FRET can be measured after bleaching of the

acceptor by calculating the increase in the donor emission (BL Siegel). It is
also possible to enter your own methods using the formula generator.
Either a motorized Axio Imager or an Axio Observer microscope can be used
these will serve as an outstanding input unit. The method for direct FRET
measurement uses a combination of three filter sets: the donor, FRET and
acceptor filter set. These filters have been specially developed to isolate and
maximize three signals: the donor fluorescence, the acceptor fluorescence
dependent on FRET and the directly excited acceptor fluorescence. The Fast
Acquisition and Dual Camera modules are available for rapid image
acquisition.
cobq=~====
As donors such as CFP generally show a long-wavelength tail in their emission

spectrum, there is significant fluorescence at YFP emission wavelengths from
CFP alone. It is therefore difficult to determine FRET accurately using
conventional measurement methods without making use of mathematical
corrections.
In the AxioVision Physiology module it is possible to choose between five
different methods for direct FRET measurement. Youvans method (Fc)
measures the intensity of the FRET image and performs a correction by means
of the proportion of donor and acceptor direct excitation. Two additional
samples are necessary to determine these correction factors. In the first
sample the cells must be labeled with the donor fluorescent dye only, and in
the second with just the acceptor fluorescent dye. For these samples the
correction factors for crosstalk can be determined very accurately (see 9.10
Physiology Measurements containing user formulae for the "donor correction
factor" and "acceptor correction factor").
Youvans method forms the basis for all 3-channel correction measurement
techniques in AxioVision FRET. It results in an intensity value being
determined. The directly measured FRET intensity from the FRET filter set is
corrected by the crosstalk from the donor alone and from the acceptor alone.
Firstly, however, the intensity from each individual filter set is corrected by the
relevant background value.
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The following formula is used for the calculation:

Fc = (fretgvbgfret) cfdon*(dongvbgdon) cfacc*(accgvbgacc)
Fc =
FRET concentration according to Youvan et al. (1997)

gv =
intensity as gray value
bg =
background intensity
cf =
correction factor
fret = FRET image
don = donor image
acc = acceptor image
With Gordons method (Fn) this result is normalized to the direct donor and
acceptor signal. The result is a ratio value. FRET is determined according to
Youvans method, as described above, and the result is divided by the product
of the donor and acceptor intensity.
Fn = Fc / [(dongvbgdon) * (accgvbgacc)]
Fn =
FRET concentration according to Gordon et al. (1998)

Fc =
gv =
bg =
don = donor image
acc = acceptor image
Due to the multiplication of donor and acceptor, however, this method

actually calculates the ratio twice, with the effect that, in many regions,
relatively low intensities lead to extremely high FRET values.
The third method according to Xia (NF) is similar to Gordons method, but
uses an adapted formula. Here, FRET according to Youvan is divided by the
square root of the product of donor and acceptor. In this way the ratio is
calculated only once, and FRET is determined independently of the relevant
donor and acceptor concentration.
9-215
NF = Fc / sqrt [(dongvbgdon) * (accgvbgacc)]

Fn =
Fc =
sqrt =
gv =
bg =
don =
acc =
FRET concentration according to Xia et al. (2001)

square root
donor image
acceptor image
The fourth method calculates the FRET ratio in relation to the acceptor alone
(Acc). Here, the FRET value according to Youvan is divided by the acceptor
intensity only.
Acc = Fc / (accgvbgacc)
Acc =
Fc =
gv =
bg =
acc =
FRET concentration as acceptor ratio according to

Malkusch (2004)
acceptor image
As with Xias method, here too the ratio is only calculated once, but the FRET
amount is dependent on the acceptor concentration. This results in relatively
low FRET values with high acceptor intensities and high FRET values with low
acceptor concentrations, due to the division.
The fifth method calculates the FRET ratio in relation to the donor alone
(Don). Here, the FRET value according to Youvan is divided by the donor
intensity only.
Don = Fc / (dongvbgacc)
Don = FRET concentration as donor ratio according to
Vanderklish et al. (2000)
Fc =
gv =
bg =
don = donor image
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As with Xias method, here too the ratio is only calculated once, but the FRET
amount is dependent on the donor concentration. This results in relatively low
FRET values with high donor intensities and high FRET values with low donor
concentrations, due to the division.
cobq=~==~=~==
As an alternative and relatively simple way to determine the absolute

efficiency of FRET between the donor (CFP) and the acceptor (YFP), it is
possible to measure the donor emission before and after selective bleaching
of the acceptor. The increase, or dequenching, of donor emission can be used
as a direct measure of the FRET efficiency.
BL = [1 - (dongvbef - bgdon-bef) / (dongvaft bgdon-aft)] * 100
BL =
don =
gv =
bg =
bef =
aft =
FRET concentration by acceptor bleaching

according to Siegel et al. (2000)
donor image
before bleaching
after bleaching
This method uses each cell or each subregion as its own internal standard
and, according to the authors, is therefore far more accurate than comparing
cells with unknown FRET with separate cells with very strong FRET or even no
FRET at all. Using this method, values of just a few percent can be quantified
with reasonable confidence.
The result is a percentage for the donor concentration, as only the donor is
directly determined. The authors claim that this is the only genuinely
quantitative method. However, it has decisive disadvantages when used in
living cells, due to extremely small movements of the cells themselves or of
the cell organelles inside the cells.
9-217
cobq=~==~=~=
With the help of the formula generator it is possible to make use of new or
your own techniques for determining FRET. FRET determination according to
Zal is used here as an example:
Eapp = Fc / [(fretgv bgfret) cfdon * (dongv bgdon) + 2.0 * (dongvbgdon)]
Eapp =
Fc =
gv =
bg =
don =
fret =
FRET concentration according to Zal et al. (2004)

donor image
FRET image
The channel images are entered into the formula by means of the channel
numbers used (ch1, ch2, ch3) and the associated background values are
entered accordingly as bg1, bg2, bg3. If the various time points are related to
an identical reference image (as with the acceptor bleaching method), this
calculated reference image can be entered into the formula as f0. The
associated background value is available under bgf0.
You would therefore integrate the FRET analysis according to Zal into the
formula generator as follows:
((ch3bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) /
((ch3bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) + 2.0 * (ch1-bg1))
The formula generator can also be used to calculate the correction values for
the donor and acceptor crosstalk:
Donor (cfdon):
Acceptor (cfacc):
(ch3-bg3) / (ch1-bg1)
(ch3-bg3) / (ch2-bg2)
Giving the results as a percentage the numbers have to be multiplied by 100.
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b~==cobq=~===~=~=
FRET according to Youvan DC et al. (Biotechnology 3, 1997)

(ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)
FRET donor ratio method (PNAS 97, 2000)
((ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) / (ch1-bg1)
FRET acceptor ratio method (Bioscience Technology 01, 2004))
((ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) / (ch2-bg2)
FRET according to Gordon GW et al. (Biophysical Journal 74, 1998)
((ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) / ((ch1-bg1) * (ch2-bg2))
FRET according to Xia Z et al. (Biophysical Journal 81, 2001)
((ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) / sqrt((ch1-bg1) *
(ch2-bg2))
FRET via acceptor bleaching (%) according to Siegel RM et al. (Sciences stke,
2000)
100 * (1 (f0-bgf0) / (ch1-bg1))
FRET according to Zal T et al. (Biophysical Journal 86, 2004)
((ch3bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) 0.09*(ch2-bg2)) /
((ch3bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1) + 2.0 * (ch1-bg1))
Donor crosstalk calculation
(ch3-bg3) / (ch1-bg1)
Acceptor crosstalk calculation
(ch3-bg3) / (ch2-bg2)
FRET (2-channel donor ratio via FRET and donor) according to Gordon
(without correction factor)
(ch3-bg3) / (ch1-bg1)
9-219
FRET (2-channel donor ratio via acceptor and donor) according to Gordon
(without correction factor)
(ch2-bg2) / (ch1-bg1)
FRET (2-channel donor ratio via FRET and donor with correction factor)
((ch3-bg3) 0.19*(ch1-bg1)) / (ch1-bg1)
p~=
With AxioVision FRET it is possible to use both fixed and living cells for
determining FRET. Fixed cells are suitable for analyses on an upright as well as
on an inverse microscope. For analyses involving living cells, an inverse
microscope is usually the most suitable option, as living cells are generally
examined in Petri dishes.
All applications for the correction methods require, for each new experiment
(each new preparation series), at least one sample labeled with the donor only
and one labeled with the acceptor only in addition to the actual FRET
specimens. These are used to determine the correction factors in order to
compensate for crosstalk. The precise method for measuring the correction
factors is described under the formula generator.
_~===~=~=
Multichannel time lapse images are always required for FRET analyses. The
settings for image acquisition are defined in the Multichannel Setup function.
For precise instructions, please refer to the description there.
The correction methods always require 3-channel images (donor, acceptor
and FRET image), or two image groups (donor and acceptor before and after
bleaching) for the acceptor bleaching method. There is also a range of
methods that perform FRET determination with just 2 channels (FRET Donor,
FRET Acceptor, Donor Acceptor; see 9.10 Physiology Measurements:
"Example formulae of FRET calculations"). Longer time lapse images are
needed if histograms or time lapse movies are desired.
9-220
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f~=~==^s=cobq=~~=
The settings for the multidimensional

image series for offline FRET analyses
are made using the Multidimensional
Acquisition function. Detailed
explanations can be found in the
"Multidimensional Acquisition" section.
All the settings for each channel

are made on the C (Channel)
property page.
When you select the fluorochrome
under Dye, the color and channel
name are determined
automatically. You can change
these default settings.
If you click on the measure button
in the Exposure field, a window
for determining the appropriate
exposure time is opened
automatically. All predefined
hardware settings are set at the
same time.
All the specific settings for all
channels can be checked and
adjusted in the overview under
Extended Parameters.
9-221
For Physiology FRET measurements,

time lapse images are required. The
intervals for the acquisition of the
multichannel images can be
entered on the T (Time Lapse)
property page.
The Time Lapse check box must
be selected for these to be used in
the experiment. The intervals can
be defined as required, in any unit
of time. It is possible to predefine
the length of the experiment by
specifying the number of cycles or
the duration.
On the Experiment property page,
under an experiment name, you
can save all settings from all
property pages, together with the
hardware settings before and after
the experiment, so that you can
use them again.
The options that you have selected
for the experiment are also shown
here, to allow you to check them.
Using the ReUse button you can
read out the settings of a saved
image and reuse them as an
experiment, provided that the
settings were saved with the
image.
Start image acquisition by clicking
on the Start button.
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cobq=~===^s=m=
=
Before you start the FRET

measurement, you need to open a
multichannel time lapse image that
is suitable for the FRET
measurement in the AxioVision
image window.
Clicking on the Physiology
Measurements function in the
Physiology module gives you
access to the ratio and FRET
measurements.
The Physiology Measurements window is opened with the last settings that
were used.
The meanings of the various windows on the property pages differ according
to the method selected.
9-223
Select the desired method using

the Method drop-down list box.
The FRET functions are initially
explained below using the example
of the correction method according
to Youvan. For the methods that
follow this one, reference is only
made to any differences that apply.
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cobq=~=~==v~=
The Physiology Measurements dialog window displays the property pages

containing the corresponding settings, the two raw images for the donor and
acceptor channel and also the color-coded FRET ratio image. Next to each
image is a corresponding chart window in which the results display for the
signals is shown. The overview chart presents the results for the entire
experiment. All functions for working with the images and charts are
arranged on a toolbar.
9-225
c===m===cobq=
~=
The Fret Parameters window on

the Channel Setup property page
first shows the formula used for the
selected method of performing FRET
measurements (Ch = channel, BG =
background, cf = correction factor,
fret = FRET signal, don = donor
signal, acc = acceptor signal).
In the Donor, Acceptor and Fret
drop-down list boxes you can select
the filter sets used in each case.
Using cf you can define the
correction factor for the crosstalk in
percent (%).
In the Ratio Image Definition field
you set the range for the FRET color
coding. For Youvan the value ranges
depend on the bit depth of the
camera used. In the example an
AxioCam MRm with 12 bits was
used. Initially, half of the bit depth
can be entered as a maximum
starting value.
Various lookup tables are available
for the color coding. The Rainbow
LUT is usually used for the FRET color
coding.
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The Reference Image (F0) has no

significance for the FRET correction
methods. It is always used if the ratio
calculation is related to a starting
image. For FRET measurements this
is the case with the acceptor
bleaching method.
Donor image
Using the function keys it is possible to
define regions for the measurement in
each image. Function key 23 allows you
to redefine a region as the region for
measuring the background.
Acceptor image
The regions are generated in parallel in
all three image windows. To allow more
precise positioning, it is also possible to
increase the zoom factor of the images
in parallel (function keys 2 - 5) and adjust
their contrast (function keys 7 - 11).
FRET color-coded image

The color coding is carried out in
accordance with the LUT selected using
the range set under Ratio Image
Definition.
9-227
Part of the Donor signal curves. The part in question is defined in the
overview image:
Part of the Acceptor signal curves. To change the colors of the curves, it is
possible to select the corresponding regions using the left-hand mouse
button. The color can then be changed using the color selection function key
(22):
For the FRET calculation according to Youvan the ratio values represent gray
values. The scale range of the Y-axis therefore depends on the bit depth of
the input image (8, 12, 14 or 16 bits).
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Overview image of the entire duration of the FRET experiment. The size of
the window defining the part of the curves displayed can be changed by using
the cursor to adjust the corner points. Its position can be moved using the two
arrow keys or the left/right keys on the keyboard.
c===cobq=~=
1 Opens the pan mode with the cursor

2 Displays the images with no zoom factor
3 Displays the image so that it fills the image windows
4 Increases the zoom factor (F7)
5 Decreases the zoom factor (F8)
6 Shows/hides the measurement regions
7 Shows/hides the gray value histogram in the donor and acceptor
image
8 Best fit distribution of the gray value images between Min and
Max, minus tolerances
9 Min/Max distribution of the gray value images
10 Linear distribution of the gray values over the entire range
9-229
11 Gamma setting of gray value curve to 0.45

12 Display of pixel values at cursor position
13 Object selection mode (Alt F1)
14 Draws a rectangle at the position defined using the cursor and
with the properties set (Alt F2)
15 Draws a rounded external contour
16 Draws an ellipse at the position defined using the cursor and
with the properties set
17 Draws a circle at the position defined using the cursor and with
the properties set
18 Copies a region with the same size and shape
19 Shows the measurement value table
20 Deletes all regions (Del)
21 Activates all regions (Ctrl+A)
22 Assigns a color to a region and line in a chart
23 Defines the selected region for the background measurement
Buttons
transfers the color ratio image to AxioVision as a ZVI image

and leaves the Physiology window open.
transfers all images, charts and tables selected during the

confirmation stage to AxioVision in separate windows and closes the
Physiology window Physiology Measurements.
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closes the Physiology window and takes you back to

AxioVision.
The color-coded FRET image
transferred to AxioVision displays
all regions for the FRET
measurements and the
background. If you click on Create
Single, only the color image with
the regions is transferred. If you
carry out the transfer using the OK
button, a color scale with value
indications is added to the left of
the image. You can use the cursor
to activate this, change its size and
move it to the desired position.
Click on the OK button. All the

required tables, charts or images
can then be selected in a selection
window.
9-231
After changes are made to the

settings of the Min/Max values under
Ratio Image Definition, to the
correction factors or to the channel
selection, the calculation must be
performed again in order to update
the FRET values in the table. This is
done on the Measurement property
page by clicking on the Update
Data button.
Once the new calculation has been
performed successfully, the color of
the status circle changes to green.
Such an update is always required if
the color of the circle is yellow and
the results are to be transferred to
AxioVision.
Some FRET calculations may result in very high FRET values, particularly in
the area of the background. These can become visible in the form of
white noise against the dark background. You can suppress this effect by
activating the Confidence Mapping option on the Options property
page (according to Tsien RY, 1990).
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The extent of the background elimination can be influenced by moving

the Strength slider.
The Confidence value is calculated
according to the following formula:
channel1 * channel2
2 * intensity maximum
This confidence value is multiplied by
each red, green and blue value for the
color display.
By showing the gray value
histogram (function key 7) in the
donor or acceptor image you can
also modify the gray value
distribution manually by using your
mouse to adjust the five points.
The middle point influences the
brightness, the outer points the
contrast and the two intermediate
points the gamma setting.
In the data table (function key 19) the donor, acceptor and ratio values are
listed without and with background correction (-BG) for all time points and
for each region.
9-233
In the charts the curves are initially displayed without background correction.
You can call up the display with background correction in each window via
the right-hand mouse button.
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The appearance of the charts can be

adapted via the Chart Settings, which
can be called up for each chart using
the right-hand mouse button.
In the Time Range field you can
determine the range automatically
or manually.
In the Show field on the General
property page you can show and
hide the display of the markers,
image-acquisition time points,
chart title and legend.
In the General field on the X Axis

property page you can enter the
Label for the X-axis. This entry can
be made in text form via the
keyboard. The Reset button resets
the label to the original text.
In the Tick Marks field you can
also define the time periods for the
marks manually. These marks can
also be hidden here.
9-235
On the Y Axis property page,

again in the General field, you can
enter a Label for the Y-axis in text
form via the keyboard. It is also
possible to choose between Linear
and Logarithmisch.
The value range can be determined
automatically or manually in the
Value Range field.
In the Tick Marks field you can
determine the periods for the
marks automatically or manually
and/or show or hide them.
When you select a region in object

selection mode (function key 13),
you can use the color selection
function (function key 22) to assign
a predefined color from a color list
to the region and the
corresponding curve, or you can
select a color freely from the color
circle in the Color window.
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l=J~=cobq==
a=o~=
Selection from the Method drop-down list box. The formula used is displayed
in the Fret Parameters field:
The measurement regions (R1 R4) are defined in the image windows via the
mouse, using function keys 14 - 18. A region can be defined as the region for
measuring the background value (BG1) using function key 23:
9-237
Results of the Donor Ratio FRET measurement. Genuine FRET values are
usually between 0.0 and 1.0:
Color-coded FRET ratio image for

the Donor Ratio calculation. In
regions where donor values are
very low, the division can result in
extremely high FRET values, which
appear as white points of noise in
the color-coded image.
If each pixel is converted using

Confidence Mapping (according
to Tsien RY, 1990), these points are
displayed as very dark in the
resulting image. The color coding is
confined to the regions with a
genuine FRET portion.
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^=o~=
The measurement regions (R1 R4)

are defined in the image windows
via the mouse, using function keys
14 - 18. A region can be defined as
the region for measuring the
background value (BG1) using
function key 23.
Results of the Acceptor Ratio FRET measurement. Genuine FRET values are
usually between 0.0 and 1.0:
9-239

the Acceptor Ratio calculation. In
regions where acceptor values are
very low, the division can result in

d=
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

function key 23.
Results of the Gordon FRET measurement. In this case genuine FRET values are
extremely low and depend on the bit depth of the acquired image. The
Gordon values are therefore always multiplied by 10,000. For a 12-bit image,
genuine FRET values are usually between 0.0 and 10.0:

the Gordon Ratio calculation. In
regions where values are very low,
the double division can result in
9-241

u~=

function key 23.
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Results of the Xia Ratio FRET measurement. Genuine FRET values are usually
between 0.0 and 1.0:

the Xia Ratio calculation. In regions
where values are very low, the
division can result in extremely high
FRET values, which appear as white
points of noise in the color-coded
image.

9-243
p=Ecobq=~~=~=~=~F=
in the Fret Parameters field.
The FRET calculation is performed via the donor channel only. The acceptor
channel is only acquired too so that the bleaching process can be checked.
9-244
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

function key 23.
Results of the FRET measurement in percent. Genuine FRET values are

therefore between 0.0 and 100.0:
Color-coded FRET efficiency

image of the calculation according
to Siegel. In regions where values
are very low, the division can result
in very high FRET values, which
9-245

Confidence Mapping (according to
Tsien RY, 1990), these points are
^~====~=~=
Example of an offline FRET analysis of a time lapse image (donor, acceptor,

FRET) over 60 hours. The calculation was performed using the method
according to Youvan:
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rJ=cobq=~=E~=~F=
b~==~=OJ~=~=
User-defined FRET analyses are possible with the help of the formula
generator. This option is selected on the Channel Setup property page using
the Custom Formula function.
In the Custom calculation formula field the corresponding channels (ch1,
ch2, ch3) of the open image are selected from the drop-down list boxes. It is
possible to define 2-channel, 3-channel or f0 analyses here.
The formula is entered into the formula field using the keyboard.
9-247
The variables and operators for the

formulae can be entered freely via
the keyboard. Alternatively, they can
be selected from the Terms list and
inserted into the formula by doubleclicking. The Terms list is called up
using the
button.
Examples of user formulae with

different correction methods are
provided in 9.10 Physiology
Measurements "Examples of FRET
formulae " and can be copied into
the input field via the online help.
As with the pre-programmed
methods, the measurement regions
(R1 R4) are defined in the image
windows via the mouse, using
function keys 14 - 18. A region can
be defined as the region for
measuring the background value
(BG1) using function key 23.
The range of the FRET values depends on the formulae used. In the example
FRET was calculated by means of FRET / Donor with background correction:
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the Donor Ratio calculation.
(fehlerhaft)
b~==~=M=~=
User-defined FRET analyses according to the acceptor bleaching method with

constant correction to minimize the background. This option is selected on
the Channel Setup property page using the Custom Formula function.
The formula is entered into the formula field using the keyboard (it can also
be copied from the collection of formulae in 9.10 Physiology Measurements
"Examples of FRET formulae for the formula generator"):
9-249
The variables and operators for the

formulae can be entered freely via
the keyboard. Alternatively, they can
be selected from the Terms list and
inserted into the formula by doubleclicking. The Terms list is called up
using the
button.
With this method FRET is calculated

in relation to the starting image (see
section "Siegel FRET calculation via
acceptor bleaching" on the acceptor
bleaching method). The reference
(f0) image can be calculated from
the first 3 images of the time
sequence using the Create
Reference Image button on the
Channel Setup property page.
As with the pre-programmed
methods, the measurement regions
(R1 R3) are defined in the image
windows via the mouse, using
function keys 14 - 18. A region can
be defined as the region for
measuring the background value
(BG1) using function key 23.
The range of the FRET values depends on the formulae used. In the example
FRET was calculated as a percentage of the reference image f0:
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the Acceptor Bleaching calculation.
cobq==~=
In the AxioVision Physiology module, FRET online measurements are

accessed in the work area via Physiology and Physiology Acquisition.
9-251
Other options for fast acquisition and fast online FRET analysis are described
under the Fast Acquisition and Dual Camera modules.
The Physiology Acquisition page
that now opens displays all
important system information under
the parameters.
The settings for acquisition are
defined using the Setup button.
In the Template field you can load
existing settings (Load) and save
new ones (Save). The prefix defines
the basic name for the
multidimensional images to be
acquired.
In the Camera drop-down list box
you can select the camera type from
the installed cameras.
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Under Physiology Setup you

define the channel properties
according to the multichannel
settings.
In the Dye drop-down list box you
select the fluorochrome.
The channel name can be entered
freely via the keyboard in the Name
input field. The suggested channel
color can also be changed, if
required.
Using the measure button you can
determine the exposure time for the
channel automatically or
interactively.
If you click on the Edit Hardware
Settings button, the dialog window
opens for changing the Settings
during Acquisition and Settings
after Acquisition parameters.
A separate property page is created
for each channel.
9-253
Clicking on the Edit Hardware

Settings button opens the Fast
Acquisition Setting Editor dialog
window. Here, for each channel,
you can enter the settings during
and after acquisition separately for
all components concerned.
All parameter settings are

summarized in the Extended
Channel Parameters dialog
window.
These settings can be called up
using the Extended Parameters
button in the Channel Definition
field.
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Once all settings have been made,

you can save the experiment with a
Name in the Template field (Save
as via the d key). This means that
the settings will be available again
for later use.
Image acquisition is started by
clicking on the Start button.
The window for Physiology acquisition (Acquisition Physiology) is

opened by clicking on the Start button.
Before acquisition begins you can define additional speed markers and
event markers.
The acquisition sequence is started by clicking on the Start button.
9-255
During the acquisition sequence the current gray value images of the donor
and acceptor channel and the calculated ratio FRET color image containing
the defined measurement regions are permanently displayed in the image
windows.
In the overview window the progression of the measurement results over
time is displayed, whilst the chart windows contain the results in the region
window selected in the overview.
In the event of interventions during the experiment, the corresponding
markers can be adopted into the chart at any time with a click of the mouse.
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After the experiment has ended the results can be reopened for further
editing from the work area using the Cutter function.
Detailed descriptions of all the functions relating to Physiology Acquisition
and the Cutter can be found in the description of the Physiology module.
9-257
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i~=
Bastiaens P I H, Majoul I V, Verveer P J, Sling H-D, Jovin T M: Imaging the

intracellular trafficking and state of the AB5 quaternary structure of cholera
toxin. The EMBO Journal 15 (1996) 4246-4253.
Frster T: Zwischenmolekulare Energiewanderung und Fluoreszenz. Annalen
der Physik 2 (1948) 55-75.
Gordon GW, Berry G, Lang XH, Levine B, Herman B: Quantitative Fluorescence
Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements Using Fluorescence Microscopy.
Biophysical Journal 74 (1998) 2702-2713.
Malkusch W: Quantitative Measurements of FRET Using Standard
Fluorescence Microscopy. Bioscience Technology 01 (2004) 32-34.
Siegel RM, Chan FK, Zacharias DA, Swofford R, Holmes KL, Tsien RY, Lenardo
MJ: Measurement of Molecular Interactions in Living Cells by Fluorescence
Resonance Energy Transfer Between Variants of Green Fluorescent Protein.
Sciences stke (2000) 1-6.
Tsien RY, Harootunian AT: Practical design criteria for a dynamic ratio imaging
system. Cell Calcium 11 (1990) 93-109.
Vanderklish PW, Krushel LA, Holst BH, Gally JA, Crossin KL, Edelman GM:
Marking synaptic activity in dendritic spines with a calpain substrate exhibiting
fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences USA 97 (2000) 2253-2258.
Xia Z, Liu Y: Reliable and Global Measurement of Fluorescence Resonance
Energy Transfer Using Fluorescence Microscopes. Biophysical Journal 81
(2001) 2395-2402.
9-259
Youvan DC, Silva CM, Bylina EJ, Coleman WJ, Dilworth MR, Yang MM:
Calibration of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Microscopy Using
Genetically Engineered GFP Derivates on Nickel Chelating Beads.
Biotechnology 3 (1997) 1-18.
Zal T, Gascoigne RJ: Photobleaching-Corrected FRET Efficiency Imaging of Live
Cells. Biophysical Journal 86 (2004) 3923-3939.
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Modules - Dual Camera
VKNO
a~=`~~=
Dual Camera is a module which allows the simultaneous viewing and

acquisition of images from two identical AxioCam cameras. Major advantages
of using two cameras simultaneously are:
Acquisition is performed simultaneously, i.e., objects with dual color
labeling which move very fast can be acquired without delay between
channel 1 and channel 2
Speed of acquisition is increased
Observation of two spectrally variant signals such as infrared transmitted
light techniques and fluorescence at the same time, useful for
neurobiology and electrophysiology
Ability to independently adjust exposure times for each camera
The module primarily enhances the acquisition functionality of the modules
Fast Acquisition and Physiology. But Dual Camera also has its own dialog
which produces two dual camera live images for simultaneous observation as
well as auxiliary images which facilitate easy alignment of both cameras using
a suitable calibration sample.
A suitable calibration slide is the so called Home slide (order number 453583),
which features suitable markings, For a finer calibration beads stained with
two fluorescent colors can be used, which are sold through
Invitrogen/Molecular Probes e.g.
a~=`~~===
Dual Camera looks for two identical cameras and, if finding such cameras,
controls them simultaneously. The order in which both cameras are
recognized in the system is determined by the cameras serial number.
Unfortunately it is not possible to easily derive this information by looking up
the serial number at the label on the camera due to the way, the operating
system interprets this number. Please follow the suggested steps in order to
install two cameras for proper use with the Dual Camera module before
configuring the cameras in the MTP2004 configuration program.
9-261
Connect both cameras to separate Fire Wire channels on the computer

(the current Zeiss workstations are equipped with the appropriate dual
channel fire wire card) and start AxioVision. Select the first camera via
Acquisition Select Camera as the active camera. This should be the
camera without a numeral in its name.
Open the live image. The camera which is now active can be recognized
by the red blinking LED. Label this camera as camera #1 and the other
one as camera #2.
If your computer is equipped with the Digital I/O Board as well as the
signal distribution box SVB-1 both cameras must be connected to it.
Connect the camera trigger cable with the appropriate port on the SVB1. Please see the Peripheral Devices Reference Guide which came with the
installation for further details.
Close AxioVision and open the configuration program MTB2004. Select
the camera port to which the dual camera adapter has been attached and
configure the correct magnification camera adapter (e.g. 1x Camera
Adapter).
From the list of possible cameras on the right select the camera without
numbering in its name, e.g. AxioCam MR R3 and add it to the camera
adapter.
As soon as a camera name is selected in the configuration on the left, a
text field Camera Name becomes active on the right. In the case of an
AxioCam the default name here is the same as in the list of possible
cameras. You can now change the name in any way you like, e.g. in order
to add the proper emission filter and the port orientation (e.g. CFPCamera-top). This name will be shown in several of the camera related
dialogs in AxioVision, e.g. in the Live image window and also stored
together with the image. Repeat this for the second camera.
In order to use both cameras as dual camera select the check box Use
Dual Camera option (with 2 identical cameras only).
In the second drop-down list box which should now be active you can
now assign a camera to a channel in Fast Acquisition. The camera
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selected for channel #1 will be used for channels #3 and #5, camera
assigned to channel #2 will also be used for channel #4.
Please remember, that this assignment determines, in which channel
order the information from both cameras is being acquired. This is
important in applications such as dual channel ratio imaging with the
Physiology module, where during online measurement the ratio is always
determined as channel #1 over channel #2. (See Fast Acquisition C
(Channels) property page.)
The following AxioCam models are supported:
AxioCam HSm/c
AxioCam MRm/c rev. 3 (FireWire version)
AxioCam HRm/c rev. 3, (FireWire version)
PVCam Roper QuantEM (FireWire version only)
Other cameras such as the AxioCam MRc5, the AxioCam ICc models or other
third party cameras are not supported currently.
Open Dual Camera Live from the Acquisition menu (see the following
description).
Layout
Dual Camera Live is divided into 6 areas. Live images for Camera #1 and
Camera #2 are shown next to each other, while a color merge image and a
subtract image are shown beneath the live images. Both can be turned off
and are mostly useful for alignment purposes. To the left of the dialog two
property pages are available to adjust both cameras. Finally at the bottom
edge of the dialog a toolbar contains the most important tools for adjusting
exposure and display curves and a status bar shows the performance of both
cameras.
Live images
By right mouse click you can access a context menu which allows turning all
live images on or off. This way, you can configure the Dual Camera Live dialog
in any way you want.
9-263
Color Merge Image

The Live images of both cameras are pseudocolored and shown as a merged
overlay. The image of camera #1 is shown in red and the one from camera #2
in cyan to enhance visual differentiation. The colors are fixed and cannot be
changed.
Subtract Image
The subtract image mainly serves the purpose of aligning both cameras. The
goal is to achieve an image as homogenously gray and with as little contrast
as possible. Even smallest differences will be displayed in an enhanced
fashion.
The calculation occurs as follows: Images from both cameras are converted
into 8 bits, then normalized to each other and then subtracted from each
other. A fixed value of 128 is added to the resulting image which will then
have intensities somewhere between 0 and 255. Those data are then spread
out to fill the full 8 bit range. A perfectly aligned image should be of a
homogeneous gray.
a~=`~~==~=
You can access the property pages either via the context menu (right mouse
. In the Dual Camera Live dialog
click) or via the toolbar button
you can only adjust the most important parameters such as exposure time and
camera resolution. All other adjustments such as shading correction or camera
image orientation etc. must be done using the standard camera property
pages and will subsequently be used by Dual Camera Live.
Adjust property page
Camera #1: Exposure: Here you can adjust the exposure time for the
first camera. Normally it is recommended to define fixed exposure times
for fast acquisition with dual camera. If the Dual Camera Live dialog is
used for observation only it is also possible to use Auto Live for
automatic adjustment of the exposure time. You can also define, which
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percentage of the dynamic range of your cameras sensor should be filled

by the exposure measurement algorithm. For fluorescence images this
value can be as low as 20 percent without compromising image quality.
Camera #2 Exposure: identical to Camera #1
Dual Camera Frame Shift: Here it is possible to correct small shifts
between both cameras. The upper slider controls lateral shift while the
lower slider controls vertical shifts. Maximum shift range is -128 to 128
pixels. This is done by shifting the region of interest on the camera sensor.
When using binning, the minimum step size which can be influenced
using these sliders will become coarser with increases binning steps and
may not give the best results.
Automatic: This button tries to determine the optimal shift between the
two cameras. It works best in cases, where structures are clearly seen as
identical by both cameras. Automatic only corrects lateral and vertical
shifts but not rotational shifts
Frame property page
Here you can adjust the binning as well as select a ROI to be used for
acquisition. Please see help for the camera you are using for more details.
Toolbar
A Toolbar is available with the following functions:
: Opens and closes the live images.
: Creates a new, unsaved 2-channel ZVI image.
9-265
: Performs an exposure measurement for both cameras at the same

time.
: In the case of color cameras performs an automatic White

Balance.
: Adjusts the display line with the Best Fit function for a stronger
contrast with 0.1% value settings (see help for Best Fit).
: Performs a Min/Max adjustment of the display line.
: Makes a linear adjustment of the display line.
: Creates a gamma value of 0.45.
: Opens the property pages on the left side of the dialog.

