Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions
Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

1. (a)
0 (t) =
g(x)

x1 x1 =t
f (x)

x1 x1 =t
and
0 (t) =
f
x1
and
0 (t)|x1 =
(b) From (a), we have

0 (t)|x1 =
g
.
x1
Thus
(a0 + b 0 )|x1 = a
g
f
+b
.
x1
x1
Now
(a + b)0 |x1 =
(af + bg)
,
x1
so
(af + bg)
g
f
= (a + b)0 |x1 = a0 |x1 + b 0 |x1 = a
+b
.
x1
x1
x1
(c)
(0 + 0 )|x1 = g
f
g
+f
x1
x1
and
()0 |x1 =
(f g)
.
x1
Thus
(f g)
f
g
= ()0 |x1 = (0 + 0 )|x1 = g
+f
.
x1
x1
x1
1
2. (a) y = x2 can be parametrized by r(t) =
parametrized by s( ) =
i.e. when
t2
t2
and x = y 2 can be
These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ),
, which is the same as t = 2 and = t2 . So
we need t = t4 or t(t3 1) = 0 which gives t = 0 and t = 1. Substituting back into the simultaneous equations, we get t = 0 corresponding to
= 0 and t = 1 corresponding to = 1.
Now r0 (t) =
2t
and s0 ( ) =
r0 (t)|0 s0 ( )|0 =
so
0
1

=0

0
1
so the curves are orthogonal at r(0) = s(0) =
and
2
1

=4
2
1
r0 (t)|1 s0 ( )|1 =
so the curves are not orthogonal at r(1) = s(1) =
(b) y = x2 we parametrize as before by r(t) =
t2
t2
and y =
1
2
x2
by s( ) =
1
2
These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ), i.e.
=
1
2
2
t2 = 41 ,
deduce that
see that t =
that r0 (t) =
which gives t = and t2 + 2 = 12 , from which we
so t = 21 . Substituting back into the equations we

1
2
corresponds to =
2t
and t = 21 to = 12 . Observe
and s0 ( ) =
so the curves are prthogonal at
1
1

=0

1
1
1
2
1
4
Also,
r0 (t)|1/2 s0 ( )|1/2 =
so the curves are orthogonal at
1
1

=0

1
1
21
1
4
3. The circle radius 5 centre (0,0) is parametrized by
r0 (t)|1/2 s0 ( )|1/2 =
so
5 cos t
, thus, translat
5 sin t
ing by
by r(t) =
we get that the circle of radius 5, centre (8,-3) is parametrized
5 cos t
, t [0, 2). The point (5,1) corresponds to
5 sin t
5 cos t0
8
5 sin t0
3
i.e. to cos t0 = 53 and sin t0 =
4
5
(from
which you could determine t0 uniquely, but theres no need here). r0 (t) =
5 sin t
5 cos t
so a tangent vector to the curve at (5,1) is r0 (t0 ) =
4. f 0 (x) = (x2 sin x1 , cos x1 ) so f 0 (2, 7) = (7 sin 2, cos 2) and
df [(2, 7); h] = f 0 (2, 7)h = (7 sin 2, cos 2)
h1
h2
= 7h1 sin 2 + h2 cos 2.
5. f 0 (x, y, z) = [ey , (x 2z)ey , 2ey ], so
df [(x, y, z); h] = ey [1, x 2z,
2]
h1
h2
= ey (h1 + h2 (x 2z) 2h3 ).
h3
6. (a)
F0 (x1 , x2 ) =
1
x1
2x2 e2x1
e2x1
x22 sin x1 2x2 cos x1
and thus
dF[a; h] =
1
a1
2a2 e
a22
0
2a1
2a1
sin a1 2a2 cos a1
h1
h2
h1
a1
2a2 h1 e2a1 + h2 e2a1

a22 h1 sin a1 + 2a2 h2 cos a1
Hold that thought.
Now v is tangent to r(t) =
at r(t), so v is of the form
v = kr0 (t) = k
for some k IR . Substitute a = r and h = v in our expression for

dF[a; h] above to get
dF[r(t); v] =
ke2
2tk cos 1
We wish to show that this is tangent

to F(r(t)),
so we find a tangent to
this curve directly. F(r(t)) =
0
te2
t2 cos 1
so all tangent vectors to this
curve at F(r(t)) are of the form
s(F(r(t)))0 =
0
e2
2t cos 1
for some s IR . Taking s = k, we see that k(F(r(t)))0 = dF[r(t); v].

