Jimi Hendrix

This article is about the guitarist. For the band, see the began.[2]
Jimi Hendrix Experience. For other uses of Hendrix, Hendrix was the recipient of several music awards dursee Hendrix (disambiguation).
ing his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of
Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year,
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen and in 1968, Billboard named him the Artist of the Year
Hendrix; November 27, 1942 September 18, 1970) and Rolling Stone declared him the Performer of the Year.
was an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Al- Disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top
though his mainstream career spanned only four years, he Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him
is widely regarded as one of the most inuential electric the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Exguitarists in the history of popular music, and one of the perience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of
most celebrated musicians of the 20th century. The Rock Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005.
and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the Rolling Stone ranked the bands three studio albums, Are
greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music.[1]
You Experienced, Axis: Bold as Love, and Electric LaBorn in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing gui- dyland, among the 100 greatest albums of all time, and
tar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the US Army; they ranked Hendrix as the greatest guitarist and the sixth
he was granted an honorable discharge the following year. greatest artist of all time.
Soon afterward, he moved to Clarksville, Tennessee, and
began playing gigs on the chitlin' circuit, earning a place
in the Isley Brothers' backing band and later with Little
Richard, with whom he continued to work through mid1965. He then played with Curtis Knight and the Squires
before moving to England in late 1966 after being discovered by Linda Keith, who in turn interested bassist
Chas Chandler of the Animals in becoming his rst manager. Within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top
ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience: "Hey Joe",
"Purple Haze", and "The Wind Cries Mary". He achieved
fame in the US after his performance at the Monterey Pop
Festival in 1967, and in 1968 his third and nal studio album, Electric Ladyland, reached number one in the US;
it was Hendrixs most commercially successful release
and his rst and only number one album. The worlds
highest-paid performer, he headlined the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970 before
his accidental death from barbiturate-related asphyxia on
September 18, 1970, at the age of 27.

1 Ancestry and childhood

Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and

roll and electric blues. He favored overdriven ampliers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental
in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by
guitar amplier feedback. He helped to popularize the
use of a wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, and was the
rst artist to use stereophonic phasing eects in music
recordings. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented: Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument
as an electronic sound source. Players before him had
experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix
turned those eects and others into a controlled, uid vo- Hendrixs paternal grandparents, Ross and Nora Hendrix, precabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he 1912
1

2
Jimi Hendrix was primarily of African American descent, with Irish and Cherokee ancestors. His paternal great-great-grandmother was a full-blooded Cherokee from Georgia who married an Irishman named
Moore. They had a son Robert, who married an AfricanAmerican woman named Fanny. In 1883, Robert and
Fanny had a daughter whom they named Zenora Nora
Rose Moore, Hendrixs paternal grandmother.[3][nb 1]
Hendrixs paternal grandfather, Bertran Philander Ross
Hendrix (born 1866), was the result of an extramarital
aair between a black woman, also named Fanny, and a
grain merchant from Urbana, Ohio or Illinois, and one of
the wealthiest white men in the area at that time.[6][7][nb 2]
On June 10, 1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they
named James Allen Ross Hendrix; people called him
Al.[9]
In 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter (19251958) at a dance
in Seattle; they married on March 31, 1942.[10] Al, who
had been drafted by the United States Army to serve in
World War II, left to begin his basic training three days
after the wedding.[11] Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on
November 27, 1942, in Seattle, Washington; he was the
rst of Lucilles ve children. In 1946, Johnnys parents
changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor
of Al and his late brother Leon Marshall.[12][nb 3]
Stationed in Alabama at the time of Hendrixs birth, Al
was denied the standard military furlough aorded servicemen for childbirth; his commanding ocer placed
him in the stockade to prevent him from going AWOL
to see his infant son in Seattle. He spent two months
locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received
a telegram announcing his sons birth.[14][nb 4] During Als
three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son,
often neglecting him in favor of nightlife.[16] When Al
was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall
and her friend Dorothy Harding.[17] Al received an honorable discharge from the US Army on September 1, 1945.
Two months later, unable to nd Lucille, Al went to the
Berkeley, California home of a family friend named Mrs.
Champ, who had taken care of and had attempted to
adopt Hendrix. There Al saw his son for the rst time.[18]
After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille,
but his inability to nd steady work left the family impoverished. They both struggled with alcohol abuse, and
often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes
drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their
home.[19] His relationship with his brother Leon (born
1948) was close but precarious; with Leon in and out
of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat
of fraternal separation.[20] In addition to Leon, Hendrix
had three younger siblings: Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy
in 1950, and Pamela, 1951, all of whom Al and Lucille
gave up to foster care and adoption.[21] The family frequently moved, staying in cheap hotels and apartments
around Seattle. On occasion, family members would take
Hendrix to Vancouver to stay at his grandmothers. A

FIRST INSTRUMENTS

shy and sensitive boy, he was deeply aected by his life

experiences.[22] In later years, he conded to a girlfriend
that he had been the victim of sexual abuse by a man in
uniform.[23] On December 17, 1951, when Hendrix was
nine years old, his parents divorced; the court granted Al
custody of him and Leon.[24]

2 First instruments
At Horace Mann Elementary School in Seattle during the
mid-1950s, Hendrixs habit of carrying a broom with him
to emulate a guitar gained the attention of the schools social worker. After more than a year of his clinging to a
broom like a security blanket, she wrote a letter requesting school funding intended for underprivileged children,
insisting that leaving him without a guitar might result in
psychological damage.[25] Her eorts failed, and Al refused to buy him a guitar.[25][nb 5]
In 1957, while helping his father with a side-job, Hendrix found a ukulele amongst the garbage that they were
removing from an older womans home. She told him
that he could keep the instrument, which had only one
string.[27] Learning by ear, he played single notes, following along to Elvis Presley songs, particularly Presleys
cover of Leiber and Stollers "Hound Dog".[28][nb 6] By
the age of thirty-three, Hendrixs mother Lucille had developed cirrhosis of the liver, and on February 2, 1958,
she died when her spleen ruptured.[30] Al refused to take
James and Leon to attend their mothers funeral; he instead gave them shots of whiskey and instructed them that
was how men were supposed to deal with loss.[30][nb 7] In
mid-1958, at age 15, Hendrix acquired his rst acoustic guitar, for $5.[31] Hendrix earnestly applied himself,
playing the instrument for several hours daily, watching
others and getting tips from more experienced guitarists,
and listening to blues artists such as Muddy Waters, B.B.
King, Howlin' Wolf, and Robert Johnson.[32] The rst
tune Hendrix learned how to play was the theme from
Peter Gunn.[33]
Soon after he acquired the acoustic guitar, Hendrix
formed his rst band, the Velvetones. Without an electric guitar, he could barely be heard over the sound of
the group. After about three months, he realized that
he needed an electric guitar in order to continue.[34] In
mid-1959, his father relented and bought him a white
Supro Ozark.[34] Hendrixs rst gig was with an unnamed
band in the basement of a synagogue, Seattles Temple
De Hirsch, but after too much showing o, the band red
him between sets.[35] He later joined the Rocking Kings,
which played professionally at venues such as the Birdland club. When someone stole his guitar after he left
it backstage overnight, Al bought him a red Silvertone
Danelectro.[36] In 1958, Hendrix completed his studies at
Washington Junior High School, though he did not graduate from Gareld High School.[37][nb 8]

Military service

him the prestigious Screaming Eagles patch on January

11, 1962.[42] By February, his personal conduct had begun to draw criticism from his superiors. They labeled
him an unqualied marksman and often caught him napping while on duty and failing to report for bed checks.[48]
On May 24, Hendrixs platoon sergeant, James C. Spears
led a report in which he stated: He has no interest whatsoever in the Army ... It is my opinion that Private Hendrix will never come up to the standards required of a
soldier. I feel that the military service will benet if he
is discharged as soon as possible.[49] On June 29, 1962,
Captain Gilbert Batchman granted Hendrix an honorable
discharge on the basis of unsuitability.[50] Hendrix later
spoke of his dislike of the army and falsely stated that he
had received a medical discharge after breaking his ankle
during his 26th parachute jump.[51][nb 9]

4 Music career
4.1 Early years
Hendrix in the US Army, 1961

Before Hendrix was 19 years old, law enforcement authorities had twice caught him riding in stolen cars.
When given a choice between spending time in prison
or joining the Army, he chose the latter and enlisted on
May 31, 1961.[40] After completing eight weeks of basic
training at Fort Ord, California, he was assigned to the
101st Airborne Division and stationed at Fort Campbell,
Kentucky.[41] He arrived there on November 8, and soon
afterward he wrote to his father: Theres nothing but
physical training and harassment here for two weeks, then
when you go to jump school ... you get hell. They work
you to death, fussing and ghting.[42] In his next letter
home, Hendrix, who had left his guitar at his girlfriend
Betty Jean Morgans house in Seattle, asked his father
to send it to him as soon as possible, stating: I really
need it now.[42] His father obliged and sent the red Silvertone Danelectro on which Hendrix had hand-painted
the words Betty Jean, to Fort Campbell.[43] His apparent obsession with the instrument contributed to his neglect of his duties, which led to verbal taunting and physical abuse from his peers, who at least once hid the guitar
from him until he had begged for its return.[44]

In September 1963, after Cox was discharged from the

Army, he and Hendrix moved to Clarksville, Tennessee
and formed a band called the King Kasuals.[53] Hendrix
had watched Butch Snipes play with his teeth in Seattle
and by now Alphonso 'Baby Boo' Young, the other guitarist in the band, was performing this guitar gimmick.[54]
Not to be upstaged, Hendrix learned to play with his
teeth, he commented: The idea of doing that came to
me ... in Tennessee. Down there you have to play with
your teeth or else you get shot. Theres a trail of broken
teeth all over the stage.[55] Although they began playing
low-paying gigs at obscure venues, the band eventually
moved to Nashville's Jeerson Street, which was the traditional heart of the citys black community and home to
a thriving rhythm and blues music scene.[56] They earned
a brief residency playing at a popular venue in town, the
Club del Morocco, and for the next two years Hendrix
made a living performing at a circuit of venues throughout the South who were aliated with the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA), widely known as the
Chitlin' Circuit.[57] In addition to playing in his own band,
Hendrix performed as a backing musician for various
soul, R&B, and blues musicians, including Wilson Pickett, Slim Harpo, Sam Cooke, and Jackie Wilson.[58]

In January 1964, feeling he had outgrown the circuit artistically and frustrated by having to follow the rules of
bandleaders, Hendrix decided to venture out on his own.
He moved into the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, where he befriended Lithofayne Pridgeon, known as Faye, who became his girlfriend.[59] A Harlem native with connections
throughout the areas music scene, Pridgeon provided
him with shelter, support, and encouragement.[60] Hendrix also met the Allen twins, Arthur and Albert.[61][nb 10]
Hendrix completed his paratrooper training in just over In February 1964, Hendrix won rst prize in the Apollo
eight months, and Major General C.W.G. Rich awarded Theater amateur contest.[63] Hoping to secure a career opIn November 1961, fellow serviceman Billy Cox walked
past an army club and heard Hendrix playing guitar.[45]
Intrigued by the procient playing, which he described as
a combination of "John Lee Hooker and Beethoven", Cox
borrowed a bass guitar and the two jammed.[46] Within
a few weeks, they began performing at base clubs on
the weekends with other musicians in a loosely organized
band called the Casuals.[47]

4 MUSIC CAREER

portunity, he played the Harlem club circuit and sat in

with various bands. At the recommendation of a former
associate of Joe Tex, Ronnie Isley granted Hendrix an audition that led to an oer to become the guitarist with the
Isley Brothers' back-up band, the I.B. Specials, which he
readily accepted.[64]

4.2

First recordings

In March 1964, Hendrix recorded the two-part single

"Testify" with the Isley Brothers. Released in June, it
failed to chart.[65] In May, he provided guitar instrumentation for the Don Covay song, "Mercy Mercy". Issued in
August by Rosemart Records and distributed by Atlantic,
the track reached number 35 on the Billboard chart.[66]

worked with King Curtis on several recordings including Ray Sharpe's two-part single, Help Me.[81] Hendrix
earned his rst composer credits for two instrumentals,
Hornets Nest and Knock Yourself Out, released as a
Curtis Knight and the Squires single in 1966.[82][nb 14]
Feeling restricted by his experiences as an R&B sideman,
Hendrix moved to New York Citys Greenwich Village
in 1966, which had a vibrant and diverse music scene.[87]
There, he was oered a residency at the Cafe Wha? on
MacDougal Street and formed his own band that June,
Jimmy James and the Blue Flames, which included future Spirit guitarist Randy California.[88][nb 15] The Blue
Flames played at several clubs in New York and Hendrix began developing his guitar style and material that
he would soon use with the Experience.[90][91] In September, they gave some of their last concerts at the Cafe au
Go Go, as John Hammond Jr.'s backing group.[92][nb 16]

Hendrix toured with the Isleys during much of 1964, but

near the end of October, after growing tired of playing the
same set every night, he left the band.[67][nb 11] Soon afterward, Hendrix joined Little Richard's touring band, the 4.3 The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Upsetters.[69] During a stop in Los Angeles in February
1965, he recorded his rst and only single with Richard, Main article: The Jimi Hendrix Experience
I Don't Know What You Got (But Its Got Me)", writ- By May 1966, Hendrix was struggling to earn a living
ten by Don Covay and released by Vee-Jay Records.[70]
Richards popularity was waning at the time, and the single peaked at number 92, where it remained for one week
before dropping o the chart.[71][nb 12] Hendrix met singer
Rosa Lee Brooks while staying at the Wilcox Hotel in
Hollywood, and she invited him to participate in a recording session for her single, which included My Diary as
the A-side, and Utee as the B-side.[73] He played guitar
on both tracks, which also included background vocals by
Arthur Lee. The single failed to chart, but Hendrix and
Lee began a friendship that lasted several years; Hendrix
later became an ardent supporter of Lees band, Love.[73]
In July 1965, on Nashvilles Channel 5 Night Train, Hendrix made his rst television appearance. Performing in
Little Richards ensemble band, he backed up vocalists
Buddy and Stacy on Shotgun. The video recording of
the show marks the earliest known footage of Hendrix
performing.[69] Richard and Hendrix often clashed over
tardiness, wardrobe, and Hendrixs stage antics, and in
late July, Richards brother Robert red him.[74] He then
briey rejoined the Isley Brothers, and recorded a second single with them, Move Over and Let Me Dance
backed with Have You Ever Been Disappointed.[75]
Later that year, he joined a New York-based R&B band,
Curtis Knight and the Squires, after meeting Knight in the
lobby of a hotel where both men were staying.[76] Hendrix performed with them for eight months.[77] In October 1965, he and Knight recorded the single, How Would
You Feel backed with Welcome Home and on October 15, Hendrix signed a three-year recording contract
with entrepreneur Ed Chalpin.[78] While the relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained
in force, which later caused legal and career problems
for Hendrix.[79][nb 13] During his time with Knight, Hendrix briey toured with Joey Dee and the Starliters, and