Status bar
The status bar displays the performance of each camera in frames per second
(fps):
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Modules - Imaging Plus
NM
NMKN
f~=m=j=
f~=m=
d~=
As already described in chapter 5 "Image Processing", image processing

functions have a range of different tasks. Besides the "traditional" areas of
application of correction and optimization, which have already been
mentioned, there is also a third area: data extraction. Here, for example,
structures are highlighted in relation to the image background to make them
more visible, or objects are purposefully detected so that they can be
measured later.
The Imaging Plus module expands the image processing functions of the basic
program with the following functions and functional groups.
f~=~=
Additional functions to enhance contrast, brightness and color, plus filters for
smoothing, sharpening and edge detection with user-definable filter
operators.
Edge detection with Sobel filter
10-1
d~==
The gray morphology functions enable you to reconstruct the boundaries of

connected objects.
Through the reconstruction of grain boundaries images are prepared for

automatic measurement.
f~=~=
AxioVision enables you to combine and compare images, as well as extract

information, by means of the image arithmetics functions in Imaging Plus.
10-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
c=~~=
Fourier transformation allows you to restore images by purposefully filtering

out defined frequencies.
With Fourier transformation it is possible to purposefully remove (right)

sinusoidal super positioning (left), for example.
`=~=~~=
Color discrimination enables you to separate object and image background

more effectively on the basis of color. This makes it possible e.g. to distinguish
better between individual classes of object.
Bright field image of a composite

material, contrasted with PtOx
Heterochromatic super positioning of

two different phases
10-3
t==~===
The principal working method for the functions of the Imaging Plus module is
described in chapter 5 "Image Processing".
The chapter also contains background information on the image processing
functions and storage, etc. We recommend that you work through this
chapter as a basis for applying the functions of the Imaging Plus module. A
description of the individual functions and their parameters can be found in
the online help.
original images that were employed. The sample images can be found in the
folder Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images of the Product DVD.
o==~=~==~==
The Resample function can be used to reduce or enlarge an entire image or a

freely selectable region of an image. The reduction or enlargement is defined
using a zoom factor (Scale). If only a region is being reduced or enlarged, the
center of the region (Shift) must be indicated.
The size of the resulting image can be adapted (ForceSizes = On), depending
on the scaling factors (Scale). You can, however, also generate the resulting
image in the size of the original image (ForceSizes = Off).
It is also possible to take the influence of the scaled neighboring pixels into
account (Interpolation).
Note:
If you simply want the entire image to be displayed in reduced or
enlarged form without a new image being generated, this is also possible
using the + Zoom and - Zoom functions from the image windows
shortcut menu.
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The following example explains step by step how to reduce an image or

enlarge a region of an image.
Load the image "Bonefluorescence_3.zvi" via the
function File Open Image,
or acquire an image with the
camera.
In the first example, the loaded image is to be reduced by the factor 0.5. In
the second example it is to be enlarged by the factor 2.
10-5
Now select from the Processing menu the Utilities functional group and
then the Resample function.
window of the Resample
function.
images appear.
Set CreateNew to Off so that
you can select the images
freely.
Set the following values by
clicking on the arrow keys or
by entering the values directly:
ForceSizes=On, ShiftX=0,
ShiftY=0, ScaleX=0.5,
ScaleY=0.5, ScaleZ=1,
Interpolation=
NearestNeighbour.
Click on OK to close the
dialog.
10-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The resulting image shows all

the structures of the original
image, but has been reduced
by the factor 0.5.
The image size has been
adjusted accordingly, as
ForceSizes was set to On.
Position the cursor over the

resulting image, press the
right-hand mouse button and
select Normal View (1:1)
shortcut menu.
Move the scroll bar to adjust
the desired area.
Do the same with the original
image.
Compare the two images. In
the normal view of the image
the difference can be clearly
seen.
Original image
Resulting image
10-7
For the second example, again select from the Processing menu the
Utilities functional group and then the Resample function.
window of the Resample
function.
reduced input image appears.
Under Input select the original
image again and allocate a
new image name under
Output.
clicking on the arrow keys or
ForceSizes=On, ShiftX=650,
ShiftY=515, ScaleX=2,
ScaleY=2, ScaleZ=1,
Interpolation=
NearestNeighbour.
Click on Apply to view the
resulting image in the preview.
Click on OK to close the
dialog.
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The resulting image shows only the top left quarter of the structures in the
original image. This region was defined by ShiftX and ShiftY.
The region is now larger than
the original image by the factor
2.
retained, as ForceSizes was set
to Off.
10-9

resulting image, press the
right-hand mouse button and
select Normal View (1:1) from
the shortcut menu. Do the
same with the original image.
Compare the two images. In

the normal view of the image
the difference can be clearly
seen.
Note:
Adjust the display characteristic
curve in the resulting image if
necessary.
10-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
`=~===~=~=~=~=
~==~=
Often you will only want to further process a particular region (ROI) of an
image, or generate a composite image from various images or from regions of
various images.
Using the Copy Region function, you can copy a freely selectable region from
the original image into a new image. The starting coordinates in the original
and the resulting image (SourceStart, DestinationStart) and the size of the
region to be copied (Size) must be specified. If you are copying one region
only, the size of the resulting image can be adapted to the region (ForceSizes
= Set region size). You can, however, also generate an image in the size of
the original (ForceSizes = Keep input image size).
To create a composite image from several images or image regions, you need
to define the overall image size (Size, ForceSizes = KeepMaxSize). The
individual images can then be copied into this image step by step. During the
copying of an individual image, the area outside the region to be copied can
be retained (ClearOutside = Off) or deleted (ClearOutside = On) in the
resulting image.
Note:
If you simply want a region of an image to be copied, and a new image
to be generated from it, this process can also be performed using the
Select ROI/Copy ROI and Paste functions on the Edit menu.
10-11
The following example explains step by step how to copy various regions from
one image into a new image.
Load the image that you want
Load the image "Tupaia_head_
section_overview.zvi" via File
Open Image, or acquire an
image with the camera.
The image contains two histological sections through embryo heads. In the
first example, only one embryo head is to be copied into a new image. In the
second example, both embryo heads will be copied into a new image, with as
little background as possible.
Select from the Processing menu the Utilities functional group, and then the
Copy Region function.
10-12
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You will now see the dialog window

of the Copy Region function.
If the Automatic Preview check box
is activated, the reduced input image
appears.
Set CreateNew to Off, so that you
can select the images freely.
Set the following values by clicking on
the arrow keys, or by entering the
values directly: ForceSizes=Set region
size,
SourceStartX =100,
SourceStartY=120,
DestinationStartX=0,
DestinationStartY=0, SizeX=850,
SizeY=780, ClearOutside=Off.
In this example, only one region

(ROI) has been copied into a
new image. The resulting image
therefore shows the first
embryo head only.
adapted to the specified size of
850 x 780 pixels, as ForceSizes
was set to On.
10-13
For the second example, again select from the Processing menu the Utilities
functional group, and then the Copy Region function.
window of the Copy Region
function.
Select the original image again
under Input.
ForceSizes=Keep input image
size,
SourceStartX =100,
SourceStartY=120,
DestinationStartY=0,
SizeX=1000, SizeY=800,
ClearOutside=Off.
The resulting image then shows
the first embryo head in the top
left-hand corner.
As ForceSizes was set to Off,
the image size corresponds to
that of the original. The rest of
the image is black.
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Again select from the Processing menu the Utilities functional group, and
then the Copy Region function.
function.
under Input.
ForceSizes=Keep omput image
size, SourceStartX =1300,
SourceStartY=130,
ClearOutside=Off.
Both embryo heads are now

visible in the resulting image.
As the image size has been
retained, the image is not
completely filled, and contains
some black regions. The next
step therefore involves cutting
out both embryo heads again in
full.
10-15
then the Copy Region function.
function.
Under Input select the resulting
image that has been generated,
and allocate a new image name
under Output.
ForceSizes=On, SourceStartX
=0, SourceStartY=0,
SourceStartZ=0,
DestinationStartZ=0,
SizeZ=1, ClearOutside=Off.
Click on OK to close the dialog
10-16
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The resulting image now shows

both embryo heads on an area
smaller than that of the original
image.
adapted in accordance with the
values for SizeX and SizeY, as
ForceSizes was set to Set
region size.
Note:
necessary.
10-17
t==~==~=
Color images consist of the three superimposed black/white images of the

individual color channels red, green and blue. In many cases you will only
want to use an image processing function for a specific color channel. This
means that you have to split the image up into its individual channels. These
individual color channels appear as black/white images, and allow you to carry
out image processing procedures for the channels independently of each
other. A color image is created again by merging the individual channels that
have been processed.
Note:
The HLS color space (Hue, Lightness, Saturation) is more suitable for many
image processing requirements. In the HLS model, the image can also be
split up into its individual channels. To do this, you must first perform a
conversion into the HLS color space using the Color Model function. Once
you have split the image up into its individual channels using the Split
RGB Extractions function, each channel can be processed separately. The
individual channels are merged again using the Combine RGB
Extractions function. The combined image must then be converted back
into the RGB color space using the Color Model function.
The following example explains step by step how to split up a color image into
its individual color channels, and merge it again after processing a channel.
Load the image "Boneoverview.zvi" via the function
File Open Image, or acquire
an image with the camera.
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Split RGB Extractions function.
window of the Split RGB
Extractions function.
check box is activated, you will
see the reduced input image.
Set CreateNew to Off, so that
you will be able to select the
input image (Input) freely later.
Under PixelFormat select
"8bit".
10-19
The Split RGB Extractions

function splits up the color
image into the individual color
channels red, green and blue.
The result is a black/white
image for each channel.
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Select from the Processing menu the Adjust functional group, and then the
Brightness/Contrast/Gamma function.
window of the
Brightness/Contrast function.
button in
If you click on the
the Input field, the image
gallery appears. Select the
black/white image of the blue
channel by clicking on it.
Set the value -0.5 for
Brightness, the value 1 for
Contrast and the value 0.5 for
Gamma by clicking on the
arrow keys, or by entering the
values directly.
This increases the brightness in

the blue channel image.
10-21
Combine RGB Extractions function.
window of the Combine RGB
Extractions function.
button in
If you click on the
gallery appears. Here select the
image in question by clicking on
it. For InputR select the
black/white image of the red
channel, for InputG the
black/white image of the green
channel, and for InputB the
enhanced image of the blue
channel.
"24bit".
In the resulting image the
brightness has been greatly
enhanced.
Note:
necessary.
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`=~==~==~=~L=~=
Note:
More information about image format and bit depth can be found In
chapter 5 "Imae Processing"- 5.1 "General".
If images are acquired using a digital camera, they will take the form,
depending on the camera, of 10 bit images (or 3x10 = 30 bit color images),
12 bit images (or 3x12 = 36 bit color images) or 14 bit images (or 3x14 = 42
bit color images). An analog camera, on the other hand, only produces
images with 8 bits (or 3x8 = 24 bit color images).
The gray value distribution of the image is displayed in the display
characteristic curve (View menu Properties function Display property
page). The number of bits that an image has can be seen from the maximum
gray value.
Bits
Maximum gray value
256
10
1024
12
4096
14
16384
16
65536
As many programs work with 8 bit images only, or only distinguish between 8
and 16 bits, it is useful to be able to convert images into other bit formats.
The Convert Pixel Format function therefore also only distinguishes between
8 and 16 bit black/white and 24 or 48 bit color images.
As they have three color channels, color images always require three times as
much storage space as black/white images. A 16 bit image requires greater
storage space due to the increased gray value information it contains. Often
the color information is not required, or 8 bit gray value information is
sufficient. For this reason the Convert Pixel Format function is suitable for
converting a color image into a black/white image, or a 16 bit image into an 8
bit image.
10-23
If you want the same image to be converted into various pixel formats, we
recommend that you work with the setting CreateNew = Off. This allows
you not only to select the input image, but also to overwrite or enter a new
name for the resulting image. Conversely, with CreateNew = On, a new
resulting image is always created automatically, starting from the input image.
The following example explains step by step how to convert an image into a
different pixel format whilst continuing to use the same input image.
Load the image "CutCerebellum(1300).zvi" via the
function File Open Image,
or acquire an image with the
camera.

image, press the right-hand
mouse button, and select the
Properties function from the
shortcut menu.
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Click on the Display tab sheet,

where the images display
characteristic curve is shown.
This shows a gray value
distribution of 3 x 14 bits for
the red, green and blue color
channels.
10-25
Now select from the Processing menu the Utilities functional group, and
then the Convert Pixel Format function.
window of the Convert Pixel
Format function.
Set CreateNew to Off, so that
a different conversion can be
executed using the same image
later.
16bit.
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The original image has been

converted into a 16 bit
black/white image. The display
characteristic curve shows the
distribution of the gray values.
10-27
You will again see the dialog
window of the Convert Pixel
Format function.
button in
If you click on the
original image by clicking on it.

"8bit".
The name of the resulting
image remains unchanged. The
image is overwritten.
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The resulting image is an 8 bit

black/white image.
The display characteristic curve

of the resulting image now
shows the gray value
distribution of an 8 bit
black/white image.
10-29
in the Input field.
For Output, allocate a new
name, so that a new resulting
image is generated.
button in
If you click on the

"24bit".
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The resulting image is a 24

(3x8) bit color image.
The display characteristic curve

of the resulting image shows
the gray value distribution of
the individual color channels.
10-31
Modules - Inside4D (3D View) / 3D Measure
NMKO
fQa=EPa=sF=L=Pa=j~=
With Inside4D you can display the Z-stack fluorescence images you have
generated using AxioVision in three dimensions. The Z-stack images have to
be black & white (acquired with a monochrome camera), can consist of up to
32 channels and can also be a time lapse series.
To display the third dimension on a two-dimensional medium such as a
monitor, the data are projected into a virtual space. The impression of three
dimensions can be created either by setting reference points (e.g. a shadow)
or by animating the view. A three-dimensional display can be particularly
effective for image stacks that have been processed using the Deconvolution
module, acquired using the ApoTome module or acquired using a Confocal
Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM).
It is also possible to include time (from time lapse images) in each display as a
fourth dimension (simultaneous animation of 3D projection and playback of
time sequence).
3D Measure allows you to perform automatic measurements in Z-stack
images.
Note:
Switching between 2D and 3D View is best done using the buttons
and
at the lower edge of the image.
Additional buttons
activates the Shadow rendering mode.
activates the Transparency rendering mode.
activates the Surface rendering mode.
activates the Maximum rendering mode.
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activates the Mixed rendering mode.

activates the Measure 3D mode. This button is only
available when the 3D Measure module is activated.
creates a binary mask image of the displayed channel
based on the current threshold settings. You can create a binary mask image
of all channels whne you press the Ctrl key while clicking the Create Lable
Image button. This mask image can e.g. be processed by the 3D Binary
Image Editor function. This button is only available when the 3D Measure
module is activated.
displays the 3D objects that are selected interactively in

the Measure 3D mode. This check box is only available when the 3D
Measure module is activated.
button opens the Inside4D Settings dialog.

Clicking on the
Here detailed settings for the selected rendering modes can be specified.
Also creation of a rendered animation series is started from here (see
Series property page).
button creates a new unsaved 2D image of the

The
currently displayed rendering.
slider, you can reduce the complexity of the

Using the
image data used for the calculation. The speed of the calculation
increases as the complexity of the data decreases. This applies to all
display modes, although the slider has different effects (number of pixels,
textures, triangles etc.) depending on the mode in question. Even more
flexible settings can be made on the View property page.
10-33
A progress bar appears during the rendering procedure. If the calculation

is taking too long, you can interrupt the procedure by clicking on the
button.
: With these buttons one can

Clipping buttons:
introduce three so called Clipping planes into the volume. Clipping
planes can cut the volume open to unveil structures inside the volume.
The labeling of the buttons indicates the clipping planes default
orientation.
if the orientation of a clipping plane has been changed (see detailed

description of the clipping plane options in the Clipping tab of the
Settings dialog) the default orientation can be regained by using the
button
if checked this option hides the volume data. This

feature enhances the effect of displaying textures mapped onto Clipping
planes.
: This button is active in Surface mode only (method

Variable detail (graphics card) and can be used for multichannel zstacks to display the rendering of individual channels as well as the merge
of all channels. All manipulation options for the volume are available as in
normal 3D view.
Control elements in the window

The standard view when you first switch into 3D view is a front view in the
Transparency mode (graphics card accelerated mode).
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You can use the wheels
to zoom in and out of the view
and/or to rotate the view around the x
,y
and z axes
The mouse function for direct interaction with the image volume can be
configured using the five buttons at the center of the left-hand image
edge
button allows the selection of measurement tools present in

The
the volume. As long as the mouse cursor is not in the vicinity of an
is shown. If
endpoint of a measurement tool the cursor symbol
the cursor moves into the vicinity of an endpoint the cursor shape
. The now selected endpoint is displayed in yellow
changes into
and can be moved by keeping the left mouse button clicked down
and moving the mouse to a new position within the volume. This
action also updates the measurement values. If in this mode it is
by keeping
possible to temporarily switch into the default mode
the Ctrl+Shift keys depressed. This permits the quick reorientation of
the volume during interactive measurements. If released the cursor
resumes the selection shape.
button is selected, you can rotate the image volume freely

If the
by depressing the left mouse button
button allows you, with the left mouse button depressed,

The
to zoom into the image by moving the mouse in an upward direction,
or to zoom out of the image by moving the mouse in a downward
direction
10-35
If the
button is depressed, you can move the image volume
laterally, e.g. to make certain structures visible when in zoom mode.
You can also activate this function temporarily by pressing the Ctrl
key followed by the left mouse button
button selected changes the function of the left mouse

With the
button into a fly mode. By depressing the left mouse button you can
fly into and through the sample. Moving the mouse at the same time
changes the flight path. Alternatively the fly mode can also be
invoked by pressing the mouse wheel key.
Note:
and
button and the associated functionality is only
The
available for graphics card accelerated rendering modes.
There are six additional buttons at the lower edge of the image
button at the lower edge of the image to apply a

You can use the
frame to your image stack,
... the
button to show the x, y and z axes (x=red, y=blue, z=green)
or
button to add a scale. These

in the case of scaled data, the
functions help you to get oriented inside the virtual space. If you move
the mouse pointer above one of these buttons, a tool tip will be displayed
explaining the function.
button hides measurement shapes drawn into the volume (Only

The
available in graphics card accelerated rendering modes)
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The
button returns you to the default front view at any time from
within the selected viewing mode. This resets all positions including Shift,
Zoom or Flight so that the complete image content is visible in the image
frame.
button allows you to touch the object using your mouse and set
The
it into continuous motion ("animation'). This significantly improves the
impression of three dimensions.
Note:
In animation mode a view is re-rendered for each projection. In the case of
large image stacks (more than 20 MB) a powerful computer with a good
graphics card is required to guarantee smooth animation.
If you have loaded a time lapse image the player bar appears at the bottom
edge of the window. You can then play back the time lapse sequence.
However, the player does not wait for the rendering of the scene to be
completed before moving on to the next instant. That's why you should select
a slower time setting for rendering using the
Player interval dialog window:
button. This opens the
In the Delay field enter the desired time in milliseconds and click
.
10-37
q===p~I=q~~I=p~I=
j=~=j~=
: In the Shadow mode the structures in the image are

illuminated by a virtual light source. The volume is viewed as if looking
through the eyepieces of the microscope and the light source projects a
shadow onto a background plane. This gives the data a reference in space,
making visualization much easier. The rendering effect itself consists of a
combination of light reflection and opacity (degree of transparency). The
display in this mode is only calculated by the main processor (CPU) of the
computer (Voxel mode).
: In the Transparency mode a three-dimensional image
with a transparent effect is calculated. At least two two-dimensional texture
stacks (computed from two different angles) are used depending on the
volume orientation (only for the graphics card accelerated rendering mode). In
contrast to the Shadow mode the scene here is illuminated by diffuse white
light from the rear. By changing the available parameters one can mix
different channels and reveal relationships between information in those
channels. This view is particularly useful for visualizing the three-dimensional
relationships between structures within the volume. This mode can be
displayed both in CPU based Voxel mode and also (with the help of a suitable
graphics card) with accelerated calculations in so-called OpenGL mode.
: In the Surface mode grey values in the image are
computed as solid surfaces (also known as Isosurfaces) instead of soft
transparent shades. This display mode is useful to focus the attention on
certain structures (e.g plant cell walls, nucleoli, intracellular vesicles) while
potentially hiding additional structures deeper within. In this mode you also
can select between Voxel- (CPU) and OpenGL- (graphics card) display.
: Clicking on this button switches to Maximum projection
mode, which calculates a three-dimensional view of the data by only showing
pixels of the highest intensity along the projection axis. This view is particularly
useful for displaying three-dimensional images in two dimensions, e.g. in
publications, and guarantees a maximum possible degree of transparency. The
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
display in this mode can be calculated by the main processor (CPU) of the
computer (Voxel mode) or the graphics card in OpenGL mode.
: In Mixed mode both transparency and surface modes can
be mixed in one volume display. Using this mode one can render small
structures within cells such as vesicles or speckles (e.g. FISH signals) as surfaces
in one channel of a multichannel image while rendering the surrounding
cytoplasm from another channel in transparency mode. This way one can also
visualize more complex relationships convincingly.
j~=Pa=j=
To measure 3D objects the surface of the objects has to be determined first.

You can specify this surface on the Data tab in the Inside4D Settings dialog.
Here you can modify the Threshold value to specify the gray value which
define the objects to be measured.
In Measure 3D mode the spcified 3D objects are measured and displayedin
individual colors. Activate the To select an object activate the standard cursor
mode by clicking the
button. When the mouse cursor has detected a 3D
to
. No click the detected object.
object the shape changes from
The color of the object and the circumscribing cuboid are now displayed in a
higher brightness. Keep the Ctrl key pressed to select more objects. Use the
to rotate the view around the various axes in order
wheels
to select hidden 3D objects.
The measurement data for all measured objects are displayed on the 3D
Measurement tab of the Properties window.
The Measure 3D mode can not be combined with the following modes:
Shadow
Transparency - Rendering mode Voxel (computer)
Surface - Rendering mode Voxel (computer) and Maximum detail
(graphics card)
Maximum - Rendering mode Voxel (computer)
10-39
p=====
In the Inside4D Settings dialog you can adjust settings, which influence the
3D view, on the property pages Data, Illumination, Series, View, Info,
Clipping, Measure, Stereo and Special. You can also create animations as
image series (required for movie export) as well as perform simple interactive
measurements.
Settings you have made and want to keep can be saved independent of the
image and applied to other image stacks. On the Data property page click on
button in the Settings field. Now you can name the settings
file, to which a *.zv3 ending will be attached. In this setting file all settings
you can change in Inside4D will be included. This function is particularly
important if you want to observe images of samples under identical
conditions, to allow comparison.
Depending on the chosen Rendering method the settings you can change will
be different for the Data, Illumination and View property pages. In the
following chapters each property page will be explained separately for each
rendering mode.
a~~==~=
On the Data property page, select the threshold starting at which individual
pixels will be used for the calculation. All pixel values that are not being used
are hidden and interpreted as background. Once you have specified the pixels
to be used, define the surface composition of the objects. Different
parameters are available for this purpose in the individual modes.
Settings
These functions are identical for all render modes.
The
it to the z stacks.
10-40
button loads a previously saved *.zv3 settings and applies
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
saves the settings you made, independently from the image, so

they can be used for other z-stacks. Now you can name the settings file, to
which a *.zv3 ending will be attached. All parameters are included in the
setting file. This function is particularly important if you want to observe
images of samples under identical conditions, to allow comparison.
button saves the current setting as default setting, which
The
will be used by all followed images.
button restores the default state.
The
Note:
You can create a new image from any current view by clicking on the
button on the right side of your image.
p~==
Data
Channels: The settings are entered separately for each channel using
sliders or by entering a numerical value in the corresponding input field.
To select a channel click on the corresponding button (labeled with the
channel color, e.g.
).
Threshold specifies a lower threshold as a percentage of the gray values

displayed. This decides which data enter the rendered image. If one
fluorescence channel contains a homogeneous fluorescence signal with
high signal strength, one would set the threshold higher in order to
"protect" signals from weaker channels from being quenched.
Ramp controls the degree of the transition from completely transparent

to completely opaque.
Maximum influences the degree of opacity.
10-41
The settings are combined into a histogram

. The x axis corresponds
to the gray values and the y axis to the degree of opacity. You can also
use the mouse to interact with the histogram curve.
Roughness: You can also influence the roughness used to display the
surface of the image structures. This changes the plasticity of the display
(relative scale between 0 and 1). This setting quickly can produce artifacts
if pixels reach saturation. The degree of roughness should be reduced
accordingly.
q~~==
Data
channel color, e.g.
).
Threshold specifies a lower threshold as a percentage of the gray values

displayed (relative scale between 0 and 1). This decides which data enter
the rendered image.
Ramp controls the degree of the transition from completely transparent

to completely opaque (relative scale between 0 and 1).
Maximum influences the degree of opacity (relative scale between 0 and

1).
. The x
The parameters are schematically illustrated in a histogram
axis represents the gray values and the y axis the transparency. You can
also use the mouse to interact with the histogram curve.
Gamma: With this slider the transparency effect can be further enhanced
in a channel specific manner (relative scale between 0 and 1). This
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
parameter influences all pixel gray values in the same way in contrast to
the Ramp and Maximum settings.
Global
Opacity: If you select the Texture (graphics card) method in the

Special property page, you can change the degree of opacity in the scene
anywhere between 0.00 and 1.00. Use the slider or enter the value into
the input field. A value of 0.00 will make all objects fully transparent.
Angle: If you select the Texture (graphics card) method in the Special
property page, you can change the projection angle used to view the
scene anywhere between 0.1 and 89.9. Use the slider or enter the
Angle into the input field. The effect of this on the display perspective is
similar as if you were viewing the 3D image through a telephoto or wideangle lens.
If the Voxel (computer) method is selected in the Special property

page, this adjustment cannot be done.
p~==
Data
channel color, e.g.
).
Threshold: Sets the gray value threshold on a relative scale between 0

and 1 at which a pixel will belong to the object.
Ambient: describes a diffuse, non-directed light source, which lets both

bright and dark structures appear darker or brighter in an equal fashion
(values on a scale between 0 and 1).
10-43
Specular: sets a directional brightness (values on a scale between 0 and

1). Influences the differences between dark and bright structures, which
are strongest at a value of 0.
Shininess changes the surface gloss (on a scale between 0 and 1).
Global
scene anywhere between 10 and 80. Use the slider or enter the Angle
into the input field. The effect of this on the display perspective is similar
as if you were viewing the 3D image through a telephoto or wide-angle
lens.

