Chapter 1 quiz

1. The word "botany" is derived from the Greek word meaning to:
d. feed.
2. Proteinoid microspheres provide evidence that:
c. aggregations of organic molecules can grow and eventually form new microspheres.
3. Which of the following statements about heterotrophs is false?
e. They are able to photosynthesize.
4. Ozone in the outer atmosphere is derived most directly from:
c. oxygen gas.
5. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells:
a. lack a nuclear envelope.
6. When plants moved from the sea to the land, the most critical environmental factor
became:
a. water.
7. The two major components of the vascular system are the:
b. xylem and phloem.
8. Primary growth refers to growth:
a. originating from apical meristems.
9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of ecosystems?
d. Elements must constantly be added to an ecosystem.
10. Plant ______ is the study of the form of plants.
d. morphology
1. Which of the following is NOT a property of life?
Movement
2. The process of inductive reasoning involves:
The use of specific observations to develop general principles.
3. A hypothesis in biology is best described as:
A possible explanation of an observation.
4. A scientific theory is:
A statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data.
5. The cell theory states that:
All living things are made up of cells.
6. The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because:
It encodes the information for making a new individual.
7. The organization of living systems is:

Hierarchical with cells at the base and the biosphere at the top.
8. The idea of evolution:
a. Was original to Darwin.
b. Was original to Wallace.
c. Predated both Darwin and Wallace.
d. Both a and b.
9. What is the significance of Pasteur's experiment to test the germ hypothesis?
It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells.
10.Which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism?
An evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell.
11.How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection?
Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.
12.How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
a. It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms.
b. It provides evidence of change in the form of organisms over time.
c. It shows that diversity existed millions of years ago.
d. Both a and b.
13.The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds
because:
a. It rationalizes a large body of observations.
B. It makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches.
c. It represents Darwin's belief of how life has changed over time.
d. Both a and b.
14.In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms?
a. Eukarya.
b. Bacteria.
c. Archaea.
d. Both b and c.
15.7. Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is:
Important to the life of the organism.
16.The process of photosynthesis results in the formation of two substances essential to our
existence:
sugar and oxygen
17.Life existed on Earth as early as ______ years ago.
300 to 400 billion
18.Which of the following statements about stromatolites is FALSE?
They are fossil structures, with none alive today.
19.On Mars, there is evidence for the presence of water in the form of______.
ice, liquid water and snow
20.Which of the following statements about proteinoid microspheres is FALSE?

They are thought to be the first forms of life.

21.Which of the following statements concerning primitive cells is FALSE?
They constructed new cells from organic molecules made via photosynthesis.
22.A heterotroph:
is exemplified by a fungus.
23.Which of the following statements about photosynthetic autotrophs is FALSE?
They obtain their required organic compounds from external sources.
24.Which of the following statements concerning the earliest photosynthetic organisms is
FALSE?
They have been found in rocks 4 billion years old.
25.The oxygen gas released in photosynthesis originates from:
water.
26.Atmospheric levels of oxygen gas approached modern levels approximately ______ years
ago.
a. 500 million
27.Ozone in the outer layer of the atmosphere has important consequences for living things
in that it:
absorbs ultraviolet rays from sunlight.
28.Respiration refers to the process by which organisms:
break down molecules under aerobic conditions.
29.Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that prokaryotic cells:
lack a nuclear envelope.
30.Which are prokaryotic organisms?
cyanobacteria and archaea
31.The first cells on Earth were most likely:
archaeans.
32.Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of photosynthetic organisms to rocky coasts?
pigment systems
33.The function of the cuticle is:
retarding water loss.
34.The function of stomata is:
regulating the exchange of gases.
35.Which of the following statements concerning stomata is FALSE?.
They form a waxy covering on all aboveground portions of the plant.
36.In perennials, the ______ is most similar in function to the cuticle-covered epidermis of
annuals.
cork

