STRUKTUR BAJA II

Bayzoni
Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Lampung, 2013

Design Philosophy

Structural design should be performed to satisfy the criteria for

strength, serviceability, and economy.
Strength pertains to the general integrity and safety of the structure
under extreme load conditions. The structure is expected to
withstand occasional overloads without severe distress and damage
during its lifetime.
Serviceability refers to the proper functioning of the structure as
related to its appearance, maintainability, and durability under
normal, or service load, conditions. Deflection, vibration, permanent
deformation, cracking, and corrosion are some design considerations
associated with serviceability.
Economy is concerned with the overall material, construction, and
labor costs required for the design, fabrication, erection, and
maintenance processes of the structure.

Design Philosophy

Perancangan struktur harus dilakukan untuk memenuhi kriteria

terhadap kekuatan, kemampuan layan dan ekonomis
Kekuatan, berkaitan dengan integritas dan keamanan struktur
terhadap beban ekstrim. Struktur diperkirakan tetap bertahan
terhadap kelebihan beban tanpa kerusakan yang berarti selama
umur bangunan.
Kemampuan layan, mengacu pada fungsi struktur dikaitkan
dengan penampakan, kemapuan bertahan, ketahanan pada kondisi
normal atau beban layan. Lendutan, getaran, deformasi permanen,
retak, dan korosi merupakan beberapa hal yang harus
dipertimbangkan berkaitan dengan kemampuan layan.
Ekonomis, menekankan pada material keseluruhan, proses
konstruksi dan biaya tanaga kerja yang dibutuhkan untuk
perancangan, fabrikasi, perakitan/pemasangan, dan proses
pemeliharaan struktur.

Design Formats - ASD

Allowable stress design (ASD), which has been in use for decades for
the steel design of buildings and bridges. In allowable stress (or
working stress) design, member stresses computed under service (or
working) loads are compared to some predesignated stresses called
allowable stresses. The allowable stresses are often expressed as a
function of the yield stress (Fy) or tensile stress (Fu) of the material
divided by a factor of safety. The factor of safety is introduced to
account for the effects of overload, understrength, and
approximations used in structural analysis. The general format for an
allowable stress design has the form

Where

Rn = the resistance of the structural component expressed in unit of stress (i.e., the allowable stress)
Qni = the service, or working, stresses computed from the applied working load of type I
F.S. = the factor of safety, i is the load type (dead, live, wind, etc.)
m = the number of load type considered in the design

Design Format - ASD

Allowable stress design (ASD), tegangan elemen struktur dihitung

terhadap beban layan atau beban kerja dibandingkan dengan tegangan
yang telah direncanakan yang dinamakan tegangan izin.
Tegangan izin seringkali di eksperikan sebagai fungsi dari tegangan leleh
(fy) atau teganga tarik (fu) bahan dibagi dengan faktor keamanan.
Faktor keamanan diberikan untuk memperhitungkan pengaruh dari
kelebihan beban, kurang kekuatan, dan aprosimasi dalam analisis struktur.
Format umum pada allowable stress design:

dimana:

Rn = tahanan komponen struktur yang diberikan dalam satuan tegangan

Qni = tegangan yang dihitung berdasarkan beban kerja atau beban layan untuk
setiap tipe beban yang diberikan
F.S. = faktor keamanan

Design Format - PD

Plastic design (PD), which makes use of the fact that steel sections have reserved strength beyond the first yield
condition. When a section is under flexure, yielding of the cross section occurs in a progressive manner, commencing
with the fibers farthest away from the neutral axis and ending with the fibers nearest the neutral axis. This
phenomenon of progressive yielding, referred to as plastification, means that the cross section does not fail at first
yield. The additional moment that a cross section can carry in excess of the moment that corresponds to first yield
varies, depending on the shape of the cross section. To quantify such reserved capacity, a quantity called the shape
factor, defined as the ratio of the plastic moment (moment that causes the entire cross section to yield, resulting in the
formation of a plastic hinge) to the yield moment (moment that causes yielding of the extreme fibers only) is used.
The shape factor for hot-rolled I-shaped sections bent about the strong axes has a value of about 1.15. The value is
about 1.50 when these sections are bent about their weak axes. For an indeterminate structure, failure of the
structure will not occur after the formation of a plastic hinge. After complete yielding of a cross section, force (or,
more precisely, moment) redistribution will occur in which the unyielded portion of the structure continues to carry
any additional loadings. Failure will occur only when enough cross sections have yielded, rendering the structure
unstable, resulting in the formation of a plastic collapse mechanism. In plastic design, the factor of safety is applied
to the applied loads to obtain factored loads. A design is said to have satisfied the strength criterion if the load
effects (i.e., forces, shears, and moments) computed using these factored loads do not exceed the nominal plastic
strength of the structural component. Plastic design has the form