Note:
If the render method Maximum detail (graphics card) is selected on the
View property page AND on the Special property page the option
Transparent surfaces is selected, the Data property page shows the slider
Transparency. Using this slider one can assign an additional transparency
effect to the surfaces of a channel.
j~==
Data
channel color, e.g.
).
Threshold: In the Threshold area, you can use the slider or value field to
set an upper and a lower threshold. Values smaller than the lower
threshold value, or greater than the upper threshold value, are not
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
considered in the rendered stack. This setting option is particularly useful

for the rendering of multichannel image stacks.
Note:
Please note, that the setting for upper threshold is only available for the
CPU method Voxel (computer) (View property page Mode Maximum
Method Voxel).
Global

Special property page, you can change the degree of opacity in the scene
anywhere between 0.00 and 1.00. Use the slider or enter the value into
the input field. Please note that visibility of opacity adjustments in
maximum mode depends on background color and/or presence of
colored clipping planes in the image.
lens.

j==
Data
In the Mixed mode a volume can be displayed both in surface and
transparency mode. For this is it necessary to define settings for both methods
separately for each channel. To accommodate this the Data page has been
subdivided in two halves.
10-45

channel color, e.g.
selected channel.
). All changes you make are only applied to the
Transparency: if checked, the selected channel is shown in

Transparency mode.
Threshold specifies a lower threshold as a percentage of the gray

values displayed (relative scale between 0 and 1). This decides which
data enter the rendered image.
Ramp controls the degree of the transition from completely

transparent to completely opaque (relative scale between 0 and 1).
Maximum influences the degree of opacity (relative scale between 0

and 1).
. The
The parameters are schematically illustrated in a histogram
x axis represents the gray values and the y axis the transparency. You
can also use the mouse to interact with the histogram curve.
Gamma: With this slider the transparency effect can be further

enhanced in a channel specific manner (relative scale between 0 and
1). This parameter influences all pixel gray values in the same way in
contrast to the Ramp and Maximum settings.
Surface: if checked, the selected channel is shown in Surface mode.
Threshold: Sets the gray value threshold on a relative scale between

0 and 1 at which a pixel will belong to the object.
Ambient: describes a diffuse, non-directed light source, which lets

both bright and dark structures appear darker or brighter in an equal
fashion (values on a scale between 0 and 1).
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Specular: sets a directional brightness (values on a scale between 0

and 1). Influences the differences between dark and bright structures,
which are strongest at a value of 0.
Shininess changes the surface gloss (on a scale between 0 and 1).
Global

Special property page, you can change the degree of opacity of all
transparent objects in the scene anywhere between 0.00 and 1.00. Use
the slider or enter the value into the input field. A value of 0.00 will make
all transparent rendered parts in the scene become fully transparent.
Please note that opacity adjustments will not influence the rendering of
surface portions in the scene.
lens.
Note:
The Mixed Mode is only available as a graphics card accelerated mode
and not as CPU only mode.
f~==~=
With the settings made on this property page you influence the light sources,
that illuminate the volume as well as the background color. The settings
available on Illumination are different for each render mode and are
therefore explained separately. In contrast to the settings on Data property
page all illumination settings act on all channels at the same time.
10-47
Settings
These functions are identical for all render modes.
The
it to the z stacks.
button loads a previously saved *.zv3 settings and applies
saves the settings you made, independently from the image, so

they can be used for other z-stacks. Now you can name the settings file, to
which a *.zv3 ending will be attached. All setting options, with the exception
), are taken into consideration. This function is
of the lateral position (
particularly important if you want to observe images of samples under
identical conditions, to allow comparison.
The
The
Background
Functions for changing the background color are available in the same fashion
for all render modes.
button opens a window that allows

Clicking on the
you to select the background color.
You can either select the background color from 8 standard colors or
create your own colors. In the drop down list field click on the
option and select colors from the palette
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You can also enter color values manually in the value fields. Clicking
button adds the newly
on the
selected color to the selected field for user-defined colors.
To use a user-defined color click on the corresponding color field

("Basic Colors" or "Custom Colors") and confirm by clicking
.
p~==
Brightness can be controlled via input field or slider bar (value range 0.2
4). Fluorescence data usually profit from brightness values > 1.6 when
viewed in pseudo color mode (
button in the Player panel).
Azimuth describes the angle of the light source above the virtual horizon
and can be set by entering values directly or by slider (value range 0-90)
Elongation describes the horizontal direction of lighting and can be set

by entering values directly or by slider (value range -180 to +180)
You can change the settings also by moving the small circle with the
mouse
. The position of the light source is represented by the
small circle inside the large circle.
q~~==
to 4). Fluorescence data usually profit from brightness values > 1.6 when
button in the Player Panel).
10-49
p~==
Distance (value range 0.1 9-5) determines the distance between light
source and volume. At a value of 0.1 the light source is close by, shadow
effects etc. are minimal. The further away the light source, the more
prominent the shadow effects become (evening shadows are longer).


mouse
j~==
Brightness: Control the brightness of the display using the slider or input
field (value range 0.1 to 4). With multichannel images, screen saturation
quickly occurs in mixed color mode. If this happens, reduce the overall
brightness.
j==
to 4). Fluorescence data usually profit from brightness values > 1.6 when
button in the Player Panel).
Distance (value range 0.1 9-5) determines the distance between light
source and volume. At a value of 0.1 the light source is close by, shadow
effects etc. are minimal. The further away the light source, the more
prominent the shadow effects become (evening shadows are longer).
10-50
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010


mouse
p==~=
Once you have decided on a viewing mode and entered your settings, you can
have your view calculated as a series of individual images.
Note:
This property page is always identical for the Shadow, Transparency,
Surface, Maximum and Mixed modes.
button (see Control elements in the window) produces

Whereas the
a live animation, which requires each image to be re-calculated for display,
here you can have a series of individual images calculated to represent the
animation you would like.
Depending on the image size, the display of an image series like this can be
much faster and smoother than a "live" animation, as the views no longer
have to be re-rendered. This type of image series can also be exported as a
film in Video for Windows (AVI) or QuickTime -format (MOV) with excellent
results. However, you can also export an image series into other file formats
as a series of individual images.
The settings you make here define the parameters to be used to perform the
animation. A minimum required entry is the definition of a start angle as well
as an end angle.
10-51
Series
Series: In this drop-down list box you have the choice between five
different options: X-Axis, Y-Axis, Z-Axis. With these first three options
you can create the series using a fixed axis (x,y,z), around which the
animation turns. If you select one of these options, three sliders appear.
Views: This slider specifies the number of images you want to be

included in the animation. The greater the number of images you enter,
the smoother the display will be. However, the resulting image will also
increase in size accordingly. The value range of the slider extends from 11000 images. However, you may also enter a higher value in the value
field (up to 9999).
Start Angle / End Angle: These two sliders can be used to specify the
start angle and end angle. Here you can make a selection between -360
and +360. Frequently entering a small range such as -35 to +35 will
already give impressive results, smooth "tumbling" without the need for
large number of views.
Alternatively, you can also save any views of the object in the space as
positions in a position list and generate an animation with changing
rotation axes and/or zoom factors. To do this, select in the drop-down list
box Series the Position List option. This opens another drop-down list
box.
button adds the current position with

Clicking on the
the values for x, y, z and d (for zoom factor). A position also
incorporates a lateral shift as well as the position of the time player
(when rendering time series), both parameters are not shown in the
button is also available on the right
list though. The
hand side directly next to the rendering window.
10-52
Now change the orientation of the object in the image window as

required and save the new position.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
You can delete one or more positions by clicking
or
delete all positions by clicking on

. A double click on a
position entry will invoke this setting on the image.
If you have created a time lapse image, you can generate a time lapse
series of the 3D view you have just selected by choosing the Time Series
option from the drop down list. Please be aware, that it might be better
in many cases to use the position list option instead in order to combine
both spatial and temporal changes in the render series. This will enhance
the 3D effect on 4D movies.
If you want to generate a series using the settings you have made on the
Data and Illumination property pages, select the Use Settings or
Without Settings function from the drop-down list box at the bottom
edge of the position list. Using this feature you can make one channel
disappear by setting the threshold to 100%. Using this technique you can
demonstrate structures otherwise hidden behind dominant signals from
other channels.
. The
You always generate the series by clicking on
result is a new image that corresponds to a time lapse image in terms of
its operation (player bar). Additionally, you may start and stop a preview
buttons on the right
of your render series by clicking on the
hand side directly next to the rendering window. This preview uses the
number of views that are adjusted by the views slider but excludes some
options and details of the final render series (e.g. clipping planes) to
enable a fast preview.
The new image series document can be saved as a ZVI-image or exported in

another format, such as Video for Windows (AVI).
Notes:
It can take up to several minutes to calculate complex image series with
large numbers of images and/or positions.
10-53
In uncompressed form, complex series can become extremely large. This

can make it difficult to import them into e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint for a
presentation. It is therefore recommended that you compress the AVI or
QuickTime files during export (for help on this subject, see the Export help
topic).
Settings
button loads a previously saved *.zv3 settings including
The
stored position lists and applies it to the z stacks.
saves the settings including positions you made independent
from the image, so they can be used for other z-stacks. Now you can name
the settings file, to which an *.zv3 extension will be attached. All setting
options are applied. This function is particularly important if you want to
observe images of samples under identical conditions, to allow comparison.
The
The
s==~=
On this page, you can choose amongst the following viewing parameters:
geometric parameters, volume resolution as well as settings influencing the
rendering method.
p~==
Geometry
Angles (x,y,z): shows the current orientation of the volume in degrees (180 to 180) with respect to the main axis (x, y, z). You can also define an
angle by entering a desired value in the edit fields.
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Center (x,y,z): describes the relative position of the rotation center to the
center of the 3D stack. This translates into a lateral shift of the volume
and is best defined by the
tool. The values are given in units of
volume diagonals (x, y, z): the diagonal is set to 1. For the home position
all values equal 0
Zoom: defines the magnification factor (value range 0-1000).
Note:
Stretch Z is not active in Shadow mode.
Resolution
Reduction XY / Reduction Z: In this field, for shadow mode you can
reduce the number of pixels used for the volume rendering step by step in
both the lateral (x,y) and axial (z) direction (subsampling). In some cases
this can significantly reduce the time for the calculation.
To do this, move the corresponding slider, or enter the desired value

in the edit field. A reduction value of 2 (x,y) combines 2 pixels in the x
and y directions, reducing the data volume by a factor of four. A
value of 2 for z combines two z-planes in one single plane, reducing
the data volume by half.
The more you reduce the data, however, the smaller the benefits in
terms of speed. As a rule, a reduction of 2-3 is sufficient for a smooth
display.
To get the optimum effect you can also adjust these settings on the
Info property page. There the performance measurements give a
direct feedback on the speed improvement.
Rendering Mode
Here you can also switch between the different modes (using the dropdown list box). In the OpenGL accelerated modes, here you can also
change the rendering method being used (using the drop-down list box).
10-55
Method: As in shadow mode only the computers processor (CPU

method) is used, the Method drop-down list box remains inactive.
: hides the shadow if unchecked
Distance: regulates the distance between shadow and volume using the
slider or entering the desired value in the edit field (value range 0.5 to 3)
Use Depth Coding: activates a depth coding in the z-dimension that

ranges from blue over green, orange and yellow to red. Depth Coding
effects only the rendering modes Maximum, Transparency and
transparent parts of the Mixed mode.
Draw Depth Coding Scale: draws a color coded scaling below the
rendered image. This option is only available for the Transparency
rendering mode of the CPU method Voxel (computer)
Note:
Stretch Z is not active in Shadow mode.
Measure
: You can specify whether the

measured 3D objects shall be displayed.
: With this option you specify whether

the surface of the measured objects shall be displayed.
: This option specifies whether the

circumscribing cuboid shall be displayed.
: Check this option to combine the

color-coded display of the measured objects with the display of their
surface.
10-56
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
q~~==
Geometry
all values equal 0.
Stretch Z stretches the volume display in axial (z) direction. Entering

values >1 (value range 0-20) increased the height of flat structures.
Note:
Stretch Z is only active for the graphic card method.
Resolution
Reduction (xy) / Reduction (z): For Transparency mode you can reduce
the number of pixels used for the calculation step by step in both the
lateral (x,y) and axial (z) directions (subsampling). In some cases this can
significantly reduce the duration of the calculation.

in the input field. A reduction value of 2 for x,y, for example,
combines 2 pixels in the x and y directions, reducing the data volume
by a factor of 4. A value of 2 for z combines two z-planes in one
single plane, reducing the data volume by half.
10-57
display.
You can also adjust the resolution on the Info property page where
you can see the performance values of the rendering directly.
The ability of the graphics card to hold all texture planes in its
memory is a key factor in determining whether the image stack can
be rendered smoothly (animation mode!) with the Texture (graphics
card) method. You should therefore set the sliders in such a way that
in the info field on the Info property page, the value "Nr.
Texture planes = all" is displayed.
Rendering Mode
Method: In the Transparency mode, the two options Voxel (computer)

and Texture (graphics card) are available.
With the Voxel (computer) method, rendering is performed using

the main processor only, without OpenGL support; the model that
forms the basis for the calculation is also less complex. As a result,
this method is usually faster on slow computers with small graphics
cards. The results, however, are also of reduced quality.
The more complex method Texture (graphics card) gives the 3D

images surface structures, so-called textures, which are in turn
constructed from individual elements (texels). The fewer elements
required, the faster the rendering speed (images/s).

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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Measure




surface.
p~==
Geometry
all values equal 0

10-59
Note:
Stretch Z is only active for the graphic card method.
Resolution
Reduction (xy) / Reduction (z): For Surface mode you can reduce the
number of pixels used for the calculation step by step in both the lateral
(x,y) and axial (z) directions (subsampling). In some cases this can

display.
In Surface mode, here you can also determine the maximum number
of triangles used for calculation. The fewer triangles used by the
model, the higher the rendering speed. At the same time, this also
reduces the level of detail.
terms of speed. As a rule, a reduction of 2-3 in the x,y and z
directions is sufficient for a smooth display. The number of triangles
should not be less than 5000, as otherwise the quality of the
resolution is insufficient. To achieve the same quality in the Variable
detail (graphics card) mode as in the Maximum detail (graphics
card) mode, the maximum number of triangles must be set,
depending on the image data, to several million (entry of figures in
the value field).
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Rendering Mode
Using the drop-down list box you can switch between the modes. In the
Open GL accelerated modes you can in addition change the render
method used (drop down list box).
Method: Three methods are available, which you can select in the dropdown list box: The method Voxel (computer), the graphics-cardaccelerated method Variable detail (graphics card) and the method
Maximum detail (graphics card).

this method is faster on slow computers with small graphics cards.
The results, however, are also of reduced quality.
Depending on the size of the data, the method Variable detail

(graphics card) can be accelerated by the OpenGL-compatible
graphics card.
The Maximum detail (graphics card) method calculates the surface

model layer by layer. Here the available channels are added to the
model one after the other. This process takes significantly longer than
with the Variable detail (graphics card) method, which attempts to
keep all image data in the graphics cards memory. On the other
hand, this method usually produces the best results.

10-61
Measure




surface.
j~==
Geometry
all values equal 0

Note:
Stretch Z is only active for the graphic card method
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Resolution
Reduction (xy) / Reduction (z): For Maximum mode you can reduce the
number of pixels used for the calculation step by step in both the lateral
(x,y) and axial (z) directions (subsampling). In some cases this can

display.
In contrast to the Transparency and Surface modes Maximum

rendering is based upon a much simpler calculation model. As a result
the rendering speed increase by data reduction is not as pronounced
as with the other modes. It is for this reason, that the Maximum
mode is very suitable for the rendering of large volume stacks.
To get the optimum effect you can also adjust these settings on the
Info tab. There the performance measurements give a direct
feedback on the speed improvement.
Rendering Mode
Method: In the Transparency mode, the two options Voxel (computer)

and Maximum (graphics card) are available.
10-63

this method is usually faster on slow computers with small graphics
cards. The results, however, are also of reduced quality.
The more complex method Maximum (graphics card) performs the

maximum projection calculation on the graphics card and produces
faster and better rendering results.

Measure




surface.
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
j=j=
Geometry
all values equal 0.

Resolution
Reduction (xy) / Reduction (z): For Transparency mode you can reduce
the number of pixels used for the calculation step by step in both the
lateral (x,y) and axial (z) directions (subsampling). In some cases this can

display.
10-65
The parameter Triangles as available for Surface mode is not

available for Mixed mode.
Rendering Mode
Here you can also switch between the different modes (using the dropdown list box). For Mixed mode only the OpenGL accelerated method
calculated with the graphics card is available.

Measure




surface.
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f==~=
This property page shows performance values for the different render modes.
With the settings in the Resolution field, you can accelerate the rendering
speed significantly for large volumes.
Info
The Info field on this property page shows performance values that are
designed to help you achieve a realistic estimate of the rendering speed you
can expect. Partially different parameters will be displayed for the different
render modes.
For all render modes:
Performance: You are given a time value (in msec) for each image
calculated resulting in a Frames/second value.
Angles: You can also still see the angle positions that are currently set.
This can prove useful for the precise orientation of image stacks in space.
The angle positions can be changed with the control elements of the
image or on the View property page.
Center: You can change the center of the image with the control
elements of the image or on the View property page.
Zoom: The current zoom factor of the display. You can change the zoom
factor with the control elements of the image or on the View property
page.
Additional parameters for Transparency:
Number of calculated Texture elements per second
Number of calculated pixels per second
10-67
Number of loaded texture planes: Maximum rendering speed is only

obtainable, if all texture planes can be loaded in the graphic cards
memory (Nr. Texture planes = all)
Number of rendered textures as well as texels, bytes and pixels (all in

millions)
Nr. of loaded shows number and size of textures during the

process of loading them into the memory of the graphics card
Additional parameters for Surface
Number of calculated triangles / second
Number of calculated vertices (= points where the line segments of

two triangles meet each other)
Total number of triangles
Total number of vertices
Resolution
Reduction XY / Reduction Z: In this field you can reduce the number of

pixels used for the calculation in both the lateral (x,y) and axial (z)
directions (subsampling). In some cases this can significantly reduce the
duration of the calculation.

in the input field. A reduction value of 2 (x,y) combines 2 pixels in the
x and y directions, reducing the data volume by a factor of 4. A value
of 2 for z combines two z-planes in one single plane, reducing the
data volume by half.
display.
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Triangles: In Surface mode, here you can also determine the maximum
number of triangles used. The fewer triangles used by the model, the
higher the rendering speed. At the same time, this also reduces the level
of detail.
The number of triangles should not be less than 5000, as otherwise

the quality of the resolution is insufficient.
To achieve the same quality in the Variable detail (graphics card)

mode as in the Maximum detail (graphics card) mode, the
maximum number of triangles must be set, depending on the image
data, to several million (entry of figures in the value field).
`==~=
Inside4D features up to three so called Clipping planes. These planes can be

used to cut the volume open in order to visualize structures which are within
the volume. Clipping planes make most sense when used in the Surface
mode but can also be used with limited functionality with the rendering
modes Maximum and Transparency.
In Surface mode clipping planes can also be used in a channel specific
manner. This means, that in a multichannel image one can selectively cut
away portions of the volume in one channel in order to unveil other structures
from other channels. This technique also works in Mixed mode.
A further possibility is, to use clipping planes in order to display only the gray
values of the volume which touch the clipping plane.
All these functions can be used for creating a render series in order to make
spectacular movies for presentation.
There are three clipping planes, which are named according to their default
orientation with respect to the volume axis: XY, YZ, XZ. All the parameters
influencing a clipping plane can be found on the corresponding tab:
.
10-69
When set, each plane is placed into the center of the volume and oriented in
orthogonal fashion according to its name (XY, XZ, YZ).
Clipping
Clip mode: Here you can select between 4 clipping modes:
None: Plane has no clipping function.
Back: Plane cuts away the background.
Front: Plane cuts away the foreground.
Both: Plane cuts away both fore- and background. This mode is
similar to the check box Hide Volume on the right side bar of the
render window.
: Here you can choose which channel should be clipped.

Simply disable the channel you do not want to clip by clicking on the
channel 1 and 3 will be
appropriate channel button:
clipped, channel 2 not. This function is only available for the modes
Surface and Mixed.
: This check box is available for the modes

Surface, Maximum and Mixed. This option clips all transparently rendered
channels in a global fashion. For technical reasons it is not possible to
correctly clip transparent volumes in a channel specific manner.
Plane Parameters
Draw Mode: From this drop down box one of 6 options can be selected,
which influence the way, the clipping plane is drawn:
10-70
None: plane is transparent
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Colored: clipping plane is colored in a semitransparent fashion with a

green hue
Binary: Gray levels above the defined threshold, which are touched
by the plane are displayed binary white, black pixels are opaque
Transparent (linear): Data, which are touched by the plane, are

displayed as in the render mode Transparent but in a twodimensional projection. The ramp for the transparency in this case is
always linear. Black pixels are transparent.
Transparent (with settings): Data, which are touched by the plane,

are displayed as in the render mode Transparent but in a twodimensional projection. The ramp for the transparency is as defined
on the Data property page. Black pixels are transparent.
Opaque: as with Transparent (with settings) but in this case black

Pixels are non-transparent, rendered volume data in the background
do not shine through.
: draws a green frame outlining the plane. Especially

useful, it plane is in draw mode None.
: With this button the plane can be

reset to its default orientation
Horizontal: allows the rotation of the clipping plane along the horizontal
volume axis (oblique orientation)
Axial: allows defining an oblique orientation of the plane along the z-axis
of the volume.
Position: shifts the plan along the planes perpendicular.
10-71
p==~=
Sometimes the display of three-dimensional structures on a two dimensional

display can be difficult. In this case it can be helpful to display volumes as
Anaglyphs. The volume is separated into two separate views which are
calculated as if viewed through two different cameras. Both cameras are
positioned in a defined distance from each other. Each view is colored
differently (red and green) so that when viewed through red-green glasses, a
3 dimensional impression is created for the observer.
The Stereo view can be invoked for all graphic card accelerated rendering
modes (Transparency, Surface, Maximum and Mixed).
Stereo
Stereo Mode: enables (Anaglyph Stereo) or disables (None) the stereo

mode.
Channel: The drop down box contains the options Both, Left and Right.
Only in Both is the analglyph stereo effect visible. The other modes each
turn off the other channel.
Camera: Defines the distance of both cameras from each other (Units in
meters).
Parallax Shift: Determines the degree of shift which is necessary to

correlate both camera views. The slider should be adjusted to maximize
the stereo effect. Please note, that this setting will be different for each
observer.
p~==~=
: If checked, illuminates the inside of a surface

rendered volume. If unchecked, the inside is dark. If one views the inside
of a volume by flying or zooming into it, the inside illumination is helpful.
This option is only available for the Surface mode.
10-72
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
: with activated Inner surface lighting,

this checkbox colors the inside lighting with a bluish hue. This makes
distinguishing inside from outside easier. This option is only available for
the Surface mode.
: This option specifies to render plain

surfaces. If this option is not activated these surfaces look like windows
you can look through into the rendered volume.
: This option allows transparency to

be assigned to surface rendered volumes in a channel specific manner. If
checked, the slider Transparency will be available on the Data property
page. This option is only available for the Surface mode if the method
Maximum Detail is chosen on the View property page. Please be aware,
that with multichannel volumens the transparency effect depends on the
order in which the channels are rendered. This technical limitation does
not always lead to satisfactory results.
If checked, this option displays the merge

image including all channels of a multichannel volume in 3D-Gallery
View. This option is only available for the Surface mode.
Texture-Switch: This parameter influences the volume angle, upon

which the next set of 2D-Textures will be loaded into the graphics card
(value range 1-100 degree). Depending on the object orientation, the
number of z-slices and the chosen render settings this loading process can
be visible and may be disturbing especially when rendering a series for
movie export. Changing this angle can postpone or even avoid this switch
during a series rendering. This Option is only available for Transparency
and Maximum modes.
: Influences the fly speed (value range 0.0001 0.9999) when

flying through a volume.
Mouse Sensit.: Influences the mouse sensitivity (value range 1-720).

Small values make the mouse actions precise but slow, large values less
precise but faster.
10-73
VRML Export: This button opens a standard Microsoft Windows dialog

to save a surface mode in the VRML file format. VRML (Virtual Reality
Markup Language) is a standard file format for representing 3D graphics.
It has been designed particularly with the world wide web (WWW) in
mind. VRML files are commonly called worlds and have the *.wrl file
extension. To open and view these files a suitable Web Browser with a
VRML PlugIn is required.
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Modules - Deconvolution
NMKP
a=
A prerequisite for 2D deconvolution is a 2-dimensional image with 8-16 bit

gray levels. All functions that are not necessary for 2D deconvolution are
inactive.
A prerequisite for 3D deconvolution is an 8-16 bit gray level image in the form
of a z-stack. To acquire a z-stack using AxioVision, the optional Z-stack
module is required. If you wish to acquire z-stacks in several fluorescence
channels, you will also require the Multichannel Fluorescence module.
The following processing methods can be used for the relevant image types in
deconvolution:
Frame rate
2D Deconvolution
NN
RIF
x
FIT
x
CIT
x
3D Deconvolution
NN
x
RIF
x
FIT
x
CIT
x
Z-Stack Fluorescence
NN
RIF
FIT
CIT
NN
RIF
FIT
CIT
3D ApoTome SIM
NN
RIF
FIT
CIT
2D Fluorescence
x
x
x
NN
RIF
FIT
CIT
x
x
x
x
NN: Nearest Neighbor

RIF: Regularized Inverse Filter
FIT: Fast Iterativ
CIT: Constrained Iterativ
10-75
e==f=====o~=
f=c\=
Load a suitable image. On the Product DVD, you will find the image
"FluoCells_DCV-Teststack.zvi" in the folder Demo Images and
Scripts\AxioVision Images. This is a 3-channel z-stack image, and is a good
image to use here.
In the work area, switch to the Deconvolution entry.
This opens the Deconvolution property page. First of all, deactivate the
CreateNew function. This setting ensures that only one resulting image is
generated, and that the input image remains selected. This allows you to
change parameters as often as you like, without a new resulting image
being generated each time.
If the desired image was in the foreground when Deconvolution was

selected, it is now loaded as the input image. Otherwise load it by clicking
on the
10-76
button and selecting the image in the gallery:
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The name of the resulting image can be changed. We recommend that

you include in this an indication of the method used:
.
The Regularized Inverse Filter method is already selected.
In the Channel specific settings section, you can enter settings that may
differ from channel to channel, e.g. the desired reconstruction strength.
For the second channel (green), select a manual strength setting:
Leave the other channels on the automatic strength setting.

Leave the AutoLinear setting for normalization.
Define a sub-region using the Select ROI menu command:
10-77
In the image, define a small region to which you want deconvolution to

be applied:
Start the procedure by clicking on

list:
. Follow the display in the job
10-78
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The resulting image should now look like this:
The first channel is displayed, and you can see the effect of the inverse
filter applied to the ROI.
Adjust the slider for Z until you arrive more or less at the center of the zstack
that looks something like this:
. You should now see an image
10-79
The bright regions in the acting structure of the fluocell sample appear
over-saturated. This is the effect of automatic normalization. To compensate
for this, open the Properties window using the
windows display field (or Alt+Enter).
button in the image
In the image histogram, you can now see that the setting of the display
characteristic curve is still the same as it was for the original image:
As the 16-bit dynamic range (= 65536 gray levels) is now being used in full,
the display characteristic curve needs to be adapted to the new data range.
To do this, click on the
button. The value in the input field
.
underneath this button should then be one per thousand:
The display characteristic curve is now set in such a way that 0.1% of the
brightest pixels in the image are shown as completely white, and 0.1% of
the dark pixels in the image as completely black. These settings only
influence the display on the monitor, not the pixel values in your image.
The histogram should now look something like this:
10-80
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The contrast setting of the image is now more or less correct. This means
that you are able to properly assess the image components that have
been enhanced using deconvolution:
Repeat these steps for channels 2 and 3 until a good, high-contrast image
is also visible in superimposed color mode (
button).
The orthogonal slice view is particularly useful for assessing the result.
Switch to the slice view by clicking on the Cut View tab
. Position the slice lines in the
deconvoluted region (for example):
10-81
You can now clearly see the effect of the contrast enhancement. In
particular, the separation of the green channel (which represents the cell
nuclei of the intestinal cells in the fluocell sample) from the red actin
elements is only clearly visible after deconvolution.
You can now experiment with the various parameters and deconvolution
methods. Provided you do not make any changes to the name of the resulting
image, the resulting images are overwritten every time you click on the
button. This procedure also enables you to display various
deconvolution methods simultaneously, in a single resulting image, by moving
the ROI (region of interest) in the input image after selecting a different
method.
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Save the desired resulting image. These images are ideal for use with the 3D
rendering module Inside4D.
10-83
Modules - Widefield Multichannel Unmixing
NMKQ
t=j~=r=
_~=
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing is a new function for the removal of

crosstalk between fluorescent dyes in multichannel images with up to eight
fluorescence channels using a traditional epifluorescence microscope.
Crosstalk is a phenomenon which occurs, whenever dyes are excited by
excitation light of more than one filter combination. This problem occurs for
example, when dyes with broadly overlapping excitation spectra are used
concurrently in one sample. Good examples are the spectral variants of
fluorescent proteins, e.g. BFP, CFP, GFP and YFP. With traditional reflector
filter sets it has been often difficult to achieve 100% signal separation for
such dyes.
In essence this means, that a certain proportion of a signal in one channel is
actually derived from another dye spilling over into the channel.
A parameter based separation is now available with the Widefield
Multichannel Unmixing module. The procedure is separated into three
steps:
Measurement of the amount of crosstalk in 2 alternative procedures:

With appropriate reference samples
by automatic component extraction (ACE) from the sample to be unmixed
Creation of the unmixing matrix file.
Unmixing of the image to be corrected by means of using the unmixing

matrix file generated in step 2.
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Note:
Non-fluorescent channels such as DIC or Phase contrast are automatically
detected and disregarded by all unmixing functions. Such channels are
automatically copied into the unmixed result images to facilitate merged
views with fluorescent channels.
The module Widefield Multichannel Unmixing is designed to work with

images created using the AxioVision Multichannel Fluorescence module.
For the creation of correct reference images the use of the AxioVision
Multichannel module is required.
The images used in these examples you will find on the Product DVD in
the folder Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images.
q=m===
The following example tries to demonstrate the problem of cross talk as well
as show the potential of unmixing such images. In this case, determination of
cross talk is done using reference samples and not ACE.
Reference sample A (CFP-Reference1.zvi): HeLa cells containing a virus
proteins coupled to cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). This protein accumulates
especially in the nucleolar regions of the cell nucleus.
Reference sample B (GFP-Reference1.zvi): HeLa cells containing a virus
proteins coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP). This protein accumulates
in the nucleolar regions of the cell nucleus too.
Sample C: (RevCFP-H2-GFP_3.zvi): HeLa cells containing two proteins with
different fluorescence: coupled to CFP is the same viral protein as in reference
sample A (nucleoli); coupled to GFP is a histone protein, which stains the
chromosomes and thus the entire nucleus a lesser degree of staining of the
nucleoli.
10-85
Sample
Channel 1(CFP)
Channel 2 (GFP)
A. Reference sample
CFP only:
A small degree of
crosstalk is visible in
channel 2 coming from
channel 1.
Image histogram:
x-axis: pixel gray values.
y-axis: relative number
of pixels in logarithmic
scale; identical settings
of the display curve.
B. Reference sample
GFP only:
A moderate degree of
cross talk from channel
2 is visible in channel 1.
Image histogram:
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Sample
Channel 1(CFP)
Channel 2 (GFP)
C. 2-channel
fluorescence sample
(CFP and GFP):
Before Unmixing:
How much signal from
channel 2 is visible in
channel 1 (cross talk)
and vice versa?
Image histogram:
D. 2-channel
fluorescence sample
(CFP and GFP):
After Unmixing:
A net percentage of
pixel intensity values
from channel 2 are
added to the signal in
channel 1.
Image histogram:
10-87
CFP&GFP-sample
original
pseudocolor mode
CFP&GFP-sample
unmixed
pseudocolor mode
E. 2-channel
fluorescence sample
(CFP and GFP):
Comparison
"before" and
"after" unmixing:
shows a markedly
improved signal
separation (shown
at identical display
settings.
10-88
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
q=t=j~=r==
The Widefield Multichannel Unmixing function is the central function for

unmixing samples:
Using the function dialog, you can select whether the unmixing should take
place via automatic component extraction (left-hand image) or using a
reference matrix (right-hand image). If you choose unmixing using a reference
matrix, you will need a reference matrix file containing the corresponding
information for the unmixing.
10-89
If such a file does not yet exist, you can start a wizard via the
button, which will lead you through
the process of generating a reference matrix file.
t===~==
The basic functions in the menu Processing Widefield Multichannel

Unmixing are the functions for unmixing that will already be familiar to you
from the previous version of AxioVision. These functions are still available, for
compatibility reasons and for use in Commander scripts. The following two
examples describe how you can use these functions for unmixing.
r===~=
This example shows you how to measure cross talk using reference samples
and use this information to unmix a 2 channel fluorescence image.
The same images are used as in example 1.
Open the first reference image
"CFP-Reference1.zvi".
It is a 3 channel image. The
first channel contains
transmitted light information
(DIC).
The CFP signal is visible
strongest in channel 2 (Zeiss
filter set #47). Change into
) and
b/w mode (
channel
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Open the properties dialog

(menu View Properties)
and adjust the display line in a
way to enhance the gray value
visibility (e.g. Best Fit: Gamma
value ~ 0.25).
Now it is easier to distinguish
true image background from
signal derived from the
fluorescent dye.
In the workarea select Image

Processing/Widefield
Multichannel Unmixing and
then Reference
measurement.
The image "CFPReference1.zvi" is selected
automatically as Input image
because it the active image in
the foreground.
If it is not selected, select the image from the pop up gallery.
10-91
In the edit field

click
on the
button.
Select a suitable region in the

image for background
correction (ideally without any
signal coming from the dye).
The pixel coordinates (x/y) as
well as the gray value of the
selected pixel are shown. If a
scaling is available, the stage
coordinates are shown.
Click at an suitable position
once in the image. The x and y
coordinates are shown in the
input field.
Click the
input field
button in the
.
Search for a suitable region in

the image for measurement.
Ideally search for a region with
an intensity as high as
possible.
10-92
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Click the
button to
carry out measurement.
The regions taken for
measurement are shown in the
image. Save the image,
because its used later for
generation of the unmixing
matrix.
Open the second reference

image GFP-Reference1.zvi.
The third channel contains the
GFP fluorescence (fluorescence
filter set # 44).
Repeat the corresponding
steps also for this image.
In the workarea select the
function Create Unmixing
Matrix from the function
group Image
Multichannel Unmixing.
10-93
10. Select the input images

accordingly: CFP-Reference1 as
ReferenceImage1, GFPReference1.zvi as
ReferenceImage2. Please
take care to enter channels
and reference images in the
same order. If you use images
with more than two channels,
the function is extended
accordingly.
To define a name for the
unmixing matrix file, click the
button in the input field
. In the following
dialog you can enter a name
for the matrix file.
button
Click the
to accept the filename.
Click the
button to
generate the unmixing matrix
file. The file is saved like
other AxioVision files in the
user folder.

function Unmix Multichannel
Image from the Image
Multichannel Unmixing
function group.
10-94
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Open the image to unmix and

select it as Input image. In this
example, the image "RevCFPH2-GFP_3.zvi" is used.
Switch to the black and white
view (
channel 2 (
) and activate
).
Right click in the image and

select Properties. Set the
display characteristic line in
such a way, that the gray
values are displayed extremely
amplified. So you can easily
detect, where the background
is not caused by the sample
fluorescence.
Switch to channel 3
and
repeat the setting of the
display characteristic line like in
previous step.
10-95
Switch back to the color view

and switch off channel 1
.
Now you can separate the two
fluorescence colors clearly
from the background signal.
Click the
input field
button in the
. In
the image search for a suitable
region for the background
measurement (preferably
without a signal caused by the
fluorescence dye).
The pixel coordinates (x/y) as
well as the gray value of the
selected pixel and stage
positions are shown. Click at a
suitable position once in the
image. The x and y coordinates
are shown in the input field.
Enter a name for the Output
image.
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Click the
button in the
to select
input field
the unmixing matrix file. Click
the
button to
load the file. The dialog is
closed.
Click the
button to
start the unmixing. The result
image shows a clear separation
of the fluorescence channels 2
(CFP) and 3 (GFP). Channel 1
without fluorescence (DIC) is
copied to the output images
unchanged.
To optimize the display, you

should set the display
characteristic line for channel 2
and 3 accordingly:
10-97
Save the output image.
r==~=~=~==^`b=
This example shows you how to measure cross talk directly an image for
unmixing with Automatic Component Extraction (ACE) and how to use it for
unmixing of samples.
The same images are used as in example 1.
Open the image to unmix. In
this example the image
"RevCFP-H2-GFP_3.zvi" is
used.
10-98
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

view (
) and activate
). Right click in
channel 2 (
the image and select
Properties. Set the display
characteristic line in such a
way, that the gray values are
displayed extremely amplified.
So you can easily detect,
where the background is not
caused by the sample.
and
Switch to channel 3
repeat the setting of the
display characteristic line like in
previous step.
Switch back to the color view

and switch off channel 1
.
Now you can separate the two
fluorescence colors clearly
from the background signal.
10-99

function Automatic
Component Extraction from
the Image Processing/Widefield
function group.
The reference image "RevCFPH2-GFP_3.zvi" is selected
automatically as Input image
because it the active image in
the foreground.
If it is not selected, select the image from the pop up gallery.