37.Water is transported upward through the plant body in the:

xylem.
38.The food manufactured by photosynthesis is transported throughout the plant body in the:
phloem.
39.The function of phloem is to ______.
transport food
40.If a plant is a vascular plant, then by definition that plant must contain ______.
phloem
41.Secondary growth refers to growth:
originating from lateral meristems.
42.The activity of the ______ results in a thickening of stems, branches, and roots.
lateral meristems
43.A seed is composed of three parts:
seed coat, embryo, and food supply.
44.Natural communities of organisms of wide extent, characterized by distinctive, climatically
controlled groups of plants and animals, are called:
biomes
45.What organisms are found at the base of productivity in almost all ecosystems?
photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and plants only
46.In all ecosystems, heterotrophs are completely dependent on the productivity of all the
following groups of organisms EXCEPT:
animals.
47.Humans first appeared about ______ years ago.
2 million
48.The development of agriculture started at least ______ years ago.
10,000
49.Cytology is the study of:
cell structure, function, and life histories.
50.The projected human population of the Earth by 2050 is _____ billion.
9
51.The greenhouse effect refers to the:
trapping of heat radiated from Earth.
52.Phytoremediation refers to the process by which plants:
clean up polluted environments.
53. In which domain would you find only single celled organisms?
a) Eukarya
b) Bacteria
c) Archaea
d) both b and c

54.Atoms that belong to the same element have the same number of:
protons
55. The atomic number of is the number of ________an atom.
protons
56. Atomic mass is determined mainly by the mass of:
protons and neutrons
57. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of _________.
neutrons
58. A cation has:
less electrons than protons
59. Energy level K (lowest energy) has:
an s orbital
Answers to questions Chapter 1
2. What criteria would you use to determine whether an entity is a form of life?
Four criteria characterize living things: a cellular organization, and the ability to grow, to
reproduce, and to pass on their characteristics to subsequent generations.
4. What advantages do terrestrial plants have over their aquatic ancestors? Can
you think of any disadvantages to being a terrestrial plant?
Because oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals are generally more abundant on land
than in water, terrestrial plants have greater access to these substances for growth and
development. Water is often in short supply on land, however, and thus terrestrial plants
have a much greater risk of drying out than do aquatic plants.
6. A knowledge of botany--of plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria--is key to our
understanding of how the world works. How is that knowledge important for
dealing with today's and tomorrow's problems?
A knowledge of botany helps us, for example, 1) better utilize plants and algae as food
to support the increasing human population, 2) develop crop plants that can thrive under
conditions of ozone depletion, global warming, and pollution, 3) control the bacteria and
fungi that cause disease, and 4) preserve species threatened with extinction.

Chapter 2 quiz
1. Which of the following statements about monosaccharides is false?
c. They have a carbonyl group at every carbon atom except one.
2. In most plants the storage polysaccharide is ______ and in fungi and prokaryotes it is
______.
c. starch; glycogen
3. Cellulose hydrolysis:
c. occurs in very few animals.
4. Which of the following statements about fats is false?
c. Unsaturated fat molecules tend to pack closer together than do saturated fat molecules.
5. A(n) ______ is a lipid characterized by the presence of four interconnected hydrocarbon
rings.
c. steroid
6. All amino acids are similar in that they have _______ bonded to a central carbon atom.
e. one --COOH group and one --NH2 group
7. A common ______ structure of proteins involves a single polypeptide chain that loops
back and forth such that adjacent portions line up in parallel.
b. secondary
8. Which of the following could not be a subunit of a nucleotide?

e. glycerol
9. The largest class of secondary metabolites is the:
c. terpenoids.
10. The ______ are responsible for many of the red, blue, and purple colors of flowers.
a. anthocyanins
Answers to chapter 2
2. What advantage is there to a plant to store food energy as fructans rather than as
starch? As oils rather than as starch or fructans?
Within the plant cell, fructans can be stored in much higher concentrations than starch.
The advantage of oils is that, on average, they contain more energy per gram than do
carbohydrates such as starch and fructans.
4. What aspect of their structure do all amino acids have in common? What part of an
amino acid determines its identity?
All amino acids have an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom, each
bonded to a central carbon atom. An amino acid's identity is determined by the structure
of the "R" group also attached to the central carbon.
6. The coagulation of egg white when an egg is cooked is a common example of protein
denaturation. What happens when a protein is denatured?
When a protein is denatured, its polypeptide chain unfolds and the tertiary structure is
disrupted.
8. Lignin, a cell wall constituent, is believed to have played a major role in the evolution of
terrestrial plants. Explain in terms of all the presumed functions of lignin.
Because lignin adds strength and stiffness to the cell wall, lignification made it possible
for terrestrial plants to grow tall and to develop branch systems capable of supporting
leaves. Because lignin waterproofs the cell wall, terrestrial plants could more efficiently
transport water upward over long distances. Because lignin increases the resistance of cell
walls to mechanical penetration, terrestrial plants were better able to resist invasion by
fungi.
Extra Questions
11.The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells
defines:
D. cell theory
12.As cell size increases, the
B. volume increases faster than the surface area
13.Which of the following cells would have the greatest surface-to-volume ratio?
A. bacterium
14.A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger
and larger. This situation