Where

Rn = the nominal plastic strength of the member

Qni = the nominal load effect from loads of type i

= the load factor

i = the load type

m = the number of load types.

In steel building design, the load factor is given by the

AISC specification as 1.7 if Qn consists of dead and live
gravity loads only, and as 1.3 if Qn consists of dead and
live gravity loads acting in conjunction with wind or
earthquake loads.

Design Formats - LRFD

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) which is a probability-based limit state design procedure.
A limit state is defined as a condition in which a structure or structural component becomes unsafe (i.e., a violation of the
strength limit state) or unsuitable for its intended function (i.e., a violation of the serviceability limit state). In a limit state
design, the structure or structural component is designed in accordance to its limits of usefulness, which may be strength related
or serviceability related.
In developing the LRFD method, both load effects and resistance were treated as random variables. Their variabilities and
uncertainties were represented by frequency distribution curves. A design is considered satisfactory according to the strength
criterion if the resistance exceeds the load effects by a comfortable margin. The concept of safety is represented
schematically in Fig. 48.2. Theoretically, the structure will not fail unless the load effect Q exceeds the resistance R, as shown by
the shaded portion in the figure. The smaller this shaded area, the less likely that the structure will fail. In actual design, a
resistance factor is applied to the nominal resistance of the structural component to account for any uncertainties associated
with the determination of its strength, and a load factor is applied to each load type to account for the uncertainties and
difficulties associated with determining its actual load magnitude. Different load factors are used for different load types to
reflect the varying degree of uncertainties associated with the determination of load magnitudes. In general, a lower load
factor is used for a load that is more predicable, and a higher load factor is used for a load that is less predicable.
Mathematically, the LRFD format takes the form

where Rn represents the design (or usable) strength and iQni represents the required strength or load
effect for a given load combination. Table 48.3 shows examples of load combinations [ASCE, 1998] to be
used on the right-hand side of Eq. (48.4). For a safe design, all load combinations should be investigated
and the design based on the worst-case scenario.

Design Format - LRFD

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) merupakan prosedur perencanan keadaan batas
yang probability-based
Keadaan batas didefinisikan sebagai kondisi struktur atau komponen struktur menjadi tidak
aman atau tidak nyaman terhadap fungsinya. Pada perancangan keadaan batas komponen
struktur dirancang berkaitan dengan batas kemanfaatannya baik kekuatan maupan
kemapuan layan.
Dalam pengembanga LRFD, membutuhkan faktor yang harus dikalikan dengan beban layan
dan tahanan nominal (kekuatan) dari batang atau sambungan
Untuk memperhitungkan ketidaktentuan dalam estimasi beban layan, faktor beban umumnya
diterapkan lebih besar dari 1.
Untuk merefleksikan variabilitas dalam perkiraan kekuatan batang atau sambungan, maka
tahanan nominal Rn dikalikan dengan faktor tahanan kurang dari 1.
Untuk memastikan batang atau sambungan telah memenuhi kekuatan untuk menahan beban
layan, maka beban layan yang telah dikalikan dengan faktor beban (beban berfaktor) harus
tidak melebihi kekuatan rancang.