Click the
input field
button in the
. In
the image search for a suitable
region for the background
measurement (preferably
without a signal caused by the
fluorescence dye). The pixel
coordinates (x/y) as well as the
gray value and the stage
position of the selected pixel
are shown.
Click at an suitable position once in the image. The x coordinate is
shown in the input field.
The predefined threshold in the input field Threshold can be used
. For further information
unchanged
about this parameter, please read in the online help.
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To define a name for the

unmixing matrix file, click the
button in the input field
. In the following
dialog you can enter a name
for the matrix file. Click the
button to accept
the filename.
Click the
button to
generate the unmixing matrix
file. The file is saved like
other AxioVision files in the
user folder.
The measurement regions

defined by ACE are drawn to
the image using the channel
color.
Channel 2:
) and activate
view (
the accordant channel.
Channel 3:
function Unmix Multichannel
Image from the Image
function group.
10-101
Open the image to unmix and

select it as Input image. In this
example, the image "RevCFPH2-GFP_3.zvi" is used.
Now repeat the background
measurement:
Click the
input field
button in the
and
then click in a background
region.
Enter a name for the Output

image.
Click the
button in the
to select
input field
the unmixing matrix file.
button
Click the
to load the file. The dialog is
closed.
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Click the
button to
start the unmixing. The result
image shows a clear separation
of the fluorescence channels 2
(CFP) and 3 (GFP). Channel 1
without fluorescence (DIC) is
copied to the output images
unchanged.
To optimize the display, you

should set the display
characteristic line for channel 2
and 3 accordingly:
Save the output image.
10-103
Modules - Colocalization
NMKR
`~~=
_~=
The acquisition of fluorescence images in several channels makes it possible to

visualize the relationship between biological structures. Displaying two
channels together in color merge mode makes it easier to establish whether
the components are "colocalized", i.e. are occupying the same position in
space.
The classic display is the color-coded overlaying of two fluorescence channels.
The most common form is red/green overlaying. Regions in which both
fluorescent dyes occupy the same position in space are therefore shown as
yellow. However, it is not possible to use this display as a basis for quantitative
statements about the extent of colocalization. At best, a qualitative statement
can be made on whether or not two dyes are colocalizing. The
Colocalization module can fill this gap and provides you with a tool that
enables you to determine colocalization quantitatively.
Principle:
The colocalization of two channels is always analyzed. For images with
more than 2 channels, the user is required to make a selection.
Colocalization results from the pixel-by-pixel comparison of intensities per
channel.
`==
The colocalization display consists of three elements: the scatter plot, the
image (2 channels are shown) and the table of measurement values. On the
right-hand side of the display is a control field for the colocalization settings.
The colocalization display can be activated in the View Views
Colocalization menu or by clicking on the Colocalization button at the
bottom edge of the image.
10-104
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o=p=
: Using these buttons you can select

up to 32 regions in the input image or the scatter plot. Five different forms
can be used by clicking on the buttons: contour, circle, ellipse, rectangle,
contour (spline). If you hold the button down, the form of the mouse pointer
changes to the drawing symbol. Once you have finished drawing, the mouse
pointer changes back to the original arrow symbol and the button is no longer
shown as depressed.
Once a region has been drawn, it is automatically treated as an active region.
The scatter plot shows the pixel-value frequencies of these regions. The
colocalization table shows the data for the entire image and for the selected
region. If you wish to select several regions, you can do so by holding down
the Shift key and clicking on the regions in question. You can also deselect
them in the same way.
Note:
The regions are only visible in the Colocalization view and are not
adopted if you switch to a different type of display.
`~=p=
: Here you can select the two

channels that you want to view.
In the drop-down list boxes on the right you can set a gray value range for
each channel. This allows you to make optimum use of the available gray
value range. You can have the range set automatically, choose between
predefined fixed values or enter a value of your choice interactively. The
scaling of the scatter plot is adapted according to the selection you make.
10-105
q=
: In these list boxes you can set the

threshold value for both channels in accordance with the graphic below.
: This button becomes active as soon as a region is inserted into

the scatter plot. It remains active as long as regions are being selected or
moved there. By activating and deactivating this button, you can switch
between the selection of threshold values using the mouse and the
selection/shifting of selected regions in the scatter plot image. If regions
have been defined in the scatter plot, the corresponding data appear in
the table, in addition to the entire image.
10-106
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
j~=
: Using these buttons you can mask

the four quadrants described in the Threshold section and assign userdefined colors to the channels of the original image (Ch1 and Ch2). The same
process can also be carried out for the colocalized pixels (Coloc) and the
background (BG). The color selection menu is opened by right-clicking with
the mouse.
: This button becomes active as soon as a quadrant has been

masked. If you press the button by clicking on it with the mouse, a new
image containing exclusively the masked pixels is created.
: Using these buttons you can select

the scatter plot and/or the value table for the image currently being displayed
and edited for saving in a separate file. This enables you, for example, to edit
the data in another program (e.g. Microsoft Excel).
d~~=a~=
The Scatter Plot is a graphical display of the pixel-value frequencies of

channels 1 and 2. These frequencies are shown using a rainbow lookup table
(units between 0 and 255). Channel 1 is distributed along the x-axis and
channel 2 along the y-axis. The threshold value can be changed directly in the
graphic by left-clicking with the mouse. It is also possible to move the
threshold value lines interactively using the mouse.
10-107
The Colocalization table contains 17 columns. These are used to present the
following details and calculations:
1. Image Region: When a region has been selected, it is assigned a
number. This number appears in the image and the table. Data from the
scatter plot can either relate to the entire plot or to the selected region.
For this reason no numbering for the selected region appears here in the
data table.
2. Scatter Quadrant: As described under the Threshold field, the scatter
plot display is divided into four quadrants, which are numbered 1,2,3 and
4. These numbers correspond to channel 1, channel 2, colocalization and
background. All data can be obtained individually for these four
quadrants. In addition, the threshold value set in the scatter plot is
displayed for each channel.
3. Number of Pixels: Shows the total number of pixels in each quadrant.
The sum of all the pixels in this column for all 4 quadrants corresponds to
the product of the height and width of the original image.
4. Area (m):
Area = number of pixels x X-scale x Y-scale
If no scaling is available for the original image, the following applies:
1 pixel = 1 m.
5. Relative Area (%):
Relative area = area of quadrant x / total area
x = 1, 2, 3, 4; total area = area of quadrant 1 + area of quadrant 2 + area
of quadrant 3 + area of quadrant 4.
6. Mean Intensity Channel 1: The sum of all the gray values of channel 1
divided by the total number of pixels in this channel.
GrayValues Channel1
AreaChannel 1
10-108
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
7. Mean Intensity Channel 2:
GrayValueChannel 2
AreaChannel 2
8. Standard Deviation Channel 1:
(GrayValuesChannel1 MeanIntensityChannel1)
AreaChannel1 1
9. Standard Deviation Channel 2:
(GrayValueChannel2 MeanIntensityChannel 2)
AreaChannel 2 1
10. Colocalization Coefficient Channel 1: This coefficient indicates the

relative number of colocalized pixels in channel 1 or 2 in relation to the
total number of pixels above the threshold value:
Pixels Channel1
Pixels Channel1
, colocalized
, total
The values vary between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates no colocalization and

1 complete colocalization.
Numerator = number of pixels in quadrant 3
Denominator = number of pixels in quadrant 3 + number of pixels in
quadrant 1
10-109
11. Colocalization Coefficient Channel 2:
Pixels Channel 2
Pixels Channel 2
, colocalized
, total
Numerator = number of pixels in quadrant 3

Denominator = number of pixels in quadrant 3 + number of pixels in
quadrant 2
12. Weighted Colocalization Coefficient Channel 1 (Pearson):
Provides information on the intensity distribution within the colocalization
region.
Value range: -1 to 1.
1: All pixels lie in a straight line in the scatter plot (if you have used the
same channel twice for colocalization, you will obtain the value 1 in this
column).
0: The pixels in the scatter plot are distributed in the form of a cloud with
no preferred direction.
((GVC1 MVC1) (GVC 2 MVC 2))

(GV C1 MVC1) (GVC 2 MVC 2)
2
GV: gray value; MV: mean value; C: channel

13. Overlap Colocalization Coefficient (Manders):
Insensitive to differences in signal intensity between the two channels and
to bleaching.
Value range: 0 to 1
GrayValueC1 GrayValueC 2
GrayValueC1 GrayValueC 2
2
C: channel
10-110
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14. Index Z: Indicates the z-index for z-stack images.

15. Index T: Indicates the time index for time lapse images.
16. Acquisition Time: Indicates the time of acquisition for all dimensions of a
multidimensional image.
17. Focus Position: Indicates the focus position at which an image was
acquired.
10-111
Modules - Interactive Measurement
NN
NNKN
f~=^~=j=
f~=j~=
d~=
The Interactive Measurement module builds on the standard image analysis

functions in the basic program. It offers the following two additional features:
A clearly extended list of measurement parameters: besides the standard

parameters there are, among other things, several tools for distance
measurement and multiple distance measurement, two additional options
for cyclometry (including clicking on contour points), and much more
besides.
The possibility for generating measurement programs for interactive

measurements.
Notes:
For general background information and basic details on how to operate
the measurement function, please read through chapter 6 "Image
Analysis" first.
A complete list, plus a description, of all measurement parameters can be

found in the online help.
t==~=j~=m~==
Measurement programs allow you to put together parameters of your choice,

which the user must then run through in the defined sequence. This creates a
kind of electronic work instruction that ensures that a measurement sequence
is run through properly and completely. The programs can be saved so that
they can be used in routine operation.
Working with interactive measurement programs usually involves two steps:
1. loading and 2. executing a measurement program. However, before a
measurement program can be used for routine measurements, it must first be
configured.
11-1
Note:
Further explanations on all the functions described can be found in the
online help.
d~=~=~=
Using the Measure Interactive Measurement Programs Define

function, you can load and modify existing measurement programs or
generate new ones.
Generating measurement programs: selecting measurement tools and

parameters
The Interactive Measurement Programs Define function is also suitable
for loading measurement programs, as the relevant program is also visible
here. There is an independent function for loading a program. This is
particularly useful for automatic execution within a Commander script.
11-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
i~=~==~=~=
In order to execute an existing measurement program, it must first be

"loaded". This means that one program is selected from a list of existing
measurement programs. This program then becomes active. When the
execution function is started, the program that is currently active is always the
one that is used.
To load a measurement program, please select the Measure Interactive
Measurement Programs Load function:
Loading a measurement program
11-3
The desired program can be selected from a list of existing programs. You can
also use the Measure Interactive Measurement Programs Define
function to load a measurement program. The advantage of this is that a
loaded program is also displayed in this function. However, if a measurement
program is to be automatically loaded and executed within the context of a
Commander script, the function for generating programs is not suitable.
When the measurement program has been loaded, you can start it via the
Measure Interactive Measurement Programs Run function:
Executing a measurement program
11-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - AutoMeasure
NNKO
^j~=E^~=j~F=
d~=
The process of measuring interesting objects in an image automatically is

closely linked to the rapid development of the hardware sector. Without this
development it would take a huge amount of time to perform these
measurements (which can involve several hundred images in some cases).
Thanks to the performance of modern PCs, it is now possible to use
increasingly complex functions for image analysis, and to perform an
automatic evaluation.
The term automatic measurement is understood to mean, in particular, the
automatic recognition of interesting objects. In contrast to interactive
measurement, it is no longer necessary to use the mouse to outline the
objects to be measured in the image. The objects can be recognized
automatically on the basis of their brightness and/or color and other
descriptive parameters (shape, size etc.).
An automatic measurement usually consists of the six steps briefly listed
below. These steps represent the general sequence of an image analysis
procedure. They are in no way specific to AxioVision, and should always be
carried out in this or a similar form.
1. Image acquisition
Image acquisition is besides segmentation the most important step within
image analysis. It is only during image acquisition that you have all the original
data available. Image information that is poor or, worst of all, incorrect
prevents you from achieving accurate measurement results. This can even lead
to a situation in which a sample that should be simple to measure from an
image analysis perspective is no longer analyzable, as the system can no
longer recognize the objects to be measured. In such cases you have to revert
to interactive measurement.
11-5
Information that is not acquired during image acquisition is very difficult to

reconstruct during image enhancement. In many cases this is not possible at
all. You must therefore take advantage of all of the technical possibilities
offered by your microscope and camera during the preparation of the sample.
Often there is room for improvement with regard to sample preparation. You
need to be self-critical, and check whether the quality of your samples could
be improved.
2. Image enhancement
In general terms, it is possible to distinguish between two different application
situations:
The optical enhancement of an image helps the user to correctly interpret
the accuracy of the solution suggested by the measurement system. This
includes enhancement of the brightness and contrast, and also gamma
correction. Enhancing the quality of the image from an optical perspective,
however, has no influence on the quality of the recognition results.
Functions to enhance recognition performance (segmentation) allow you
under certain circumstances, that images can be measured automatically even
when the image quality would lead you to assume otherwise. These functions
include, for example, the elimination of illumination errors (shading
correction).
3. Segmentation
Segmentation is the key to a correctly functioning automatic measurement.
This process involves having the interesting objects determined automatically
by the measurement system, and separated from the regions that are not to
be measured (the image background). Initially this takes place on the basis of
brightness or color information. Reference objects are outlined or highlighted
in the image using the mouse. AxioVision then recognizes all other objects
independently. It is also possible to directly select the thresholds for the
brightness or color ranges that represent the objects using the distribution of
the brightness or color information (histograms). However, this requires a
certain amount of experience.
11-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The result of segmentation is a "measurement mask", which is represented

internally by a so-called binary image. This mask conceals the background
regions using black pixels, and shows the objects to be measured as white.
You will only come into contact with this measurement mask indirectly.
AxioVision shows it as a color image superimposed over the original image.
4. Processing the measurement mask
A measurement cannot be performed until the objects to be measured, and
only those objects, have been correctly recognized. Sometimes, however, this
is not possible. Artifacts that you do not want to measure may also be
acquired, or objects may be touching and may not therefore be recognized as
individual objects by the system. These must then be separated before
proceeding.
Typical processing steps therefore involve the deletion of artifacts, the filling
of gaps in objects and the automatic separation of objects. In difficult cases,
subsequent interactive processing (deletion, separation, additional drawing in
of objects etc.) may also be required.
5. Measurement
During the measurement, the selected parameters are determined by
AxioVision and saved in a results file. Two types of file are distinguished: files
for so-called region specific and field specific image data.
Region specific image data are measurement parameters that are

determined for every individual object (an image region). These are, for
example, the area, circumference and shape of the object in question, or
even its densitometric values, such as the average gray value. The
measurement results are written within the results file in the form of one
line per region or object.
Field specific data are measurement parameters that are determined for
the entire image field. These are, for example, the number of objects, or
the percentage of the entire image area represented by all the objects
present, etc. Field-specific measurement results lead to one line per
image in the results file.
11-7
6. Evaluation
Before you can actually make a statement about the image using the data for
the images or objects in which you are interested, this data needs to be
evaluated. As a wide range of special evaluation programs, such as Microsoft
Excel, are now available, AxioVision itself does not feature any evaluation
functions. The data are made available in Excel format, and can therefore be
evaluated in the environment you are familiar with.
In addition to the pure measurement data, image documentation should also
always be used to make clear which objects were used to determine the
measurement results. AxioVision gives you the option of displaying the
objects, e.g. by outlining their contours, and the measurement results directly
in the image.
q====^j~==
The concept of the AutoMeasure module is based on Carl Zeiss many years of
experience in the field of automated image analysis. It has become clear that
in most cases only a small proportion of the range of available functions are
actually required and employed. The aim was to arrange these functions in a
way that was simple to operate and would also allow less experienced users
to perform fast and accurate measurements.
As with automated analyses you are usually not just measuring an individual
image, but in some cases are analyzing a very large number of images, the
interactive execution of individual steps via menu functions or a workflow is
often not a realistic option. Nevertheless, with the AutoMeasure module you
have the option of measuring just one image quickly and efficiently (further
information on this will be provided later).
The two points touched upon "Complex technology, simply packaged" and
"Analysis of large numbers of images" are reflected by the structure of the
AutoMeasure module.
11-8
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The module therefore consists of two parts:
The Automatic Measurement Program Wizard allows you to generate

automatic measurement programs quickly and simply.
The function for the Run Automatic Measurement Program allows

you to execute a program you have generated for any number of images.
It makes no difference whether these images are acquired via a camera or
are already present as files.
Notes:
At this point, we should emphasize that the AutoMeasure module is not
suitable for resolving every conceivable measurement task. It is intended
more as a tool to simplify your everyday tasks.
More complex applications are possible using the AutoMeasure Plus

module. In this module the full range of image analysis functions are
available via the AxioVision menus, and can be freely combined. You can
therefore even realize exotic applications, although this requires the
person generating the program (not the actual user of the program) to
have some knowledge of the background to digital image analysis.
q=~==~=~=~=
The Automatic Measurement Program Wizard leads you step by step through
the individual stages of digital image analysis (please also read the "General"
section earlier in this chapter).
From the Product DVD (folder AxioVision Images\AutoMeasure) load the

image "round.zvi".
Start the wizard in the menu Measure Automatic Measurement

Programs Program Wizard.
Further information on the individual steps, and the functions and functional
parameters used, can be found in the online help by pressing the F1 key.
11-9
m~=~~=
Program management gives you an overview of the measurement programs

available, and a brief description on them individually:
Program overview with brief description on the selected program
Click on the New button and enter a name for your measurement program. It
will be saved in the folder My Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\Automatic
Measurement Projects.
Note:
The measurement programs are saved by default in the folder "My
Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\Automatic Measurement Projects".
11-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
f~=~=
For optical image enhancement, functions are available for brightness

adjustment, contrast enhancement and gamma correction.
Enhancement of brightness, contrast and gamma value
To improve detection, images can be smoothed (Sigma filter), illumination

errors corrected (Shading correction), and object edges sharpened
(Delineation).
11-11
p~=
Segmentation is the most important function of the AutoMeasure module.
Dialog for image segmentation
Here you can separate the objects to be measured from the background
simply by clicking on or outlining reference objects. Select whether you want
individual objects only, or the entire image, to be segmented.
With multidimensional images, you also have the option of performing
segmentation separately for each channel of a multichannel fluorescence
image. If two-dimensional gray level or color images are used, up to 32
different phases can be defined (in place of channels).
11-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
l=p~~=
To separate connected objects automatically, you can use the functions

Erosion/Dilatation (for round objects) or Wasserscheiden (for objects with
no distinct shape). The extent of the separation is set via the tolerance.
11-13
m==~=~=E~=~=
F=
In most cases, the measurement mask generated during segmentation has to

be processed subsequently to ensure that only the objects you actually want
to measure are highlighted. With the interactive correction of the
measurement mask you can draw-in separating lines, delete and add objects).
Step for interactive correction of the measurement mask
The functions for the automatic separation of touching objects

(Erosion/Dilation, Watersheds) and for the subsequent interactive processing
of the mask start with a function for eliminating artifacts and for filling gaps
("cleaning" of the measurement mask).
11-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
p=j~=m=
The actual measurement procedure consists of several steps. These are used
to define how the measurement should be carried out in detail.
Definition of a measurement condition ("object filter)
11-15
The individual steps
Determination of region-specific (individual objects) and field-specific

(entire image) measurement parameters.
Definition of the way in which the measured objects should be

highlighted in the resulting image at the end of the measurement
(contour, measurement parameters etc.).
Generation of a measurement condition. This defines the conditions that

an object must satisfy in order to be measured. This is a kind of "object
filter", which can be used, for example, to specify that only objects within
a certain size category should be counted.
Definition of a measurement frame, which is used to specify how objects

that are cut off by the image edge, and are therefore likely to distort the
measurement result, should be handled.
11-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
b~~=
In the final step, AxioVision shows you the image with the objects selected for
measurement again. Here you can make any final changes, e.g. deleting
individual objects by clicking on them.
The measurement data are saved at the end of the measurement in so-called
CSV format (Comma Separated Values).
This is a pure text format that separates the individual values from one
another using special text symbols. The specific country settings that have
been set in the Microsoft Windows control panel apply.
Files in CSV format offer two advantages: on the one hand, they are a special
Microsoft Excel format, and can be opened and processed directly by that
program. On the other hand, as the files contain pure text data, you can
import the data into practically any other program.
11-17
b=~=~=
Once measurement programs have been generated, they can be applied to

any number of images for series analyses. To do this, start from the menu
Measure Automatic Measurement Programs the function Run
Program. Further information can be found in the online help by pressing the
F1 key.
As the tables of measurement results are available at the end of the

measurement wizard, the wizard can also be used to measure an individual
image. A useful feature is that rather than a new measurement program
being generated each time for this purpose, an "auxiliary program", which
always has the same name (e.g. "individual image measurement"), is used.
11-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - AutoMeasure Plus
NNKP
^j~=m=E^~=^~=
j~F=
d~=
While the AutoMeasure module has been designed primarily with ease of
operation in mind (which naturally means that concessions have to be made
in terms of flexibility), the AutoMeasure Plus module aims to offer unlimited
possibilities for use.
A certain amount of knowledge of the procedure used for image analysis
measurements is required in order to use these functions. You should
therefore make sure that you also read the "General" section under 12.2
"AutoMeasure (Automatic Measurement)" as an introduction, before you
start working with the individual functions of the AutoMeasure Plus module.
There you will find important background information on the principal
procedure used for measurements.
q====^j~=m==
To offer you as much flexibility as possible, all of the functions available within
the context of measurements can be accessed individually via the Processing
and Measure menus. By way of comparison, the respective functions in the
AutoMeasure module can only be activated via the wizard.
In general, there are two ways in which you can automate measurement
procedures:
The first step involves specifying the operations that you want to be
performed during the actual measurement. This means that you need to
define the measurement properties (see also the section Working with the
functions for automatic measurement). In this step you need to answer
questions including:
11-19
Which parameters do I want to be measured?

How do I want objects that are no longer fully visible in the image to be
handled?
Do I only want objects that satisfy special conditions to be measured (e.g.
objects with an area between 50 and 100 m)?
During the definition of these settings you are supported by a wizard. Once
you have defined properties, it is then possible to save them for routine
measurement and simply reload them as required. This also takes place via the
wizard. A separate function allows you to test the measurement properties
before performing the measurement.
The second step simply involves performing the measurement on the basis of
the properties you have defined.
In general, there are three ways in which you can automate measurement
procedures:
Call up the individual functions via workflows or toolbars (see also section
9.4 "Adapting the User Interface").
Create scripts with the Commander modul (please read also Chapter 13.1
"Commander").
Generate applications via the VBA module (see also section 13.2 "VBA").
t===~==
original images that were employed. The sample images can be found in the
folder Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images on the Product DVD.
11-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
a~=~=
Dynamic segmentation is particularly useful for detecting fine structures

against a varying background in cases where an optimum result cannot be
achieved using threshold value segmentation.
It is, however, also suitable for images with inhomogeneous illumination. The
Dynamic function employs a smoothing filter internally. This is used to
balance out uneven brightness, or gray value fluctuations, in the background.
The following example explains step by step how to perform dynamic
segmentation.

image " sand.tif" from the
Image.

11-21
Select from the Processing menu the Segment functional group, and then
the Dynamic function.

window of the Dynamic
function.

images appear.
Set the value 63 for Size and

the value 0 for Offset by
Set Binary to Yes.
The resulting image provides a

satisfactory segmentation result.
Although the original image

exhibited inhomogeneous
illumination, no shading
correction was performed in
advance.
The uneven brightness in the

image is compensated for by
the dynamic segmentation.
11-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
You are now able to process the binary image further. Now select from
the Processing menu the Binary functional group, and then the Open
function.

window of the Open function.

images appear.
Set "Octagon" for Structuring

Element and the value "1" for
Count.
11-23
In the resulting image, the detected objects have been smoothed, and small
particles removed.
11-24
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
^~=~==~==~==
~=~=J~=~=
If you want to detect structures in a multichannel z-stack image, functions are

available that take the entire z-stack into account, or all of the channels in full
or on a selective basis.
As the individual channels clearly differ in terms of colors and structures, here
it is possible to make settings on a channel-by-channel basis. The specific
settings for the z-stack do not have to be entered separately for each
individual image. A setting made for an individual image is applied to all the
images in the stack, and therefore provides a very fast detection result.
The automatic segmentation of an image is based on the automatic detection
of local minimums in the images gray value distribution. The Automatic
function uses these minimums as thresholds in order to separate the
structures to be measured from the background. This means that entering
thresholds manually, as in the Threshold function, is not necessary here.
Often only certain structures, present in just one fluorescence channel, are of
interest (e.g. cell nuclei). In a multichannel z-stack image, each channels zstack always has the same number of sections. In some cases the structure to
be measured may not extend over the entire stack.
Setting the Subset therefore allows you, in the case of a multichannel z-stack,
to choose selectively between individual channels or sections.
The following example explains step by step how to segment selected sections
of a fluorescence channel in a multichannel z-stack.
11-25

image
"Hela_DsRed_RevGFP.zvi" from
the folder Demo Images and
Image.

Now select from the Processing menu the Segment functional group,
and then the Automatic function.

window of the Automatic
function.

images appear.
Click on Subset to enter the

specific settings in the Select
Subset window.
11-26
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

you want to be segmented
The first 5 sections contain

hardly any structures, and
should not be taken into
account during segmentation.
Deactivate these sections by
clicking on them.
Activate the Copy selected items only check box, so that only the
selected channels and sections are segmented.
Click on OK.
In the Automatic dialog window, click on OK to close the dialog.
The resulting image is a binary image that contains only the selected sections
of channel 2. This image can be used as a mask for automatic measurement.
Use the arrow keys in the Player Field
to display the segmentation in single steps.
11-27
b==
In many images there is no clear distinction between the objects and the
background. The objects lie very close together, and are separated from each
other by brighter or darker contours. In such cases, threshold value
segmentation does not usually produce a satisfactory result, as the contours
exhibit significant gray value fluctuations. For these kinds of images, edge
detection offers a possible solution.
Imagine an image as a gray value mountain range, where the valleys are
formed by dark gray values, and the peaks by bright gray values. In the
following example, the Valleys function is used. This detects dark edges (gray
value valleys) between bright regions.
Before the edges are detected, smoothing is performed. This is determined by
the Sigma parameter. A high value for Sigma means that strong smoothing
is performed.
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
As a rule, the edges are not uniformly dark, and brighter edges (weakly
pronounced valleys) and darker edges (strongly pronounced valleys) are
present. The detection of the edges can be controlled using the Threshold
parameter. A low value for Threshold excludes bright edges. The higher the
value for Threshold, the lower the number of edges detected. The value is
normally set at a low level, to ensure that any artifacts that are also detected
are removed.
Note:
Please note that the setting of the value for Threshold depends on the
images pixel type. A value of 0.00001 for Threshold corresponds to a
gray value in a 16 bit image (1/65536). In the case of an 8 bit image, a
gray value corresponds to a value of 0.03 (1/255). This means that with
16 bit images, very low values are sufficient, whilst with 8 bit images, the
value has to be set correspondingly higher.
If you have images in which dark objects are separated from each other by
bright contours (edges), we recommend that you invert the image before
using the Valleys function. To do this, use either the Invert function from the
Adjust functional group, or the Not function from the Binary functional
group.
If a color image is used as an input image, you should split the image up into
its individual color channels before or after executing the Valleys function
(Utilities functional group, Split RGB Extractions function), process these
channels separately, and combine them as an individual binary image again,
before the measurement (Binary functional group, Or function) is performed.
The following example explains step by step how to detect these contours
(edges) in an image that contains bright structures separated by dark
contours.
11-29

image "Steel-banding.zvi" from
the folder Demo Images and
Image.

Select from the Processing menu the Segmentation functional group,

and then the Valleys function.

window of the Valleys
function.

see the reduced input and
output images.
Set the value 1.5 for the

parameter Sigma by clicking on
the arrow keys, or by entering
the value directly.
Set the value 0.03 for

Threshold by entering the
value directly.
11-30
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The resulting image shows the detected edges, but also numerous small
structures (artifacts) that have also been detected.
11-31
Select from the Processing menu the Binary functional group, and then
the Bin Scrap function.

window of the Scrap function.

see the reduced input and
output images.
Set the value 1 for the

parameter MinArea and the
value 50 for MaxArea by
11-32
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
In the resulting image, the artifacts have now disappeared. A comparison with
the original image, however, shows that some of the detected edges contain
gaps.
11-33
In order to measure the image correctly, the edges of the objects (regions) to
be measured must be closed. Using the watersheds function, it is possible to
reconstruct them, so that they form complete contours (see chapter
"Separation and/or reconstruction of structures using watersheds").
11-34
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
m=~=~==
m=~=~=~=EI==
~~I==~F=
If you want an image to be measured automatically, you must first perform

segmentation. This produces a so-called mask (binary image). Frequently the
binary image is not perfect, and can only be used for measurement following
further processing. During segmentation, incomplete or superfluous structures
(gaps, peripheral regions or other structures) are often detected. Special
functions are available for processing such structures.
The following example explains step by step how to process a segmented
image morphologically, and thereby optimize it.

image "CatCerebellum(1300).zvi" from the
Image.