The Experience in 1968

wage playing the R&B circuit, so he briey rejoined Curtis Knight and the Squires for an engagement at one of
New York Citys most popular nightspots, the Cheetah
Club.[93] During a performance, Linda Keith, the girlfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards noticed
Hendrix. She remembered: "[His] playing mesmerised
me.[93] She invited him to join her for a drink; he accepted and the two became friends.[93]

4.3

The Jimi Hendrix Experience

While he was playing with Jimmy James and the Blue

Flames, Keith recommended Hendrix to Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham and producer Seymour Stein.
They failed to see Hendrixs musical potential, and rejected him.[94] She then referred him to Chas Chandler,
who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing
and producing artists. Chandler liked the Billy Roberts
song "Hey Joe", and was convinced he could create a
hit single with the right artist.[95] Impressed with Hendrixs version of the song, he brought him to London on
September 24, 1966,[96] and signed him to a management
and production contract with himself and ex-Animals
manager Michael Jeery.[97] On September 24, Hendrix
gave an impromptu solo performance at the Scotch-Club,
and later that night he began a relationship with Kathy
Etchingham that lasted for two and a half years.[98][nb 17]
Following Hendrixs arrival in London, Chandler began
recruiting members for a band designed to highlight the
guitarists talents, the Jimi Hendrix Experience.[100] Hendrix met guitarist Noel Redding at an audition for the
New Animals, where Reddings knowledge of blues progressions impressed Hendrix, who stated that he also
liked Reddings hairstyle.[101] Chandler asked Redding if
he wanted to play bass guitar in Hendrixs band; Redding agreed.[101] Chandler then began looking for a drummer and soon after, he contacted Mitch Mitchell through
a mutual friend. Mitchell, who had recently been red
from Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, participated in
a rehearsal with Redding and Hendrix where they found
common ground in their shared interest in rhythm and
blues. When Chandler phoned Mitchell later that day to
oer him the position, he readily accepted.[102] Chandler
also convinced Hendrix to change the spelling of his rst
name from Jimmy to the exotic looking Jimi.[103]
On September 30, Chandler brought Hendrix to the
London Polytechnic at Regent Street, where Cream was
scheduled to perform, and where Hendrix and Eric Clapton met. Clapton later commented: He asked if he could
play a couple of numbers. I said, 'Of course', but I had a
funny feeling about him.[100] Halfway through Creams
set, Hendrix took the stage and performed a frantic version of the Howlin' Wolf song "Killing Floor".[100] In
1989, Clapton described the performance: He played
just about every style you could think of, and not in a
ashy way. I mean he did a few of his tricks, like playing
with his teeth and behind his back, but it wasn't in an upstaging sense at all, and that was it ... He walked o, and
my life was never the same again.[100]
4.3.1

UK success

In mid-October 1966, Chandler arranged an engagement

for the Experience as Johnny Hallyday's supporting act
during a brief tour of France.[103] Thus, the Jimi Hendrix
Experience performed their very rst show on October
13, 1966, at the Novelty in Evreux.[104] Their enthusiastically received 15-minute performance at the Olympia

5
theatre in Paris on October 18 marks the earliest known
recording of the band.[103] In late October, Kit Lambert
and Chris Stamp, managers of the Who, signed the Experience to their newly formed label, Track Records, which
released the Experiences rst single on October 23.[105]
Hey Joe, which included a female chorus provided by
the Breakaways, was backed by Hendrixs rst songwriting eort after arriving in England, "Stone Free".[106]

Hendrix on stage in 1967

In mid-November, they performed at the Bag O'Nails

nightclub in London, with Clapton, John Lennon, Paul
McCartney, Je Beck, Pete Townshend, Brian Jones,
Mick Jagger, and Kevin Ayers in attendance.[107] Ayers described the crowds reaction as stunned disbelief:
All the stars were there, and I heard serious comments,
you know 'shit', 'Jesus, 'damn' and other words worse
than that.[107] The successful performance earned Hendrix his rst interview, published in Record Mirror with
the headline: Mr. Phenomenon.[107] Now hear this
... we predict that [Hendrix] is going to whirl around
the business like a tornado, wrote Bill Harry, who asked
the rhetorical question: Is that full, big, swinging sound
really being created by only three people?"[108] Hendrix
commented: We don't want to be classed in any category ... If it must have a tag, I'd like it to be called,
'Free Feeling'. Its a mixture of rock, freak-out, rave and
blues.[109] After appearances on the UK television shows
Ready Steady Go! and the Top of the Pops, Hey Joe
entered the UK charts on December 29, 1966, peaking
at number six.[110] Further success came in March 1967
with the UK number three hit "Purple Haze", and in May
with "The Wind Cries Mary", which remained on the UK
charts for eleven weeks, peaking at number six.[111]
On March 31, 1967, while the Experience waited to perform at the London Astoria, Hendrix and Chandler discussed ways in which they could increase the bands media exposure. When Chandler asked journalist Keith Altham for advice, Altham suggested that they needed to
do something more dramatic than the stage show of the
Who, which involved the smashing of instruments. Hendrix joked: Maybe I can smash up an elephant, to
which Altham replied: Well, its a pity you can't set re

6
to your guitar.[112] Chandler then asked road manager
Gerry Stickells to procure some lighter uid. During the
show, Hendrix gave an especially dynamic performance
before setting his guitar on re at the end of a 45-minute
set. In the wake of the stunt, members of Londons press
labeled Hendrix the Black Elvis and the Wild Man of
Borneo.[113][nb 18]

4 MUSIC CAREER
ing forward playing 'Sgt. Pepper'. Its a pretty major
compliment in anyones book. I put that down as one of
the great honors of my career.[121] Released in the U.S.
on August 23 by Reprise Records, Are You Experienced
reached number ve on the Billboard 200.[122][nb 21]

In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, the founding editor of Guitar

World magazine, described Are You Experienced as
the album that shook the world ... leaving it forever changed.[124][nb 22] In 2005, Rolling Stone called the
4.3.2 Are You Experienced
double-platinum LP Hendrixs epochal debut, and they
ranked it the 15th greatest album of all time, noting his
Main article: Are You Experienced
After the moderate UK chart success of their rst two exploitation of amp howl, and characterizing his guitar
playing as incendiary ... historic in itself.[126]
4.3.3 Monterey Pop Festival
Main article: Monterey Pop Festival
Although popular in Europe at the time, the Experiences

The cover of the U.S. edition by graphic designer Karl Ferris

singles, Hey Joe and Purple Haze, the Experience began assembling material for a full-length LP.[115] Recording began at De Lane Lea Studios and later moved to the
prestigious Olympic Studios.[115] The album, Are You Experienced, features a diversity of musical styles, including
blues tracks such as "Red House" and "Highway Chile",
and the R&B song Remember.[116] It also included the
experimental science ction piece, "Third Stone from
the Sun" and the post-modern soundscapes of the title
track, with prominent backwards guitar and drums.[117]
I Don't Live Today served as a medium for Hendrixs
guitar feedback improvisation and "Fire" was driven by
Mitchells drumming.[115]
Released in the UK on May 12, 1967, Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts, peaking at number two.[118][nb 19] It was prevented from reaching the top
spot by the Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club
Band.[120][nb 20] On June 4, 1967, Hendrix opened a show
at the Saville Theatre in London with his rendition of Sgt.
Pepper 's title track, which was released just three days
previous. Beatles manager Brian Epstein owned the Saville at the time, and both George Harrison and Paul McCartney attended the performance. McCartney described
the moment: The curtains ew back and he came walk-

Author Michael Heatley wrote: The iconic image by Ed Carae

of Hendrix summoning the ames higher with his ngers will
forever conjure up memories of Monterey for those who were
there and the majority of us who weren't.

rst U.S. single, Hey Joe, failed to reach the Billboard

Hot 100 chart upon its release on May 1, 1967.[127]
The groups fortunes improved when McCartney recommended them to the organizers of the Monterey Pop Festival. He insisted that the event would be incomplete
without Hendrix, whom he called an absolute ace on the

4.3

The Jimi Hendrix Experience

guitar, and he agreed to join the board of organizers on Fillmore, with Big Brother and the Holding Company and
the condition that the Experience perform at the festival Jeerson Airplane. The Experience outperformed Jefin mid-June.[128]
ferson Airplane during the rst two nights, and replaced
[141]
Following their
Introduced by Brian Jones as the most exciting per- them at the top of the bill on the fth.
successful
West
Coast
introduction,
which
included a free
former [he had] ever heard, Hendrix opened with
open-air
concert
at
Golden
Gate
Park
and
a concert at
a fast arrangement of Howlin' Wolfs song Killing
the
Whisky
a
Go
Go,
the
Experience
were
booked as
Floor, wearing what author Keith Shadwick described
the Monthe
opening
act
for
the
rst
American
tour
of
[129]
as clothes as exotic as any on display elsewhere.
kees.[142] They requested Hendrix as a supporting act beShadwick wrote: "[Hendrix] was not only something utterly new musically, but an entirely original vision of cause they were fans, but their young audience disliked
the Experience, who left the tour after six shows.[143]
what a black American entertainer should and could look
the tour in an
like.[130] The Experience went on to perform renditions Chandler later admitted that he engineered
eort to gain publicity for Hendrix.[144]
of Hey Joe, B.B. Kings Rock Me Baby, Chip Taylor's
"Wild Thing", and Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone",
as well as four original compositions: "Foxy Lady", Can
You See Me, The Wind Cries Mary, and Purple 4.3.4 Axis: Bold as Love
Haze.[121] The set ended with Hendrix destroying his
guitar and tossing pieces of it out to the audience.[131] Main article: Axis: Bold as Love
Rolling Stone 's Alex Vadukul wrote:
When Jimi Hendrix set his guitar on re
at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival he created
one of rocks most perfect moments. Standing
in the front row of that concert was a 17-yearold boy named Ed Carae. Carae had never
seen Hendrix before nor heard his music, but
he had a camera with him and there was one
shot left in his roll of lm. As Hendrix lit his
guitar, Carae took a nal photo. It would become one of the most famous images in rock
and roll.[132][nb 23]
Carae stood on a chair next to the edge of the stage
while taking a series of four monochrome pictures of
Hendrix burning his guitar.[135][nb 24] Carae was close
enough to the re that he had to use his camera as a shield
to protect his face from the heat. Rolling Stone later colorized the image, matching it with other pictures taken
at the festival before using the shot for a 1987 magazine cover.[135] According to author Gail Buckland, the
fourth and nal frame of Hendrix kneeling in front of
his burning guitar, hands raised, is one of the most famous images in rock.[135] Author and historian Matthew
C. Whitaker wrote: Hendrixs burning of his guitar became an iconic image in rock history and brought him
national attention.[136] The Los Angeles Times asserted
that, upon leaving the stage, Hendrix graduated from
rumor to legend.[137] Author John McDermott commented: Hendrix left the Monterey audience stunned
and in disbelief at what they'd just heard and seen.[138]
According to Hendrix: I decided to destroy my guitar at
the end of a song as a sacrice. You sacrice things you
love. I love my guitar.[139] The performance was lmed
by D.A. Pennebaker, and later included in the concert
documentary Monterey Pop, which helped Hendrix gain
popularity with the U.S. public.[140]

The second Experience album, Axis: Bold as Love, opens

with the track EXP, which innovatively utilized microphonic and harmonic feedback.[145] It also showcased an
experimental stereo panning eect in which sounds emanating from Hendrixs guitar move through the stereo
image, revolving around the listener.[146] The piece reected his growing interest in science ction and outer
space.[147] He composed the albums title track and nale around two verses and two choruses, during which
he pairs emotions with personas, comparing them to
colors.[148] The songs coda features the rst recording of
stereo phasing.[149][nb 25] Shadwick described the composition as possibly the most ambitious piece on Axis, the
extravagant metaphors of the lyrics suggesting a growing condence in Hendrixs songwriting.[151] His guitar playing throughout the song is marked by chordal
arpeggios and contrapuntal motion, with tremolo-picked
partial chords providing the musical foundation for the
chorus, which culminates in what musicologist Andy Aledort described as simply one of the greatest electric guitar solos ever played.[152] The track fades out on tremolopicked thirty-second note double stops.[153]
The scheduled release date for Axis was almost delayed
when Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the
LP, leaving it in the back seat of a London taxi.[154]
With the deadline looming, Hendrix, Chandler, and engineer Eddie Kramer remixed most of side one in a single overnight session, but they could not match the quality of the lost mix of "If 6 Was 9". Bassist Noel Redding had a tape recording of this mix, which had to be
smoothed out with an iron as it had gotten wrinkled.[155]
During the verses, Hendrix doubled his singing with a
guitar line which he played one octave lower than his
vocals.[156] Hendrix voiced his disappointment about having re-mixed the album so quickly, and he felt that it could
have been better had they been given more time.[154]

Immediately after the festival, the Experience were Axis featured psychedelic cover art that depicts Henbooked for a series of ve concerts at Bill Grahams drix and the Experience as various forms of Vishnu, in-

4 MUSIC CAREER
were tons of people in the studio; you couldn't move. It
was a party, not a session.[166] Redding, who had formed
his own band in mid-1968, Fat Mattress, found it increasingly dicult to fulll his commitments with the Experience, so Hendrix played many of the bass parts on Electric
Ladyland.[165] The albums cover stated that it was produced and directed by Jimi Hendrix.[165][nb 26]

