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    Advanced Communications Matlab-1

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    AdiseshuMidde
    The document is an advance communications lab manual containing 12 experiments on topics such as: 1. Measuring bit error rate using binary data and coding. 2. Verifying the minimum distance of Hamming codes. 3. Determining the output of convolutional encoders and decoders for given sequences. 4. Simulating frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems. 5. Implementing FIR and IIR filters. 6. Applying edge detection, point detection, and line detection techniques to images. 7. Taking the discrete Fourier transform and discrete cosine transform of images. 8. Creating histograms of images. 9. Summarizing the key steps and results of each experiment in 1-2 sentences.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Advanced Communications Matlab-1

    Uploaded by

    AdiseshuMidde
    282 views26 pages
    The document is an advance communications lab manual containing 12 experiments on topics such as: 1. Measuring bit error rate using binary data and coding. 2. Verifying the minimum distance of Hamming codes. 3. Determining the output of convolutional encoders and decoders for given sequences. 4. Simulating frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems. 5. Implementing FIR and IIR filters. 6. Applying edge detection, point detection, and line detection techniques to images. 7. Taking the discrete Fourier transform and discrete cosine transform of images. 8. Creating histograms of images. 9. Summarizing the key steps and results of each experiment in 1-2 sentences.

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    The document is an advance communications lab manual containing 12 experiments on topics such as: 1. Measuring bit error rate using binary data and coding. 2. Verifying the minimum distance of Hamming codes. 3. Determining the output of convolutional encoders and decoders for given sequences. 4. Simulating frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems. 5. Implementing FIR and IIR filters. 6. Applying edge detection, point detection, and line detection techniques to images. 7. Taking the discrete Fourier transform and discrete cosine transform of images. 8. Creating histograms of images. 9. Summarizing the key steps and results of each experiment in 1-2 sentences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    282 views26 pages

    Advanced Communications Matlab-1

    Uploaded by

    AdiseshuMidde
    The document is an advance communications lab manual containing 12 experiments on topics such as: 1. Measuring bit error rate using binary data and coding. 2. Verifying the minimum distance of Hamming codes. 3. Determining the output of convolutional encoders and decoders for given sequences. 4. Simulating frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems. 5. Implementing FIR and IIR filters. 6. Applying edge detection, point detection, and line detection techniques to images. 7. Taking the discrete Fourier transform and discrete cosine transform of images. 8. Creating histograms of images. 9. Summarizing the key steps and results of each experiment in 1-2 sentences.

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    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    1. Measurement of Bit Error Rate using Binary Data

    n=23;
    k=12;
    dmin=7;
    ebno=1:10;
    ber_block=bercoding(ebno,'block','hard',n,k,dmin);
    berfit(ebno,ber_block)
    ylabel('bit error probability');
    title('ber vs eb/no');

    RESULT:

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    2. Verification of minimum distance in Hamming Code


    m=3;
    n=2^m-1;
    k=4;
    msg=[0 0 0 0; 0 0 0 1; 0 0 1 0; 0 0 1 1; 0 1 0 0; 0 1 0 1; 0 1 1 0; 0 1 1 1];
    code1 =encode(msg,n,k,'hamming/binary');
    code2 =num2str(code1);
    code= bin2dec(code2);
    number1= [];
    for i=1:8
    for j=i+1:8
    [number]=biterr(code(i),code(j),7);
    number1=[number1 number];
    end
    end
    minidistance = min(number1)

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    3. Determination of output of convolutional Encoder for a given sequence


    %convolution encoder;input=1bit output=2bits with 3 memory elements,code
    %rate=1/2.
    function[encoded_sequence]=convlenc(message)
    message=[ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 ];
    enco_mem=[ 0 0 0]; %no.of memory elments=3
    encoded_sequence=zeros(1,(length(message))*2);
    enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2);
    enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1);
    enco_mem(1,1)=message(1,1);
    temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2));
    O1=xor(temp,enco_mem(3));%gener.polynomial=111
    O2=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3));%gener.polynomial=101
    encoded_sequence(1,1)=O1;
    encoded_sequence(1,2)=O2;
    msg_len=length(message);
    c=3;
    for i=2:msg_len
    enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2);
    enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1);
    if(i<=msg_len)
    enco_mem(1,1)=message(1,i);
    else
    enco_mem(1,1)=0;
    end
    temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2));
    O1=xor(temp,enco_mem(3));
    O2=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3));
    encoded_sequence(1,c)=O1;%01 generated polynomial(1,1,1)
    c=c+1;
    encoded_sequence(1,c)=O2;%02 generated polynomial(1,0,1)
    c=c+1;
    end
    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    RESULT:

    ans =

    Columns 1 through 17

    Columns 18 through 34

    ans =

    Columns 1 through 17

    Columns 18 through 34

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    4. Determination of output of convolutional Decoder for a given sequence

    tb=2;
    t=poly2trellis([3],[7,5]);
    encoded_sequence=[ 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 ];
    decoded=vitdec(encoded_sequence,t,tb,'trunc','hard')

    RESULTS:
    decoded =

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    5. Efficiency of DS Spread Spectrum Technique


    %direct sequence spread spectrum
    clc
    clear all;
    %generating the bit pattern with each bit 6 samples long
    b=round(rand(1,20));
    pattern=[];
    for k=1:20
    if b(1,k)==0
    sig=zeros(1,6);
    else
    sig=ones(1,6)
    end
    pattern=[pattern sig];
    end
    plot(pattern);
    axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]);
    title('\bf\it original bit sequenece');
    %generating the psedorandom bit pattern for spreading
    spread_sig=round(rand(1,120));
    figure,plot(spread_sig);
    axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]);
    title('\bf\it psedorandom bit sequenece');
    %xoring the pattern with spread signal
    hopped_sig=xor(pattern,spread_sig);
    %modulating the hopped signal
    dsss_sig=[];
    t=[0:100];
    fc=0.1;
    c1=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
    c2=cos(2*pi*fc*t+pi);
    for k=1:120
    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    if hopped_sig(1,k)==0;
    dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c1]
    else
    dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c2]
    end
    end
    figure,plot([1:12120],dsss_sig);
    axis([-1 12120 -1.5 1.5]);
    title('\bf\ it dss signal');
    %plotting the fft of dsss signal
    figure,plot([1:12120],abs(fft(dsss_sig)));

    RESULT:

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

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    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    10

    6. Simulation of Frequency Hopping (FH) system


    clear all;
    s=round(rand(1,20));
    signal=[];
    carrier=[];
    t=[0:10000];
    fc=.01;
    for k=1:20
    if s(1,k)==0
    sig= -ones(1,10001);
    else
    sig=ones(1,10001);
    end
    c=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
    carrier=[carrier c];
    signal=[signal sig];
    end
    subplot(2,1,1);
    plot(signal);
    axis([-1 200050 -1.5 1.5]);
    title('/bf/it original bit sequence');
    %BPSK modulation of signal
    bpsk_sig=signal.*carrier;
    subplot(2,1,2);
    plot(bpsk_sig);
    axis([-1 200050 -1.5 1.5]);
    title('/bf/it BPSK modulated signal');
    %FFT plot of BPSK modulated signal
    figure, plot([1:200020],abs(fft(bpsk_sig)));
    title('/bf/it FFT of BPSKmodulated signal');
    %preparation of six carrier frequencies
    fc1=.01; fc2=.02; fc3=.03;
    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    11

    fc4=.04; fc5=.05; fc6=.06;


    c1=cos(2*pi*fc1*t);c2=cos(2*pi*fc2*t);c3=cos(2*pi*fc3*t);
    c4=cos(2*pi*fc4*t);c5=cos(2*pi*fc5*t);c6=cos(2*pi*fc6*t);

    %random frequencies hoops to form a spread signal


    spread_sig =[];
    for n=1:20
    c=randint(1,1,[1 6]);
    switch(c)
    case(1)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c1];
    case(2)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c2];
    case(3)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c3];
    case(4)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c4];
    case(5)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c5];
    case(6)
    spread_sig=[spread_sig c6];
    end
    end
    figure,plot([1:200020],abs(fft(spread_signal)));
    freq_hopped_sig=bpsk_sig.*spread_signal;
    figure,plot([1:200020],abs(fft(freq_hopped_sig)));

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    12

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    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    13