volume of the cell increases

C. will eventually be problematic since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients through its
outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs to other
processes
15.Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?
A. a membrane- bound nucleus
16.Which of the following structures are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces?
E. both pili and capsules
17.The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell
A. contains the cell's DNA
18.Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are ... cells
C. prokaryotic
1. You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at
them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You
conclude that the cells
A. are plant cells
2. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ... and .... Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ...
A. chloroplasts ... cell walls ... centrioles
3. Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false? Cellular metabolism
D. occurs in animal but not plant cells
4. The membranous compartmentalization of a cell
B. allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously
5. In eukaryiotic cells, internal membranes
A. greatly increase a cell's total membrane area
B. provide additional area where many metabolic processes occur
C. form membranous compartments called organelles
D. contain proteins essential for metabolic processes
E. all of the choices are correct
6. The nucleus of a cell
D. contains DNA
7. Long fibers of DNA and protein are called a
A. chromatin
8. During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called
D. chromosomes
9. The function of the nucleolus is
B. to help manufacture ribosomes
10.Which one of the following statements is false? The endomembrane system
D. is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected

11.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A. stores calcium ions in muscle cells
12.The cells that produce hair contain a lot of ... The cells that produce the oils that coat the
hair contain a lot of ...
B. rough endoplasmic reticulum ... smooth endoplasmic reticulum
13.The two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of
D. membrane and proteins to be secreted by the cell
14.Secretory proteins are
D. released from the cell through the plasma membrane
15.The golgi apparatus
B. stores, modifies, and packages proteins
16.Which one of the following statements is false? The Golgi apparatus
C. decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production
17.Lysosomes
A. help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles
B. recycle materials within the cell
C. fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes
D. destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells
E. all of the choices are correct
18.When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents
into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will
E. undergo self-digestion and die
19.The functions of the central vacuoles of plant cells include
A. helping increase the size of cells by absorbing water
B. storing pigments that will help attract pollinating insects
C. storing waste products
D. storing poisons
E. all of the choices are correct
20.Contractile vacuoles
C. prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water
21.Which one of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?
E. ribosomes
22.The stroma is the
A. thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane
23.The function of chloroplasts is
E. intracellular digestion
24.The function of mitochondria is
A. cellular respiration

25.The ... of a mitochondrion is/are an adaption that increases the surface area and enhances
a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP.
D. cristae
26.Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of
B. ATP synthesis would decrease
27.Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria
C. contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain dislike vesicles in
stacks called grana
28.Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilaments
C. are mainly composed of actin whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin
29.Which one of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?
B. once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in
place
30.Intermediate filaments can be found
C. surrounding a nucleus
31.Cilia differ from flagella in that
D. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella
32.A basal body is
B. identical in structure to centrioles
33.Dynein arms
C. are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and
pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets
34.Which one of the following statements about plant cell walls is false?
D. plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell
35.Plasmodesmata
A. penetrate plant cell walls
B. are one type of cell junction in plants
C. carry chemical messages between plant cells
D. carry nutrients between plant cells
E. all of the choices are correct
36.Which of the following would be most affected by a mutation that prevented cells from
forming tight junctions?
C. integrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract
37.Most animal cells are
D. embedded in an extracellular matrix
38.It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that
would best facilitate this are
D. communicating junctions