The cover of Axis: Bold as Love

During the Electric Ladyland recording sessions, Hendrix began experimenting with other combinations of
musicians, including Jeerson Airplanes Jack Casady
and Tracs Steve Winwood, who played bass and organ, respectively, on the fteen-minute slow-blues jam,
"Voodoo Chile".[165] During the albums production,
Hendrix appeared at an impromptu jam with B.B. King,
Al Kooper, and Elvin Bishop.[168][nb 27] Electric Ladyland
was released on October 25, and by mid-November it
had reached number one in the U.S., spending two weeks
at the top spot.[170] The double LP was Hendrixs most
commercially successful release and his only number one
album.[171] It peaked at number six in the UK, spending
12 weeks on the chart.[111] Electric Ladyland included
Hendrixs cover of Bob Dylans song, "All Along the
Watchtower", which became Hendrixs highest-selling
single and his only U.S. top 40 hit, peaking at number 20;
the single reached number ve in the UK.[172] The album
also included his rst recorded song to feature the use of a
wah-wah pedal, "Burning of the Midnight Lamp", which
reached number 18 in the UK charts.[173]

corporating a painting of them by Roger Law, from a

photo-portrait by Karl Ferris.[157] The painting was then
superimposed on a copy of a mass-produced religious
poster.[158] Hendrix stated that the cover, which Track
spent $5,000 producing, would have been more appropriate had it highlighted his American Indian heritage.[159]
He commented: You got it wrong ... I'm not that kind of
Indian.[159] Track released the album in the UK on December 1, 1967, where it peaked at number ve, spending In 1989, Noe Goldwasser, the founding editor of Guitar
16 weeks on the charts.[160] In February 1968, Axis: Bold World magazine, described Electric Ladyland as Hendrixs masterpiece.[174] According to author Michael
as Love reached number three in the U.S.[161]
Heatley, most critics agree that the album is the fullest
While author and journalist Richie Unterberger described realization of Jimis far-reaching ambitions.[165] In 2004,
Axis as the least impressive Experience album, according author Peter Doggett commented: For pure experito author Peter Doggett, the release heralded a new sub- mental genius, melodic air, conceptual vision and intlety in Hendrixs work.[162] Mitchell commented: "Axis strumental brilliance, Electric Ladyland remains a prime
was the rst time that it became apparent that Jimi was contender for the status of rocks greatest album.[175]
pretty good working behind the mixing board, as well as Doggett described the LP as a display of musical virplaying, and had some positive ideas of how he wanted tuosity never surpassed by any rock musician.[175]
things recorded. It could have been the start of any potential conict between him and Chas in the studio.[163]

4.4 Break-up of the Experience

4.3.5

Electric Ladyland

Main article: Electric Ladyland

Recording for the Experiences third and nal studio
album, Electric Ladyland, began at the newly opened
Record Plant Studios, with Chandler as producer and
engineers Eddie Kramer and Gary Kellgren.[164] As the
sessions progressed, Chandler became increasingly frustrated with Hendrixs perfectionism and his demands
for repeated takes.[165] Hendrix also allowed numerous
friends and guests to join them in the studio, which contributed to a chaotic and crowded environment in the control room and led Chandler to sever his professional relationship with Hendrix.[165] Redding later recalled: There

In January 1969, after an absence of more than six

months, Hendrix briey moved back into his girlfriend
Kathy Etchinghams Brook Street apartment, which was
next door to the Handel House Museum in the West End
of London.[176][nb 28] During this time, the Experience
toured Scandinavia, Germany, and gave their nal two
performances in France.[178] On February 18 and 24, they
played sold-out concerts at Londons Royal Albert Hall,
which were the last European appearances of this lineup.[179][nb 29]
By February 1969, Redding had grown weary of Hendrixs unpredictable work ethic and his creative control over the Experiences music.[180] During the previous months European tour, interpersonal relations within

4.5

Woodstock

9
mented: Mitch and I hung out a lot together, but we're
English. If we'd go out, Jimi would stay in his room. But
any bad feelings came from us being three guys who were
traveling too hard, getting too tired, and taking too many
drugs ... I liked Hendrix. I don't like Mitchell.[188]
Soon after Reddings departure, Hendrix began lodging
at the eight-bedroom Ashokan House, in the hamlet of
Boiceville near Woodstock in upstate New York, where
he had spent some time vacationing in mid-1969.[189]
Manager Michael Jeery arranged the accommodations
in the hope that the respite might encourage Hendrix
to write material for a new album. During this time,
Mitchell was unavailable for commitments made by Jeffery, which included Hendrixs rst appearance on U.S.
TVon The Dick Cavett Showwhere he was backed by
the studio orchestra, and an appearance on The Tonight
Show where he appeared with Cox and session drummer
Ed Shaughnessy.[186]

4.5 Woodstock

The white building (left) is 23 Brook Street; the building on the

right is the Handel House Museum.

Main article: Woodstock

By 1969, Hendrix was the worlds highest-paid rock

the group had deteriorated, particularly between Hendrix

and Redding.[181] In his diary, Redding documented the
building frustration during early 1969 recording sessions:
On the rst day, as I nearly expected, there was nothing
doing ... On the second it was no show at all. I went to
the pub for three hours, came back, and it was still ages
before Jimi ambled in. Then we argued ... On the last
day, I just watched it happen for a while, and then went
back to my at.[181] The last Experience sessions that included Reddinga re-recording of Stone Free for use
as a possible single releasetook place on April 14 at
Olmstead and the Record Plant in New York.[182] Hen- Hendrix ashed a peace sign at the start of his performance of
The Star-Spangled Banner at Woodstock, August 18, 1969.
drix then ew bassist Billy Cox to New York; they started
recording and rehearsing together on April 21.[183]
musician.[190] In August, he headlined the Woodstock
The last performance of the original Experience line- Music and Art Fair that included many of the most popup took place on June 29, 1969, at Barry Feys Denver ular bands of the time.[191] For the concert, he added
Pop Festival, a three-day event held at Denvers Mile rhythm guitarist Larry Lee and conga players Juma SulHigh Stadium that was marked by police using tear gas tan and Jerry Velez. The band rehearsed for less than two
to control the audience.[184] The band narrowly escaped weeks before the performance, and according to Mitchell,
from the venue in the back of a rental truck, which they never connected musically.[192] Before arriving at
was partly crushed by fans who had climbed on top the engagement, he heard reports that the size of the auof the vehicle.[185] Before the show, a journalist an- dience had grown to epic proportions, which gave him
gered Redding by asking why he was there; the reporter cause for concern as he did not enjoy performing for large
then informed him that two weeks earlier Hendrix an- crowds.[193] He was an important draw for the event, and
nounced that he had been replaced with Billy Cox.[186] although he accepted substantially less money for the apThe next day, Redding quit the Experience and returned pearance than his usual fee he was the festivals highestto London.[184] He announced that he had left the band paid performer.[194][nb 30] As his scheduled time slot of
and intended to pursue a solo career, blaming Hendrixs midnight on Sunday drew closer, he indicated that he preplans to expand the group without allowing for his input ferred to wait and close the show in the morning; the band
as a primary reason for leaving.[187] Redding later com- took the stage around 8:00 a.m. on Monday.[196] By the

10

4 MUSIC CAREER

time of their set, Hendrix had been awake for more than
three days.[197] The audience, which peaked at an estimated 400,000 people, was now reduced to 3040,000,
many of whom had waited to catch a glimpse of Hendrix before leaving during his performance.[193] The festival MC, Chip Monck, introduced the group as the Jimi
Hendrix Experience, but Hendrix claried: We decided
to change the whole thing around and call it Gypsy Sun
and Rainbows. For short, its nothin' but a Band of Gypsys".[198]
Hendrixs performance featured a rendition of the U.S.
national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", during
which he used copious amounts of amplier feedback,
distortion, and sustain to replicate the sounds made by
rockets and bombs.[199] Although contemporary political
pundits described his interpretation as a statement against
the Vietnam War, three weeks later Hendrix explained its
meaning: We're all Americans ... it was like 'Go America!'... We play it the way the air is in America today. The
air is slightly static, see.[200] Immortalized in the 1970
documentary lm, Woodstock, his guitar-driven version
would become part of the sixties Zeitgeist.[201] Pop critic
Al Aronowitz of The New York Post wrote: It was the
most electrifying moment of Woodstock, and it was probably the single greatest moment of the sixties.[200] Images of the performance showing Hendrix wearing a bluebeaded white leather jacket with fringe, a red head-scarf,
and blue jeans are widely regarded as iconic pictures
that capture a dening moment of the era.[202][nb 31] He
played Hey Joe during the encore, concluding the 3day festival. Upon leaving the stage, he collapsed from
exhaustion.[201][nb 32] In 2011, the editors of Guitar World
placed his rendition of The Star-Spangled Banner at
Woodstock at number one in their list of his 100 greatest
performances.[205]

4.6

Band of Gypsys

Main article: Band of Gypsys

A legal dispute arose in 1966 regarding a record contract that Hendrix had entered into the previous year with
producer Ed Chalpin.[206] After two years of litigation,
the parties agreed to a resolution that granted Chalpin
the distribution rights to an album of original Hendrix
material. Hendrix decided that they would record the
LP, Band of Gypsys, during two live appearances.[207] In
preparation for the shows he formed an all-black powertrio with Cox and drummer Buddy Miles, formerly with
Wilson Pickett, the Electric Flag, and the Buddy Miles
Express.[208] Critic John Rockwell described Hendrix and
Miles as jazz-rock fusionists, and their collaboration as
pioneering.[209] Others identied a funk and soul inuence in their music.[210] Concert promoter Bill Graham
called the shows the most brilliant, emotional display of
virtuoso electric guitar that he had ever heard.[211] Biographers have speculated that Hendrix formed the band in

an eort to appease members of the Black Power movement and others in the black communities who called for
him to use his fame to speak-up for civil rights.[212]
Hendrix had been recording with Cox since April and
jamming with Miles since September, and the trio wrote
and rehearsed material which they performed at a series
of four shows over two nights on December 31 and January 1, at the Fillmore East. They used recordings of
these concerts to assemble the LP, which was produced
by Hendrix.[213] The album includes the track "Machine
Gun", which musicologist Andy Aledort described as the
pinnacle of Hendrixs career, and the premiere example of [his] unparalleled genius as a rock guitarist ... In
this performance, Jimi transcended the medium of rock
music, and set an entirely new standard for the potential of electric guitar.[214] During the songs extended instrumental breaks, Hendrix created sounds with his guitar that sonically represented warfare, including rockets,
bombs, and diving planes.[215]
The Band of Gypsys album was the only ocial live Hendrix LP made commercially available during his lifetime;
several tracks from the Woodstock and Monterey shows
were released later that year.[216] The album was released
in April 1970 by Capitol Records; it reached the top ten
in both the U.S. and the UK.[211] That same month a
single was issued with "Stepping Stone" as the A-side
and Izabella as the B-side, but Hendrix was dissatised
with the quality of the mastering and he demanded that
it be withdrawn and re-mixed, preventing the songs from
charting and resulting in Hendrixs least successful single;
it was also his last.[217]
On January 28, 1970, a third and nal Band of Gypsys
appearance took place; they performed during a music
festival at Madison Square Garden beneting the antiVietnam War Moratorium Committee titled the Winter
Festival for Peace.[218] American blues guitarist Johnny
Winter was backstage before the concert; he recalled:
"[Hendrix] came in with his head down, sat on the couch
alone, and put his head in his hands ... He didn't move
until it was time for the show.[219] Minutes after taking the stage he snapped a vulgar response at a woman
who had shouted a request for Foxy Lady. He then
began playing Earth Blues before telling the audience:
Thats what happens when earth fucks with space.[219]
Moments later, he briey sat down on the drum riser before leaving the stage.[220] Both Miles and Redding later
stated that Jeery had given Hendrix LSD before the
performance.[221] Miles believed that Jeery gave Hendrix the drugs in an eort to sabotage the current band
and bring about the return of the original Experience
lineup.[220] Jeery red Miles after the show and Cox
quit, ending the Band of Gypsys.[222]

4.9

4.7

European tour

Cry of Love Tour

Main article: The Cry of Love Tour

Soon after the abruptly ended Band of Gypsys performance and their subsequent dissolution, Jeery made
arrangements to reunite the original Experience lineup.[223] Although Hendrix, Mitchell, and Redding were
interviewed by Rolling Stone in February 1970 as a united
group, Hendrix never intended to work with Redding.[224]
When Redding returned to New York in anticipation of
rehearsals with a reformed Experience, he was told that
he had been replaced with Cox.[225] During an interview
with Rolling Stone 's Keith Altham, Hendrix defended the
decision: Its nothing personal against Noel, but we nished what we were doing with the Experience and Billys
style of playing suits the new group better.[223] Although
the lineup of Hendrix, Mitchell, and Cox became known
as the Cry of Love band, after their accompanying tour,
billing, advertisements, and tickets were printed with the
New Jimi Hendrix Experience or occasionally just Jimi
Hendrix.[226]

11
rates they decided that the building would better serve
them as a recording studio.[233] With a facility of his
own, Hendrix could work as much as he wanted while
also reducing his recording expenditures, which had
reached a reported $300,000 annually.[234] Architect and
acoustician John Storyk designed Electric Lady Studios
for Hendrix, who requested that they avoid right angles
where possible. With round windows, an ambient lighting
machine, and a psychedelic mural, Storyk wanted the studio to have a relaxing environment that would encourage
Hendrixs creativity.[234] The project took twice as long as
planned and cost twice as much as Hendrix and Jeery
had budgeted, with their total investment estimated at $1
million.[235][nb 33]

Hendrix rst used Electric Lady on June 15, 1970, when

he jammed with Steve Winwood and Chris Wood of
Trac; the next day, he recorded his rst track there,
Night Bird Flying.[236] The studio ocially opened for
business on August 25, and a grand opening party was
held the following day.[236] Immediately afterwards, Hendrix left for England; he never returned to the States.[237]
He boarded an Air India ight for London with Cox, joining Mitchell for a performance as the headlining act of the
During the rst half of 1970, Hendrix sporadically
Isle of Wight Festival.[238]
worked on material for what would have been his next
LP.[217] Many of the tracks were posthumously released
in 1971 as The Cry of Love.[227] He had started writing
songs for the album in 1968, but in April 1970 he told
Keith Altham that the project had been abandoned.[217] 4.9 European tour
Soon afterward, he and his band took a break from
recording and began the Cry of Love tour at the L.A. When the European leg of the Cry of Love tour beForum, performing for 20,000 people.[228] Set-lists dur- gan, Hendrix was longing for his new studio and creing the tour included numerous Experience tracks as well ative outlet, and was not eager to fulll the commitment.
as a selection of newer material.[228] Several shows were On September 2, 1970, he abandoned a performance in
recorded, and they produced some of Hendrixs most Aarhus after three songs, stating: I've been dead a long
memorable live performances. At one of them, the sec- time.[239] Four days later, he gave his nal concert apond Atlanta International Pop Festival, on July 4, he pearance, at the Isle of Fehmarn Festival in Germany.[240]
played to the largest American audience of his career.[229] He was met with booing and jeering from fans in reAccording to authors Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz, sponse to his cancellation of a show slated for the end of
as many as 500,000 people attended the concert.[229] the previous nights bill due to torrential rain and risk of
On July 17, they appeared at the New York Pop Fes- electrocution.[241][nb 34] Immediately following the festitival; Hendrix had again consumed too many drugs be- val, Hendrix, Mitchell, and Cox travelled to London.[243]
fore the show, and the set was considered a disaster.[230]
The American leg of the tour, which included 32 per- Three days after the performance, Cox, who was suerformances, ended at Honolulu, Hawaii, on August 1, ing from severe paranoia after either taking LSD or betour and went to stay
1970.[231] This would be Hendrixs nal concert appear- ing given it unknowingly, quit the
[244]
Within days of Henwith
his
parents
in
Pennsylvania.
[232]
ance in the U.S.
drixs arrival in England, he had spoken with Chas Chandler, Alan Douglas, and others about leaving his manager, Michael Jeery.[245] On September 16, Hendrix
4.8 Electric Lady Studios
performed in public for the last time during an informal
jam at Ronnie Scotts Jazz Club in Soho with Eric BurMain article: Electric Lady Studios
don and his latest band, War.[246] They began by playing
a few of their recent hits, and after a brief intermission
In 1968, Hendrix and Jeery jointly invested in the pur- Hendrix joined them during Mother Earth and Tochase of the Generation Club in Greenwich Village.[177] bacco Road. His performance was uncharacteristically
They had initially planned to reopen the establishment, subdued; he quietly played backing guitar, and refrained
but after an audit revealed that Hendrix had incurred ex- from the histrionics that people had come to expect from
orbitant fees by block-booking lengthy sessions at peak him.[247] He died less than 48 hours later.[248]

12

Drugs and alcohol

In July 1962, after Hendrix was discharged from the U.S.