    7. Histogram of a Image

    clc;
    clear all;
    f=imread('cameraman.tif');
    figure,imshow(f);
    title('Input Image');
    h=imhist(f);
    h1=h(1:10:256);
    horz=1:10:256;
    figure,bar(horz,h1);
    figure,plot(horz,h1);
    title('Histogram Equalized Image');
    Z=adapthisteq(f,'cliplimit',0.9,'distribution','uniform');
    imview(Z);
    b=imhist(f);
    figure,imshow(b);

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    14

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    15

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    16

    8. Verification of various Transforms - FT

    RGB=imread('peppers.png');
    I=rgb2gray(RGB);
    J=fft2(I);
    k=ifft2(J);
    subplot(2,2,1),imshow(RGB);
    title('original image');
    subplot(2,2,2),imshow(I);
    title('gray scale image');
    subplot(2,2,3),imshow(J);
    title('DFT');
    subplot(2,2,4);imshow(k,[0 255]);
    title('IDFT');

    RESULT:

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    17

    9. Verification of various Transforms - DCT


    x=imread('lena.png');
    subplot(4,1,1);
    imshow(x);
    title('input image');
    %convert rgb to BW image
    a=im2bw(x);
    subplot(4,1,2);
    imshow(a);
    title('input BW image')
    %convert bw to rgb
    b=bw2gray(a);
    subplot(4,1,3);
    imshow(b);
    title('bw to rgb image');
    %DCT
    d=dct2(a);
    subplot(4,1,4);
    imshow(d);
    title('DCT image');
    %Inverse dct
    i=idct2(d);
    subplot(4,1,5);
    h=imshow(i,[0 255]);
    title('IDCT image');

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    18

    10. Detection techniques using derivative operators - Edge


    i=imread('coins.png');
    imshow(i);
    j=edge(i,'sobel');
    figure, imshow(j)
    k=edge(i,'prewitt');
    figure, imshow(k)
    l=edge(i,'robert');
    figure, imshow(l)
    h=edge(i, 'log');
    figure, imshow(h)

    RESULT:

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    19

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    20

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    21

    Detection techniques using derivative operators - Point


    %point detection%
    I=imread('circuit.tif');
    H=[1 1 1; 1 -8 1; 1 1 1];
    B=imfilter(I,H);
    subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I),title('Original image');
    subplot(1,2,2),imshow(B),title('Point detection');

    Detection techniques using derivative operators - Line


    f= imread('coins.png');
    imshow(f)
    g= edge(f,'horizontal');
    h= edge(f,'vertical');
    figure, imshow(g)
    figure, imshow(h)
    k=g+h;
    figure,imshow(k)
    l=g-h;
    figure,imshow(l)

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

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    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

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    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    24

    11. Implementation of FIR filter

    N=60;
    R=0.5;
    b=firnyquist(N,4,R,0,'nonnegative');
    h=firrcos(N,0.25,R,2,'rolloff');
    hfvt=fvtool(b,1,h,1);
    set(hfvt,'color', [1 1 1]);
    legend(hfvt,'FIR NYQUIST DESIGN','FIR RCOS DESIGN');

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    25

    Dept. of ECE

    Advance Communications Lab Manual

    26

    12. Implementation of IIR filter


    clc;
    N=10; %UNCONSTRAINED NUMERATOR ORDER
    M=10; %UNCONSTRAINED DENOMINATOR ORDER
    F=[0 0.4 0.5 1]; %FREQUENCY VECTOR
    E=F; %FREQUENCY EDGES
    A=[1 1 0 0]; %MAGNITUDE VECTOR
    W=[1 1 100 100]; %WEIGHT VECTOR
    Nc=12; %CONSTRAINED NUMERATOR ORDER
    Mc=12; %CONSTRAINED DENOMINATOR ORDER
    R=0.92;
    [b,a,err,sos,g]=iirlpnorm(N,M,F,E,A,W);
    [bc,ac,errc,sosc,gc]=iirlpnormc(Nc,Mc,F,E,A,W,R);
    H(1)=dfilt.df1sos(sos,g);
    H(2)=dfilt.df1sos(sosc,gc);
    [z,p,k]=zpk(H(2)); %FINDS THE POLES AND ZEROS OF CONSTRAINED FILTER
    sqrt(real(p).^2+imag(p).^2) %RADII OF ALL POLES
    hfvt=fvtool(H);
    legend(hfvt,'IIR unconstrained design','IIR constrained design');
    set(hfvt,'color',[1 1 1]);

    M.Tech DECS II Sem

    Dept. of ECE

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