Dimana Rn merepresentasikan kekautan rancang dan iQni merepresentasikan kekuatan perlu

Design Formats - LRFD

Design Formats -LRFD

BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA

LRFD. The AISC specification for LRFD requires that factors be

applied to both service loads and the nominal resistance (strength)
of members and connections.
To account for uncertainties in estimating the service loads, load
factors generally greater than unity are applied to them (Art. 6.11).
To reflect the variability inherent in predictions of the strength of a
member or connection, the nominal resistance Rn is multiplied by a
resistance factor less than unity.
To ensure that a member or connection has sufficient strength to
support the service loads, the service loads multiplied by the
appropriate load factors (factored loads) should not exceed the
design strength Rn . Table 6.18 summarizes the equations for design
strength specified in the AISC LRFD specification.

For LRFD, the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification,

American Institute of Steel Construction, prescribes the following
factored loads:

SNI

BENDING STRENGTH

For a member subjected to flexure, the bending strength

depends on the shape of the member, width/ thickness or
depth/ thickness ratios of its elements, location and direction
of loading, and the support given to the compression flange.
Higher strengths are assigned to symmetrical and compact
shapes.
Flexural strength may be reduced, however, based on the
spacing of lateral supports that prevent displacement of the
compression flange and twist of the cross section.
The AISC LRFD specifications define Compact sections are
sections capable of developing a fully plastic stress
distribution

BENDING STRESSES AND STRAINS IN BEAMS

BENDING STRESSES AND STRAINS IN BEAMS

BENDING STRESSES AND STRAINS IN BEAMS

TORSION

Torsion of Circular Elastic Bars

TORSION

Torsion of Solid Noncircular Members

TORSION

Warpage of Thin-Walled Open Sections

ELASTIC LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

ELASTIC LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

ELASTIC LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

Bending of the beam shown in Fig. 3.90a produces compressive stresses

within the upper portion of the beam cross section and tensile stresses in the
lower portion. Similar to the behavior of a column (Art. 3.41), a beam,
although the compressive stresses may be well within the elastic range, can
undergo lateral buckling failure. Unlike a column, however, the beam is also
subjected to tension, which tends to restrain the member from lateral
translation. Hence, when lateral buckling of the beam occurs, it is through a
combination of twisting and out-of-plane bending (Fig. 3.90b).
For a simply supported beam of rectangular cross section subjected to
uniform bending, buckling occurs at the critical bending moment

ELASTIC LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

For the case of an open section, such as a wide-flange or I-beam section,

warping rigidity can provide additional torsional stiffness. Buckling of a
simply supported beam of open cross section subjected to uniform bending
occurs at the critical bending moment where Cw is the warping constant, a
function of cross-sectional shape and dimensions (see Fig. 3.89).

ELASTIC LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

In Eq. (3.170) and (3.171), the distribution of bending

moment is assumed to be uniform. For the case of a
nonuniform bending-moment gradient, buckling often
occurs at a larger critical moment. Approximation of this
critical bending moment Mcr may be obtained by
multiplying Mcr given by Eq. (3.170) or (3.171) by an
amplification factor:

LOCAL BUCKLING

Kontrol Penampang:
f

bf

2 tf

pf

0.38

rf

1.0

E
Fy
E
Fy

8.333

pf

8.497

pw

3.76

rf

22.361

rw

5.7

Flens

"Compact" if f pf

tw
E
Fy
E
Fy

39.385

pw

84.076

rw

127.456

Web

"Compact"

"Compact" if w pw

"Non Compact" if pf f rf

"Non Compact" if pw w rw

"Slender" otherwise

"Slender" otherwise

"Compact"

Momen Plastis
M px Zx Fy

M py min Zy Fy 1.6 Sy Fy

M px

M py

2.088 10

4.169 10

Momen LTB
h o d tf
rts

Iy h o

2 Sx

Lp

1.76 ry

Cb

1.32

ho

291

rts

39.2

E
Fy

Lp

1.295 10

Lb

2000

Fcr

1.001 10

Fcr Cb

Lb
r
ts

Lr rts

Lb Lp

M nLTB2 Cb M px M px 0.7 Sx Fy

Lr Lp

M nLTB3 Fcr Sx

0.7 Fy

Lr

3.291 10

M nLTB1 M px

M nLTB1

2.088 10

M nLTB2

2.411 10

M nLTB3

4.815 10

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