Army, he entered a small club in Clarksville, Tennessee.
Drawn in by live music, he stopped for a drink and ended
up spending most of the $400 he had saved. He explained: I went in this jazz joint and had a drink. I liked
it and I stayed. People tell me I get foolish, good-natured
sometimes. Anyway, I guess I felt real benevolent that
day. I must have been handing out bills to anyone that
asked me. I came out of that place with sixteen dollars
left.[249] According to the authors Steven Roby and Brad
Schreiber: Alcohol would later be the scourge of his existence, driving him to ts of pique, even rare bursts of
atypical, physical violence.[250]

In January 1968, the Experience travelled to Sweden for

a one-week tour of Europe. During the early morning hours of the rst day, Hendrix became engaged in
a drunken brawl in the Hotel Opalen, in Gothenburg,
smashing a plate-glass window and injuring his right
hand, for which he received medical treatment.[257] The
incident culminated in his arrest and release, pending a
court appearance that resulted in a large ne.[259] After the 1969 burglary of a house Hendrix was renting in
Benedict Canyon, California, and while he was under the
inuence of drugs and alcohol, he punched his friend Paul
Caruso and accused him of the theft. He then chased
Caruso away from the residence while throwing stones at
him.[260] A few days later, one of Hendrixs girlfriends,
Carmen Borrero, required stitches after he hit her above
her eye with a vodka bottle during a drunken, jealous
rage.[257]

Like most acid-heads, Jimi had visions and he wanted to

create music to express what he saw. He would try to
explain this to people, but it didn't make sense because it
was not linked to reality in any way.[251]
5.2
Kathy Etchingham
While Roby and Schreiber assert that Hendrix rst used
LSD when he met Linda Keith in late 1966, according to the authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek,
the earliest that Hendrix is known to have ingested
the drug was in June 1967, while attending the Monterey Pop Festival.[252] According to Hendrix biographer Charles Cross, the subject of drugs came up one
evening in 1966 at Keiths New York apartment; when
one of Keiths friends oered Hendrix acid, which is
the street name for lysergic acid diethylamide, Hendrix
declined, asking instead for LSD, showing what Cross
described as his naivete and his complete inexperience with psychedelics.[253] Before that, Hendrix had
only sporadically used drugs, his experimentation was
signicantly limited by his dire nancial circumstances
to cannabis, hashish, amphetamines, and occasionally
cocaine.[253] After 1967, he regularly smoked cannabis
and hashish, and used LSD and amphetamines, particularly while touring.[254] According to Cross, by the time
of his death in September 1970, few stars were as closely
associated with the drug culture as Jimi.[255]

5.1

Substance abuse and violence

Hendrix would often become angry and violent when

he drank too much alcohol, or when he mixed alcohol
with illicit drugs.[256] His friend Herbie Worthington explained: You wouldn't expect somebody with that kind
of love to be that violent ... He just couldn't drink ... he
simply turned into a bastard.[257] According to journalist and friend Sharon Lawrence, Hendrix admitted he
could not handle hard liquor, which set o a bottledup anger, a destructive fury he almost never displayed
otherwise.[258]

DEATH, POST-MORTEM, AND BURIAL

Canadian drug charges and trial

Main article: Canadian drug charges and trial of Jimi

Hendrix
On May 3, 1969, while Hendrix was passing through
customs at Toronto International Airport, authorities detained him after nding a small amount of what they suspected to be heroin and hashish in his luggage.[261] Four
hours later, he was formally charged with drug possession
and released on $10,000 bail. He was required to return
on May 5 for an arraignment hearing.[262] The incident
proved stressful for Hendrix, and it weighed heavily on his
mind during the seven months that he awaited trial.[261]
In order for the Crown to prove possession they had to
show that Hendrix knew the drugs were there.[263] During
the jury trial, which took place in December, he testied
that a fan had given him a vial of what he thought was
legal medication, which he put in his bag without knowledge of the illegal substances contained therein.[264] He
was acquitted of the charges.[265] Both Mitchell and Redding later revealed that everyone had been warned about
a planned drug bust the day before ying to Toronto; both
men also stated that they believed that the drugs had been
planted in Hendrixs bag.[266]

6 Death, post-mortem, and burial

Main article: Death of Jimi Hendrix
Although the details of Hendrixs last day and death are
widely disputed, he spent much of September 17, 1970,
in London with Monika Dannemann, the only witness to
his nal hours.[267] Dannemann said that she prepared a
meal for them at her apartment in the Samarkand Hotel,
22 Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill, sometime around
11 p.m., when they shared a bottle of wine.[268] She drove
Hendrix to the residence of an acquaintance at approxi-

13
Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, as well as Miles Davis,
John Hammond, and Johnny Winter.[279][nb 35]

7 Unauthorized and posthumous

releases
By 1967, as Hendrix was gaining in popularity, many
of his pre-Experience recordings were marketed to an
unsuspecting public as Jimi Hendrix albums, sometimes
with misleading later images of Hendrix.[281] The recordings, which came under the control of producer Ed
Chalpin of PPX, with whom Hendrix had signed a recording contract in 1965, were often re-mixed between their
repeated reissues, and licensed to record companies such
as Decca and Capitol.[282] Hendrix publicly denounced
the releases, describing them as malicious and greatly
inferior, stating: At PPX, we spent on average about
one hour recording a song. Today I spend at least twelve
hours on each song.[283] These unauthorized releases
have long constituted a substantial part of his recording
catalogue, amounting to hundreds of albums.[284]
The Samarkand Hotel, where Hendrix spent his nal hours

Some of Hendrixs unnished material was released as

the 1971 title The Cry of Love.[227] Although the album
reached number three in the U.S. and number two in
the UK, producers Mitchell and Kramer later complained
that they were unable to make use of all the available
songs because some tracks were used for 1971s Rainbow
Bridge; still others were issued on 1972s War Heroes.[285]
Material from The Cry of Love was re-released in 1997
as First Rays of the New Rising Sun, along with the
other tracks that Mitchell and Kramer had wanted to
include.[286][nb 36]

mately 1:45 a.m., where he remained for about an hour

before she picked him up and drove them back to her at
at 3 a.m.[269] Dannemann said they talked until around 7
a.m., when they went to sleep. She awoke around 11 a.m.,
and found Hendrix breathing, but unconscious and unresponsive. She called for an ambulance at 11:18 a.m.; they
arrived on the scene at 11:27 a.m.[270] Paramedics then
transported Hendrix to St Mary Abbots Hospital where
Dr. John Bannister pronounced him dead at 12:45 p.m. In 1993, MCA Records delayed a multi-million dollar
sale of Hendrixs publishing copyrights because Al Henon September 18, 1970.[271]
drix was unhappy about the arrangement.[288] He acTo determine the cause of death, coroner Gavin Thurston knowledged that he had sold distribution rights to a forordered a post-mortem examination on Hendrixs body, eign corporation in 1974, but stated that it did not inwhich was performed on September 21 by Profes- clude copyrights and argued that he had retained veto
sor Robert Donald Teare, a forensic pathologist.[272] power of the sale of the catalogue.[288] Under a settleThurston completed the inquest on September 28, and ment reached in July 1995, Al Hendrix prevailed in his
concluded that Hendrix aspirated his own vomit and died legal battle and regained control of his sons song and
of asphyxia while intoxicated with barbiturates.[273] Cit- image rights.[289] He subsequently licensed the recording insucient evidence of the circumstances, he de- ings to MCA through the family-run company Expericlared an open verdict.[274] Dannemann later revealed ence Hendrix LLC, formed in 1995.[290] In August 2009,
that Hendrix had taken nine of her prescribed Vesparax Experience Hendrix announced that it had entered a new
sleeping tablets, 18 times the recommended dosage.[275] licensing agreement with Sony Music Entertainment's
After Hendrixs body had been embalmed by Desmond Legacy Recordings division which would take eect in
Henley,[276] it was own to Seattle, Washington, on 2010.[291] Legacy and Experience Hendrix launched the
September 29, 1970.[277] After a service at Dunlop Bap- 2010 Jimi Hendrix Catalog Project, starting with the retist Church on October 1, he was interred at Green- lease of Valleys of Neptune in March of that year.[292]
wood Cemetery in Renton, Washington, the location of In the months before his death, Hendrix recorded dehis mothers gravesite.[278] Hendrixs family and friends mos for a concept album tentatively titled Black Gold,
traveled in twenty-four limousines and more than two which are now in the possession of Experience Henhundred people attended the funeral, including several drix LLC; as of 2013 no ocial release date has been
notable musicians such as original Experience members announced.[293][nb 37]

14

8
8.1

8 EQUIPMENT

Equipment
Guitars and ampliers

The Fender Stratocaster Hendrix played at Woodstock

dler brought Hendrix to England in October 1966, he

supplied him with 30-watt Burns amps, which Hendrix
thought were too small for his needs.[305][nb 39] After an
early London gig when he was unable to use his preferred Fender Twin, he asked about the Marshall amps
that he had noticed other groups using.[305] Years earlier, Mitch Mitchell had taken drum lessons from the
amp builder, Jim Marshall, and he introduced Hendrix
to Marshall.[306] At their initial meeting, Hendrix bought
four speaker cabinets and three 100-watt Super Lead ampliers; he would grow accustomed to using all three in
unison.[305] The equipment arrived on October 11, 1966,
and the Experience used the new gear during their rst
tour.[305] Marshall amps were well-suited for Hendrixs
needs, and they were paramount in the evolution of his
heavily overdriven sound, enabling him to master the
use of feedback as a musical eect, creating what author Paul Trynka described as a denitive vocabulary for
rock guitar.[307] Hendrix usually turned all of the ampliers control knobs to the maximum level, which became
known as the Hendrix setting.[308] During the four years
prior to his death, he purchased between 50 and 100 Marshall ampliers.[309] Jim Marshall said that he was the
greatest ambassador his company ever had.[310]

8.2 Eects
Hendrixs Gibson Flying V guitar
Hendrix played a variety of guitars throughout his career, but the instrument that became most associated with
him was the Fender Stratocaster.[295] He acquired his rst
Stratocaster in 1966, when a girlfriend loaned him enough
money to purchase a used one that had been built around
1964.[296] He thereafter used the model prevalently during performances and recordings.[297] In 1967, he described the instrument as the best all-around guitar for
the stu we're doing"; he praised its bright treble and
deep bass sounds.[298]
With few exceptions, Hendrix played right-handed guitars that were turned upside down and restrung for lefthand playing.[299] This had an important eect on the
sound of his guitar; because of the slant of the bridge
pickup, his lowest string had a brighter sound while his
highest string had a darker sound, which was the opposite of the Stratocasters intended design.[300] In addition
to Stratocasters, Hendrix also used Fender Jazzmasters,
Duosonics, two dierent Gibson Flying Vs, a Gibson
Les Paul, three Gibson SGs, a Gretsch Corvette, and a
Fender Jaguar.[301] He used a white Gibson SG Custom
for his performances on The Dick Cavett Show in September 1969, and a black Gibson Flying V during the Isle of
Wight festival in 1970.[302][nb 38]

One of Hendrixs signature eects was the wah-wah

pedal, which he rst heard used with an electric guitar
in Creams "Tales of Brave Ulysses", released in May
1967.[311] In July of that year, while playing gigs at the
Scene club in New York City, Hendrix met Frank Zappa,
whose band, the Mothers of Invention were performing
at the adjacent Garrick Theater. Hendrix was fascinated
by Zappas application of the pedal, and he experimented
with one later that evening.[312][nb 40] He used a wah pedal
during the opening to "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)",
creating one of the best-known wah-wah ris of the classic rock era.[314] He can also be heard using the eect
on "Up from the Skies", Little Miss Lover, and Still
Raining, Still Dreaming.[313]
Hendrix consistently used a Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face and
a Vox wah pedal during recording sessions and live performances, but he also experimented with other guitar
eects.[315] He enjoyed a fruitful long-term collaboration
with electronics enthusiast Roger Mayer, whom he once
called the secret of his sound.[316] Mayer introduced
him to the Octavia, an octave doubling eect pedal, in
December 1966, and he rst recorded with the eect during the guitar solo to Purple Haze.[317]

Hendrix also utilized the Uni-Vibe, which was designed

to simulate the modulation eects of a rotating Leslie
speaker by providing a rich phasing sound that could be
manipulated with a speed control pedal. He can be heard
During 1965 and 1966, while Hendrix was playing back- using the eect during his performance at Woodstock
up for soul and R&B acts in the U.S., he used an 85- and on the Band of Gypsys track Machine Gun, which
watt Fender Twin Reverb amplier.[304] When Chan- prominently features the Uni-vibe along with an Octavia

15
as an early inuence.[321] Of Muddy Waters, the rst
electric guitarist of which Hendrix became aware, he
said: I heard one of his records when I was a little boy
and it scared me to death because I heard all of these
sounds.[322] In 1970, he told Rolling Stone that he was
a fan of western swing artist Bob Wills and while he lived
in Nashville, the television show the Grand Ole Opry.[323]
I don't happen to know much about jazz. I know that
most of those cats are playing nothing but blues, though
I know that much. [324]
Hendrix on jazz music
Cox stated that during their time serving in the U.S. military he and Hendrix primarily listened to southern blues
artists such as Jimmy Reed and Albert King. According
to Cox, King was a very, very powerful inuence.[321]
Howlin' Wolf also inspired Hendrix, who performed
Wolfs Killing Floor as the opening song of his U.S.
debut at the Monterey Pop Festival.[325] The inuence of
soul artist Curtis Mayeld can be heard in Hendrixs guitar playing, and the inuence of Bob Dylan can be heard
in Hendrixs songwriting; he was known to play Dylans
records repeatedly, particularly Highway 61 Revisited and
Blonde on Blonde.[326]