11-35
Now select from the Processing menu the Smooth functional group, and
then the Gauss binomial function.

window of the Gauss binomial
function.

images appear.
In places the image contains

inhomogeneous structures,
which make segmentation more
difficult. For this reason the
image is smoothed in advance
using a Gauss filter.
Set the value 5 for the

parameter KernelSize by
by entering the value directly.
11-36
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Now select from the Processing menu the Segment functional group,
and then the Threshold interactive function.

window of the Threshold
interactive function.
Set New image to Off. Under

Input select GaussImage.
Click on OK.
11-37
You will now see the dialog window with the segmentation function.
11-38
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Click on OK. The resulting image is displayed in the image window.
p~~=~L=====
~=
Often the image structures that you want to measure are present in the form
of agglomerates, or are positioned very close together, which means that
separation is required following segmentation. If only the object contours
have been detected, these are frequently incomplete, and need to be
reconstructed to form complete contours.
If conventional separating functions (combination of Bin Erode and Bin
Dilate or Exoskeleton) fail to produce a usable result, the watersheds
function can be employed.
11-39
In the segmented image it is necessary, first of all, to perform smoothing

(using Lowpass, Gauss or Median), in order to eliminate excess structures
and structures that are too small. Smoothing can, however, also take place
prior to segmentation.
Distance transformation (Bin Euclidean Distance) is then used to generate a
distance map from the smoothed binary image. The distances of the white
regions from the black background are coded as gray values in the resulting
image. Bright gray values in the distance map indicate a large distance from
the object.
An image can be regarded as a gray-value landscape, with valleys (dark gray
values) and hills (bright gray values). In the distance-transformed image, the
regions have to be the valleys, in order for the watersheds algorithm to
function. The Watersheds function floods the valleys, and marks the places
where the water masses flow together. These are then identifiable as
separating lines or reconstruction lines.
The following example explains step by step how to generate separating lines
using watersheds.
Use the resulting image from

the Edge detection example in
the previous section, or
generate a similar image.
11-40
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Select from the Processing menu the Smooth functional group, and then
the Lowpass function.

window of the Lowpass
function.

images appear.
Set New image to Off, so that

you can select the images
freely.
button in
If you click on the
Set the value 5 for

KernelSizeX, KernelSizeY and
Count by clicking on the arrow
keys, or by entering the value
directly.
11-41
Select from the Processing menu the Binary functional group, and then
the Distance Transformation function.

window of the Distance
Transformation function.

reduced inputand output
images appear.
11-42
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Now select from the Processing menu the Morphology functional

group, and then the Watersheds function.

window of the Watersheds
function.

images appear.
Select under Basins the Off

setting.
11-43
The resulting image now shows the reconstructed separating lines.
Incomplete separating lines have been completed, and superfluous structures

removed. If the resulting image is to be used as a mask for measuring, it must
first be inverted using the Not function (menu Processing Binary).
11-44
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
j~=Lr=_~==
Images often contain structures with varying brightnesses or colors, which are
detected over several segmentation steps. In some cases, the binary images
produced have to be combined in order to join together or mask structures.
Boolean operations are available for this purpose. The And function can be
used to mask structures, whilst the Or and Xor functions are better suited to
combining structures. Frequently an inverted image is required, which can be
generated using the Not function.
The following example explains step by step how to mask or combine
structures from various binary images. The example uses a metaphase image,
from which the DAPI channel, the FITC channel and the Rhodamine channel
have been detected in three separate steps.
Use the segmentation functions to generate three binary images in which

various structures have been detected.
Or: from the Product DVD load the images "FISH_DAPI_BIN.zvi",

"FISH_FITC_BIN.zvi" und ""FISH_RHO_BIN.zvi" from the folder Demo
Images and Scripts\AxioVision Images.
11-45
FISH_DAPI_BIN.zvi
"FISH_FITC_BIN.zvi
FISH_RHO_BIN.zvi
11-46
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Now select from the Processing menu the Binary functional group, and
then the And function.

window of the And function.

images appear.
Set CreateNew to Off so that

you will be able to select the
images freely later.
button in
If you click on the
it. Select different binary images
for Input1 and Input2.
The And function only masks

structures that are present in
both images.
As, in the sample image, the

FITC structures lie directly on
top of the DAPI structures, the
resulting image is identical to
the FITC binary image.
11-47
then he Or function.

window of the Or function.

images appear.
button in
If you click on the
it. Select different binary images
for Input1 and Input2.
11-48
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The Or function masks structures that are present in either one image or the
other.In the sample image, the FITC structures and the Rhodamine structures
are in different positions. Both types of structure appear in the resulting
image.
11-49
then the Xor function.

window of the Xor function.

images appear.
button in
If you click on the
it. For Input2 select the
resulting image of the Or
function, and for Input1
another binary image.
The Xor function masks as black any structures present in both images. Any
white structures that do not overlap also appear as white in the resulting
image.
11-50
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
In the sample image, the FITC and Rhodamine structures lie directly on top of
the DAPI structures. Structures in the resulting image therefore appear as gaps
in the DAPI image.
11-51
then the Not function.

window of the Not function.

images appear.
button in
If you click on the
it. For Input1, select any binary
image.
11-52
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The resulting image now shows all white structures as black, and vice versa.
t===c==~~=
j~=
d~==j~=m=c=~=
j~=

image "round.zvi" from the folder
Demo Images and Scripts\AxioVision

Images via the function File Open
Image.
The image is displayed in AxioVisions

image window.
11-53
Now select from the Processing menu the Segmentation functional

group, and then the Automatic function.

window of the Automatic
function.

images appear.
button in
If you click on the
it. For Invert reult, select Yes.
11-54
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Now select from the Processing menu the Segmentation functional

group, and then the Separatrion function.

window of the Separatrion
function.

images appear.
Set the value 3 for Count by

by entering the value directly.
For the parameter Mode select

Watersheds.
11-55
Now select from the menu Measure Automatic Measurement the

function Set Measurement Properties.

window of the Set
Measurement Properties
function.
for
From the image gallery
the parameter DensImage the
image "round.zvi" and for
parameter MaskImage select
"SeparatedImage".
11-56
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Set the selected measurement features, draw features as well as the

measurement frame and activate the check bos Maximiz frame. Save the
settings and click OK to close the dialog window.
11-57
Now select from the menu Measure Automatic Measurement the

function Start Measurement.

window of the Start
Measurement function.
Select the parameters as shown

in the screenshot of the dialog
window.
In the AxioVision's image window the result image DrawImage and the
result table RegionTable will be displayed.
11-58
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The results will be displayed in the graphics plane of the resulting image. With
the function Set Mesurement Properties you can define the way in which the
Region Features, Draw Features resp. Field Features Draw Features will be
displayed.
The measurement values are displayed in region specific resp. field specific
tables.
The measurement data are saved at the end of the measurement in so-called
CSV format (Comma Separated Values).
This is a pure text format that separates the individual values from one
another using special text symbols. The specific country settings that have
been set in the Microsoft Windows control panel apply.
Files in CSV format offer two advantages: on the one hand, they are a special
Microsoft Excel format, and can be opened and processed directly by that
program. On the other hand, as the files contain pure text data, you can
import the data into practically any other program.
11-59
Modules - Particle Analyzer Projects
NNKQ
m~=^~=m=
d~=
q==~~=
The Particle Analyzer Projects module forms the basis for the Particle
Analyzer system on the software side. The Particle Analyzer from Carl Zeiss is
a complete system for analyzing particles and is currently based on two
microscope platforms:
platform 1: Upright light microscope Axio Imager

platform 2: SteREO Discovery.V12 stereo microscope
For either platform, manual and partially or fully motorized system versions
are available. See the system overviews below:
Particle Analyzer with Axio Imager.M1m or Axio Imager.Z1m
11-60
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Particle Analyzer with SteREO Discovery.V8 or SteREO Discovery.V12

In addition to the microscopes, the following components are essential for a
complete Particle Analyzer system:
Digital camera (integrated into AxioVision, e.g. AxioCam family).

PC with monitor.
AxioVision basic package and the Particle Analyzer Projects module.
Depending on the microscopy platform used and the requirements of your

application, you may need the following components in addition:
For scanning large areas: a motorized stage and the AxioVision MosaiX
module. For automatic focusing during image acquisition, the AxioVision
Autofocus module will be helpful.
For the individual modification of analysis scripts: the Commander
module.
microscope, motorized stage and camera, please refer to the manuals
supplied with the corresponding devices.
11-61
Note:
Before using the Particle Analyzer, familiarize yourself with the basic
functions of the AxioVision software. You should be familiar with the
operation of the camera and microscope components in particular.
^==~=~~=
Specimen holder for round particle filters
The specimen holder for round particle filters is used to hold round filters up
to 50 mm in diameter. It can be used for the following tasks/has the following
features:
Reproducible positioning of filters on a mechanical stage or scanning

stage.
Plane-parallel glass plate with retaining ring for flat insertion of a filter.
This means that autofocusing is no longer necessary. Automatic focusing
would make the acquisition process many times longer.
Suitable for objectives up to Epiplan 10x.
Marking to ensure correct positioning of filters with a 25 mm diameter.
Depending on the type of stage used (mechanical or scanning stage), special

specimen holders or inserts may also be required in addition to the specimen
holder for particle filters to ensure that the latter is correctly positioned on the
stage in question.
11-62
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Particle analysis calibration standard
Using the calibration standard, you can check whether measurements made
using the Particle Analyzer lead to reproducible results. The calibration
standard has the following features:
Depiction of size classes of guideline VDA volume 19 and ISO 16232

10 size classes: 10, 20, 35, 75, 125, 175, 300, 500, 800, 1200 m
Total number of particles: 6960
Three different shapes: circles, rectangles, ellipses
Diameter: 47 mm
Diameter containing particles: 44 mm
Anti-reflective on both sides
Note:
The calibration standard is also available in a certified version.
11-63
The following table provides an overview of the particle distribution for the
calibration standard:
VDA 19, ISO 16232
Calibration standard
Class
Class boundaries
(m)
Particle size
(m)
Number of
particles
5 x < 15
10
1920
15 x < 25
20
1920
25 x < 50
35
960
50 x < 100
75
960
100 x < 150
125
480
150 x < 200
175
240
200 x < 400
300
120
400 x < 600
500
120
600 x < 1000
800
120
1000 x
1200
120
Total number of particles
6960
Cleaning of sample holder and calibration standard

You will need to differentiate between dust particles (e.g. glass particles from
slides, skin particles from the microscope user, fluff from textiles, etc.) and
other kinds of dirt (e.g. cleaning residues, finger prints and grease). Dust
particles may lie loosely on optical surfaces or become more or less stuck to
them. Other dirt is either water-soluble or only completely removable using
organic solvents.
Depending on the type of soiling, different methods can be used to clean the
sample holder or the calibration standard. You will find further information in
the brochure "The clean microscope" by Carl Zeiss. This brochure can be
found on the Internet at www.zeiss.de.
11-64
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
q==
l~=~=~=
The operating concept of the Particle Analyzer is designed to make it possible

to achieve a reproducible result with as little interaction as possible. The
performance of a measurement can be automated to such an extent that only
the project data need to be entered and the entire analysis process can run
automatically.
To automate a measurement completely, you need extensive knowledge of
systems engineering and the respective application. Carelessly made
alterations of a setting can promptly lead to faulty measurement results. It is
important, therefore, to prevent users not having such knowledge from
changing the basic settings. This is achieved by dividing up the tasks involved
into the definition of a measurement and the performance of a measurement.
The performance of a measurement is always based on what is called test
specifications. All important settings are saved in a test specification. A test
specification cannot be created or edited by a user. This is reserved to Power
Users resp. Administrators. Access to the respective functions is governed by
the access rights of the operating system:
11-65
Dialog for starting a particle

measurement (for standard
users and administrators)
Dialog for editing a test specification

(only for administrators, not available to
standard users)
Under Microsoft Windows Vista the administrator must actively run AxioVision
as an administrator. To do this, after the administrator has right-clicked on the
AxioVision
be activated.
11-66
start icon, the Run as administrator option must
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Note:
Under Microsoft Windows Vista you can also set this option permanently.
Please read the following chapter.
Right-mouse click on the AxioVision icon

Properties function.
and select the
11-67
The AxioVision Properties dialog window will be displayed. In the

Privilege Level field activate the option Run this program as an
administrator.
*
From now on the program will be executed with administrator rights when
starting AxioVision.
11-68
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
m=~==~=
The configuration data of a measurement are saved to so-called test

specifications. A test specification contains all the information on the
performance of a particle measurement in detail: from the configuration of
the device and the type of image acquisition through to the determination of
the size of the original data to be saved and how the results should be
displayed at the end of a measurement.
The test specifications are saved to the archive, together with the
measurement projects, but they are not visible in the archive window. They
can only be modified via the Manage Test Specifications function.
Data are saved and managed in a project-based archive. All the data
generated (images, data tables, reports etc.) are arranged by project and
saved centrally:
Archive view of the Particle Analyzer software
11-69
m~====
f==
General
The functionality of the Particle Analyzer Projects module is based on the basic
functionality of AxioVision. Before you can work with the Particle Analyzer,
you must, therefore, configure the basic settings for AxioVision. You will find
further information you require in Section 8 "Configuration" of this manual.
Microscope configuration
To be able to use your microscope together with AxioVision, you need to
define once your individual system configuration via the separate MTB2004
Configuration program. Should you be retrofitting the Particle Analyzer to
your existing microscope system, you may have to do this configuration via
the Microscope Configuration program.
The configuration programs have their own icons and buttons on your
Microsoft Windows Desktop:
Note:
For detailed information, see Chapter 4 "Microscope Control".
11-70
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
The Particle Analyzer Setup toolbar

The Particle Analyzer Setup toolbar is specially intended for setting and
configuring the Particle Analyzer:
In the following it is assumed that the toolbar is open. If the toolbar is not
displayed on your monitor, select Toolbars in the View menu:
Hereinafter it is assumed that the toolbar is open. If it should not be displayed
on your system, open it via the menu View Toolbars:
11-71
d~=^s=p=
Please make sure that the following settings have been made:
Alignment of camera and motorized stage
If you wish to acquire images of large areas using the MosaiX module, you
must ensure that the camera and stage are exactly aligned with the camera
horizontal.
To check this, in the live image move a clearly recognizable object point as
close as possible to the upper image edge. When the stage is moved in the X
direction, this point in the image must remain at exactly the same distance
from the upper image edge. If this is not the case, the camera must be
rotated until the direction of movement and the image edge are completely
parallel. Otherwise the individual component images will not be put together
properly. The aligning and setting process may take quite some time with
conventional camera adapters; therefore use of the adjustable Carl Zeiss
camera adapter is recommended:
Note:
For detailed information, see Chapter 9.7 "MosaiX" "Setting up the
camera and scanning stage").
11-72
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Scaling
Measurement in real units (e.g., m) is only possible if there exist scaling files.
Although AxioVision has a capability to compute a theoretical scaling on the
basis of the current system configuration, it is urgently recommended to
create, for measurement tasks, an individual scaling file by means of a stage
micrometer.
Note:
For detailed information, see Chapter 8.4 "Scalings".
Autofocus calibration
To be able to use the autofocus feature, you need to calibrate it for the
magnifications used. The autofocus feature can then be used for defining
interpolation nodes for the focal plane, and for acquiring mosaic images.
Notes:
For detailed information, see Chapter 9.2 "Autofocus".
User settings
Select the User tab in the Tools Options menu. Enter the information
about the respective user and select your corporate logo. This information is
administrated separately for each user. It is saved to the archive for each
project or each measurement and, by way of default, used for the reports.
Note:
For detailed information, see Chapter 8.6 "General settings".
Configuration of the user interface
AxioVision offers an extremely wide range of options with regard to userspecific configuration. In particular, the fact that the interface is structured as
simply as possible means that even inexperienced users are able to use the
system to achieve accurate results both quickly and easily.
11-73
It is recommendable to hide all controls not used for the purpose. For routine
measurements, you usually need only the Particle Analysis workflow and,
perhaps, the Particle Analyzer toolbar. The Particle Analyzer Setup toolbar
is not required for routine measurements. All toolbars, as well as the main
menu, can be displayed and hidden via the View Toolbars menu.
Notes:
To show the main menu again, click the right mouse button on the title
bar of the AxioVision window, or on a toolbar. This opens a context menu
in which you can display everything again.
For detailed information, see Chapter 8.5 "Adapting the user interface".
p~===~=~~=
Creating an archive
The database of the Particle Analyzer constitutes an archive. All data (images,
measurement data tables, reports, etc.) are saved to this archive in a projectrelated order. To be able to work with the Particle Analyzer Projects module,
therefore, an archive must exists and be opened in AxioVision.
In the Particle Analyzer Setup toolbar, click on the New button. On the
Archive tab, select the Particle Analysis template:
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Opening the particle analysis archive when starting

AxioVision
To start AxioVision always with the desired archive, you should establish a
shortcut to the archive on the Microsoft Windows desktop:
Click the right mouse button on a free area on the desktop, and select
New Shortcut
This opens the dialog Create Shortcut. Click on Browse and select
the Particle Analysis Archive (file extension *.zva):
Click on Next and, in the next step, enter a name for the link.
To create the link, click on Finish.
11-75
Note:
Via the properties of the shortcut you can also adapt the icon. Suitable
icons can be found in the "ZiResrc.dll" file in the "C:\Program
Files\Common Files\Carl Zeiss Vision\System\Resource" folder.
Administrating several users
The user management of AxioVision is directly based on that of the operating
system. Each user with access rights works under a different AxioVision
configuration. This means that, e.g., the configuration of the user interface,
the entry of user data, etc., are managed separately for each user.
Notes:
For detailed information on user and data management, see Chapter 8.3
"User and data administration".
If you use a common account for all users but wish to use different
configurations nevertheless, proceed as described in the following
section.
Separation of Particle Analysis and standard AxioVision

It is a strong point of the Particle Analyzer that the system is completely based
on the standard AxioVision software. Therefore, it can also be used for simple
documentation jobs or other applications such as, e.g., analysis of non
metallic inclusions in steel. To start AxioVision always with a special,
application-specific configuration (e.g., specific toolbars, workflows, etc.), you
can establish any number of links with separate icons on the Microsoft
Windows Desktop.
Note:
For detailed information on the creation of configurations, see Chapter
8.8 "Creating various AxioVision configurations for a user".
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`~==~=
d~=
In test specifications, all settings and files for performing a particle

measurement are saved. All subsequent particle measurements always are
based on a test specification. When you start a measurement you are
prompted to select the desired test specification first before you can actually
start the measurement.
The test specifications are managed via the Edit Test specifications dialog:
In the Edit Test specifications dialog you can edit, create and delete test
specifications. Further, you can import and export test specifications.
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f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for Particle Analysis as easy as possible,
you can simply import existing test specifications for special applications and
use them right away.
This is especially helpful if measurements are to be made in different places
but with exactly the same specifications. Test specifications once created
centrally can then be imported on any number of systems installed.
Clicking the Import/Export button starts the wizard that guides you
through all the necessary steps:
Note:
Test specifications available at Carl Zeiss can be downloaded from the
Particle Analyzer Internet website www.zeiss.de/particle and then
imported. Test specifications are available, e.g., for data analysis
conforming to ISO 16232, and for measuring the Carl Zeiss particle
standard.
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q=`~=q=p~=~=
Test specifications are created via the Change Test Specification function.
Here again you can, for each single item required for creating a test
specification, load settings already existing in another template. For the
management of template files, use the buttons on the right of the respective
creation items:
Thus, you can directly copy device settings, settings of the image source, input
forms, etc. from existing templates into the current test specification you are
creating. Further, you can save your own settings to a new template in order
to use them in further test specifications.
And finally, you can set every step separately. To open the respective dialog,
click on the Edit button:
The following chapters describe the procedure step by step.
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q==~=
If you want to test whether the settings of a test specification really produce
the desired results, you can click on the Execute button to run a complete
measurement without having to create a project in the archive. It is important
that you perform this step with a real sample, because all settings made in the
functional dialogs during the test run are adopted by the test specification.
Settings that are particularly important in this context are, e.g., those
concerning the segmentation thresholds for particle detection, or the size and
position of the measurement frame.
e~~==
The settings of microscope and camera are decisive for the reproducibility of
measurements. Measurements will yield the same results only if they are
always made with the same parameters. With the hardware settings you can
ensure that you are always using the same hardware configuration before you
start a Particle Analysis. This is conditional on the use of motorized
microscopes or microscope components, and digital cameras. These can be
completely controlled via the software.
In case of manual microscopes you need to do the correct settings manually.
So-called coded components require a mixed approach. Their current statuses
can be checked by the software, but the correct setting has to be done
manually as required. If you are using coded components, the system will
warn you if a setting is faulty and prompt you to establish the correct
configuration.
The most important settings include, e.g., the objective to be used, the
brightness adjustment, the used contrasting method, camera resolution,
exposure time, camera mode, etc.
Example: Setting the camera mode (color, gray levels)
The camera setting has a decisive influence on the size of your files. Given the
memory capacity of modern computers, the use of color images is considered
a standard feature. However, color images require three times as much
memory space as gray scale images. In most cases, though, color information
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is not required for particle detection; therefore, images should be acquired as

gray scale images. This setting can be made in the camera control dialog, and
it can be changed there by every user:
By including the camera mode in the hardware settings you can ensure that
you are always acquiring gray level images for a measurement, irrespective of
the actual settings of the camera:
f~=p=
The image source defines the way images are acquired. When large areas are
acquired by the mosaic technique, the size and position of the acquired area
are defined in addition via the Setup function of the MosaiX module. Then it
is important, in routine work, that the samples are actually located in the
places previously defined. This can be ensured through the use of holders for
11-81
different slide types. A special holder is available for measuring round particle
filters:
For details, see Chapter "Accessories for particle analysis".

To ensure unmistakable repositioning in the acquisition of MosaiX images, the
z focus and the x and y settings of the motorized stage are calibrated after
every restart of AxioVision.
f==
During a measurement, the user enters the required project data into input
forms. You can freely define which data to enter. The input fields required
and their linking to the archive are defined in what is called the Layout mode.
The Layout mode is active immediately when you start editing.
Standard input form for project data
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Note:
For detailed information on editing form templates, see Chapter 7.4
"Templates for forms and reports".
b~~==
General
The analysis script determines the way in which the particle analysis is to be
carried out. Consequently, this script is the key to the entire analysis. Besides
the sequence of the commands, here you can also define the functions that
you want to be executed interactively, i.e. which functions should be opened
during the performance of a measurement to allow the user to enter
parameter settings.
Notes:
In order to display and modify the analysis script, you will need the
Commander module. The Commander module however is NOT required
for executing a particle measurement.
Since modification of the analysis script has dramatic consequences with

regard to the quality of the analysis, this should only be performed by
experienced users. It is essential that you read the "Commander" section
and the information in the online help before making any modifications.
The analysis scripts are not managed in the usual standard AxioVision
folders. The New and Rename buttons are therefore inactive. The Save
button only becomes active once you have made changes to the script.
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Analysis script in the Commander script editor
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Adapting the evaluation script

As long as you do not insert or delete any commands, you can modify the
behavior of the script simply by switching the commands on the Commands
tab on and off.
11-85
You can any functions, available in AxioVision, incorporate into the script.
After doing so, however, you must ensure that the input and output
documents are correctly linked.
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The three command lines at the end of the script must not be deleted under
any circumstances. These commands calculate the actual classification and
generate the results document.
j==~=
In order to print the results of a measurement clearly, it is possible to structure

the appearance of the results report individually. A report template may only
be modified during the creation/editing of a test specification and is,
therefore, not accessible for standard users. The predefined template is always
used when you perform a measurement.
Note:
For detailed information, see Chapter 6.4 "Creating data reports".
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l~==
General
With optional settings you define essentially the following items:
Selection of the data to be saved (above all, image data).

Behavior during image acquisition.
Presentation of result data after the measurement.
It is imperative that you consult the Online Help function for information on
details of the parameters that can be set.
Memory space required
The quantity of data obtained in particle analyses is sometimes enormous,
especially when you acquire large images using the MosaiX module. The table
below shows the memory requirements for different conditions:
Image size in MB*
Pixel scaling
used
Gray scale
image
Color image
1.0 m / pixel
1450
4350
2.5 m / pixel
232
696
5.0 m / pixel
58
174
10.0 m / pixel
15
44
* Area approx. 1500mm, 8 bit gray levels

You should carefully consider which original data should actually be saved.
Among others, the two factors outlined below may be a basis for decision:
If you want to ensure that a measurement can be reproduced at any time,

you need to save the original data as they are. It is not permissible in this
case to scale down the original image or to save it in a compressed
format.
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If you want to save the original image for documentation purposes, you
should consider whether a scaled down version could be saved in a
compressed format (e.g., ZVI or JPG). This will considerably reduce the
amount of image data, but they will not be suitable for subsequent
measurements.
Number of gray levels or color values of the images acquired

Another important consideration is the bit depth, i.e. the number of gray
levels or color values used for image acquisition. In the past, the entire
brightness or color range was captured 256 different gray levels (8 bit). Most
modern digital cameras have more than 256 gray levels. But here, too, this
means that the resulting image data files are exceedingly large; the great
number of gray levels (possibly more than 65,000) is not needed for a
measurement. It is possible, therefore, to enforce reduction to 256 gray levels:
Conversion of acquired images to 8 bit
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m=~=
A measurement is performed via the Start Particle Analysis function in the

Particle Analysis workflow:
Dialog for starting a particle measurement

A particle measurement is always based on a previously defined test
specification. This must have been created beforehand by a qualified user. It is
not possible to perform a measurement if no test specification has been
created.
During the course of the measurement, the function dialog for which the
Interactive mode has been selected in the analysis script will be displayed. All
other functions run automatically in the background.
The program will stop at each function for which Interactive has been
selected and the corresponding dialog will open. The predefined parameters
can then be modified and optimally adapted to the image in question.
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The functions that are carried out interactively feature the additional
parameter Always interactive during the execution of the program. This
allows the user to decide whether or not the dialog should be opened again
for the next image. This is particularly useful if you have set segmentation
thresholds, for example, and do not need to modify them again for
subsequent images. The thresholds can therefore be set using one or more
images and then applied automatically.
This option is useful if you are measuring several images immediately after
each other. Otherwise, this setting does not have any impact on the running
of the program.
Once the measurement is complete, the results window will be displayed or,
alternatively, the report can be displayed immediately:
Results document
Note:
Whether it is the results document or report that is displayed depends on
the settings for the test specification.
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Modules - NMI
NNKR
kjf=EkJj~=fF=
d~=
Note:
q==~~=
The NMI module is the software for the NMI system. The NMI (non-metallic
inclusions) system from Carl Zeiss is a complete system for analyzing the purity
of steels in accordance with current standards. This system is currently based
on three fully motorized microscopy platforms:
Platform 1: upright light microscope Axio Imager.Z2m for multiple sample

analysis
Platform 2: inverse microscope Axio Observer.M2m individual sample
analysis
Platform 3: inverse microscope Axio Observer.Z1m
In addition to the microscopes, the following components are essential for a

complete NMI system:
Digital camera AxioCam MRc

High-performance PC with monitor
AxioVision basic package and the NMI and MosaiX modules
Depending on the microscopy platform used and the application-related

requirements, the following components may also be necessary:
A multiple sample holder for up to six round samples up to 40 mm in

diameter
For the individual modification of evaluation scripts: Commander module
microscope, scanning stage and camera, please refer to the manuals supplied
with the corresponding devices.
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Modules - NMI
An overview of the system:
Note:
Before using NMI, familiarize yourself with the basic functions of the
AxioVision software. You should be familiar with the operation of the
camera and microscope components in particular.
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Modules - NMI
q==
l~=~=~=
The operating concept of NMI is designed to make it possible to achieve a

reproducible result with as little interaction as possible. The performance of a
measurement can be automated to such an extent that only the project data
need to be entered and the entire analysis process can run automatically.
specification. All important settings are saved in a test specification. A test
Users or Administrators. Access to the respective functions is governed by the
access rights of the operating system:
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Modules - NMI
Dialog for starting an NMI Analysis

(not available to standard users)
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Modules - NMI
m=~==~=

specification. A test specification contains all the information on the
performance of an NMI analysis in detail: from the configuration of the device
and the type of image acquisition through to the determination of the size of
the original data to be saved.
can only be modified via the Manage Test Specification function.
generated (images, data tables, reports etc.) are saved by project:
Archive View
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Modules - NMI
m~===
f==
General
The functionality of the NMI module is based on the basic functionality of
AxioVision. Before you can work with NMI, you must, therefore, configure the
basic settings for AxioVision. You will find further information you require in
Section 8 "Configuration" of this manual.
Configuration program. Should you be retrofitting NMI to your existing
microscope system, you may have to do this configuration via the
Microscope Configuration program.
Note:
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Modules - NMI
d~=^s=p=
must ensure that the camera and stage are aligned correctly with one another
and that the stages direction of movement has been set correctly. Otherwise
the individual component images will not be put together properly. The
aligning and setting process may take quite some time with conventional
camera adapters; therefore it is recommendable to use the adjustable Carl
Zeiss camera adapter:
Note:
Scalings: Measurement in real units (e.g., m) is only possible if there

exist scaling files. Although AxioVision has a capability to compute a
theoretical scaling on the basis of the current system configuration, it is
urgently recommended to create, for measurement tasks, an individual
scaling file by means of a stage micrometer.
Note:
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Modules - NMI
User settings
Note:
measurements, you usually need only the NMI workflow.
Notes:
p~===kjf=
Creating an archive
The database of NMI constitutes an archive. All data (images, measurement
data tables, reports, etc.) are saved to this archive in a project-related order.
To be able to work with the NMI module, therefore, an archive must exists
and be opened in AxioVision.
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Modules - NMI
Opening the NMI archive when starting AxioVision

New Shortcut:
the NMI Archive (file extension *.zva):
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Modules - NMI

Notes:
section.
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Modules - NMI
Separation of Particle Analysis and standard AxioVision

It is a strong point of NMI that the system is completely based on the standard
AxioVision software. Therefore, it can also be used for simple documentation
jobs or other applications such as, e.g., particle analysis or analysis of non
metallic inclusions in steel. To start AxioVision always with a special,
application-specific configuration (e.g., specific toolbars, workflows, etc.), you
can establish any number of links with separate icons on the Microsoft
Windows Desktop.
Note:
`~==~=
d~=
In test specification, all settings and files for performing an NMI analysis are
saved. All subsequent NMI analysis always are based on a test specification.
When you start a measurement you are prompted to select the desired test
specification first before you can actually start the measurement.
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Modules - NMI
The test specifications are managed via the Manage Test Specification
dialog:
In the Manage Test Specifications dialog you can edit, create and delete
test specifications. Further, you can import and export test specifications.
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Modules - NMI
f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for NMI Analysis as easy as possible, you
can simply import existing test specifications for special applications and use
them right away.
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Modules - NMI
q=`~=q=p~=~=
All the dialogs used to set up an NMI analysis are called up via this dialog:
Dialog for changing a test specification
Each individual step can be modified entirely. The relevant dialog can be
. Here again you can, for each single item
opened using the button
required for creating a test specification, load settings already existing in
another template. For the management of template files, use the buttons on
the right of the respective creation items:
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Modules - NMI
forms, etc. from existing test specifications into the current test specification
you are creating. Further, you can save your own settings to a new test
specification in order to use them in further test specification.
q==~=
Segmentation threshold settings for detecting inclusions, in particular the
threshold values for sulfides, oxides and titanium nitrides, are especially
important here, for example.
e~~==
start NMI Analysis. This is conditional on the use of motorized microscopes or
microscope components, and digital cameras. These can be completely
controlled via the software.
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is not required for the detection of inclusions; therefore, images should be
acquired as gray scale images. This setting can be made in the camera control
dialog, and it can be changed there by every user:
If hardware settings have been activated, these can be checked immediately

before the measurement on the sample to be measured.
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Modules - NMI
f~==
The image source defines where the image comes from. If you have already
acquired images that you wish to analyze, select folder or gallery as the image
source. In most cases, however, an image is acquired and analyzed
immediately. When you are acquiring images of large surfaces using the
mosaic technique, the size and position of the acquisition region are defined
using the MosaiX modules Setup function. To do so select the Acquisition
option.
f==
Input forms allow the user to enter the necessary project and sample data
during the measurement. You can freely define the data that you want to be
entered. The necessary fields and their link to the archive are defined in layout
mode. Layout mode is active as soon as editing is started.
The module includes two input forms: the project-specific input form and the
sample-specific input form. The project-specific input form is displayed
immediately after the measurement. It is used for entering general project
data. The sample-specific input form, on the other hand, is not displayed until
the data are saved in the archive. The number of times that it is opened
corresponds to the number of samples you have measured. In this form you
enter data relating to the individual sample, e.g. sample name or material.
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Standard input form for sample data
Note:
b~~==
General
An evaluation script defines which image-processing steps will be performed
in which sequence. It is not normally necessary to change the evaluation
script. You can choose which functions will be executed interactively, i.e.
which functions will be opened while a measurement is being performed to
allow the user to adjust parameters.
Notes:
In order to display and modify the evaluation script, you will need the
for executing NMI Analysis.
Since modification of the evaluation script has dramatic consequences

with regard to the quality of the analysis, this should only be performed
by experienced users. It is essential that you read the "Commander"
section and the information in the online help before making any
modifications.
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Modules - NMI
The evaluation scripts are not managed in the usual standard AxioVision
folders. The New and Rename buttons are therefore inactive. The Save
button only becomes active once you have made changes to the script.
Adapting the evaluation script

tab on and off.
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You can incorporate any functions available in AxioVision into the script. After
doing so, however, you must ensure that the input and output documents are
correctly linked.
The multiphase segmentation and its settings should not, however, be deleted
or changed under any circumstances.
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Modules - NMI
j==~=

be modified during the creation/editing of each test specification and is,
Note:
l~==
General
Selection of the data to be saved (above all, image data)

Behavior during image acquisition
Presentation of result data after the measurement
details of the parameters that can be set.
The quantity of data obtained in NMI is sometimes enormous, especially when
you acquire large images using the MosaiX module. The table below shows
the memory requirements for different conditions:
Pixel scaling used
Image size in MB*

Gray scale image
Color image
1.0 m / pixel
1450
4350
2.5 m / pixel
232
696
5.0 m / pixel
58
174
10.0 m / pixel
15
44
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Modules - NMI

format.
measurements.