(b) This is pretty similar to part (a).
y
1+z 2
x
1+z 2
2xyz
(1+z 2 )2
F0 (x, y, z) =
and
h1
dF[x; h] =
h1 y+h2 x
1+z 2
2h3 xyz
(1+z 2 )2
Tangent vectors to the curve r(t) at r(t) are of the form
v = kr (t) =
2t
0
Also,
F(r(t)) =
so
(F(r(t)))0 =
2t
So
dF[r(t); v] =
22tk
1+12
= k
2t
= k(F(r(t)))0
7. (b) is trivial.
(c)
0
(gF)0 =
(gF1 )
x1
gF1
..
.
gFm
..
(gF )
m
x1
(gF1 )
xn
..
(gFm )
xn
1
F
x1
.
g
..
F1
xn
Fm
xn
g
F1 x
1
..
.
Fm
x1
F1 x
n
..
.
..
.
g
g
Fm x
Fm x
n
1
= gF0 + Fg 0 .
8. (a) 0 = [2, 2x2 x3 , x22 ] and
2x1
F0 =
2e
5x53
25x2 x43
cos x3
(b)
(F)0 = F0 + F0
(x3 x22
2x1 )
2e2x1 5x53 25x2 x43
cos x3
2x1
5x2 x53
x2 2x1 + sin x3
[2,
2x2 x3 , x22 ]
9.
dF(a; h + k] = F0 (a)(h + k)
= F0 (a)h + F0 (a)k
= dF[a; h] + dF[a; k].
10.
d(gF)[a; h] = (gF)0 (a)h = [gF0 (a) + Fg 0 (a)]h
= gF0 (a)h + Fg 0 (a)h = g(a)dF[a; h] + F(a)dg[a; h].
11. (a)
0
(u v)
n
X
!0
ui vi
n
X
(u0i vi + vi0 ui )
i=1
n
X
u0i vi +
i=1
i=1
n
X
ui vi0
i=1
= u0 v + u v0 .
(b) We are given v p0 (t) = 0 t IR and v p(0) = 0 (and v0 = 0 since v
is constant). Now
(v p)0 = v0 p + v p0 = v p0 = 0,
so v p is constant, i.e. v p(t) = vp(0) = 0 t IR .
12. (a)
F0 (r, , z) =
z cos rz sin r cos
z sin
rz cos
r sin
(b) det F0 = rz 2 .
13. (a) Velocity is r (t) =
4t
2t 4
3
00
Acceleration is r (t) =
2
0
(b) The component of acceleration in the direction of travel is

16t + 4t 8
20t 8
r00 (t) r0 (t)
= 2
=
0
kr (t)k
16t + 4t2 16t + 16 + 9
20t2 16t + 25
14. (a) and (b): Straight forward.
(c)
Note that
sin t
cos t
cos t
sin t
0 and

cos t
sin t
=1=

sin t

cos t
(so they are orthogonal unit vectors), so kr0 k2 = (0 )2 + 2 .

15. r r = R2 so 0 = 2r r0 and, differentiating again, 0 = r0 r0 + r r00 , giving
kr0 k2 = r r00 so krk =
r r00 .
16. 0 = r0 r0 + r r00 = r r00 since r0 is parallel to r0 , which makes r0 r0 = 0.

17. (a)
f
f (x1 + t + s, x2 ) f (x1 + t, x2 )
=
(x1 + t, x2 ).
s0
s
x1
h0 (t) = lim
(b) As
f
x1
= 0 x IR 2 we have h0 (t) = 0 for all t so h(t) is constant. In
particular, h(0) = h(x1 ) giving f (x1 , x2 ) = f (0, x2 ).

18. F F = 1 so 0 = FT F0 giving [F0 (x)]T F(x) = 0. Let A = [F0 (x)]T and
X = F(x). Then A is an nn matrix and X is a nonzero vector (as kXk = 1).
Also, AX = 0 so det A = 0, i.e. det F0 (x) = 0.

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multivariable Calculus Worked Solutions

Chapter 1, Part 1: Derivatives and Differentials

(b) From (a), we have

2. (a) y = x2 can be parametrized by r(t) =

These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ),

, which is the same as t = 2 and = t2 . So

so the curves are orthogonal at r(0) = s(0) =

so the curves are not orthogonal at r(1) = s(1) =

(b) y = x2 we parametrize as before by r(t) =

These curves intersect when r(t) = s( ), i.e.

which gives t = and t2 + 2 = 12 , from which we

so t = 21 . Substituting back into the equations we

so the curves are prthogonal at

so the curves are orthogonal at

3. The circle radius 5 centre (0,0) is parametrized by

we get that the circle of radius 5, centre (8,-3) is parametrized

, t [0, 2). The point (5,1) corresponds to

i.e. to cos t0 = 53 and sin t0 =

so a tangent vector to the curve at (5,1) is r0 (t0 ) =

4. f 0 (x) = (x2 sin x1 , cos x1 ) so f 0 (2, 7) = (7 sin 2, cos 2) and

df [(2, 7); h] = f 0 (2, 7)h = (7 sin 2, cos 2)

= 7h1 sin 2 + h2 cos 2.

5. f 0 (x, y, z) = [ey , (x 2z)ey , 2ey ], so

df [(x, y, z); h] = ey [1, x 2z,

= ey (h1 + h2 (x 2z) 2h3 ).

x22 sin x1 2x2 cos x1

sin a1 2a2 cos a1

2a2 h1 e2a1 + h2 e2a1

Hold that thought.

Now v is tangent to r(t) =

at r(t), so v is of the form

for some k IR . Substitute a = r and h = v in our expression for

We wish to show that this is tangent

this curve directly. F(r(t)) =

so all tangent vectors to this

curve at F(r(t)) are of the form

for some s IR . Taking s = k, we see that k(F(r(t)))0 = dF[r(t); v].

Tangent vectors to the curve r(t) at r(t) are of the form

8. (a) 0 = [2, 2x2 x3 , x22 ] and

2e2x1 5x53 25x2 x43

z cos rz sin r cos

13. (a) Velocity is r (t) =

(b) The component of acceleration in the direction of travel is

(so they are orthogonal unit vectors), so kr0 k2 = (0 )2 + 2 .

16. 0 = r0 r0 + r r00 = r r00 since r0 is parallel to r0 , which makes r0 r0 = 0.

= 0 x IR 2 we have h0 (t) = 0 for all t so h(t) is constant. In

particular, h(0) = h(x1 ) giving f (x1 , x2 ) = f (0, x2 ).

You might also like