10 Legacy
He changed everything. What don't we owe Jimi Hendrix? For his monumental rebooting of guitar culture
standards of tone, technique, gear, signal processing,
rhythm playing, soloing, stage presence, chord voicings,
charisma, fashion, and composition? ... He is guitar hero
number one.[327]
Guitar Player magazine, May 2012
A 1968 King Vox-Wah pedal similar to one that was owned by
Hendrix

and a Fuzz Face.[318] His signal ow for live performance

involved rst plugging his guitar into a wah-wah pedal,
then connecting the wah-wah pedal to a Fuzz Face, which
was then linked to a Uni-Vibe, before connecting to a
Marshall amplier.[319]

Inuences

The Experiences Rock and Roll Hall of Fame biography states: Jimi Hendrix was arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music.[1] Hendrix expanded the range and vocabulary of the electric guitar
into areas no musician had ever ventured before. His
boundless drive, technical ability and creative application of such eects as wah-wah and distortion forever
transformed the sound of rock and roll.[328] Musicologist
Andy Aledort described Hendrix as one of the most creative and inuential musicians that has ever lived.[329]
Music journalist Chuck Philips wrote: In a eld almost
exclusively populated by white musicians, Hendrix has
served as a role model for a cadre of young black rockers. His achievement was to reclaim title to a musical
form pioneered by black innovators like Little Richard
and Chuck Berry in the 1950s.[330]

As an adolescent during the 1950s, Hendrix became interested in rock and roll artists such as Elvis Presley, Little
Richard, and Chuck Berry.[320] In 1968, he told Guitar
Player magazine that electric blues artists Muddy Wa- Hendrix favored overdriven ampliers with high volume
ters, Elmore James, and B.B. King inspired him during and gain.[109] He was instrumental in developing the prethe beginning of his career; he also cited Eddie Cochran viously undesirable technique of guitar amplier feed-

16

10

LEGACY

back, and helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal The rest is history.[349]
in mainstream rock.[331] He rejected the standard barre
chord fretting technique used by most guitarists in favor of fretting the low 6th string root notes with his 10.1 Recognition and awards
thumb.[332] He applied this technique during the beginning bars of "Little Wing", which allowed him to sustain the root note of chords while also playing melody.
This method has been described as piano style, with
the thumb playing what a pianists left hand would play
and the other ngers playing melody as a right hand.[333]
Having spent several years fronting a trio, he developed an ability to play rhythm chords and lead lines together, giving the audio impression that more than one
guitarist was performing.[334][nb 41] He was the rst artist
to incorporate stereophonic phasing eects in rock music recordings.[337] Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone
commented: Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players before him
had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix turned those eects and others into a controlled, uid
vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which
he began.[2][nb 42] Aledort wrote: In rock guitar, there
are but two eras before Hendrix and after Hendrix.
While creating his unique musical voice and guitar
style, Hendrix synthesized diverse genres, including
blues, R&B, soul, British rock, American folk music,
1950s rock and roll, and jazz.[339] Musicologist David
Moskowitz emphasized the importance of blues music in Hendrixs playing style, and according to authors
Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber, "[He] explored the
outer reaches of psychedelic rock".[340] His inuence is
evident in a variety of popular music formats, and he has
contributed signicantly to the development of hard rock,
heavy metal, funk, post-punk, and hip hop music.[341] His
lasting inuence on modern guitar players is dicult to
overstate; his techniques and delivery have been abundantly imitated by others.[342] Despite his hectic touring schedule and notorious perfectionism, he was a prolic recording artist who left behind numerous unreleased
recordings.[343] More than 40 years after his death, Hendrix remains as popular as ever, with annual album sales
exceeding that of any year during his lifetime.[344]
Hendrix has inuenced numerous funk and funk rock
artists, including Prince, George Clinton, John Frusciante, formerly of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Eddie
Hazel of Funkadelic, and Ernie Isley of the Isley
Brothers.[345] Hendrixs inuence also extends to many
hip hop artists, including De La Soul, A Tribe Called
Quest, Digital Underground, Beastie Boys, and Run
D.M.C.[346] Miles Davis was deeply impressed by Hendrix, and he compared Hendrixs improvisational abilities with those of saxophonist John Coltrane.[347][nb 43]
Hendrix inuenced blues legend Stevie Ray Vaughan,
Metallica 's Kirk Hammett, instrumental rock guitarist
Joe Satriani, and heavy metal virtuoso Yngwie Malmsteen, who said: "[Hendrix] created modern electric playing, without question ... He was the rst. He started it all.

Hendrix statue outside Dimbola Lodge, Isle of Wight

Hendrix received several prestigious rock music awards

during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the
Year.[350] In 1968, Billboard named him the Artist of the
Year and Rolling Stone declared him the Performer of the
Year.[350] Also in 1968, the City of Seattle gave him the
Keys to the City.[351] Disc & Music Echo newspaper honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in
1970, Guitar Player magazine named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year.[352]
Rolling Stone ranked his three non-posthumous studio albums, Are You Experienced (1967), Axis: Bold as Love
(1967), and Electric Ladyland (1968) among the 500
Greatest Albums of All Time.[353] They ranked Hendrix
number one on their list of the 100 greatest guitarists of
all time, and number six on their list of the 100 greatest
artists of all time.[354] Guitar World's readers voted six of
Hendrixs solos among the top 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time: Purple Haze (70), The Star-Spangled
Banner (52; from Live at Woodstock), Machine Gun
(32; from Band of Gypsys), Little Wing (18), Voodoo
Child (Slight Return)" (11), and "All Along the Watchtower" (5).[355] Rolling Stone placed seven of his recordings in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time:
Purple Haze (17), All Along the Watchtower (47)
Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (102), Foxy Lady

17
(153), Hey Joe (201), Little Wing (366), and The
Wind Cries Mary (379).[356] They also included three
of Hendrixs songs in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar
Songs of All Time: Purple Haze (2), Voodoo Child
(12), and Machine Gun (49).[357]
A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was dedicated
to Hendrix on November 14, 1991, at 6627 Hollywood
Boulevard.[358] The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992,
and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005.[1][359] In 1999,
readers of Rolling Stone and Guitar World ranked Hendrix among the most important musicians of the 20th
century.[360] In 2005, his debut album, Are You Experienced, was one of 50 recordings added that year to the
United States National Recording Registry in the Library
of Congress, "[to] be preserved for all time ... [as] part
of the nations audio legacy.[361]
The English Heritage blue plaque that identies his former residence at 23 Brook Street, London, which is one
door down from the former residence of George Frideric Handel, was the rst the organization ever granted
to a pop star.[362] A memorial statue of Hendrix playing
a Stratocaster stands near the corner of Broadway and
Pine Streets in Seattle. In May 2006, the city renamed
a park near its Central District, Jimi Hendrix Park, in
his honor.[363] In 2012, an ocial historic marker was
erected on the site of the July 1970 Second Atlanta International Pop Festival near Byron, Georgia. The marker
text reads, in part: Over thirty musical acts performed,
including rock icon Jimi Hendrix playing to the largest
American audience of his career.[364]
Hendrixs music has received a number of Hall of Fame
Grammy awards, starting with a Lifetime Achievement
Award in 1992, followed by two Grammys in 1999 for
his albums Are You Experienced and Electric Ladyland;
Axis: Bold as Love received a Grammy in 2006.[365][366]
In 2000, he received a Hall of Fame Grammy award for
his original composition, Purple Haze, and in 2001 for
his recording of Dylans All Along the Watchtower.
Hendrixs rendition of The Star-Spangled Banner was
honored with a Grammy in 2009.[365]

11

Discography

Main articles: Jimi Hendrix discography and Jimi

Hendrix posthumous discography

12

Notes

[1] Hendrixs paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose

Moore, was a former vaudeville dancer who moved to
Vancouver, Canada, from Tennessee after meeting her
husband, former special police ocer Bertram Philander Ross Hendrix, on the Dixieland circuit.[4] Nora shared

a love for theatrical clothing and adornment, music, and

performance with Hendrix. She also imbued him with
the stories, rituals, and music that had been part of her
Afro-Cherokee heritage and her former life on the stage.
Along with his attendance at black Pentecostal church services, writers have suggested these experiences may later
have informed his thinking about the connections between
emotions, spirituality, and music.[5]
[2] Author Charles R. Cross in Room Full of Mirrors writes
He [Hendrixs paternal grandfather, Bertran Philander
Ross Hendrix] was born out of wedlock, and from the
biracial coupling of his mother, a former slave, and a white
merchant who had once owned her.[8]
[3] Authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek speculate
that the change from Johnny to James may have been a
response to Als knowledge of an aair Lucille had with
a man who called himself John Williams.[12] As a young
child, friends and family called Hendrix Buster. His
brother Leon claims that Jimi chose the nickname after
his hero Buster Crabbe, of Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers
fame.[13]
[4] Al Hendrix completed his basic training at Fort Sill,
Oklahoma.[14] He spent most of his time in the service
in the South Pacic Theater, in Fiji.[15]
[5] According to Hendrixs cousin, Diane Hendrix, in August
1956, when Jimi stayed with her family, he put on shows
for her, using a broom to mimic a guitar while listening to
Elvis Presley records.[26]
[6] Hendrix saw Presley perform in Seattle on September 1,
1957.[29]
[7] In 1967, Hendrix revealed his feelings in regard to his
mothers death during a survey he took for the UK publication, New Musical Express. Hendrix stated: Personal
ambition: Have my own style of music. See my mother
again.[25]
[8] In the late 1960s, after he had become famous, Hendrix told reporters that racist faculty expelled him from
Gareld for holding hands with a white girlfriend during
study hall. Principal Frank Hanawalt says that it was due
to poor grades and attendance problems.[38] The school
had a relatively even ethnic mix of African, European, and
Asian-Americans.[39]
[9] According to authors Steven Roby and Brad Schreiber: It
has been erroneously reported that Captain John Halbert,
a medical ocer, recommended that Jimi be discharged
primarily for admitting to having homosexual desires for
an unnamed soldier.[52] However, in the National Personnel Records Center, which contains 98 pages documenting Hendrixs army service, including his numerous infractions, the word homosexual is not mentioned.[52]
[10] The Allen twins performed as backup singers under the
name Ghetto Fighters on Hendrixs song "Freedom".[62]
[11] According to authors Steve Roby and Brad Schreiber,
Hendrix was red from the Isleys in August 1964.[68]

18

12 NOTES

[12] Three other songs were recorded during the sessions

"Dancin' All Over the World, You Better Stop, and
Every Time I Think About Youbut Vee Jay did not
release them at the time due to their poor quality.[72]

conjuring uncontrollable forces is a rock archetype.[133]

Musicologist David Moskowitz wrote: The image of Jimi
kneeling over his burning guitar at Monterey became one
of the most iconic pictures of the era.[134]

[13] Several songs and demos from the Knight recording sessions were later marketed as Jimi Hendrix recordings
after he had become famous.[80]

[24] Earlier in the festival, a German photographer advised

Carae, who was taking pictures of performers, to save
lm for Hendrix.[135]

[14] In mid-1966, Hendrix recorded with Lonnie Youngblood,

a saxophone player who occasionally performed with
Curtis Knight.[83] The sessions produced two singles for
Youngblood: Go Go Shoes"/"Go Go Place and Soul
Food (Thats What I Like)"/"Goodbye Bessie Mae.[84]
Singles for other artists also came out of the sessions, including the Icemens "(My Girl) Shes a Fox"/ "(I Wonder) What It Takes and Jimmy Norman's That Little
Old Groove Maker"/"You're Only Hurting Yourself.[85]
As with the King Curtis recordings, backing tracks and
alternate takes for the Youngblood sessions would be overdubbed and otherwise manipulated to create many new
tracks.[86] Many Youngblood tracks without any Hendrix
involvement would later be marketed as Jimi Hendrix
recordings.[84]

[25] As with their previous LP, the band had to schedule

recording sessions in between performances.[150]

[15] So as to dierentiate the two Randys in the band, Hendrix dubbed Randy Wolfe Randy California and Randy
Palmer Randy Texas.[88] Randy California later cofounded the band Spirit with his stepfather, drummer Ed
Cassidy.[89]
[16] Singer-guitarist Ellen McIlwaine and guitarist Je Baxter
also briey worked with Hendrix during this period.[92]
[17] Etchingham later wrote an autobiographical book about
their relationship and the London music scene during the
1960s.[99]
[18] This guitar has now been identied as the guitar acquired
and later restored by Frank Zappa. He used it to record his
album Zoot Allures (1971). When Zappas son, Dweezil
Zappa, found the guitar some twenty years later, Zappa
gave it to him.[114]
[19] The original version of the LP contained none of the previously released singles or their B-sides.[119]
[20] As with Sgt. Pepper, Are You Experienced was recorded
using four-track technology.[115]
[21] The US and Canadian versions of Are You Experienced
had a new cover by Karl Ferris and a new song list, with
Reprise removing "Red House", Remember and Can
You See Me to make room for the rst three single Asides omitted from the UK release: Hey Joe, Purple
Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary.[123] Red House is
the only original twelve-bar blues written by Hendrix.[123]
[22] When Track records sent the master tapes for Purple
Haze to Reprise for remastering, they wrote the following words on the tape box: Deliberate distortion. Do not
correct.[125]
[23] According to author Bob Gula, When Jimi torched his
guitar onstage at the Monterey Pop Festival, it became one
of, if not the single greatest iconic moment in the rst halfcentury of rock; his image as the psychedelic voodoo child

[26] The double LP was the only Experience album to be mixed

entirely in stereo.[167]
[27] In March 1968, Jim Morrison of the Doors joined Hendrix onstage at the Scene Club in New York.[169]
[28] Hendrix and Etchingham ended their relationship in early
1969.[177]
[29] Gold and Goldstein lmed the Royal Albert Hall shows,
but as of 2013 they have not been ocially released.[179]
[30] Hendrix agreed to receive $18,000 in compensation for
his set, but was eventually paid $32,000 for the performance and $12,000 for the rights to lm him.[195]
[31] In 2010, when a federal court of appeals decided on
whether online sharing of a music recording constituted a
performance, they cited Hendrix in their decision stating:
Hendrix memorably (or not, depending on ones sensibility) oered a 'rendition' of the Star-Spangled Banner at
Woodstock when he performed it aloud in 1969.[203]
[32] The Woodstock lineup appeared together on two subsequent occasions, and on September 16 they jammed for
one last time; soon afterward, Lee and Velez left the
band.[204]
[33] In an eort to nance the studio, Hendrix and Jerey secured a $300,000 loan from Warner Bros. As part of the
agreement, Hendrix was required to provide Warner Bros.
with another album, resulting in a soundtrack for the lm
Rainbow Bridge.[235]
[34] A live recording of the concert was later released as Live
at the Isle of Fehmarn.[242]
[35] Hendrix performed in Sweden frequently throughout his
career, and his only son, James Daniel Sundquist, was
born there in 1969 to a Swede, Eva Sundquist. The relation has been recognized by the Swedish courts and
Sundquist received a monetary settlement from Experience Hendrix LLC.[280]
[36] Two of Hendrixs nal recordings included the lead guitar parts on Old Times Good Times from Stephen Stills'
eponymous album (1970) and on The Everlasting First
from Arthur Lee's new incarnation of Love. Both tracks
were recorded during a brief visit to London in March
1970, following Kathy Etchinghams marriage.[287]
[37] Many of Hendrixs personal items, tapes, and many pages
of lyrics and poems are now in the hands of private collectors and have attracted considerable sums at occasional
auctions. These materials surfaced after two employees,
under the instructions of Mike Jeery, removed items