Note:
If only sulfides and/or oxides are analyzed, a gray scale image is normally
perfectly sufficient. In order to distinguish between sulfides and titanium
nitrides, however, color images are required.
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Modules - NMI
m=~==
A measurement is performed via the Start NMI Analysis function in the NMI
workflow:
An NMI analysis is always based on a previously defined test specification. This

must have been created by a qualified user. No measurement can be started
until a test specification has been created.
Interactive mode has been selected in the evaluation script will be displayed.
All other functions run automatically in the background.
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of the program.
q===
At the end of the measurement the results window is displayed. This is divided
into three areas:
Results view
Gallery of images of the largest inclusions
Gallery of unlikely inclusions
In this document the measurement results for each sample and each standard
are displayed separately. It is possible to view the results for a different
standard or sample here.
The results window is divided into different property pages. The Results,
Data property page shows the numerical values with a classification table,
statistical values and an overview chart. The Gallery of largest inclusions
property page shows the gallery containing images of the largest inclusions
and allows the repositioning of objects and artifacts to be deleted. The
Gallery of unlikely inclusions property page shows objects with properties,
which are unlikely for inclusions.
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Modules - NMI
The results view
Results document with results view
The document is essentially divided into three areas:

1. Chart
2. Classification tables
3. Statistics
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The gallery of images of the largest inclusions

This gallery shows the largest inclusions. It is possible to filter the gallery
according to inclusion type (sulfides, oxides) or display it for all inclusion types.
In addition, in all standards (except EN 10247) it is possible to display the
worst field for each inclusion type.
If the sample is still under the microscope and has not been changed, the
inclusion can be repositioned. This means that, if you click on the Edit
Inclusion button, the microscope stage is moved in such a way that you are
able to view the currently highlighted inclusion directly in the live image or
through the eyepiece. If you establish that this object is an artifact, you are
also able to delete it.
Results document with gallery of the largest inclusions
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Modules - NMI
The gallery of unlikely inclusions

This gallery shows objects that are "unusual". Scratches, for example, are
filtered out on the basis of their angle. However, as it is also possible for
inclusions to have unusual forms or angles, automatic filtering of artifacts is
not sensible. Instead, all objects to which the parameters apply are collected in
a gallery and presented to the user following the measurement. The user is
then able to decide whether they are inclusions or artifacts. The parameters
can be changed under Change Test Specification.
Results document with gallery of unlikely inclusions
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d~==
Reports are generated separately for each standard. It is also possible to
combine several samples in a single report on the basis of a particular
standard. There are no restrictions with regard to either the number of reports
or the combination options. This means that you can measure the samples of
several customers or from several casts using a single measurement but
nevertheless generate a separate report for each case.
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Modules - NMI
e==f=~=~=kjf=~\=
The NMI Archive forms the basis for managing the data resulting from NMI
analysis. All the data relating to the performance of a measurement are
managed here. In order to perform a measurement, it is necessary for an
archive to be opened in AxioVision. The creation and opening of an archive
are therefore shown first.
Select the New function in the File menu.
On the Archives tab sheet, select the Material Analysis Archive and
then click OK.
The SQL based Archive dialog window will appear. Enter a name for the
archive in the Name input field and confirm by clicking on OK.
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Notes:
An archive is created in the My Documents\My Pictures folder by default.
If you wish to save the archive elsewhere, click on the
button. Select
the location where you wish the archive to be saved in the Microsoft
Windows standard dialog that then opens.
In the case of large data volumes in particular, we recommend that you

save the archive to a local hard drive.
Only one archive can be opened at a time in AxioVision.
The newly created archive is now displayed in AxioVision.
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Modules - NMI
Opening an archive
Click on the Open icon in the menu bar and then on the Open Archive
function:
e==f=~=~==~\=
The test specification contains all the settings required for performing a
measurement.
From the workflows, select the NMI workflow.
Click on the Manage Test Specifications function.
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This opens the Manage Test Specifications dialog.
Select the test specification that you wish to use as a basis for the new
test specification. If you have not yet created a test specification, you can
select one of the standard test specifications.
Note:
In the Create New Test Specification mode, a copy is generated of the
selected test specification, which you can then adapt. The original test
specification that is used is not changed. If you only wish to make a
modification to the test specification, change to the Modify Existing
Test Specification mode. The standard templates of NMI analysis cannot
be changed, but only used as the basis for a new test specification.
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Modules - NMI
Click on the Change Test Specification button. This opens the Change
Test Specification dialog.
You can now save the hardware settings, select the image source, set
options or edit the input form and report template. It is recommended,
however, that you modify the report template after running the program,
because measurement data are then available. The report editor is
displayed automatically after running the program.
Notes:
You will find more detailed information about the hardware settings in
Chapter 4.5 "Settings Editor" of this manual.
You will find more detailed information on modifying form templates in

Chapter 7.4 " Templates for forms and reports" of this manual.
You will find more detailed information on editing a report template in

Chapter 6.4 " Creating Data Reports" of this manual.
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Modules - NMI
Once you have made all the necessary settings, click on the
button. The individual steps of the evaluation script are now run through,
followed by an NMI measurement. Here you can test When you have
made all the necessary settings, leave the Change Test Specifications
dialog by clicking on the
button.
Save the test specification by clicking on the

button. This
opens the Save Test Specification dialog. You can enter a name and a
description of the test specification here. A description helps the user
when starting the measurement, as he is unable to open the Manage
Test Specifications area and does not, therefore, see the settings that
have been made there.
e==f===~=~==~=
~\=
Create a test specification and open the Change Test Specification dialog.
Select Image Acquisition as the image source.
To set up image acquisition, now click on the
button.
First of all, calibration is performed. This is required in order for exact

repositioning to be guaranteed. During this process the z-focus and the
scanning stage are each calibrated once in the x and y direction. This
calibration is only performed if necessary (e.g. if the microscope is restarted).
11-125
Modules - NMI
The Definition Image Acquisition dialog opens.
To add a sample, move to the top left-hand corner of your sample using the
scanning stage and click on the Add New Position button.
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Modules - NMI
The MosaiX Acquisition - Setup dialog is opened. This contains a MosaiX

grid with 2x2 tiles. The top left-hand tile is the section of the image that was
visible in the live image in the previous dialog.
Note:
You can obtain detailed information on the individual functions of the
dialog in the online help (F1 key).
11-127
Modules - NMI
Move to the bottom right-hand corner of the sample using the scanning stage
and click on the
selected position.
button. This extends the size of the MosaiX image to the
Now define the focus correction points. To do this, first select the Correct
Focus Position property page. In the case of samples that have been
prepared using modern preparation machines, the following positions are
recommended for the focus correction points:
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Modules - NMI
Schematic image of the recommended focus position. The red bordered positions are
the default positions which should be selected in any case. The other points should be
selected if the default positions are not sufficient for focusing.
Confirm the settings by clicking on OK. The Definition Imagr Acquisition

dialog then becomes active again.
In order to define another sample, move to the top left-hand corner of this
sample. Clicking on the Add New Position button moves the MosaiX grid to
the new position. The focus correction points are also moved relative to this.
The current focus position is adopted as the z-position.
Check the MosaiX definition by locating all corners of the MosaiX with the
help of a double-click on the corner points. If the sample is the same size as
the first one, you can adopt the settings using the OK button. If it is not the
same size, you can adjust the MosaiX definition using the following buttons:
,
,
,
,
and
correction points, if necessary.
. You must then also adjust the focus
11-129
Modules - NMI
Note:
In order to acquire MosaiX images of different sizes, the Allow different
MosaiX size option must be activated. If this is not active, the image size
of the last position will be adopted for all other positions.
Once you have defined all the positions, exit the Definition Image
Acquisition dialog by clicking on the OK button, close the Change Test
Specification dialog, also by clicking OK, and save the test specification by
clicking on the Save button.
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Modules - Grains
NNKS
d~=
In the Grains module, the grain size is determined in accordance with current
international standards. Three methods are available for determining grain
sizes:
Auto: automatic reconstruction of the grain boundaries

Chord: determination of the grain size using the intercept method
Compare: comparison of micrographs with comparative diagrams
These methods differ in terms of their accuracy and in the level of interaction
with the user. Starting from Compare, a purely interactive method, the
accuracy increases with the semi-automatic Chord method and increases still
further with the Auto method, but the duration of the analysis can increase
too. The visibility of the grain boundaries also plays a role in the selection of
the method.
The Compare method
The micrograph is compared with the comparative diagrams. This method is
primarily suited to steels, as the comparative diagrams have been created on
the basis of steels. This is a purely interactive method. The following
comparative diagrams are available:
SEP151061: microscopical grain size analysis of steel samples with help of

tables using different Grain sizes (1-8) and stretch factors (1,2,4).
ASTMIA: is for coarse grains, grain size 0-2.5.
ASTMIB: is for finer grains, grain sizes 3-10.
ASTMII: is used in cases when twin grains are seen in grains (flat etch),
grain size 1-8.
ASTMIII: is the alternative to ASTMII (contrast etch versa flat etch), grain
sizes 0.005-0.2 mm
ASTMIV: is used to evaluate austenitic grain structures in steel, grain sizes

1-8.
BS4990: this image series is used for fine grain sizes (grain sizes 1 to 8).
11-131
Modules - Grains
The Chord method

The micrograph is overlaid with a pattern. It is possible to choose between
different patterns here. The size of the pattern and distance between the lines
are then adjusted to the image. The intercept points with the grain
boundaries are marked. Additional intercept points can be added or removed
interactively. As the length of the pattern of lines is known, it is possible to
determine the average grain size. This procedure, in particular the adjustment
of the pattern of lines to the size of the image and the setting of the distance
between the lines, corresponds to the requirements of the standard and the
method is suitable for all sample types.
The analysis takes place in accordance with the following standards:
ASTM E 112
ASTM E 1382
DIN EN ISO 643
The Auto method

The grain boundaries are reconstructed automatically and the individual grain
sizes determined. Using this method the grain size distribution is also available
in addition to the average grain size. This method is most suitable for samples
with grain boundaries that are comparatively easy to detect.
The analysis takes place in accordance with the following standards:
ASTM E 112
ASTM E 1382
DIN EN ISO 643
Other, regional names are also available for DIN EN ISO 643.
All data are saved and managed in one place the archive which has search
and filter functions. This ensures that the data can be relocated easily.
The operating concept of Grains is described below. This is followed by a
practical section that provides step-by-step instructions in relation to the
individual points.
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Modules - Grains
Note:
q==
The operating concept of Grains is designed to make it possible to achieve a

For this reason, the operation of Grains is essentially divided into two
functional areas:
administrator mode (definition of a measurement)

user mode (performance of a measurement)
Administrator mode
A measurement is always based on a test specification, which is created in the
administrator mode. All the key settings required for a grains analysis are
saved here. This test specification may only be created or modified by principal
users or administrators. Here, the administrator can also specify whether or
not certain parameters may be changed by the user. A standard user has no
access to the management of test specifications. Access to the corresponding
functions is controlled by means of the access rights of the operating system.
User mode
In the user mode, measurements can be performed on the basis of a test
specification. The administrator determines to what extent the user may
change the measurement parameters.
11-133
Modules - Grains
l~=~=~=
m~===
General
The functionality of the Grains module is based on the basic functionality of
AxioVision. Before you can work with Grains, you must, therefore, configure
the basic settings for AxioVision.
Note:
You will find further information you require in Section 8 "Configuration"
of this manual.
The microscope is controlled with the help of the separate MTB 2004
Configuration program. In order to use your microscope together with
AxioVision, your individual system configuration must first be defined via this
separate program. If you upgrade a pre-existing system for grains analysis, the
configuration may take place via the Microscope Configuration program.
Note:
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Modules - Grains
Scalings
micrometer.
User settings
Note:
measurements, you usually need only the Grains workflow.
Notes:
bar of the AxioVision image window, or on a toolbar. This opens a
context menu in which you can display everything again.
11-135
Modules - Grains

Notes:
section.
Grains and other AxioVision applications

One of AxioVisions particular strengths is its modular structure. Each module
is added directly onto the basic system. This means that the system can also
be used for simple documentation tasks or other applications such as particle
analysis or multiphase analysis. To ensure that AxioVision always starts with a
particular configuration specific to the application (e.g. specific toolbars,
workflows, etc.), any number of configurations can be started via individual
icons on the Microsoft Windows desktop.
Note:
q=j~~=^~=~=
Data are saved and managed in an archive. There, all data (images,
measurement data tables, reports, etc.) are saved by project.
The test specifications are also saved in the archive together with the
measurement projects. These are not visible in the archive window, and can
only be modified using the Manage Test Specifications function.
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Modules - Grains
There are several types of archive in AxioVision. Besides the folder and asset
archive, there are also specific archives for certain modules. The Material
Analysis archive is intended for Grains. The measurements of the AxioVision
Multiphase, Graphite and/or Comparative Diagrams modules can also be
stored in this archive.
In order to work with the Grains module, an archive must therefore exist and
be opened in AxioVision.
Note:
The grains analysis can only be performed in the Material Analysis
archive. No other types of archive are suitable for this!
Archive View
11-137
Modules - Grains
Opening the Material Analysis Archive when starting

AxioVision
New Shortcut:
In the Create Shortcut dialog that follows, select the Material Analysis
archive (extension *.zva) by clicking on the Browse button:
Click on Next and, in the next step, enter a name for the shortcut.
To create the shortcut, click on Finish.
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Modules - Grains
m=~==~=
All settings and configuration data are saved in test specifications. These
therefore contain all the information required for performing a grains analysis:
from the configuration of the hardware and the origin of the images through
to the definition of the report. All measurements performed at a later date are
based on a test specification. When starting a measurement, the user is
prompted to select the desired test specification. Only then can the
measurement be started.
Via the Manage Test Specifications dialog, test specifications can be
modified, created or deleted. It is also possible to import and export test
specifications. This dialog is only available to users who are logged on to
Microsoft Windows as principal users or administrators.
11-139
Modules - Grains
f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for grains analysis as easy as possible, you
can simply import existing test specifications for special applications and use
them right away.
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Modules - Grains
j=q=p~=
All the dialogs used to set up a grains analysis are called up via this dialog:
Dialog for adapting and changing a test specification
Each individual step can be modified. The relevant dialog can be opened using
the button
specification, load
template.
and save
settings already existing in another
Thus, you can directly copy hardware settings, settings of the image source,
input forms, etc. from existing templates into the current test specification
you are creating. Further, you can save your own settings to a new template
in order to use them in further test specification.
11-141
Modules - Grains
e~~==
start a measurement. This is conditional on the use of motorized microscopes
or microscope components, and digital cameras. These can be completely
configuration.
Note:
For detailed information on hardware settings, see Chapter 4.5 "The
Settings Editor".
f~==
acquired images that you wish to analyze, select Folder or Gallery as the
image source. In most cases, however, when an image is acquired and
analyzed immediately, use the Camera setting as the image source.
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Modules - Grains
f==
during the measurement. You can freely define or adapt the data that you
want to be entered. The necessary fields and their link to the archive are
defined in layout mode. Layout mode is active as soon as editing is started.
Note:
11-143
Modules - Grains
j==~=

Note:
l==^=
In the options, you specify the settings relating to the standard and the
classification. It is possible to specify a lower limit for the classification. A
more refined classification in half steps is also possible.
l==`=
Here you mainly select the standard on which the measurement should be
based. It is also possible to preselect the other parameters here. However,
these can still be adjusted during the measurement procedure.
q=~==
You can specify the measurement procedure by clicking on the Run button.
This opens a wizard that guides you through the individual steps. All possible
steps relating to image preparation, segmentation and classification are
displayed here.
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Modules - Grains
m=~=
A measurement is performed via the Start Grains Analysis function in the

Grains workflow:
A live image is then shown which you can use to help check the hardware
settings.
A grains analysis is always based on a previously defined test specification.
This must have been created by a qualified user. No measurement can be
started until a test specification has been created.
11-145
Modules - Grains
All other functions run automatically in the background, if the check box
Execute is selected.
can then be modified and optimally adapted to the image in question. The
functions that are carried out interactively feature the additional parameter
Always interactive during the execution of the program. This allows the
user to decide whether or not the dialog should be opened again for the next
image. This is particularly useful if you have set segmentation thresholds, for
example, and do not need to modify them again for subsequent images. The
thresholds can therefore be set using one or more images and then applied
automatically.
of the program.
q===
At the end of the measurement the results window is displayed. Here, the
results are displayed in the form of a table for all the images measured, as
well as the image of the sample currently selected. Below the images are
three tabs which you can use to switch between the input, output and
processed image. If the image has been processed using image enhancement
methods (e.g. sigma filter), you can therefore see the effect if you switch
between the input and processed image.
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Modules - Grains
d~==
The data are not saved directly in a report, but are only displayed there. This
avoids data being saved twice. As a result, the data must first be saved in the
archive. Then you can generate the report, which, immediately upon being
generated, is also saved automatically in the archive. Provided you do not
delete any of the tables or images from the archive, the data are also
displayed in the report. In order to display the report on other PCs too, you
can export the report into PDF or RTF format (File menu Save as PDF or
Save as RTF).
11-147
Modules - Grains
`~=~==~=~=~~=
Now that the theoretical principles have been explained above, below you will
find step-by-step instructions for creating and performing a grains analysis.
e==f=~=~=~\=
The Material Analysis Archive forms the basis for managing the data resulting
from grains analysis. All the data relating to the performance of a
measurement are managed here. In order to perform a measurement, it is
necessary for an archive to be opened in AxioVision. The creation and opening
of an archive are therefore shown first.
then click OK.
11-148
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Modules - Grains
Notes:
button. Select

11-149
Modules - Grains
Opening an archive
function:
e==f=~=~==~\=
measurement.
From the workflows, select the Grains workflow.
Click on the Manage Test Specifications function.
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Modules - Grains
select one of the standard test specifications "Auto", "Chord" or
"Compare", depending on which measurement method you require.
Note:
Test Specification mode. The standard templates of Grains cannot be
changed, but only used as the basis for a new test specification.
11-151
Modules - Grains
Notes:


11-152
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Modules - Grains
button. This opens a wizard that guides you through the program. Using
the Execute option, you can determine whether or not the processing
step is carried out. If you activate the Interactive option, this step will
also be displayed during the measurement. The user can also change the
parameters here.
When you have made all the necessary settings, leave the Change Test
Specifications dialog by clicking on the
button.

button. This
e==f==~=~\=
From the workflows, select the Grains workflow.
First of all you will need an open archive. To open one, click on the Open
Archive function.
11-153
Modules - Grains
This opens the standard dialog for opening a file in Microsoft Windows.
Select a Material Analysis Archive.
Then click on the Start Grains Analysis function in the workflow.
This opens a wizard that guides you through the measurement. At the end of
the measurement, you will be shown the Results View:
To generate a report, first click on the
Then click on the

button that is now active and the
report will be generated and displayed. It will already have been saved in
the archive.
11-154
button.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Multiphase
NNKT
j~=
In the Multiphase module, phases are determined based on both the size of
the individual particles of a phase as well as the percentage of the area they
represent. It is possible to determine up to 32 phases.
When classifying the particles of a phase, you can determine a measurement
parameter and set the upper and lower limit for the classification. The range is
then divided into ten classes. Both linear and logarithmic classification are
available. The following parameters may be selected for the classification:
Area
Densitometric mean
Diameter
Feret Maximum
Ellipse major
Ellipse minor
Perimeter convex
Form circle
Volume Ellipsoid
Volume Sphere
In addition, the number of particles and the percentage of the area they
represent in relation to the image are displayed for each phase.
The operating concept of Multiphase is described below. This is followed by a
individual points.
Note:
11-155
q==
The operating concept of Multiphase is designed to make it possible to

achieve a reproducible result with as little interaction as possible. The
performance of a measurement can be automated to such an extent that only
the project data need to be entered and the entire analysis process can run
automatically.
For this reason, the operation of Multiphase is essentially divided into two
functional areas:
administrator mode (definition of a measurement)

user mode (performance of a measurement)
Administrator mode
administrator mode. All the key settings required for a multiphase analysis are
User mode
11-156
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l~=~=~=
m~===
General
The functionality of the Multiphase module is based on the basic functionality
of AxioVision. Before you can work with Multiphase, you must, therefore,
configure the basic settings for AxioVision.
Note:
of this manual.
separate program. If you upgrade a pre-existing system for multiphase
analysis, the configuration may take place via the Microscope Configuration
program.
Note:
11-157
Scalings
micrometer.
Note:
User settings
Note:
measurements, you usually need only the Multiphase workflow.
Notes:
11-158
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

Notes:
section.
Multiphase and other AxioVision applications

analysis or grain size analysis. To ensure that AxioVision always starts with a
Note:
q=j~~=^~=~=
measurement data tables, reports, etc.) are stored/saved by project.
11-159
Analysis archive is intended for Multiphase. The measurements of the
AxioVision Grains, Graphite and/or Comparative Diagrams modules can also
be stored in this archive.
In order to work with the Multiphase module, an archive must therefore exist
Note:
The multiphase analysis can only be performed in the Material Analysis
Archive View
11-160
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

AxioVision
New Shortcut:
11-161
m=~==~=
therefore contain all the information required for performing a multiphase
analysis: from the configuration of the hardware and the origin of the images
through to the definition of the report. All measurements performed at a later
date are based on a test specification. When starting a measurement, the user
is prompted to select the desired test specification. Only then can the
11-162
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for Multiphase Analysis as easy as

possible, you can simply import existing test specifications for special
applications and use them right away.
11-163
q=`~=q=p~=~=
All the dialogs used to set up an Multiphase Analysis are called up via this
dialog:
the button
specification, load
template.
and save
in order to use them in further test specifications.
11-164
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
e~~==
configuration.
Note:
Settings Editor".
f~==
11-165
f==
Note:
11-166
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
j==~=

Note:
q=~==
displayed here.
m=~=
A measurement is performed via the Start Multiphase Analysis function in

the Multiphase workflow:
11-167
Starting dialog for multiphase analysis
A multiphase analysis is always based on a previously defined test

specification. This must have been created by a qualified user. No
measurement can be started until a test specification has been created.
11-168
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
automatically.
of the program.
q===
methods (e.g. Sigma filter), you can therefore see the effect if you switch
11-169
d~==
can export the report into PDF or RTF format (File menu Save as PDF or
Save as RTF).
11-170
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
`~=~==~=~=~~=
find step-by-step instructions for creating and performing a multiphase
analysis.
e==f=~=~=~\=
from multiphase analysis. All the data relating to the performance of a
then click OK.
11-171
Notes:
button. Select

11-172
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Opening an archive
function:
e==f=~=~==~\=
measurement.
From the workflows, select the Multiphase workflow.
Click on the Manage Test Specification function.
11-173
test specification. If you have not yet created a test specification, select
the standard "Multiphase" test specification.
Note:
Test Specification mode.
The standard Multiphase test specification cannot be changed, but only

used as the basis for a new test specification.
11-174
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Click on the Change Test Specification button.
This opens the Change Test Specification dialog.
You can now save the hardware settings, select the image source or edit
the input form and report template. It is recommended, however, that
you modify the report template after running the programme, because
measurement data are then available. The report editor is displayed
automatically after running the programme.
Notes:


11-175
button. This opens a wizard that guides you through the program. Using
the Execute option, you can determine whether or not the processing
step is carried out. If you activate the Interactive option, this step will
also be displayed during the measurement. The user can also change the
parameters here.
button.

button. This
e==f==~=~\=
From the workflows, select the Multiphase workflow.
Archive function.
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Then click on the Start Multiphase Analysis function in the workflow.
This opens a wizard that guides you through the measurement. At the
end of the measurement, you will be shown the results view:
Then click on the

button that is now active and
the report will be generated and displayed. It will already have been saved
in the archive.
button.
11-177
Modules - Comparative Diagrams
NNKU
`~~=a~~=
The Comparative Diagrams module allows the comparision of a micrograph

with comparative diagrams interactively.
The result is a table containing the comparative diagram numbers relating to
each image and a table containing statistical analyses. You can also have a
micrograph displayed with an overlaid comparative diagram.
The following standards are available:
ASTM E 112
ASTM E 1382
BS 4990
DIN 50602
EN 10247
EN ISO 643
SEP 151061
The operating concept of Multiphase is described below. This is followed by a
individual points.
Notes:
The license for the comparative diagrams taken from the standards does
not form part of the AxioVision Comparative Diagrams module. Before
you can install these, you must confirm that you have purchased the
standard. For this reason, each standard must also be installed separately.

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q==
To set up a comparative-diagram comparison, you need extensive knowledge

of systems engineering and the respective application. Carelessly made
For this reason, the operation of Comparative Diagrams is essentially divided
into two functional areas:
Administrator mode (definition of a measurement)

User mode (performance of a measurement)
Administrator mode
administrator mode. All the key settings required for comparative-diagram
comparisons are saved here. This test specification may only be created or
modified by principal users or administrators.
A standard user has no access to the management of test specifications.
Access to the corresponding functions is controlled by means of the access
rights of the operating system.
User mode
11-179
l~=~=~=
m~==
General
The functionality of the Comparative Diagrams module is based on the basic
functionality of AxioVision. Before you can work with Comparative Diagrams,
you must, therefore, configure the basic settings for AxioVision.
Note:
of this manual.
separate program. If you upgrade a pre-existing system for comparativediagram comparisons, the configuration may take place via the Microscope
Configuration program.
Note:
11-180
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User settings
Note:
It is recommended that you hide all control elements that are not required, as
far as possible. For a comparative-diagram comparison, you will usually only
need the Comparative Diagrams workflow.

Notes:
11-181
section.
Comparative Diagrams and other AxioVision applications

analysis or grain size analysis. To ensure that AxioVision always starts with a
Note:
q=j~~=^~=~=
Analysis archive is intended for Comparative Diagrams. The measurements of
the AxioVision Grains, Graphite and/or Multiphase modules can also be stored
in this archive.
In order to work with the Comparative Diagrams module, an archive must
therefore exist and be opened in AxioVision.
Note:
A comparative-diagram comparison can only be performed in the
Material Analysis archive. No other types of archive are suitable for this!
11-182
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Archive View

AxioVision
New Shortcut:
11-183
m=~==~=
therefore contain all the information required for performing a comparativediagram comparison: from the configuration of the hardware and the origin
of the images through to the definition of the report. All measurements
performed at a later date are based on a test specification. When starting a
measurement, the user is prompted to select the desired test specification.
Only then can the measurement be started.
11-184
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
f=~===~
To make the preparation and setup for Comparative Diagrams as easy as

possible, you can simply import existing test specifications for special
11-185
q=`~=q=p~=~
All the dialogs used to set up Comparative Diagrams are called up via this
dialog:
opened using this
11-186
button.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
specification, load
template.
and save
e~~=
configuration.
Note:
Settings Editor".
11-187
f~=
f=
11-188
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Note:
j==~

Note:
m=~=~~J~~=~=
The comparative-diagram comparison is performed via the Start

Comparative Diagrams function in the Comparative Diagrams workflow.
Starting dialog for Comparative Diagrams
11-189
A comparative-diagram comparison is always based on a previously defined

test specification. This must have been created by a qualified user. No
comparison can be started until a test specification has been created.
d~==
can export the report into PDF or RTF format (Datei menu -> Speichern als
PDF or Speichern als RTF).
`~=~==~=~~J~~=
~=
find step-by-step instructions for creating and performing a comparativediagram comparison.
e==f=~=~=~\=
from the Comparative Diagrams module. All the data relating to the
performance of a measurement are managed here. In order to perform a
measurement, it is necessary for an archive to be opened in AxioVision. The
creation and opening of an archive are therefore shown first.
Select the Neu function in the Datei menu.
11-190
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then click OK.
Notes:
button. Select

11-191
Opening an archive
function:
11-192
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
e==f=~=~==~\=
measurement.
From the workflows, select the Comparative Diagrams workflow.
11-193
test specification. If you have not yet created a test specification, select
the standard "Comparative Diagrams" test specification.
Note:
Test Specification mode. The standard "Comparative Diagrams" test
specification cannot be changed, but only used as the basis for a new test
specification.
Click on the Change Test Specification button.
This opens the Change Test Specification dialog.
You can now save the hardware settings, select the image source or edit
the input form and report template. It is recommended, however, that
you modify the report template after running the program, because
measurement data are then available. The report editor is displayed
automatically after running the program.
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Notes:


button.
Specification dialog by clicking on the
button. This
e==f==~=~~J~~=~\=
From the workflows, select the Comparative Diagrams workflow.
Archive function.
11-195
Then click on the Start Comparative Diagrams function in the

workflow.
Once you have allocated a comparative diagram to every image, click on

the Close and Generate Report button.
Then click on the

the archive.
button.
Note:
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Modules - Graphite
NNKV
d~=
In the Graphite module, the size of graphite particles in cast iron is

determined in accordance with current international standards. Various
methods are available for analyzing the graphite in cast iron:
Shape and Size: for determining the shape and size distribution in
accordance with
EN ISO 945-1.
SinterCast: for determining nodularity analysis of vermicular and
spheroidal graphite in accordance with SAE J 1887.
Spherolite: for determining the size of spheroidal graphite
in accordance with EN ISO 945:1994 (graphite size).
Lamellar: for determining the size of lamellar graphite in accordance with
EN ISO 945:1994 (graphite size).
The Shape and Size method
The spheroidal graphite particles are detected by means of a gray-value and
shape-based segmentation. Then the particles are classified on the basis of
their shape and size. In addition, the spheroid number is also calculated. This
classification is based on the EN ISO 945-1 standard.
The SinterCast method
The analysis performed with the SinterCast method follows the SAE J 1887
standard. This determines the nodularity, i.e. the proportion of spheroidal
graphite to vermicular graphite.
The Spherolyte method
The spheroidal graphite particles are detected by means of a gray-value and
form-based segmentation. The particles are then classified by size (i.e.
diameter). This classification is based on the EN ISO 945:1994 standard.
11-197
Modules - Graphite
The Lamellar method

Using this measurement method, the size of individual lamellar graphite
particles is measured in each image and the distribution of these particles is
shown. In this case too the particles are detected by means of a gray-value
and form-based segmentation. The classification follows the requirements of
EN ISO 945:1994, which means that the length of the lamellar graphite
particles is taken as a basis for the size.
q=`=
The operating concept of Graphite is designed to make it possible to achieve a

For this reason, the operation of Graphite is essentially divided into two
functional areas:
Administrator mode (definition of a measurement)

User mode (performance of a measurement)
Administrator mode
administrator mode. All the key settings required for a graphite analysis are
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Modules - Graphite
User mode
l~=~=~=
m~===
General
The functionality of the Graphite module is based on the basic functionality of
AxioVision. Before you can work with Graphite, you must, therefore,
configure the basic settings for AxioVision.
Note:
of this manual.
separate program. If you upgrade a pre-existing system for graphite analysis,
the configuration may take place via the Microscope Configuration
program.
11-199
Modules - Graphite
Note:
Scalings
micrometer.
Note:
User settings
Note:
system to achieve accurate results both quickly and easily. It is
recommendable to hide all controls not used for the purpose. For routine
measurements, you usually need only the Graphite workflow.
Notes:
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Modules - Graphite

Notes:
section.
Graphite and other AxioVision applications

analysis or multiphase analysis. To ensure that AxioVision always starts with a
Note:
q=j~~=^~=~=
11-201
Modules - Graphite
Analysis archive is intended for Graphite. The measurements of the AxioVision
Multiphase, Grains and/or Comparative Diagrams modules can also be stored
in this archive.
In order to work with the Graphite module, an archive must therefore exist
Note:
The graphite analysis can only be performed in the Material Analysis
Archive View
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Modules - Graphite

AxioVision
New Shortcut:
11-203
Modules - Graphite
m=~==~=
therefore contain all the information required for performing a graphite
analysis: from the configuration of the hardware and the origin of the images
through to the definition of the report. All measurements performed at a later
date are based on a test specification. When starting a measurement, the user
is prompted to select the desired test specification. Only then can the
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Modules - Graphite
f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for graphite analysis as easy as possible,
you can simply import existing test specifications for special applications and
use them right away. This is especially helpful if measurements are to be made
in different places but with exactly the same specifications. Test specifications
once created centrally can then be imported on any number of systems
installed.
j=q=p~=
All the dialogs used to set up a graphite analysis are called up via this dialog:
11-205
Modules - Graphite
.
the button
specification, load
template.
and save
e~~==
configuration.
Note:
Settings Editor".
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Modules - Graphite
f~==
f==
11-207
Modules - Graphite
Note:
j==~=

Note:
q=~==
displayed here.
m=~=
A measurement is performed via the Start Graphite Analysis function in the

Graphite workflow:
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Modules - Graphite
Starting dialog for graphite analysis
A graphite analysis is always based on a previously defined test specification.