39.Skin cells are attached to the extracellular matrix by

B. anchoring junctions
40.
Which of the following cell structures is not associated with the breakdown of
harmful substances or substances that are no longer needed by the cell?
B. mitochondria
41.All cells on Earth
A. are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the
surroundings
B. have DNA as the genetic material
C. can interconvert forms of energy
D. can interconvert chemical materials
E. all of the choices are correct
42.A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its
D. nucleoid region
43.Archaea are composed of ... cells.
B. prokaryotic
44.Which of these is not a component of the endomembrane system?
C. mitochondria

Chapter 3
Extra
7 Characteristics that make up living things
1. Cellular organization
2. Order
3. Sensitivity
4. Growth,development, and reproduction
5. Energy Utilization
6. Evolutionary adaptation
7. Homeostasis
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more Cells
Cells are the smallest living things and the basic units of all live
All cells come from other cells

Chapter 8
Quiz:
1. Which of the following statements about the two homologs is false?
d. Both come from the same parent.
2. Bivalents are:
a. paired homologous chromosomes.
3. Which of the following statements about crossing-over is false?
e. It results in the formation of identical sister chromatids.

4. The longest and most complex phase of meiosis is:

d. prophase I.
5. Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles during:
c. anaphase I.
6. New nuclear envelopes form around single-stranded chromosomes during:
a. telophase II.
7. Compared with asexual reproduction, the principal advantage of sexual
reproduction is that it:
c. produces genetic diversity.
8. Which of the following statements concerning Mendel's experimental method is
false?
c. He focused on the offspring of the first generation.
9. If W represents the allele for purple flower color, and w represents the allele for
white flower color, a purple-flowered plant must have the genotype:
d. WW or Ww.
`
10. In peas, green pod color is dominant over yellow pod color. What phenotypes
would you expect in the offspring of a cross between two plants heterozygous for pod
color?
d. 3/4 with green pods and 1/4 with yellow pods
11. What gametes could be formed by an individual having the genotype MmNn?
e. MN, Mn, mN, and mn only
12. Suppose that a plant has two genes that are linked, with Ab on one homolog of a
homologous pair of chromosomes and aB on the other homolog. What gametes could
the plant produce if there was no crossing-over between these genes during meiosis?
a. Ab and aB only
13. ______ are mutations that result from unequal crossing-over during meiosis.
a. Deletions and duplications
14. In ______, a trait is the result of the cumulative effects of many genes.
d. polygenic inheritance
Extra:
What are the characteristics of homologous chromosomes?
1. Members of a pair of chromosomes
2. resemble each other is size, shape and mostly in hereditary information
3. Each come from different parent
4. Present in zygote
5. determine the genetic characteristics

Questions:
2. Distinguish between chiasma and crossing-over; between synaptonemal complex
and synapsis.
Crossing-over is the exchange of segments of a chromosome with corresponding segments from
its homologous chromosome, and a chiasma is the X-like configuration that occurs during
crossing-over. Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes, and the synaptonemal
complex is the zipperlike protein that holds the homologous chromosomes together during
synapsis.

4. In what ways is meiosis different from mitosis?

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis 1) involves two nuclear divisions instead of one,
2) results in haploid cells instead of diploid cells, and 3) results in nuclei having different-instead
of identical-gene combinations.

6. Why is a homozygous recessive always used in a testcross?

The homozygous recessive is always used as one of the parents in a testcross in order that its
alleles not mask either of the alleles in the other parent.

8. A pea plant that breeds true for round, green seeds (RRyy) is crossed with a plant
that breeds true for wrinkled, yellow seeds (rrYY). Each parent is homozygous for one
dominant characteristic and for one recessive characteristic. (a) What is the genotype
of the F1 generation? (b) What is the phenotype? (c) The F1 seeds are planted and
their flowers are allowed to self-pollinate. Draw a Punnett square to determine the
ratios of the phenotypes in the F2 generation. How do the results compare with those
of the experiment shown in Figure 8-15?
(a) The genotype of the F1 generation is RrYy.
(b) The phenotype is round and yellow.
(c) The Punnett square and the resulting phenotypes are identical to those shown in Figure 815; that is, 9 round yellow: 3 round green: 3 wrinkled yellow: 1 wrinkled green.

10. Explain what is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance; maternal inheritance.

Cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of genes located in the cytoplasm, specifically in
plastids and mitochondria. Maternal inheritance is the inheritance of traits determined solely by
the female parent, for example when plastids and mitochondria are not present in sperm cells.