19

from Hendrixs Greenwich Village apartment following

his death.[294]
[38] While Hendrix had previously owned a 1967 Flying V that
he hand-painted in a psychedelic design, the Flying V used
at the Isle of Wight was a unique custom left-handed guitar with gold plated hardware, a bound ngerboard and
split-diamond fret markers that were not found on other
1960s-era Flying Vs.[303]
[39] During their second rehearsal, the Experience attempted
to destroy the Burns amps that Chandler had given them
by throwing the equipment down a ight of stairs.[305]
[40] The wah pedals that Hendrix owned were designed by the
Thomas Organ Company and manufactured in Italy by
JEN Elettronica Pescara for Vox.[313]
[41] His heavy use of the tremolo bar often detuned his guitar
strings, necessitating frequent tunings.[335] During the last
three years of his life, he abandoned the standard concert
pitch and instead tuned his guitar down one minor second,
or a half step to E. This not only made string bending easier, but it also dropped the guitars pitch, making it easier
to accompany himself vocally.[336]

[11] Cross 2005, p. 20: Al went to basic training three days

after the wedding. (secondary source); Hendrix 1999, p.
37: Al went to war three days after the wedding. (primary
source).
[12] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 1319.
[13] Hendrix & Mitchell 2012, p. 10: (primary source); Roby
& Schreiber 2010, pp. xiii, 3: (secondary source).
[14] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 13.
[15] Cross 2005, p. 23.
[16] Cross 2005, pp. 2225.
[17] Lawrence 2005, p. 368; Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 1.
[18] Cross 2005, pp. 2527; Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 2.
[19] Cross 2005, p. 32.
[20] Black 1999, p. 11: Leons birthdate; Roby & Schreiber
2010, p. 2: Leon, in and out of foster care.
[21] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 2022.
[22] Cross 2005, pp. 32, 179, 308.

[42] Hendrix also played keyboard instruments on several

recordings, including piano on "Are You Experienced?",
"Spanish Castle Magic", and "Crosstown Trac", and
harpsichord on Bold as Love and Burning of the Midnight Lamp.[338]
[43] Davis would later request that guitarists in his bands emulate Hendrix.[348]

[23] Cross 2005, pp. 50, 127.

[24] Stubbs 2003, p. 140.
[25] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 5.
[26] Black 1999, pp. 1618.
[27] Hendrix & Mitchell 2012, pp. 5658.

13

References

[1] Biography of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Rock and

Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
[2] George-Warren 2001, p. 428.

[28] Black 1999, pp. 1618: Hendrix playing along with

Hound Dog (secondary source); Hendrix 1999, p. 100:
Hendrix playing along with Presleys version of Hound
Dog (primary source); Hendrix & Mitchell 2012, p.
59: Hendrix playing along with Presley songs (primary
source).

[3] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 56, 13, 746747.

[29] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 9: Hendrix seeing Presley perform; Black 1999, p. 18: the date Hendrix saw
Presley perform.

[4] Hendrix, Janie L. The Blood of Entertainers: The Life

and Times of Jimi Hendrixs Paternal Grandparents.
Blackpast.org. Retrieved November 15, 2012.

[30] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 4.

[5] Whitaker 2011, pp. 377385.

[6] Hendrix 1999, p. 10: (primary source); Shapiro &
Glebbeek 1995, pp. 57: (secondary source).
[7] Brown 1992, pp. 67.
[8] Cross 2005, p. 16.
[9] Hendrix 1999, p. 10: Jimis fathers full name; Shapiro &
Glebbeek 1995, pp. 89: Al Hendrix' birthdate; Shapiro
& Glebbeek 1995, pp. 746747: Hendrix family tree.
[10] Hendrix 1999, p. 32: Al and Lucille meeting at a dance
in 1941; Hendrix 1999, p. 37: Al and Lucille married in
1942.

[31] Heatley 2009, p. 18.

[32] Hendrix 1999, p. 126: (primary source); Roby &
Schreiber 2010, p. 6: (secondary source).
[33] Hendrix 1999, p. 113: (primary source); Heatley 2009,
p. 20: (secondary source).
[34] Heatley 2009, p. 19.
[35] Cross 2005, p. 67.
[36] Heatley 2009, p. 28.
[37] Lawrence 2005, pp. 1719: Hendrix did not graduate
from James A. Gareld High School; Shapiro & Glebbeek
1995, p. 694: Hendrix completed his studies at Washington Middle School.

20

13

REFERENCES

[38] Cross 2005, pp. 7374.

[68] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 85.

[39] Lawrence 2005, pp. 1719.

[69] McDermott 2009, p. 13.

[40] Hendrix & Mitchell 2012, p. 95: Hendrix choosing the

Army over jail; Cross 2005, p. 84: Hendrix' enlistment
date; Shadwick 2003, p. 35: Hendrix was twice caught in
stolen cars.

[70] McDermott 2009, p. 12: recording with Richard;

Shadwick 2003, pp. 5657: I Don't Know What You
Got (But Its Got Me)" recorded in Los Angeles.
[71] McDermott 1992, p. 345.

[41] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 1314: Hendrix completed

eight weeks of basic training at Fort Ord, California;
Shadwick 2003, pp. 3738: the Army stationed Hendrix
at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

[72] Shadwick 2003, p. 57.

[73] Shadwick 2003, p. 55.

[42] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 14.

[74] Shadwick 2003, pp. 5660.

[43] Heatley 2009, p. 26; Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 14.

[75] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 571; Shadwick 2003, pp.

6061.

[44] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 1516.

[45] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 51.
[46] Cross 2005, pp. 9091.
[47] Cross 2005, p. 92.

[76] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 95.

[77] Cross 2005, p. 120.
[78] McDermott 2009, p. 15.
[79] Brown 1997, p. 100; Cross 2005, pp. 120121.

[48] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 1825.

[80] McDermott 2009, pp. 1415.
[49] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 2425.
[50] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 26.

[81] McDermott 2009, pp. 1415; Roby & Schreiber 2010,

pp. 207208; Shadwick 2003, p. 69.

[51] Cross 2005, p. 94: Hendrix claimed he had received a

medical discharge; Roby 2002, p. 15: Hendrixs dislike
of the Army.

[82] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 210.

[52] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 25.

[84] Shadwick 2003, p. 71.

[53] Cross 2005, pp. 9297.

[85] Shadwick 2003, p. 70.

[54] Cross 2005, p. 97.

[86] McDermott 2009, pp. 1617.

[55] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 66.

[87] Roby 2002, pp. 4748.

[56] Shadwick 2003, pp. 3941.

[88] Shadwick 2003, pp. 7677.

[57] Shadwick 2003, pp. 4042.

[89] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 102.

[58] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 225226.

[90] Shadwick 2003, pp. 7679.

[59] Shadwick 2003, p. 50.

[91] Roby 2002, pp. 5455.

[60] Shadwick 2003, pp. 5961.

[92] Roby 2002, pp. 5356.

[61] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 9395.

[93] McDermott 2009, p. 17.

[62] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 537; Doggett 2004, pp. 34

35.

[94] McDermott 2009, pp. 1718.

[63] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 13.

[64] McDermott 2009, p. 10.
[65] McDermott 2009, pp. 1011.

[83] Shadwick 2003, pp. 6671.

[95] McDermott 2009, pp. 1821.

[96] bbc.co.uk
[97] McDermott 2009, pp. 2022.

[98]
[66] George-Warren 2001, p. 217: for the peak chart position of Mercy Mercy"; McDermott 2009, p. 10: Hendrix [99]
played on Mercy Mercy"; Roby 2002, pp. 3235: Hendrix played on Mercy Mercy"; Shadwick 2003, p. 53:
[100]
Mercy Mercy was recorded on May 18, 1964.
[67] Heatley 2009, p. 53; Shadwick 2003, p. 54.

Black 1999, pp. 181182; Shadwick 2003, p. 82.

Etchingham, Kathy; Crofts, Andrew (1998). Through
Gypsy Eyes. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-2725-4.
Shadwick 2003, p. 84.

[101] Shadwick 2003, p. 83.

21

[102] McDermott 2009, pp. 2122; Shadwick 2003, pp. 83 [130] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 190: the most exciting
85.
performer [he had] ever heard"; Shadwick 2003, p. 115:
He was not only something utterly new musically.
[103] McDermott 2009, p. 22.
[131] Shadwick 2003, pp. 110115.
[104] Concerts 1966. hendrix.free.fr. 2014. Retrieved De[132] Vadukul, Alex (November 13, 2009). ""Who Shot Rock
cember 20, 2014.
and Roll Celebrates the Photographers Behind the Iconic
[105] Shadwick 2003, pp. 8990; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p.
Images. Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
524.
[133] Gula 2008, p. 121.
[106] McDermott 2009, pp. 2224.
[134] Moskowitz 2010, p. 22.
[107] Shadwick 2003, p. 91.
[135] Buckland, Gail (2009). Who Shot Rock and Roll: A Photo[108] Shadwick 2003, pp. 9192.
graphic History, 1955-Present. Knopf. pp. 6263. ISBN
978-0-307-27016-0.
[109] Shadwick 2003, p. 92.
[136] Whitaker 2011, p. 382.
[110] Shadwick 2003, p. 93; Heatley 2009, p. 59.
[137] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 194.
[111] Roberts 2005, p. 232.
[138] Guitar World 2011, p. 62.
[112] McDermott 2009, pp. 41.
[139] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 28.
[113] McDermott 2009, pp. 4142.
[140] Cross 2005, p. 184; Moskowitz 2010, p. 22; Shadwick
[114] Hendrixs burnt guitar for sale. BBC News. August 27,
2003, pp. 110115.
2002. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
[141] Shadwick 2003, p. 116.
[115] Heatley 2009, p. 64.
[142] McDermott 2009, pp. 5456.
[116] Stubbs 2003, pp. 29, 3132, 3637.
[143] Shadwick 2003, pp. 116117.
[117] Heatley 2009, pp. 6465 post-modern soundscapes of
Are You Experienced?"; Larkin 1998, p. 45: a diver- [144] McDermott 1992, p. 103: the Monkees tour as publicity
for Hendrix; Potash 1996, p. 89: the Monkees asked for
sity if style;Unterberger 2009, p. 45: Third Stone from
Hendrix.
the Sun.
[118] Roberts 2005, p. 232: UK chart data for Are You Experi- [145] Whitehill 1989b, p. 6.
enced; Shadwick 2003, p. 111: UK release date.
[146] McDermott 2009, p. 76.
[119] Doggett 2004, p. 8.

[147] Moskowitz 2010, p. 28.

[120] Cross 2005, p. 181.

[148] Moskowitz 2010, p. 33.

[121] McDermott 2009, p. 52.

[149] Heatley 2009, p. 87; McDermott 2009, pp. 7475.

[122] McDermott 2009, p. 61: Release dates for Are You Ex- [150] Mitchell & Platt 1990, p. 76.
perienced; George-Warren 2001, p. 429: Peak US chart
[151] Shadwick 2003, p. 125.
position.
[123] Aledort 1996, p. 49.
[124] Whitehill 1989a, p. 5.

[152] Aledort 1996, pp. 6876; 71: one of the greatest electric
guitar solos ever.
[153] Aledort 1996, pp. 6876; Whitehill 1989b, p. 124.

[125] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 184.

[154] Shadwick 2003, p. 130.

[126] George-Warren 2001, p. 429: Are You Experienced certied double-platinum; Levy 2005, p. 34: Hendrixs [155] Heatley 2009, p. 86; McDermott 2009, p. 76.
epochal debut.
[156] Whitehill 1989b, p. 52.
[127] Shadwick 2003, p. 109.

[157] Unterberger 2009, pp. 146147.

[128] Cross 2005, p. 184; an absolute ace on the guitar"; [158] Heatley 2009, p. 87.
Shadwick 2003, pp. 110115: McCartney insisted that
the festival would be incomplete without Hendrix.
[159] Cross 2005, p. 205.
[129] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 190: the most exciting [160] McDermott 2009, p. 79: UK release date for Axis: Bold
performer [he had] ever heard"; Shadwick 2003, p. 115:
As Love; Roberts 2005, p. 232: peak UK chart position
clothes as exotic as any on display elsewhere.
for Axis: Bold As Love.

22

[161] Heatley 2009, p. 99.

[162] Doggett 2004, p. 15; Unterberger 2009, p. 68.

13

REFERENCES

[187] McDermott 2009, pp. 165166: Redding blamed Hendrixs plans to expand the group; Shadwick 2003, p. 191:
Redding intended to pursue his solo career.

[163] Mitchell & Platt 1990, p. 76: (primary source); Shadwick [188] Fairchild 1991, p. 92.
2003, p. 127: (secondary source).
[189] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 375.
[164] Heatley 2009, pp. 102103: Recording began with Chandler and Kramer; McDermott 2009, pp. 9597: Kellgren. [190] Cross 2005, p. 255; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 220.
[165] Heatley 2009, p. 102.
[166] Shadwick 2003, p. 157.
[167] Heatley 2009, p. 103.
[168] Shadwick 2003, p. 146.
[169] Black 1999, p. 137.

[191] Cross 2005, p. 255; McDermott 2009, p. 169: Hendrix

headlined Woodstock; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 220.
[192] Cross 2005, pp. 267272; Shadwick 2003, pp. 193196.
[193] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 384385.
[194] Murray 1989, p. 53.

[195] Roby 2002, p. 133.

[170] McDermott 2009, pp. 126127: U.S. release date; Rosen
1996, p. 108: peak chart position.
[196] McDermott 2009, pp. 169170: Hendrix requested to
close the show in the morning; Roby 2002, p. 133: the
[171] Murray 1989, p. 51.
band took the stage around 8:00 am on Monday.
[172] Heatley 2009, p. 102: All Along the Watchtower was [197] Cross 2005, pp. 267272.
Hendrixs only U.S. top 40 hit single; Murray 1989, p. 51:
All Along the Watchtower was Hendrixs highest-selling [198] Cross 2005, p. 270.
single; Roberts 2005, p. 232: peak UK chart position for
Hendrixs cover of All Along the Watchtower"; Whitburn [199] Shadwick 2003, p. 249: feedback, distortion, and sustain;
Unterberger 2009, pp. 101103: Hendrix replicated the
2010, p. 294: peak U.S. chart position for Hendrixs cover
sounds made by rockets and bombs; Whitehill 1989a, p.
of All Along the Watchtower.
86 Hendrixs performance of The Star-Spangled Banner
featured his sonic portrayal of war.
[173] Roberts 2005, p. 232: peak UK chart position for
Burning of the Midnight Lamp"; Shadwick 2003, p.
118: Burning of the Midnight Lamp was Hendrixs rst [200] Cross 2005, p. 271.
recorded song to feature the use of a wah-wah pedal.
[201] Cross 2005, p. 272.
[174] Whitehill 1989c, p. 5.