This must have been created by a qualified user. No measurement can be
started until a test specification has been created.
11-209
Modules - Graphite
automatically.
of the program.
q===
methods (e.g. sigma filter), you can therefore see the effect if you switch
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Modules - Graphite
d~==
can export the report into PDF or RTF format (File menu -> Save as PDF or
Save as RTF).
`~=~==~=~=~~=
find step-by-step instructions for creating and performing a graphite analysis.
e==f=~=~=~\=
from graphite analysis. All the data relating to the performance of a
then click OK.
11-211
Modules - Graphite
Notes:
button. Select

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Modules - Graphite
Opening an archive
function:
11-213
Modules - Graphite
e==f=~=~==~\=
measurement.
From the workflows, select the Graphite workflow.
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Modules - Graphite
select one of the standard test specifications "Sperolyte", "Lamellar" or
"SinterCast", depending on which measurement method you require.
Note:
Test Specification mode. The standard test specifications of Graphite
cannot be changed, but only used as the basis for a new test
specification.
11-215
Modules - Graphite
Notes:
Chapter 4.5 "The Settings Editor" of this manual.

Chapter 7.4 "Templates for forms and reports" of this manual.

Chapter 6.4 "Creating Data Reports" of this manual.
button. This opens a wizard that guides you through
the program. Using the Execute option, you can determine whether or
not the processing step is carried out. If you activate the Interactive
option, this step will also be displayed during the measurement. The user
can also change the parameters here.
button.
button. This
e==f==~=~\=
From the workflows, select the Graphite workflow.
Archive function.
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Modules - Graphite
Then click on the Start Graphite Analysis function in the workflow.
This opens a wizard that guides you through the measurement. At the end of
the measurement, you will be shown the results view:
11-217
Modules - Graphite
Then click on the

the archive.
11-218
button.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Layer Thickness Measurement
NNKNM i~=q=j~=
The Layer Thickness Measurement module is used to measure simple and

complex layers in individual or MosaiX images. Layers to be measured are
detected using image-analysis techniques and measured with the help of
chords. The result of this measurement is a clearly structured report
containing images and measurement data. In the text that follows, the
concept of Layer Thickness Measurement and its operation are described.
Note:
Further explanations on all the functions described can be found in the
online help.
q==
l~=~=~=
The operating concept the Layer Thickness Measurement is designed to make

it possible to achieve a reproducible result with as little interaction as possible.
The performance of a measurement can be automated to such an extent that
only the project data need to be entered and the entire analysis process can
run automatically.
specification. All important settings are saved in a test specification. A test
Users or Administrators. Access to the respective functions is governed by the
access rights of the operating system:
11-219
Dialog for starting a Layer

Thickness Measurement

(not available to standard users)
m=~==~=

specification. A test specification contains all the information on the
performance of a Layer Thickness Measurement in detail: from the
configuration of the device and the type of image acquisition through to the
determination of the size of the original data to be saved.
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can only be modified via the Manage Test Specification function.
generated (images, data tables, reports etc.) are saved by project:
Archive View
11-221
m~===
f=
General
The functionality of the Layer Thickness Measurement module is based on the
basic functionality of AxioVision. Before you can work with Layer Thickness
Measurement, you must, therefore, configure the basic settings for
AxioVision. You will find further information you require in Section 8
"Configuration" of this manual.
Configuration program. Should you be retrofitting Layer Thickness
Measurement to your existing microscope system, you may have to do this
configuration via the Microscope Configuration program.
Note:
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d~=^s=p=
must ensure that the camera and stage are aligned correctly with one another
and that the stages direction of movement has been set correctly. Otherwise
the individual component images will not be put together properly. The
aligning and setting process may take quite some time with conventional
camera adapters; therefore it is recommendable to use the adjustable Carl
Zeiss camera adapter:
Note:
Scalings: Measurement in real units (e.g., m) is only possible if there

exist scaling files. Although AxioVision has a capability to compute a
theoretical scaling on the basis of the current system configuration, it is
urgently recommended to create, for measurement tasks, an individual
scaling file by means of a stage micrometer.
Note:
User settings
11-223
Note:
It is recommendable to hide all controls not used for the purpose.
Notes:
q=j~~=^~=~=
Analysis archive is intended for Grains. The measurements of the AxioVision
Multiphase, Graphite and/or Comparative Diagrams modules can also be
stored in this archive.
In order to work with the Layer Thickness Measurement module, an archive
must therefore exist and be opened in AxioVision.
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Note:
The Layer Thickness Measurement can only be performed in the Material
Analysis archive. No other types of archive are suitable for this!
Archive View
11-225
Opening the Material Analysis archive when starting

AxioVision
New Shortcut:
the Material Analysis Archive (file extension *.zva):
11-226
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Notes:
section.
Separation of Layer Thickness Measurement and standard

AxioVision
It is a strong point of Layer Thickness Measurement that the system is
completely based on the standard AxioVision software. Therefore, it can also
be used for simple documentation jobs or other applications such as, e.g.,
particle analysis or analysis of non metallic inclusions in steel. To start
AxioVision always with a special, application-specific configuration (e.g.,
specific toolbars, workflows, etc.), you can establish any number of links with
separate icons on the Microsoft Windows Desktop.
Note:
11-227
`~==~=
d~=
In test specification, all settings and files for performing a Layer Thickness
Measurement are saved. All subsequent Layer Thickness Measurements
always are based on a test specification. When you start a measurement you
are prompted to select the desired test specification first before you can
actually start the measurement.
The test specifications are managed via the Manage Test Specification
dialog:
In the Manage Test Specifications dialog you can edit, create and delete
test specifications. Further, you can import and export test specifications.
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f=~===~=
To make the preparation and setup for Layer Thickness Measurement as easy
as possible, you can simply import existing test specifications for special
11-229
q=`~=q=p~=~=
All the dialogs used to set up a Layer Thickness Measurement are called up via
this dialog:
Dialog for changing a test specification
. Here again you can, for each single item
opened using the button
required for creating a test specification, load settings already existing in
another template. For the management of template files, use the buttons on
the right of the respective creation items:
forms, etc. from existing test specifications into the current test specification
you are creating. Further, you can save your own settings to a new test
specification in order to use them in further test specification.
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q==~=
e~~==
configuration.
Note:
Settings Editor".
11-231

is not required for the detection of layers; therefore, images should be
acquired as gray scale images. This setting can be made in the camera control
dialog, and it can be changed there by every user:
If hardware settings have been activated, these can be checked immediately

before the measurement on the sample to be measured.
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f~==
acquired images that you wish to analyze, select folder or gallery as the image
source. In most cases, however, an image is acquired and analyzed
immediately. Select the Camera option to execute the analysis with single
images. When you are acquiring images of large surfaces using the mosaic
technique, the size and position of the acquisition region are defined using
the MosaiX Acquisition dialog. To do so select the MosaiX option.
f==
The Input form allows the user to enter the necessary project and sample data
during the measurement. You can freely define the data that you want to be
entered. The necessary fields and their link to the archive are defined in layout
mode. Layout mode is active as soon as editing is started.
11-233
Note:
11-234
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m==
General
A preprocessing script defines which image processing steps will be
performed in which sequence. You can choose which functions will be
executed interactively, i.e. which functions will be opened while a
measurement is being performed to allow the user to adjust parameters.
Notes:
In order to display and modify the preprocessing script, you will need the
for executing a Layer Thickness Measurement.
Since modification of the preprocessing script has dramatic consequences

with regard to the quality of the analysis, this should only be performed
by experienced users. It is essential that you read the chapter 13.1
"Commander" section and the information in the online help before
making any modifications.
The preprocessing scripts are not managed in the usual standard

AxioVision folders. The New and Rename buttons are therefore inactive.
The Save button only becomes active once you have made changes to
the script.
The following scripts are supplied when Layer Thickness Measurement is

installed:
LT_Processing_Wizard: This script is activated by default. The image

processing is set up in such a way that the edges of the layers are
detected. It should be used for images in which the edges of the layers
can be clearly detected. Name of the output document:
"ScriptOutputContour".
LT_Multiphase_Segmentation: This script opens the standard

Multiphase dialog. One phase is envisaged here for each layer. The result
is a multi-level binary image with the name "ScriptOutputMask".
11-235
LT_Draw_Contour: This script opens the Draw Layers dialog. It has

been designed for cases in which automatic detection of the layers by
means of segmentation, the Processing Wizard or other image
processing techniques does not work. In this dialog, the layers are drawn
in. There does not have to be a closed contour. Layer Thickness
Measurement detects all regions between a minimum of two lines as a
layer. In this script, the output document is called "ScriptOutputContour".
Preprocessing script in the Commander script editor
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Adapting the preprocessing script

tab on and off.
You can incorporate any functions available in AxioVision into the script. After
doing so, however, you must ensure that the input and output documents are
correctly linked and labeled.
11-237
j==~=

the appearance of the results report. A report template may only be modified
during the creation/editing of each test specification and is, therefore, not
accessible for standard users. The predefined template is always used when
you perform a measurement.
Note:
l~==
General
Selection of the data to be saved (above all, image data)

Behavior during image acquisition
*details of the parameters that can be set.
The quantity of data obtained in Layer Thickness Measurement is sometimes
enormous, especially when you analyze several samples. The table below
shows the memory requirements for different conditions:
Pixel scaling used
Image size in MB*

Gray scale image
Color image
1.0 m / pixel
1450
4350
2.5 m / pixel
232
696
5.0 m / pixel
58
174
10.0 m / pixel
15
44
* Area approx. 1500mm, 8 bit gray levels
11-238
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

format.
measurements.

11-239
m=~==
A measurement is performed via the Start Layer Thickness Measurement

function in the Layer Thickness Measurement workflow:
An Layer Thickness Measurement is always based on a previously defined test

specification. This must have been created by a qualified user. No
measurement can be started until a test specification has been created.
Interactive mode has been selected in the preprocessing script will be
displayed. All other functions run automatically in the background.
of the program. After the measurement the data are saved automatically in
the archive, a report will be created and displayed.
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Modules - Calotte Grinding Measurement
NNKNN
`~=d=j~=
d~==
During the process of coating materials, quality is controlled by measuring the

thickness of layers in accordance with the DIN V ENV 1071 standard. The
Calotte Grinding Measurement module allows you to determine the thickness
of calotte section layers. To prepare the calotte section samples, a grinding
ball with a defined diameter generates a calotte-shaped hollow in the coating
of the sample. This results in circular or elliptical indentations, the diameters of
which are determined by drawing in measurement circles. The layer thickness
is calculated automatically from the diameters of the measurement circles and
the diameter of the grinding ball.
Both single and multilayer samples can be measured.
The measurement results and sample information from the calotte grinding
measurement are displayed in an image and stored. A report containing the
image, measurement results and information about the sample can also be
produced.
m=~=~==~=
Place the sample you want to measure on the microscope stage.

Turn the nosepiece to the position with the desired objective.
Now check that the calotte section is positioned correctly, adjust its
position if necessary.
Start AxioVision.
Clicking on the Calotte Grinding Mesurement icon opens the wizard. This
will guide you through the application.
You can also call up the wizard from the Applications menu Calotte
Grinding Mesurement Start Assistent.
11-241
a==~=
The first page of the wizard is displayed: Sample description (Step 1 of 4).
In the upper area, you will find a brief description of what you should do in
this step.
Enter the sample data in the Batch Number field.
New layer types can be entered

using the New button. The new
layer type will then appear
automatically in the list of layer
types.
Select one of the available

scalings from the list in the
Available Scaling(s) field.
New scalings can be generated

using the New button. The new
scaling will then appear
automatically in the scalings list.
Then click on the Next button in the bottom left-hand area of the wizard.
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l=~=~=
The second page of the wizard is displayed on the screen. Under the title
Open image (Step 2 of 4) you will find a brief description of what you
should do in this step.
Click in the field Source: Camera the button

Live-Start to open the live image window of
the active camera. Center the calotte section
in the live window and focus it.
Click the corresponding camera button (in this

case AxioCamMR5) to open the camera
dialogue. Set the exposure time by clicking the
Measure button.
The click the Snap button to acquire the

active image.
If you would like to measure already saved

images, click the Open Image button. You
can open an image saved on the hard disk or
any other storage medium.
11-243
a~==
The third page of the wizard is displayed on the screen. Under the title Draw
Circles (Step 3 of 4) you will find a brief description of what you should do in
this step.
In the Method field, select the Single

Layer function (if the sample only has
one layer) or the Multi Layer function
(if the sample has several layers).
Click on the tool that you wish to use to perform the measurement:
Use the Circle Points or Circle tools

for circular indentations:
If you use Circle Points, left-click on
several points on the edge of the circle.
Right-click to display the circle
calculated from these points.
If you use Circle, start from the edge
of the circle and move inwards, holding
down the left-hand mouse button, to
drag out a circle the same size as the
indentation.
Use the Ellipse tool for elliptical

indentations. Start from the edge of
the ellipse and move inwards to drag
out a circle the same size as the
indentation.
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The results of the measurement

(diameter and layer thickness) are
displayed in the Results field.
Click on the Remove circles button if

you want to delete the circles that you
have drawn in. If necessary, start
drawing in the circles again.
In the Attributes field, you can

change the Color and Line Width of
the drawn-in circles. To do this, select
the desired color or line thickness from
the relevant drop-down list box.
Click on the Magnifier button to

magnify individual areas of the image.
To do this, position the cursor on the
area of the image that you wish to
magnify. When you are dragging out
the circle, the magnifying glass can
help you to position the start point of
the circle extremely precisely.
Press the Ctrl key during dragging out the circle to position the border of
the circle precisely.
11-245
b~~=
The fourth page of the wizard is displayed on the screen. Under the title
Evaluation (Step 4 of 4) you will find a brief description of what you should
do in this step.
The results of the measurement are displayed together with the sample data
in the Results field.
Click on the Show Results in Image

button in the Annotations field to display
sample information and measurement
results in the image.
Select the desired color and font size for the Annotations from the
appropriate list.
Then click on the Save Image As button

to save the image in any directory on the
hard drive or another storage medium.
The annotations are automatically burnt

into the image when it is saved. To ensure
that this takes place, please make sure that
the Burn-in annotoations check box in
the Save Image As dialog window is
activated if the image is not being saved in
the Carl Zeiss ZVI image format.
Click on the Create button in the Report

field to see a preview of the report. You
can print out the report by clicking on the
Print button.
Then click on the Finish button in the bottom right-hand area of the
wizard, to leave the wizard.
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^=^==b~==~=o=
You can save the report using the function Save As in the File menu.
11-247
Modules - Microhardness Measurement
NNKNO
j~=j~=
d~=
The Microhardness Measurement module allows you to control an MHT

(microhardness tester), and measurements of the microhardness of a sample.
Detailed information on the MHT and its use and functions can be found in
the operating instructions for the MHT from Anton Paar GmbH.
To perform a measurement, you require (in addition to the Microhardness
Measurement module) a reflected light microscope with MHT controller and
MHT sensor.
Microhardness measurement is a method used to characterize materials and
their surfaces. An indenter (a sensor with a diamond tip) is pressed into the
sample with a certain force. The Microhardness Measurement module
requires the following three entries:
Force in Newton (F).
Dwell time in seconds: To avoid plastic deformation or shrinkage of the

material due to the sensor being removed too quickly, it is possible for the
diamond tip to remain in the sample for a specified period of time.
Slope in Newton/second: The specified slope determines how quickly

the applied force reaches the maximum value F from the moment of its
first contact with the sample surface. With fragile samples, low slopes
should be used to avoid microcracks.
The size of the indent is then measured, and the hardness calculated from
this:
Hardness =
11-248
Force applied
Indent size
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
A force of a few Newtons is applied, producing indents of a few micrometers.

The form of the indent depends on the type of indenter used.
Vickers indenter
Knoop indenter
In both cases, the size of the indent is determined on the basis of the
diagonals of the rectangle produced. The formulae for calculating Vickers
hardness and Knoop hardness are different, but produce the same
microhardness results.
The microhardness measurement results are presented in the following form:
Dwell time in seconds

Force applied in Newtons
Method indicator (HV - Vickers, HK - Knoop)
Hardness value
11-249
t=
MHT settings sets the parameters for the

microhardness tester.
Run indent starts the procedure for creating an
indent.
Live opens and closes the live window.
Snap acquires an image using the active camera.
Measure allows you to interactively measure the
indent and display the results of the
measurement in the image.
Remove last deletes the last measurement
performed.
Remove all deletes all microhardness
measurements in the image.
Report generates a report consisting of the
measured image and the results of the
measurement.
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m=~=~=~=
Place the sample you want to measure on the microscope stage.

Turn the nosepiece to the position with the MHT sensor.
Now check that the sample is positioned correctly for the indent, and
correct its position if necessary.
If you click on MHT settings, the MHT Settings dialog

window is opened:
Insert the data for the following values:
Force [N]: The force is limited to 2N for MHT4 or 4N for MHT10.

Time [s]: The dwell time should be 10s 20s.
Slope [N/s]: The slope is limited to 0.999 N/s for MHT4 or 9.99 for
MHT10.
If you click on Run indent, a flashing

window appears:
The red light on the MHT control device flashes. Wait until the flashing
window has disappeared. If you want to interrupt the process, click on
the ABORT button.
11-251
Turn the nosepiece to the objective with the desired magnification

(normally 20x or 50x).
Click on Live. The live window is opened.
Position the indent at the center of the live window,

and bring it into focus:
Adjust the brightness and exposure time etc. via the toolbar of the live
window.
Select the scaling for the set objective from

the List of available scalings under the
live window.
You can make several indents at various positions on the sample in a

single workflow.
Click on the camera icon to acquire the

image.
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Use the Name and Acquisition property pages (Tools menu Options
function) if you would like to save images automatically under a
predefined name. A detailed description can be found in the online help
(F1).
on the standard toolbar, and zoom to change the

Click on
region you want to be measured:
Click on Measure, and draw in the two

diagonals by clicking on the start and end
points. The result of the measurement is
displayed automatically.
Repeat this step for all indents in the image.

A maximum of four indents per image can
be measured.
Click on Remove last if you want to delete

the diagonals you have drawn in step by
step.
before
after
11-253
Click on Remove all to delete all the indent

measurements you have made up to this
point, and start again by clicking on
Measure.
If you click on Report, a report is generated

(see Appendix A).
:
You can also use the Microhardness Measurement tool bar to perform the
microhardness measurement.
to configure the
Additionally you will find another button
MHT control device. If you click on this button, the following dialog window
opens:
Select here the corresponding COM port for the MHT control device.
Select further the type of the MHT device (MHT4 or MHT10), the indent type
(Vickers or Knoop), the desired force unit (Newton, Pond, gram force) and the
text color for displaying the measurement values in the image.
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d~=
Microhardness: Hardness of the sample at the microscopic level.

Indent: The impression resulting from the microhardness tester being pressed
into the surface of the sample.
MHT: Microhardness Tester the name of the device used for the
microhardness measurement. This can be obtained via Carl Zeiss. It is
manufactured by Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria.
Sensor: For the microhardness measurement, a tiny diamond tip is pressed
into the surface of the sample with a very small, defined force. The sensor is
screwed into the nosepiece instead of an objective, and controls and moves
the diamond tip.
11-255
^=^==b~==~==
You can save the report using the function Save As in the File menu.
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Modules TIC Measurement
NNKNP
qf`=j~=
TIC (Total Interference Contrast) is a method of measuring the heights of thin

layers using optical interference.
To perform TIC measurement, you require a reflected light microscope with a
C-DIC reflector and a TIC slider, in addition to the AxioVision TIC
Measurement module. The operating instructions of the Axioskop 2 MAT mot
microscope contain a detailed description of the TIC method.
11-257
^~=qf`=~=
Scalings offers the calibration for the TIC

measurement.
Live opens and closes the Live window.
camera.
Show Properties opens a dialog window
with additional informations and settings
for the current image.
Navigator opens the window for zooming.
Settings allows the input of values for the
phase shift object and phase shift
substrate.
Automatic TIC Measurement starts the
TIC measurement.
Distance measures the distance between
two parallel lines.
Save As saves the measured image in a
folder.
Click on
Activate the TIC scaling that corresponds to the selected objective and the
selected camera resolution.
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Please note that TIC Measurement requires TIC calibrations, and not the usual
geometric calibrations. A description of how to generate a scaling can be
found under "TIC scaling" at the end of section 7.2.
If you do not intend to change the selected microscope and camera settings,
you can now close the calibration window.
. Set the illumination and contrast such that the

Click on
image you can see is optimally illuminated.
Check the camera resolution. This must correspond to the scaling you
have loaded.
Set the image field to be measured on the sample and the direction of
the interference fringes.
The image should look something like the sample image below:
11-259
The thin-layer sample contains three regions:

A: the top left-hand corner of the structure, which contains the height that
you want to measure
B: the surface underneath this
C: the region with displaced interference fringes
The fringe displacement is due to the difference in height between the surface
of the structure to be measured (bottom left in image) and the surface
underneath this (top right in image).
The displacement of the zero-order interference fringe in the overlap region is
now to be measured, i.e. the distance between A, B (outside the overlap
region) and C (inside the overlap region).
Please note that the color of the fringes changes symmetrically around the
zero-order interference fringe, both inside and outside region C. The zeroorder interference fringe can be easily identified as the darkest fringe.
Click on the camera icon
Click on Navigator, and zoom to change the region you want to be

measured:
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to acquire the image.
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Click on
If you move the mouse inside the image, the cursor symbol changes (from
an arrow to a pipette) and indicates the x/y coordinates and color values
of the pixel:
Move the mouse to the center of the zero-order interference fringe on

the underlying surface of the sample and left-click.
11-261
Move the mouse into the overlap region (containing the displaced
interference fringes), and left-click again at the center of the zero-order
interference fringe.
The measured value is displayed:
Click on
to save the image and the measurement generated.
f~=qf`=~=
On the Measure menu click on the Distance function, or click on
in the menu toolbar.
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Position the cursor (shown here as a cross)

at the starting point of the line. Left-click.
Move the cursor to the end point of the

line. Left-click. You will now see the first
line in the image.
Make sure that the line you have drawn

corresponds to the center of the fringe.
If you move the cursor, you will see the

second line and the current measurement
result, which changes as you move the
cursor.
Move the cursor until the second line

corresponds to the center of the zero-order
interference fringe. Left-click to end the
measurement. The measurement value will
be displayed.
`~====~=~=
The longer the line, the more precise the measurement. Set the starting point
of the line at the center of the zero-order interference fringe, and the end
point as far as possible from it.
11-263
Below you will find four examples of errors that can occur while you are
drawing in the line.
The line is too short.
The zero-order interference fringe has not

been selected.
The line is not parallel to the interference

fringe.
The line is not at the center of the

interference fringe.
Below you will find two examples of errors that can occur while you are
determining the position of the displaced zero-order interference fringe.
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The first-order interference fringe has

been selected.
The line is not at the center of the firstorder interference fringe.
qf`=~=
In order to perform the TIC measurement, you require a set of TIC scalings
(for each magnification and camera combination).
Start with a frequently used combination, such as the 10x objective and the
AxioCam at the standard resolution.
Just like any other scaling procedure, TIC requires a reference object. Any
reflective surface is suitable for TIC. Focus on the surface, optimize the
exposure time and acquire the image by clicking on
From the Measure menu, select the Scalings function.
In the Scalings Control window click on New. The scaling wizard is

started.
Right-click in the image. The images shortcut menu is displayed. Select

the Normal View (1:1).
Magnify the window by clicking on
11-265
Move the scrollbars

at the bottom and right-hand
edges of the image to set the desired frame.
Click on Next.
Activate Automatic line-detection.
Select the method Single parallel lines (X+Y).
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Click on Next.
Enter the value 275 into the Distance text field, and select the unit
Nanometer (275 nm corresponds to half the wavelength of visible light).
Now determine the distance between two interference fringes by drawing

in two lines between two dark fringes. To do this, click on the starting
and end points at the center of the interference fringe.
11-267
The distances are marked by red lines. The correct distance is determined
automatically and displayed as a third line between the two lines you
have drawn.
Click on Finish.
Enter a name for the scaling and click on OK.
To avoid confusing this scaling with other scalings, you should use TIC as a
prefix.
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The new scaling now appears in the Scalings Control window, and is
activated automatically. It is used for all images subsequently acquired.
11-269
Modules - SFM
NNKNQ
pcj=Ep~=c=jF=
Any AxioVision ZVI multichannel image and AxioVision CSV data table can be
entered into the SFM Evaluation in order to generate histograms, scatter
plots, image galleries or gated data tables.
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Modules - SFM
To cut out objects as component images for the gallery view, the box
coordinates of the objects must also be measured. In addition, the index
region must be measured and entered in the data table.
To reposition the microscope stage, the x and y coordinates and the focus
position must be measured. In order to ensure precise positioning, the stage
must be calibrated prior to image acquisition in the x and y direction. The
focus position (z) must be set to 0 (zero) in the focus area.
Scripts and macros are available for the special SFM Evaluation which
combine corresponding multichannel data from identical regions for each
channel with the relevant box and stage coordinates in a single file.
Image acquisition takes place using the usual settings for multichannel MosaiX
imaging. In the sample scripts and macros, the evaluation is limited to three
channels.
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Modules - SFM
Prerequisites
For SFM evaluations, an image (AxioVision ZVI multichannel image) and the
associated data table (AxioVision CSV table) containing the measured values
must be available and loaded.
If the selected image and the data table are not suitable for SFM Evaluation,
the Methods cannot be selected and access to the SFM Results
Presentation remains blocked (the functions under Methods are displayed in
gray). If the files are suitable, then the Methods are accessible.
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Modules - SFM
pcj=b~~=J=l~=a~~~=
Select Image: Selection of the image file. All image files opened in
AxioVision are available in the drop-down list box.
11-273
Modules - SFM
Select Datatable: Selection of the relevant data table. All results files
opened in AxioVision are available in the drop-down list box.
Note:
Make sure that the image and the data table belong together. Otherwise,
the cut-out parts of the image in the SFM Gallery will not correspond.
Once both files have been selected, the data will appear in the table field
of the window and the functions under Methods will become available.
Experiment
: A series of evaluations (series of histograms, scatter plots,

etc.) can be loaded from the Load settings dialog window that opens.
These evaluations are executed immediately.
: This function becomes active as soon as the next

evaluations are defined (histogram, scatter plot, etc.). The specified
sequence can then be saved as an experiment. The experiments are
stored as INI files with the path: "C:\Documents and Settings\All
Users\Shared Documents\Carl Zeiss\Data\SFM

Evaluation\Settings\Experiment".
In this case, the Save function overwrites an experiment file that has
already been opened.
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Modules - SFM
Save as: Saves the settings under a new name.

Experiment: Displays the experiment file that has been opened.
Methods
In this field, the evaluation method that is to be used in the next step
(Histogram, Scatter Plot, Gallery, Gated Data) is selected. The selection is
made by clicking the selection box on the left.
Buttons
: If you click on this button, the selected method is called up

and executed using the default settings.
: Closes all open evaluation windows. If any of

the results have not yet been saved, you will be asked beforehand whether
these should be saved first.
: Ends the entire SFM evaluation and returns

to AxioVision. All SFM-specific windows are closed. You will be asked whether
you want to save your data if there are any windows that have not yet been
saved.
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Modules - SFM
pcj=e~=
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Modules - SFM
Input
The headers display the names of the image file (Selected Image) and data
table (Selected Datatable) being used. The evaluation path up to this point is
displayed under History.
Graphics
The Graphics field first shows the numerical distribution of the standard
parameter:
X axis = parameter
Y axis = number
N = total number of objects available for this distribution
11-277
Modules - SFM
Gates: The gates show the delimited areas. The active gate is highlighted by
two squares at the top end. The numbers indicate the percentage of objects
within the gate in relation to the total number of objects present (N).
Experiment
Opportunity to save data and call up existing settings again. The file is located
under the path: "C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\SFM Evaluation\Settings\Histogram".
: Opens the Load settings dialog window containing the

list of settings files available for histograms. Following selection, the
settings are loaded and executed immediately.
Load default: The default setting can be adjusted to the user's

requirements under the Save function.
Load factory default: This setting always contains the systems basic
setting and may not be changed by the user.
: This function becomes active as soon as changes have

been made to the settings. In this case, the active file is overwritten with
the changes to the settings.
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Modules - SFM
Save as default: The new settings can also be saved as the default
setting. These can then be reloaded directly via the Load default
function.
Name: Displays the name of the settings file currently being used for the
histogram. The asterisk () after the name indicates that any changes
made have not yet been saved.
: Copies the histogram as an image to the clipboard.
Auto refresh: By activating this function, every change made to the

setting is executed directly in the histogram.
Refresh: This button becomes active if changes have been made to the
setting and Auto refresh is not active. The changes are only executed by
clicking on the button.
Gate settings
Gate Number: Selection of the number of possible gates from the dropdown list (0...3). If no gates are selected, all the data of the histogram are
transferred to the next method. If gates are selected, only those objects
that are located within the defined gates will be selected.
Gated Particles: Number of objects within the defined gates.
Lower Value: Lower threshold value of the active gate.
Upper Value: Upper threshold value of the active gate.
11-279
Modules - SFM
The values may be entered using the keyboard or by moving the gate
boundaries in the graph (clicking the left-hand mouse button). The gate
boundaries are moved individually using the squares at the top end. If a
gate boundary is selected, it is possible to move the entire gate.
X Axis
Settings for the measurement parameter.
Parameter: Selection of the measurement parameter from the dropdown list. All the measured parameters of the data table are available.
Min. Value: Lower threshold value of the x axis.
Max. Value: Upper threshold value of the x axis.
: Automatic setting of the x-axis range using the smallest

and largest parameter value in the table.
Linear / Logarithmic: Selection of the method for calculating the class

width (linear or logarithmic).
Number of classes: Number of classes for the distribution. The

maximum depends on the pixel count available on the x axis (approx.
450).
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Modules - SFM
Methods
Selection of the evaluation method to be used in the next step (Histogram,

Scatter Plot, Gallery, Gated Data). The selection is made by clicking in the
selection box using the left-hand mouse button. Using the
button, the selected method is called up and executed using the default
settings.
Buttons
: Closes the histogram window and returns to the last method

used (you will first be asked the question Should it be saved before
closing?).
: Saves the image of the histogram window via the Microsoft

Windows Save Image File As dialog window.
: Closes the histogram window (you will first be asked the

question Should it be saved before closing?).
11-281
Modules - SFM
pcj=p~=m=
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Modules - SFM
Input
Graphics
Initially, the Graphics field shows the scatter plot with the standard
parameters that correspond to the default settings:
X axis = parameter 1
Y axis = parameter 2
N = total number of objects available for this distribution
11-283
Modules - SFM
Gates: The gates show the delimited areas. The active gate is highlighted by
squares at the corner. The numbers indicate the percentage of objects within
the gate in relation to the total number of objects present (N).
Experiment
Opportunity to save data and call up existing settings again. The file is located
under the path: "C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\SFM Evaluation\Settings\Scatterplot".
: Opens the Load settings dialog window containing the

list of settings files available for scatter plots. Following selection, the
settings are loaded and executed immediately.
Load default: The default setting can be adjusted to the user's

requirements under the Save function.
Load factory default: This setting always contains the systems basic
setting and may not be changed by the user.
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Modules - SFM
: This function becomes active as soon as changes have

been made to the settings. In this case, the active file is overwritten with
the changes to the settings.
Save as default: The new settings can also be saved as the default
setting. These can then be reloaded directly via the Load default
function.
Name: Displays the name of the settings file currently being used for the
scatter plot. The asterisk () after the name indicates that any changes
made have not yet been saved.
: Copies the scatter plot as an image to the clipboard.
Auto Refresh: By activating this function, every change made to the

setting is executed directly in the scatter plot.
setting and Auto Refresh is not active. The changes are only executed by
X Axis
11-285
Modules - SFM
Min. Value: Lower threshold value of the x axis.
Max. Value: Upper threshold value of the x axis.
: Automatic setting of the x-axis range using the smallest

Linear / Logarithmic: Selection of the method for subdividing the x axis

(linear or logarithmic).
Y Axis
Min. Value: Lower threshold value of the y axis.
Max. Value: Upper threshold value of the y axis.
: Automatic setting of the y-axis range using the smallest

Linear / Logarithmic: Selection of the method for subdividing the y axis

(linear or logarithmic).
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Modules - SFM
Gate settings
(Selection): Using the cursor, an existing gate may be selected so that

changes can be made to it. Changes to the size are made by using the cursor
to move the corner points displayed; the gate can be moved using the
Drag&Drop method by clicking with the cursor within the area of the gate.
(Rectangle): Allows a rectangular gate to be generated using the

cursor.
(Ellipse): Allows an elliptical gate to be generated using the cursor.
(Polygon): Allows a polygonal gate to be generated using the cursor.