[202] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 384385: One of the

abiding images of the place and time of Woodstock is
Jimi, in white-beaded leather jacket, blue jeans, gold
chains and a red head-scarf standing center-stage send[176] Black 1999, pp. 181182: Etchingham stated that she
ing out The Star-Spangled Banner"; Inglis 2006, p. 57:
ended the relationship on March 19; Shadwick 2003, pp.
169170: Etchinghams Brook Street apartment, which
Woodstock has come to represent a unique moment of
was next door to the Handel House Museum.
community, and Hendrixs appearance in particular symbolizes the freewheeling spirit of the era as well as the
[177] Shadwick 2003, p. 154.
troubled heart of the anti-war movement.
[175] Doggett 2004, p. 19.

[178] McDermott 2009, pp. 134140.

[179] McDermott 2009, pp. 142144.

[203] "United States v. ASCAP (In re Application of RealNetworks, Inc. and Yahoo! Inc.), 627 F.3d 64 (2d Cir.
2010)". Google Scholar. Retrieved November 16, 2012.

[180] McDermott 2009, p. 140; Hendrixs unpredictable work

[204] McDermott 2009, pp. 174176.
ethic; Moskowitz 2010, pp. 3940: Hendrixs creative
control over the Experiences music.
[205] Guitar World 2011, p. 55.
[181] McDermott 2009, p. 140.

[206] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 6, 3738.

[182] Shadwick 2003, pp. 182183: the last Experience ses- [207] Shadwick 2003, pp. 156, 214.
sion to include Redding; McDermott 2009, pp. 147151:
[208] Unterberger 2009, pp. 106112.
Recording sessions at Olmstead and the Record Plant.
[183] McDermott 2009, p. 151.

[209] Murray 1989, p. 202.

[184] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 180.

[210] Heatley 2009, p. 118.

[185] McDermott 2009, pp. 165166.

[211] Shadwick 2003, p. 214.

[186] Shadwick 2003, p. 191.

[212] Unterberger 2009, p. 95.

23

[213] McDermott 2009, pp. 189193.

[248] Brown 1997, pp. 103107.

[214] Aledort 1998, p. 40.

[249] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp. 2728.

[215] Heatley 2009, pp. 118119.

[250] Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 28.

[216] Unterberger 2009, p. 156.

[251] Shadwick 2003, p. 110.

[217] Shadwick 2003, p. 221.

[252] Roby & Schreiber 2010, pp.

Glebbeek 1995, p. 148.

[218] Roby 2002, p. 159; Unterberger 2009, p. 112.

[219] Roby 2002, p. 159.
[220] Roby 2002, pp. 159160.

156, 182; Shapiro &

[253] Cross 2005, p. 132.

[254] Redding & Appleby 1996, pp. 60, 113.

[255] Cross 2005, p. 335.

[221] Redding & Appleby 1996, p. 142: Redding saw Jeery
give Hendrix a tablet; Roby 2002, pp. 159160: Miles [256] Cross 2005, p. 236: mixing drugs and alcohol; Roby &
saw Jerey give Hendrix LSD.
Schreiber 2010, pp. 28, 51, 87, 127, 163, 182183: Hendrix often become angry and violent when he drank too
[222] Moskowitz 2010, p. 72.
much alcohol.
[223] Unterberger 2009, p. 113.

[257] Cross 2005, p. 237.

[224] Shadwick 2003, pp. 217218; Unterberger 2009, p. 113. [258] Lawrence 2005, pp. 142143.
[225] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 7374.
[226] Moskowitz 2010, p. 73.
[227] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 8690.

[259] McDermott 2009, p. 86; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp.

238240.
[260] Cross 2005, pp. 236237.

[228] Moskowitz 2010, p. 74.

[261] Shadwick 2003, p. 186.

[229] Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 250.

[262] Shadwick 2003, p. 186; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p.

358.

[230] Moskowitz 2010, p. 77.

[231] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 152153.
[232] Moskowitz 2010, p. 78.
[233] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 390391.
[234] Heatley 2009, pp. 138139.

[263] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 402.

[264] Cross 2005, pp. 281-282.
[265] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 402403.
[266] Mitchell & Platt 1990, p. 131; Redding & Appleby 1996,
p. 123.

[267] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, pp. 5860: Hendrix spending most of September 17 with Dannemann and Dan[236] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 7679.
nemann as the only witness to Hendrixs nal hours;
Unterberger 2009, pp. 119126: the disputed details of
[237] McDermott 2009, p. 215: Opening Electric Lady Studios
Hendrixs nal hours and death; Moskowitz 2010, p. 82:
for recording; McDermott 2009, p. 245: grand opening
uncertainty in the specic details of his nal hours and
party.
death.
[235] Heatley 2009, p. 139.

[238] McDermott 2009, pp. 245246.

[239] Black 1999, p. 241.
[240] Brown 1997, p. 77.

[268] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 59.

[269] Cross 2005, pp. 331332.

[241] Brown 1997, pp. 6577.

[270] Cross 2005, pp. 331332; Hendrix & McDermott 2007,

p. 59.

[242] Moskowitz 2010, p. 176.

[271] Moskowitz 2010, p. 82.

[243] McDermott 2009, p. 248.

[272] Brown 1997, pp. 158159.

[244] McDermott 2009, p. 248; Shadwick 2003, p. 240.

[245] Shadwick 2003, pp. 242243.

[273] Brown 1997, pp. 172174: Coroner Gavin Thurstons

September 28 inquest Moskowitz 2010, p. 82: Hendrixs
September 21 autopsy.

[246] Shadwick 2003, p. 243.

[274] Brown 1997, pp. 172174.

[247] Brown 1997, p. 107.

[275] Cross 2005, p. 332; McDermott 2009, p. 248.

24

13

REFERENCES

[276] In memoriam Desmond C. Henley. Internet. Christo- [303] Heatley 2009, pp. 7476: 1967 Flying V; 134135: 1970
pher Henley Limited 2008 - 2010. Retrieved 8 March
Flying V.
2014.
[304] Heatley 2009, p. 54.
[277] Brown 1997, p. 165.
[305] Heatley 2009, p. 66.
[278] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 475.
[306] Heatley 2009, pp. 6667.
[279] Cross 2005, pp. 338340.
[307] Trynka 1996, p. 18.
[280] Cross 2005, pp. 342343.
[308] Unterberger 2009, p. 215.
[281] McDermott 2009, p. 80.
[309] Heatley 2009, p. 122.
[282] Shadwick 2003, pp. 6571.
[310] GP sta 2012, p. 52.
[283] McDermott 2009, p. 80: malicious and greatly infe[311] Heatley 2009, p. 104: Unterberger 2009, p. 216: One
rior"; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 291.
of Hendrixs signature guitar eects; Shapiro & Glebbeek
1995, p. 687.
[284] McDermott 2009, p. 17; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp.
567583.
[312] Shadwick 2003, p. 117.
[285] Heatley 2009, pp. 142143; Moskowitz 2010, pp. 8690.
[286] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 116117.

[313] Heatley 2009, pp. 104105.

[314] Unterberger 2009, p. 216.

[287] Doggett 2004, p. 156: Working with Lee on The Ever[315] Heatley 2009, p. 73: Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face; 104105:
lasting First"; Doggett 2004, p. 159: Working with Stills
Vox wah-pedal; 8889: Octavia; 120121: other eects.
on Old Times Good Times"; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995,
p. 420: General detail.
[316] Heatley 2009, p. 88: the secret of Hendrixs sound;
McDermott 2009, p. 28: Hendrixs long-term collabo[288] Philips, Chuck (April 8, 1993). Hendrix Sale: A
ration with Mayer.
Hazy Experience : Contracts: MCA Music Entertainment
Group delays a multimillion-dollar purchase of guitarists [317] Heatley 2009, p. 88: rst Hendrix recording with an Ocrecording and publishing copyrights after the late rock
tavia; McDermott 2009, p. 28: Mayer introduced Henstars father protests the sale. 'I think its a total rip-o.'".
drix to the Octavia in December 1966.
LA Times. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
[318] Aledort 1998, p. 40; Heatley 2009, pp. 120121.
[289] Philips, Chuck (July 26, 1995). Father to Get Hendrix
Song, Image Rights. LA times. Retrieved September 14, [319] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 689.
2013.
[320] Unterberger 2009, p. 228.
[290] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 128130.
[321] Shadwick 2003, p. 39.
[291] Moskowitz 2010, p. 127.
[322] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 9.
[292] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 120124.
[293] Shadwick 2003, p. 222.
[294] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 477.
[295] Moskowitz 2010; Heatley 2009, pp. 62, 168171.

[323] Shadwick 2003, p. 62.

[324] Shadwick 2003, p. 103.
[325] Unterberger 2009, p. 229.

[296] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 671.

[326] Unterberger 2009, pp. 228, 231: the inuence of Curtis

Mayeld, 234235: inuence of Bob Dylan.

[297] Heatley 2009, p. 62.

[327] GP sta 2012, p. 50.

[298] Unterberger 2009, p. 211.

[299] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 3738.

[328] Biography of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. database of

inductees. Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 15, 2012.

[300] Wilson, Tom (November 13, 2004). Seven Fender Stra- [329] Aledort 1991, p. 4: one of the most creative"; Aledort
1996, p. 4: one of the most inuential musicians that has
tocaster Models That Pay Tribute to Jimi Hendrix. Modever lived.
ern Guitars Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
[330] Philips, Chuck (November 26, 1989). Experiencing Jimi
Hendrix : For todays budding crop of black rock musi[302] Heatley 2009, pp. 116117: Gibson SG Custom; 134
cians, hes more than a guitar hero--hes a role model. LA
135: 1970 left-handed Gibson Flying V.
Times. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
[301] Heatley 2009, pp. 168171.

25

[331] Heatley 2009, pp. 104105: Hendrix helped to popular- [353] Levy 2005, p. 222.
ize use of the wah-wah pedal; Moskowitz 2010, p. 127:
Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal; [354] Mayer 2011, p. 18: 100 greatest artists; Morello 2011, p.
50: 100 greatest guitarists.
Shadwick 2003, p. 92: Hendrix was instrumental in developing the previously undesirable technique of guitar
feedback; Unterberger 2009, p. 212: Hendrix helped to [355] 100 Greatest Guitar Solos (10-1)". Guitar World. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
popularize guitar feedback.
[332] Aledort 1995, p. 59.

[356] Wenner 2010, p. 120.

[333] Whitehill 1989b, p. 46.

[357] 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time. Rolling Stone.

Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved
December 30, 2012.

[334] Unterberger 2009, p. 212.

[335] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 166, 689.
[336] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 689; Unterberger 2009, p.
211.

[358] Jimi Hendrix. Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved

January 10, 2013.; Meyer, Josh (November 22, 1991).
Jimi Hendrix gets Star on Walk of Fame. Los Angeles
Times. Retrieved January 10, 2013.

[337] Stix 1992, p. 10.

[359] Hendrix & McDermott 2007, p. 60.
[338] Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, pp. 526: Are You Experienced?", 527: Burning of the Midnight Lamp, [360] Roby 2002, p. 1.
528: Spanish Castle Magic and Bold as Love, 530:
Crosstown Trac.
[361] Fineberg, Gail (May 2006). National Recording Registry Grows. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 10,
[339] Moskowitz 2010, p. xiii: Hendrix synthesized R&B and
2013.
American folk music; Unterberger 2009, p. 227: Hendrix
synthesized blues, soul, British rock, 1950s rock and roll, [362] Unterberger 2009, p. 225: Handels former residence at
and jazz.
25 Brook Street; For the rst blue plaque ever granted to
[340] Moskowitz 2010, pp. 113116: Roby & Schreiber 2010,
p. 177.
[341] Unterberger 2009, pp. vvi: Hendrix inuenced hard
rock, heavy metal, and post-punk; Whitaker 2011, p. 378:
Hendrix inuenced funk and hip hop.
[342] Moskowitz 2010, p. xiii.
[343] Moskowitz 2010, p. 85.
[344] Unterberger 2009, p. vi.

a pop star see: Wilkerson & Townshend 2006, p. 76; For

its entry in the English Heritage Blue Plaque database see:
Jimi Hendrix Brook Street Blue Plaque. English Heritage Blue Plaque database. English Heritage Blue Plaque
Scheme. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
[363] Jimi Hendrix Park. City of Seattle. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
[364] Kulkosky, Victor. (2012-09-19). Byron Pop Festival Gets Historic Marker. The Leader Tribune, Peach
County, GA.

[345] Green 2008, p. 19: Hendrix inuenced John Frusciante;

[365] Hall of Fame. Database. National Academy of RecordHandyside 2005, p. 34: Hendrix inuenced Eddie Hazel;
ing Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Owen & Reynolds 1991, p. 29: Hendrix inuenced
Prince, George Clinton, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers;
[366] Lifetime
Achievement
Award
(Grammy)".
Unterberger 2009, p. 21: Hendrix inuenced Ernie Isley.
Grammy.coms database and listing of award-winners.
National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
[346] Owen & Reynolds 1991, p. 30.
Retrieved July 13, 2012.
[347] Davis & Troupe 1989, pp. 282283.
[348] Davis & Troupe 1989, pp. 319320; 374.
[349] GP sta 2012, p. 54: Hendrix inuenced Yngwie Malmsteen and Joe Satriani, "[Hendrix] created modern electric
playing"; Gula 2008, p. 101: Hendrix inuenced Kirk
Hammett; Roby & Schreiber 2010, p. 72: Hendrix inuenced Stevie Ray Vaughan.
[350] Moskowitz 2010, p. 130.
[351] McDermott 2009, p. 90.
[352] Moskowitz 2010, p. 130: the Rock Guitarist of the Year
Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 722: World Top Musician
of 1969.

14 Bibliography
Aledort, Andy (1998). Jimi Hendrix: Band of Gypsys. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-9432-0.
Aledort, Andy (1996). Jimi Hendrix: A Step-by-Step
Breakdown of his Guitar Styles and Techniques. Hal
Leonard. ISBN 0-7935-3659-6.
Aledort, Andy (1995). Tolinski, Brad, ed. Jimi
Hendrix Lesson: Message to Love. Guitar School
7 (3).