Color
: Assigns a color to the active gate.
: Deletes the active gate from the scatter plot.
11-287
Modules - SFM
Methods

settings.
Buttons
: Closes the scatter plot window and returns to the last method
closing?).
: Saves the image of the scatter plot window via the Microsoft
: Closes the scatter plot window (you will first be asked the
11-288
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - SFM
pcj=d~=
11-289
Modules - SFM
Input
11-290
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - SFM
Graphics
The Graphics field shows all the objects that have been selected in the last
gating step. The colored bar below each cell image corresponds to the
relevant gate color for the last method used.
11-291
Modules - SFM
Image selection
In the gallery, individual images or several images may be selected for further
evaluation via Methods by using the left-hand mouse button in combination
with the Shift or Ctrl key. The selection is indicated with a blue frame. All
selected objects are highlighted in the scatter plot with a different color. In
addition, individual objects can be labeled in the AxioVision MosaiX image by
clicking with the right-hand mouse button on the gallery image. If a high
zoom factor has been applied to the image, the object will appear with the
selection frame in the upper left-hand corner of the image frame.
Display controls: In general, the color display for the channels can be
switched On or Off via the color key.
The contrast settings are only activated for the individual channels. To
allow this, the color display must be switched off. Further explanations on
the functions can be found in the AV help file menu View Properties.
Move stage to: If this check box has been activated, the stage travels to
the position of the object on the sample when you click on a gallery
image using the right-hand mouse button. To ensure correct
repositioning, the stage must have been calibrated in the x and y direction
prior to image acquisition (Microscope menu Stage). Furthermore,
the z position at the focus position of the sample should be set to 0 (zero)
(Microscope menu Stage Focus).
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Modules - SFM
: Copies the content of the gallery as an image to the

clipboard.

setting is executed directly in the gallery.
Methods

settings.
Zoom Factor: The zoom factor makes it possible to display the objects in
the gallery windows in enlarged or reduced form (1:4 to 4:1). The
selection is made via the drop-down list box.
Frame Size: The frame size can be adjusted to your requirements. This is
entered into the input field in pixels using the keyboard.
11-293
Modules - SFM
Buttons
: Closes the gallery and returns to the last method used (you will
first be asked the question Should it be saved before closing?).
: Saves the image of the Graphics window via the Microsoft

: Closes the Gallery window (you will first be asked the question
Should it be saved before closing?).
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Modules - SFM
pcj=d~=a~~~=
Input
Data Table
The table shows the list of all parameter values for the objects that have
survived all gating processes and selection in the gallery.
The data may be delimited further in the table by clicking on individual lines or
several lines of the list using the cursor (left-hand mouse button) in
combination with the Shift or Ctrl key.
11-295
Modules - SFM
Methods

settings.

setting is executed directly in the table.
Buttons
: Closes the Gated Data window and returns to the last method
closing?).
: Saves the Gated Data list as a new data table via the Microsoft
Windows Save Datatable As dialog window.
: Closes the Gated Data window (you will first be asked the
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Modules - SFM
11-297
Modules - SFM
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M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
NO
NOKN
`~=j=
`~=
f=
AxioVisions operating concept is based on the principle that in most cases,

rather than being faced with completely new tasks all the time, the user has
to carry out a certain number of recurring routine activities. Even the basic
system takes this into account, by offering the possibility of running through
routine activities step by step using workflows, without having to check the
last functions used and their menu positions, each time.
With the Commander module, this concept has been taken further, and
enhanced in a consistent way. Essentially, the Commander offers the
following possibilities:
Recording steps to be executed in sequence.

Adding to, editing and refining the sequence recorded ("script").
Batch processing: automatically applying a script to several images.
The Commander has numerous areas of application. As well as being a means

of "simply" automating the process of retrieving functions, a script can also
be regarded as an independent command in AxioVision, and can even be
used in workflows (for example). If used in combination with the VBA module,
you can even include VBA macros that you have created yourself in a script as
commands.
Note:
On the Product DVD you will find a selection of script examples.
12-1
Modules - Commander
p~==~===~===
Almost all of the functions available in AxioVisions main menu can be

included in a script.
Once the process of recording the script has started, a button (which is
otherwise hidden) will become available. The button can be used to adopt the
command into the active script. Functions are not, therefore, "simply
recorded", as numerous commands that you do not require would then be
included too, and you would have to delete them. Often it is difficult to keep
track of this once you are inside a script.
Functions that do not have a function dialog (e.g. annotations and interactive
measurement functions) actually have to be executed before they can be
included in a script. Further information can be found in the Script Editors
online help.
_~==J=~~==~===~=
~=
The automation of a number of commands is usually only one of the aspects

involved in the creation of scripts. The next step is applying them to the
desired number of images. With this in mind, the Commander module has a
separate function for batch processing. This allows you to specify the number
of images you want to process using a script, and where these images come
from:
The first possibility involves acquiring the images directly via the camera,
and executing the script for these images. The script is started after an
image has been acquired. Once it has been executed, you can acquire the
next image, and so on, until you want to end the processing.
The second possibility involves acquiring images first, and saving them on
the hard disk before starting processing using a script. The function for
automatically saving images after acquisition is useful here (Tools menu
Options Naming and Acquisition).
Another option involves processing all of the images that are currently
open in AxioVision.
12-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
i~===
The aim of the Commander is to enable the user to execute the commands
available in AxioVision automatically. It is therefore an aid to automation. The
Commander should not be confused with a programming language, as the
typical elements of programming (generation of function dialogs, variables,
loops etc.) are not available. The VBA module should be used in such cases.
r====~===~==
Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Windows Vista, which are designed to

allow several users to work on a system, are fully supported by AxioVision.
More specifically, this means that each user can create his/her own AxioVision
environment without other users of the system being able to access the
configurations and files that he/she generates (see also section 8.3 "User and
Data Administration").
AxioVision therefore saves scripts by default in the folder My Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\Script.
Frequently, however, you will want to make a script that has been created
available to all users of a system. When you are saving a script, you therefore
have the option of selecting whether you want to save the current script for
yourself only, or for all users.
12-3
Modules - Commander
The scripts are now saved in the folder Shared Documents\Carl
Zeiss\Data\Script.
Icons in the list of scripts in the Script Editor or on the toolbar indicate
whether a script has been saved for the current user only, or whether it may
be accessed by all users:
12-4
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
f~~======
Scripts can easily be transferred to other systems. The Commander module

must not be present on the target system. The installed scripts can be
executed at any time via the menu, or via the Commander toolbar.
Commander scripts form part of an individual AxioVision configuration. They
are therefore also saved when you save a configuration using the
Import/Export Configuration function on the Tools menu. To avoid
problems, we recommend that you use this function to save and transfer
scripts to other systems. Further information on the use of this function can
be found in section 8.7 "Exporting and Importing User Configurations".
Note:
If functions that are part of a module are used within a script, you must
ensure that the relevant module is also available on the target system, and
has been activated in the Module Manager (Tools menu Modules
Manager).
o=~==
In this exercise you will learn how to record and save a script using the script
editor. A simple documentation task will be used as an example: acquire
image, enhance contrast, draw in scale bar, save image.
Specifically, the following steps are covered:
creating new scripts, entering a description

starting the recording of a script
behavior of the script editor during recording
adding commands to a script
saving a script
12-5
Modules - Commander
Notes:
The following example describes the selection of the commands to be
used via the AxioVision main menu. You can, of course, also call up the
appropriate commands via toolbars, workflows and your own customized
dialogs. Please also read chapter 2 "Overview and Operating Concept".
Before you start to record a script, you can determine the behavior of the
editor during recording with the function Commander Options.
Open the script editor. To do this, select the Script Editor function from the
Commander menu. The script editor is the "control center" for creating and
revising scripts.
12-6
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
To record a new script, click on New

under Script selection.
Enter a name in the New script

dialog that describes the script as
clearly as possible. You can also
describe the content of the script in
more detail in the Information field.
Via Location you can specify whether
the script should be available only to
you or also to all other users of the
system (the Workgroup).
Click on OK, to create the new script.
An empty script window is now

displayed.
12-7
Modules - Commander
Now start recording the script by

clicking on the Record button.
If you have activated the Minimize

Script Editor while recording
option in the function Commander Options, the script editor is hidden
and only a window with the buttons
Record and Stop is displayed. This
means that there is more space on
your screen for working in AxioVision.
You can now work entirely as normal
in AxioVision: First open the live
image via the Acquisition menu
Live function.
Select a scaling that is suitable for the
objective you are using from the List
of available scalings in the area at
the bottom of the live window.
Close the Live window.
Note:
The live window does not have to be
adopted into the script. It is
automatically displayed if you execute
the Snap function interactively.
Now select the Snap function from the Acquisition menu.
12-8
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Modules - Commander
The image is acquired and the Add to

script dialog is then displayed. Using
this dialog, you can decide whether or
not each command should be
included.
Click on Yes to adopt the command into the script. This closes the Add
to script dialog window.
Now execute the following functions
in addition to the Live function, and
adopt them into the script as
described above:
Processing menu, Adjust group,

function.
File menu, Save As function.
Then save the script by clicking on

Save under Script selection.
Once the current version of the script
has been saved, the Save button is
displayed in gray.
Now stop recording the script.
12-9
Modules - Commander
f=~==~===
Often, after recording a script, you will discover that the sequence does not
meet your requirements. Perhaps commands are missing, or the commands
that are included do not function as expected.
This exercise describes how to expand a previously recorded script in the
appropriate way:
executing a script step by step

inserting new commands
copying and moving commands
Notes:
The "Documentation" script used in the following example is the result of

the previous exercise "Recording a scrip". It is assumed that you have
carried out the exercise as described and that the script is therefore
available.
Open the script editor. To do this, select the Script Editor function from
the Commander menu.
In the list under Script selection,
select the script that you want to
change.
12-10
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
The selected script is immediately

displayed in the script editor.
Below, you will incorporate the
possibility of drawing in a scale bar
and adding free annotations after the
command.
To insert further commands, you

should first execute the script up to
the line after which the new
command is to be inserted.
Highlight the first line Snap and then
click on Single step. The image that
is currently set is acquired.
Note:
If the image is unsatisfactory, adjust it first via the live image.
Click again on Single step. The Brightness/Contrast/Gamma function
is executed.
12-11
Modules - Commander
After the execution of

Brightness/Contrast/Gamma the
last line is highlighted, as the cursor
moves on automatically. When you
insert functions, however, they are
inserted after the position that is
highlighted at that moment.
You should therefore activate the
function by clicking on it.
Commands are inserted simply as a
result of the desired functions being
recorded.
If you have activated the Minimize
Script Editor while recording
option in the function Commander Options, the script editor is hidden
and only a window with the buttons
Record and Stop is displayed. This
means that there is more space on
your screen for working in AxioVision.
Now execute the following functions
one after the other and adopt them
into the script:
Annotations menu, Scale bar

function
Draw the scale bar in the image.
Annotations menu, Draw

Annotations function.
12-12
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
The new functions are now displayed after the Brightness/Contrast/

Gamma command.
The script now contains all the commands required. However, to ensure
smooth operation there are two settings that need to be done:
1. The live window is not closed in every case, but only if the Close after
Snap function in the live windows shortcut menu has been activated.
2. Documents may still be open. At the start you should therefore ensure that
all documents have been closed.
3. Start the recording again

command from the Windows menu.
and insert the Close all
The Close all command is now

displayed in the last but one line. It
should, however, be executed at the
start of the script.
To move it to the first position in the
list, highlight the line and click on the
Move up button until it moves to the
first line in the script.
Note:
You can also duplicate individual lines by using Ctrl C (copy) and Ctrl V
(paste) keys. The line is then included twice in the script.
12-13
Modules - Commander

displayed in gray.
`~==~=~=~=~=I=
=~===~=
This example shows you how to influence the way in which individual
commands behave during the execution of the script. In addition, you will be
shown how to specify which images are displayed/not displayed during and/or
after execution:
displaying function dialogs during execution so that you can adapt

parameters (interactive execution of commands).
switching individual commands on and off so that commands are not
executed (useful for testing a script).
specifying which images should be displayed during execution, to prevent
too many images from "blocking" the screen.
Notes:

the previous exercises "Recording a script" and "Inserting commands into
an existing script". It is assumed that you have carried out the exercises as
described and that the script is therefore available.
In the following example the "Documentation" script is modified to meet the

requirements described below.
12-14
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
The Close all function should simply close all images, including those that
have not been saved, without asking whether the images should be saved.
The execution of the script should be interrupted at the following commands
so that settings and parameter values can be entered in dialogs:
Record, so that you can position the specimen correctly and focus.
Brightness/Contrast/Gamma, so that you can adapt the settings to the

image that is currently being acquired.
Save As, so that you can change the folder, file name and image format.
Only the resulting image should be displayed in AxioVision, not the acquired
image.
the Commander menu.
In the list under Script selection,
select the script that you want to
change.
The selected script is immediately

displayed in the script editor.
Click on the Close all function.
Under Parameters on the right-hand

property page, switch the setting for
Force close from No to Yes.
The Close all function will now close all open documents without asking
whether unsaved documents should be saved.
12-15
Modules - Commander
Click on the Snap function and

switch the Automatic parameter to
Interactive.
Carry out the same action for the
Brightness/Contrast/Gamma and
Save As functions.
To specify which images are displayed
during execution of the script and
which are not, switch to the
Documents property page.
If the Visible column is not displayed,
move the slider at the bottom edge
completely to the right.
Now deactivate the Visible option for
the Snap command.
Only the resulting image is then
displayed during automatic execution
(see next exercise).
displayed in gray.
12-16
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
b=~==~~~=
This example shows you how to execute a script and how to influence the
way in which individual commands are executed:
displaying the Commander toolbar.

executing a script automatically.
displaying script information.
Notes:
the previous exercises. It is assumed that you have carried out the
exercises as described and that the script is therefore available.
The simplest way to execute a script is via the Commander toolbar. If the
toolbar is not displayed, select the Toolbars group from the View menu and
there select the Commander entry.
Then select the script that you wish to execute under Select Script.
If you are not sure whether it is the right script, click on Info after making
your selection.
12-17
Modules - Commander
The Script Information window is

then displayed. This contains a more
detailed description of the script (if
this was entered by its creator).
Click on Run to start the execution of the script (the Script batch option
is explained in the following exercise).
m~=~===~==
Processing several images using a single script is the real area of application of
the Commander, or rather of the scripts that are created with it. This exercise
shows you the conditions that a script has to meet in order to be executed via
the Script batch function.
Preparing a script for batch processing

Executing the function for batch processing
Selecting the image source
12-18
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
Notes:
the previous exercises. It is assumed that you have carried out the
exercises as described and that the script is therefore available.
If you want to execute a script via the Script batch function, it must meet
the following conditions:
1. It must not include a function that opens an image file or acquires an
image via the camera.
2. The first function within the script that requires an image as input
must use the image that is currently loaded. Since, however, at the
time the script is created it is not known where this image will come
from and what name it will have, a general place-marker must be
used (what is known as the "active image").
the Commander menu.
Select the script that you want to be
changed in the Script selection
drop-down list box.
The selected script is immediately displayed in the Script Editor. In the Script
field, select the Snap and Save As commands, one after the other, and
delete them using the Remove button.
12-19
Modules - Commander
The commands that are executed

automatically by the Script batch
function have now been removed.
You must now ensure that the first image-processing command

(Brightness/Contrast/Gamma) actually uses the loaded or acquired image
as the input image.
On the Documents tab sheet select
the Brightness/Contrast/Gamma
command.
On the right side of the script editor

page the parameters will be shown.
To change the input image, select the
button under Input documents
to open a gallery for selecting an
image.
If you have not previously loaded or acquired an image, the gallery will be
empty, as shown in the illustration on the right.
12-20
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
Here, select the ActiveImage command. The "active" image is then

always used as the input image for the Brightness/Contrast/Gamma
function irrespective of the source from which it originates (camera, file)
and its name.
displayed in gray.
Close the Script Editor.
Notes:
Before you save the script, think about whether you will only want to use
it with the Script batch function in the future. If not, you should use a
different name.
In this case, click on the arrow to the right of Save, under Script
selection, and select Save As. This function allows you to save the script
under a new name.
o~==
The Repeat function allows you to apply a script to any number of images.
The images may already be available as files in a folder or may already have
been loaded in AxioVision. You may, of course, also acquire them via the
camera. In addition, you can specify, for each resulting image within the
script, whether or not you want the image in question to be saved. The
following steps are carried out in this exercise:
Executing the function for repetition

Selecting the image source
12-21
Modules - Commander
Notes:
dialogs. Please also read chapter 2 "Overview and operating concept".
Before you perform this exercise, you should ensure that you have
worked through the previous example "Preparing a script for batch
processing".
To execute the script for several images, select the Repeat script function
from the Commander menu.
First, select where the images should
originate from in the Select source
drop-down list box. In most cases you
will presumably acquire them via the
camera.
If you work with several cameras, select the ActiveAcquisition setting in

the Camera drop-down list box. The camera activated in the Acquisition
menu will then be used each time.
Finally, specify how many images you wish to acquire. If the number is
not known, activate the Snap until user pressed cancel option.
Now select, under Script selection,
the script that you wish to use.
Now select, under Script selection, the script that you wish to use.
12-22
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - Commander
If you are not sure whether it is the right script, click on

after making your selection.
The Script information window is
then displayed. This contains a more
detailed description of the script (if
this was entered by its creator).
Start the execution of the script by
clicking on Start.
The commands are now run through as if you were selecting them
interactively via the menu. At any time you can use the Cancel button to
finish the script.
12-23
Modules - VBA
NOKO
s_^=
d~=
The VBA module enables you to simplify routine tasks with the help of
macros, and to program your own applications.
AxioVision contains the most recent version, VBA 6. In this version the
language features of VBA are on a par with Visual Basic.
If you have never done any programming before, we advise you to build up
your knowledge in advance. As Visual Basic/Visual Basic for Applications is a
very widely used standard, you will easily find a wide range of training
programs and literature to meet the needs of people with almost any level of
prior knowledge.
Section 8.5 "Adapting the User Interface" describes how workflows, toolbars
and shortcut keys can be used to adapt AxioVision to your personal work
situations, and to make your work a great deal easier and more convenient.
With the additional possibilities offered by the VBA module, you can let your
imagination run free, as there are no longer any restrictions when it comes to
configuring AxioVision to meet your individual requirements.
c==
To make it easier to enter the world of programming in AxioVision, the

following resources are available to you:
VBA online help (Microsoft Visual Basic Help, AxioVision Visual Basic Help)
AxioVision VBA website for support, downloads and forum:

www.zeiss.de/vba
VBA user course for AxioVision (for detailed information please visit the
website www.zeiss.de/vba)
AxioVision online help
The VBA online help is supplied with the VBA module. An up-to-date version
can be downloaded from the VBA website.
12-24
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - VBA
The VBA website and forum are a platform where customers, specialists and
developers can discuss VBA for AxioVision. Here you will find information
about programming in AxioVision, e.g. in the form of tutorials and tips &
tricks. You can exchange information with other forum members and obtain
support relating to specific questions and problems.
The VBA user course for AxioVision offers you entry into the "VBA for
AxioVision world". It will provide you with detailed basic information, such as
an introduction to the AxioVision object model and how it is programmed.
Lastly, the AxioVision online help is another useful source of information on
programming, offering you a precise description of the parameters of image
processing functions, for example.
q=s_^===
In addition to a description of the general VBA functions (Microsoft Visual

Basic Help), you will find an online help in the VBA Editor via the Help menu
together with the documentation on the AxioVision objects (AxioVision Visual
Basic Help).
t==p~~=s~=_~=~=
The documentation on Visual Basic is extremely diverse. Each individual

component has been created to help you to familiarize yourself with particular
aspects of the product. The documentation supplied with Visual Basic covers
the components described below.
e===s~=_~==~=
Here you will find information on interface elements of the Visual Basic Editor,
such as commands, dialog boxes, windows and toolbars.
s~=_~==
The context-sensitive help contains information that will help you build up
your knowledge of programming in Visual Basic.
12-25
Modules - VBA
e==s~=_~==
In this area of the help you will find useful information on general procedures,
such as the use of the object catalogue or the specification of Visual Basic
environment options.
s~=_~=~~==
In the language directory you will find information on the Visual Basic
programming language, i.e. all of its methods, features, statements,
functions, operators and objects.
s~=_~=~J==
If you want to adapt the Visual Basic Editor, in the language directory you will
find information on the object model, which will enable you to expand the
environment.
o==j=c=
Here you will find information on Userform objects and control elements, and
on programming with Userform objects and control elements in Visual Basic.
t==^s=s~=_~=~
You will find the AxioVision-specific online help on the Help menu
AxioVision Visual Basic Help.
It has been devised to allow you to search quickly for code examples and
offers you information as well as an overview of the main AxioVision classes.
The AxioVision application and its modules consist of almost 60 class libraries
(DLLs) containing several hundred classes. Only seven DLLs are elementary and
relevant for programming. These form the basis of the AxioVision VBA online
help.
j~~=~==~=
There are two ways to run macros that you have created in the Visual Basic
Editor:
12-26
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Modules - VBA
The first is via macro management. From the Tools menu select the
Macros function. Besides the possibility of running macros, here you will
also find functions for deleting macros, starting the Visual Basic Editor etc.
The second possibility is via the function for running macros. From the
Tools menu select the Run Macro function. A list of the macros you have
created is then displayed. Select the desired macro and click on Start to
run it.
o=~=~=I=~=~==
=
A much more convenient option, however, is to integrate each macro into the
user interface.
Macros are treated in the same way as any other function in AxioVision, and
can therefore be used via workflows, toolbars and shortcut keys, as required.
In the Tools menu under the My AxioVision function you will always find a
Macros branch on the corresponding property pages. The list of the macros
you have created is also available.
12-27
Modules - VBA
Note:
Section 8.5 "Adapting the User Interface" describes how workflows,
toolbars and shortcut keys can be used to adapt AxioVision to your
personal work situations, and to make your work a great deal easier and
more convenient.
To ensure that your macro appears in the list, the procedure behind it
must in principle be declared as global, i.e. as Public, e.g. Public Sub
MyMacro(); in addition, it must not have any parameters.
If a newly created procedure is not present in the Macros list, you should
update the list using the Refresh function on the AxioVision View menu.
12-28
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Index
f=
A
Advanced Automatic Measurement
module 11-19
allocation of scalings 6-1
animation, perform 10-51
annotations 1-2, 5-3
draw 5-19
format 5-19
standard settings 5-21
ApoTome
Bildaufnahme 9-25
calibration of phase position 9-10
grid allocation 9-35
hardware configuration 9-5
multidimensional acquisition 9-31
objectives 9-35
ApoTome module 9-1
Archive Modules
Asset-Archive 1-18
autofocus calibration 9-45
Autofocus module 9-44
autofocus use 9-46
Automatic Measurement module 115
AxioVision 4
configuration 2-1
overview 2-1
AxioVision concept 1-1
AxioVision ZVI format 7-1
B
backup copies 1-20
batch processing 12-2
Bedienoberflche anpassen 10-31
C
calibrating autofocus 9-45
calibration of phase position 9-10
color space transformation 10-3
Commander module 12-1

conditions for image acquisition 3-2
configuration 1-3, 8-1
Configuration modules
Commander 12-1
VBA 12-24
Configuration Modules
Commander 1-19
VBA 1-19
creating toolbars 8-17
D
data entries 7-9
DeepView
using z-stack image 9-78
default experiments 9-139
dialogs 2-5
display characteristic curve 3-11
display the Z-stack images in three
dimensions 10-32
documentation 1-2, 7-1
E
experiment 9-138
export measurement data 6-7
Extended Focus
acquire image 9-76
Extended Focus module 9-76
F
file format 10-51
first step for image acquisition 3-2
form for data entries 7-9
Fourier transformation 10-3
fringe projection imaging principle 92
G
general settings 8-27
generate scalings 8-13
gray morphology 10-2
grid allocation 9-35
I-I
Index
H
hardware configuration, ApoTome 95
hardware setting, generate 4-6
How do I create a multichannel
experiment? 9-53
How do I create a time lapse series?
9-67
How do I create a Z-stack? 9-64
How do I create an experiment? 9-50
How do I manage channel settings 959
I
image acquisition 1-1
first steps 3-2
Image Acquisition modules 9-1
Image Acquisition Modules
Autofocus 1-3
Digital High Speed Recorder 1-5
Dual Camera 1-5
Extended Focus 1-3
Fast Acquisition 1-4
Fast MosaiX 1-4
HDR Imaging 1-5
Mark&Find 1-4
MosaiX 1-4
Multichannel Fluorescence 1-4
Panorama 1-5
Time Lapse 1-5
Z-Stack 1-5
image analysis 1-2, 6-1
Image Analysis Modules 11-1
3D Measurement 1-15
1-9
ASSAYbuilder 1-17
Automatic Measurement 1-8
Calotte Grinding Measurement 1-9
Coal Random Reflectance 1-16
Colocalization 1-14
Comparative Diagrams 1-17
I - II
ELISPOT 1-18
Grains 1-11
Graphite 1-13
Interactive Measurement 1-8
Multiphase 1-12
NMI 1-10
Online Measurement 1-15
Particle Analyzer 1-10
Physiology 1-15
QuantiFISH 1-13
Ratio 1-13
SFM 1-16
TIC Measurement 1-9
TMA 1-14
Topography 1-14
Tracking 1-14
image display, enhance 5-19
image enhancement 10-1
image file browser window 7-5
image processing 1-2, 5-1
Image Processing modules 10-1
Image Processing Modules
2D Deconvolution 1-7
3D Deconvolution 1-7
ApoTome 1-7
Iaging Plus 1-7
Inside4D 1-8
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing 18
image scaling 6-2
images
image file browser 7-4
manage 7-4
Imaging Plus
color space transformation 10-3
Fourier transformation 10-3
gray morphology 10-2
image arithmetics 10-2
working with image processing
functions 10-4
Imaging Plus module 10-1
incubation 1-2
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Index
Inside4D 10-32
azimuth 10-49, 10-50, 10-51
brightness 10-49, 10-50, 10-51
elongation 10-49, 10-50, 10-51
OpenGL mode 10-58, 10-63
settings 10-40
shadow mode 10-38, 10-41, 10-42
surface mode 10-38
transparency mode 10-38
viewing modi 10-38
windows control elements 10-34
installation of scripts 12-5
Interactive Measurement module 6-4
Interactive Measurement Module 111
K
key combinations 8-20
L
limitations of scripts 12-3
live image speed 3-10
M
macros 12-26
managing macros 12-26
Mark&Find
advanced image acquisition 9-69
Mark&Find Experiment 9-70
Mark&Find module 9-98
Measure Workflow 6-4
measurement conditions 6-1
measurement data, save 6-2
Measurement Programs
Interactive measurement programs
11-1
Measurement Wizard 6-6
Microhardness Measurement module
11-248
microscope configuration 4-2
microscope control 1-1, 4-1
microscopes
configuration 4-2
Microsoft Windows and AxioVision 119
Modules
11-19
ApoTome 9-1
Archive 1-18
Autofocus 9-44
Automatic Measurement 11-5
Configuration 1-19
Extended Focus 9-76
Image Acquisition 1-3, 9-1
Image Analysis 1-8, 11-1
Image Processing 1-7, 10-1
Imaging Plus 10-1
Interactive Measurement 6-4, 11-1
Mark&Find 9-98
Microhardness Measurement 11248
MosaiX 9-111
Multichannel Fluorescence 9-53
Multidimensional Acquisition 9-49
Panorama 9-99
TIC Measurement 11-257
Time Lapse Imaging 9-67
TMA 9-133
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing
10-84
Z-Stack 9-63
MosaiX module 9-111
Multichannel Fluorescence module 953
Multidimensional Acquisition
assign names 9-167
experiment 9-138
save modified experiments 9-139
Multidimensional Acquisition module
9-49
multidimensional acquisition with
ApoTome 9-31
I - III
Index
O
online help 1-20
optimum color reproduction 3-11
own dialogs 8-22
P
Panorama module 9-99
Particle Analyzer Projects 11-60
Particle Anazyer Projects
accessories 11-62
analysis script 11-83
archive view 11-69
AxioVision settings 11-70, 11-97,
11-222
calibration standard 11-63
cleaning calibration standard 11-64
cleaning sample holder 11-64
operating concept 11-65
performing measurement 11-90
preparing the system 11-70
report template 11-87, 11-112, 11144, 11-167, 11-189, 11-208,
11-238
special settings 11-74
system variants 11-60
test specifications 11-77
Partikelanalyse 11-92
Allgemeine Einstellungen 11-72, 1198, 11-223
Auswerteskript 11-109, 11-235
Messung durchfhren 11-114, 11145, 11-167, 11-208, 11-240
Projektvorlagen erstellen 11-102,
11-228
Spezielle Einstellungen 11-99
perform animation 10-51
perform measurements 6-1
Properties window 2-7
R
running macros 12-26
I - IV
S
saving measurement data 6-2
scalings 8-12
script installation 12-5
script limitation 12-3
scripts by several users 12-3
settings 8-27
Settings Editor 4-5
Shadow mode 10-41, 10-42
shortcut menus 2-6
Skalierungen erstellen 11-35
speed modes 3-10
step by step to the first image 3-4
T
TIC Measurement module 11-257
Time Lapse Imaging module 9-67
Tissue Micro Arrays 1-14
TMA 1-14
TMA module 9-133
toolbars 2-5, 8-17
U
user interface 8-17
user specific configuration 8-3
user's guide 1-20
V
VBA module 12-24
W
why is the resulting image an optical
section? 9-5
Widefield Multichannel Unmixing
module 10-84
workarea 2-2
workflow 2-3
workflows 8-25
working with default experiments 9139
M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010
Index
working with image processing

functions 5-4, 10-4
Z
Z-Stack module 9-63
ZVI Dateiformat 7-1
I-V

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^s=rD=d=

Copyright 2003-2010 by Carl Zeiss

Microsoft, Windows, and Excel are registered trademarks of Microsoft

Autofocus .......................................................................... 1-3

ApoTome ........................................................................... 1-7

Interactive Measurement .................................................... 1-8

AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2

TIC Measurement ...............................................................1-9

AxioVision and Microsoft Windows ...................................1-19

Overview and Operating...................................................................2-1

Image Acquisition ..............................................................................3-1

M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

General .................................................................................. 3-1

Microscope Control............................................................................ 4-1

Example 1: Automatic focus-stabilization at one position

TIRF ...................................................................................... 4-21

Image Processing ............................................................................... 5-1

AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2

The different ways of processing images ................................5-1

Image Analysis ...................................................................................6-1

Saving measurement data ..................................................6-2

Configuring measurement tools .............................................6-3

Report templates toolbars ................................................6-10

Creating a report for an image .........................................6-34

M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

Adopting a new image into an open report template.......6-36

Creating charts..................................................................... 6-57

Creating data tables with a script .....................................6-57

Documentation .................................................................................. 7-1

Generating new reports ...................................................7-11

AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2

Settings for editing a template..............................................7-15

Moving and deleting fields ...............................................7-18

Editor for Multidimensional Images ......................................7-22

Setting a password ...........................................................7-32

Data files ............................................................................8-8

M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

Moving the My Documents folder ................................8-10

Scalings ................................................................................ 8-12

Importing the configuration files ......................................8-29

Creating various AxioVision configurations for a user ........... 8-30

Image Acquisition Modules............................................................... 9-1

Why is the resulting image an optical section? ................... 9-5

ApoTome Configuration for Axioplan 2 imaging e ............. 9-6

Calibration of phase position............................................9-10

Selecting the camera ........................................................9-25

AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2

Single image acquisition ...................................................9-26

Objective grid allocation ....................................................9-35

Using Autofocus ...................................................................9-46

How do I create an experiment?.......................................9-50

How do I create a multichannel experiment?....................9-53

How do I create a z-stack?................................................9-64

How do I create a time lapse series? .................................9-67

How do I create a Mark&Find experiment?.......................9-70

M 60-3-0024 e / printed 06.2010

Special features of Panorama images .................................9-101

Image orientation ...........................................................9-116

Acquisition of MosaiX images.............................................9-122

AxioVision User's Guide, Release 4.8.2