26
Aledort, Andy (1991). Pollock, Bruce; Stix, John,
eds. Performance notes: Jimi Hendrix, 'All Along
the Watchtower'". Guitar Classics IV by Guitar: For
the Practicing Musician.
Black, Johnny (1999). Jimi Hendrix: The Ultimate
Experience. Thunders Mouth Press. ISBN 978-156025-240-5.
Brown, Tony (1992). Jimi Hendrix: A Visual Documentary - His Life, Loves and Music. Omnibus
Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-2761-2.
Brown, Tony (1997). Jimi Hendrix: The Final Days.
Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-5238-6.
Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A
Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion. ISBN 978-07868-8841-2.
Davis, Miles; Troupe, Quincy (1989). Miles: The
Autobiography. Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-313827.
Doggett, Peter (2004). Jimi Hendrix: The Complete
Guide to his Music. Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84449424-8.
Fairchild, Michael (April 1991). The Experience
of a Lifetime. Guitar: For the Practicing Musician
8 (6).
George-Warren, Holly, ed. (2001). The Rolling
Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (2005 revised
and updated ed.). Fireside. ISBN 978-0-74329201-6.
GP sta (May 2012). Hendrix at 70. Guitar
Player 46 (5).
Green, Raleigh (2008). The Versatile Guitarist. Alfred Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7390-4805-4.
Gula, Bob (2008). Guitar Gods: The 25 Players
Who Made Rock History. Greenwood. ISBN 9780-313-35806-7.
Guitar World (December 2011). Jimi Hendrixs
100 Greatest Performances. Guitar World 32 (12).
Handyside, Christopher (2005). Soul and R&B.
Heinemann-Raintree. ISBN 978-1-4034-8153-5.
Heatley, Michael (2009). Jimi Hendrix Gear: The
Guitars, Amps & Eects that Revolutionized Rock 'n'
Roll. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-3639-7.

14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hendrix, Leon; Mitchell, Adam (2012). Jimi Hendrix: A Brothers Story. St. Martins Press. ISBN
978-0-312-66881-5.
Inglis, Ian (2006). Performance and Popular Music:
History, Place and Time. Ashgate. ISBN 978-07546-4056-1.
Larkin, Colin (1998). Virgin All-time Top 1000 Albums. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0258-7.
Lawrence, Sharon (2005). Jimi Hendrix: The Intimate Story of a Betrayed Musical Legend. Harper.
ISBN 978-0-06-056301-1.
Levy, Joe, ed. (2005). Rolling Stones 500 Greatest
Albums of All Time (First Paperback ed.). Wenner
Books. ISBN 978-1-932958-61-4.
Mayer, John (2011). Jimi Hendrix. In Brackett,
Nathan. Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Artists of
All Time. Rolling Stone.
McDermott, John (2009). Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions.
BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-938-1.
McDermott, John (1992). Lewisohn, Mark, ed.
Hendrix: Setting the Record Straight. Grand Central.
ISBN 978-0-446-39431-4.
Mitchell, Mitch; Platt, John (1990). Jimi Hendrix:
Inside the Experience. St. Martins Press. ISBN
978-0-312-10098-8.
Morello, Tom (December 8, 2011). Wenner, Jann,
ed. Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Guitarists of
All Time. Rolling Stone (1145).
Moskowitz, David (2010). The Words and Music of
Jimi Hendrix. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-37592-7.
Murray, Charles Shaar (1989). Crosstown Trac:
Jimi Hendrix and the Rock 'n' Roll Revolution (First
US ed.). St. Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-31204288-2.
Owen, Frank; Reynolds, Simon (April 1991).
Hendrix Lives! Why Jimi still matters. Spin 7 (1).
Potash, Chris, ed. (1996). The Jimi Hendrix Companion. Omnibus. ISBN 978-0-7119-6635-2.
Redding, Noel; Appleby, Carol (1996). Are You
Experienced?. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30680681-0.

Hendrix, James A. (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises. ISBN 978-0-9667857-0-8.

Roberts, David, ed. (2005). British Hit Singles &

Albums (18 ed.). Guinness World Records Limited.
ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8.

Hendrix, Janie L.; McDermott, John (2007). Jimi

Hendrix: An Illustrated Experience. Atria. ISBN
978-0-7432-9769-1.

Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold: The Lost Archives

of Jimi Hendrix. Billboad Books. ISBN 978-08230-7854-7.

27
Roby, Steven; Schreiber, Brad (2010). Becoming Jimi Hendrix: From Southern Crossroads to
Psychedelic London, the Untold Story of a Musical
Genius. Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-81910-0.
Rosen, Craig (1996). The Billboard Book of Number One Albums. Billboard. ISBN 978-0-82307586-7.
Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of
Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed
Music Forever, Volume 1. Greenwood. ISBN 9780-313-33846-5.
Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix: Musician.
Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-764-6.
Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995) [1990].
Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy (New and Improved
ed.). St. Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-130626.

15 Further reading
Barker, Steve (2012) [1967]. Jimi Hendrix talks to
Steve Barker. In Roby, Steven. Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix.
Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-322-5.
Etchingham, Kathy (1999). Through Gypsy Eyes
Hendrix. Firebird Distributing. ISBN 978-0-75282725-4.
di Perna, Alan (2002) [2000]. Kitts, Je, ed. Jimi
Live!". Guitar Legends (chapter: Wild Thing) (57).
Geldeart, Gary; Rodham, Rodham (2008). Jimi
Hendrix from the Benjamin Franklin Studios. Jimpress. ISBN 978-0-9527686-7-8.
Haln, Ross; Tolinski, Brad (2004). Classic Hendrix. Genesis Publications. ISBN 978-0-90435190-3.

Stix, John (1992). Jimi Hendrix/Stevie Ray

Vaughan (chapter: Eddie Kramer: O the
Record)". Guitar Presents (57).

Knight, Curtis (1974). Jimi: An Intimate Biography

of Jimi Hendrix. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-198800.

Stubbs, David (2003). Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix,

the Stories Behind Every Song. Thunders Mouth
Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-537-6.

Kruth, John (2000). Bright Moments: The Life &

Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk. Welcome Rain
Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56649-105-1.

Trynka, Paul (1996). Rock Hardware. Hal Leonard.

ISBN 978-0-87930-428-7.

Marshall, Wolf (1995). Marshall, Wolf, ed. Wild

Thing. Wolf Marshalls Guitar One 2.

Unterberger, Richie (2009). The Rough Guide to

Jimi Hendrix. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84836002-0.

Roby, Steven (2012). Hendrix on Hendrix: Interviews and Encounters with Jimi Hendrix. Chicago
Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-322-5.

Wenner, Jann (2010) [2004]. 500 Greatest Songs of

All Time. Rolling Stone. OCLC 641731526.

Whitburn, Joel (1988). Joel Whitburns Top R&B

Singles, 19421988. Record Research, Inc. ISBN
978-0-89820-068-3.

Whitaker, Matthew C. (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries 1.
Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-37642-9.
Whitburn, Joel (2010). The Billboard Book of Top
40 Hits, 19552009 (9 ed.). Billboard Books. ISBN
978-0-8230-8554-5.
Whitehill, Dave (1989a). Hendrix: Are You Experienced. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7119-3654-6.
Whitehill, Dave (1989b). Hendrix: Axis: Bold As
Love. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-2391-7.
Whitehill, Dave (1989c). Hendrix: Electric Ladyland. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-3385-5.
Wilkerson, Mark; Townshend, Pete (2006).
Amazing Journey: The Life of Pete Townshend. Bad
News Press. ISBN 978-1-4116-7700-5.

van der Bliek, Rob (May 2007). The Hendrix

chord: Blues, exible pitch relationships, and selfstanding harmony. Popular Music 26 (2): 343
64. doi:10.1017/S0261143007001304. JSTOR
4500321.

16 Documentaries
Joe Boyd, John Head, Gary Weis (Directors) (2005)
[1973]. Jimi Hendrix (DVD) (in English Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround and Dolby Digital 5.1). Warner
Home Video. ASIN B0009E3234.
Roger Pomphrey (Director) (2005). Classic Albums The Jimi Hendrix Experience Electric Ladyland (DVD). Eagle Rock Entertainment. ASIN
B0007DBJP0.

28

17

Bob Smeaton (Director) (2013). Jimi Hendrix: Hear

My Train A Comin' (DVD, Blu-ray) (in English
Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo). Sony Legacy. ASIN
B00F031WB8.
Bob Smeaton (Director) (2012). West Coast Seattle
Boy: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child (DVD, Blu-ray)
(in English Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo). Sony Legacy.
ASIN B007ZC92FA.

17

External links

Ocial website
All Jimi Hendrixs concerts. hendrix.free.fr
The Jimi Hendrix Foundation
Jimi Hendrix Memorial Project
Jimi Hendrix: 'You never told me he was that
good'" Ed Vulliamy, The Guardian
Jimi Hendrix collected news and commentary at The
New York Times
Works by or about Jimi Hendrix in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Articles concerning disputes about rights to the Hendrix musical publishing estate. Los Angeles Times

EXTERNAL LINKS

29

18
18.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Jimi Hendrix Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix?oldid=671213746 Contributors: The Epopt, Ansible, Mav, The
Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Gareth Owen, Ed Poor, Shsilver, Christian List, Ortolan88, William Avery, Zoe, Camembert, Modemac,
KF, Hephaestos, Soulpatch, Tedernst, Kchishol1970, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Stormwriter, Llywrch, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Shoaler, GTBacchus, Tregoweth, Mortene, Ahoerstemeier, Ron Davis, TUF-KAT, Yaronf, , Ciphergoth, Gabriel, Cadr, Scott, Jeandr du
Toit, Mxn, BRG, Silversh, Hashar, Mulad, Jim68000, Ventura, Charles Matthews, Ww, Viajero, Hydnjo, Fuzheado, Wik, PeterGrecian,
Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, E23~enwiki, Furrykef, Jgm, Tempshill, Neal Finne, Morven, Trent, Fvw, Johnleemk, David.Monniaux, Finlay
McWalter, UninvitedCompany, Palere, Sjorford, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Adamahill, Sander123, Pigsonthewing, Iam, Gregors, Fredrik,
PBS, Chris 73, Donreed, Jmabel, Goethean, Modulatum, Calmypal, Mayooranathan, Merovingian, Rfc1394, GregorBrand, Desmay,
Spike, PxT, Meelar, Blainster, Sunray, Bkell, Dcy, Catbar, Hadal, JackofOz, Wereon, Stay cool~enwiki, Vista4u2, Michael Snow, Dave
Bass, Cecropia, Carnildo, Alan Liefting, Gobeirne, Albatross2147, Centrx, TOO, Smjg, Christopher Parham, Paul Richter, Jacoplane,
Inter, Cobaltbluetony, Tom harrison, Ferkelparade, Fastssion, Bradeos Graphon, Everyking, No Guru, Curps, Michael Devore, Henry
Flower, Gamaliel, Sunny256, Niteowlneils, Vunzmstr, Mboverload, Ferdinand Pienaar, Siroxo, VampWillow, Boothinator, Matt Crypto,
Angelo.romano, Bobblewik, Golbez, CeltMDC, McCann51, Gyrofrog, RivGuySC, Neilc, ChicXulub, Chowbok, Fergananim, Andycjp,
Soup, Cckkab, Quadell, Ran, Antandrus, GeneMosher, JoJan, MistToys, Kaldari, Jossi, Dunks58, Anythingyouwant, DragonySixtyseven, Bumm13, Ganymead, Cow, Icairns, Marc Mongenet, Two Bananas, ErikNY, Carolaman, Gscshoyru, JohnM~enwiki, Neutrality,
Jcw69, Dcandeto, Jh51681, Sonett72, Subsume, Deeceevoice, Jake11, Deleteme42, Acsenray, Reex Reaction, Zro, Alkivar, D6, Kadon,
Dhuss, Freakofnurture, Heegoop, Venu62, Lifefeed, Gwaur~enwiki, Wikityke, Discospinster, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Brutannica, Zoso
Jade, Caesar, Randomuser0101, 2vf~enwiki, Florian Blaschke, Kenwarren, Barista, Ajplmr, Kooo, Ahkond, Adamrmoss, JPX7, Mani1,
Kms007, Bender235, ESkog, Sc147, Kjoonlee, Kaisershatner, JoeSmack, Aranel, El C, Szyslak, SpencerWilson, Edward Z. Yang, Aude,
Shanes, Spearhead, C1k3, RoyBoy, Rsgranne, EurekaLott, Cacophony, Mike Garcia, Jpgordon, Rpresser, ChrisB, Bobo192, Circeus, Longhair, TommyG, Feitclub, Shenme, Filiocht, Viriditas, Phidauex, Jolomo, Adrian~enwiki, Irrawaddy, PeterisP, Naturenet, Cunningham,
DCEdwards1966, Sam Korn, Krellis, Pearle, JesseHogan, Hooperbloob, Mareino, Knucmo2, Shirimasen, TheParanoidOne, PaulHanson,
Mo0, Tridelvior, Jamyskis, Swaledale, Rd232, Mr Adequate, AzaToth, Yamla, Lectonar, Ferrierd, Water Bottle, Hoary, Lightdarkness,
DLJessup, Spangineer, PhazZ, Hu, Idont Havaname, Bart133, Wtmitchell, Schapel, Bbsrock, BaronLarf, Super-Magician, Shortdude123,
Colin Kimbrell, Yuckfoo, Ubermonkey, Arag0rn, Omphaloscope, CloudNine, Dirac1933, Infobacker, Rentastrawberry, Ndteegarden,
H2g2bob, BDD, CoastTOcoast533, Someoneinmyheadbutitsnotme, SteinbDJ, Gene Nygaard, Alai, Redvers, Red dwarf, SmthManly,
Dismas, Tariqabjotu, Megan1967, Stemonitis, Weyes, Firsfron, Octernion, OwenX, Woohookitty, Jannex, Lochaber, FeanorStar7, Vorash,
TigerShark, MK2, Pinball22, Samsoncity, Spettro9, Guy M, Madchester, Shaker1972, Paul Hansen, Ruud Koot, WadeSimMiser, MONGO,
Hoshq, Tabletop, Kelisi, Wikiklrsc, Thebogusman, Eras-mus, Uncle Remus, Plrk, CharlesC, Wayward, DESiegel, Allen3, Turnstep, A3r0,
Paxsimius, D.Holt, Alloy, Jarkka Saariluoma, Graham87, Sparkit, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Qwertyus, Cunundrumpw, Kbdank71, Ted Wilkes, RxS, Jshadias, Doughboy, Jdcooper, Canderson7, Tlroche, Looneyboyo, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Angusmclellan, Seidenstud, IanMcGreene, Solander, Capnez, Nightscream, Airosche, Koavf, Rogerd, Beefybot, Mfwills, Ichabod,
Misternuvistor, Phileas, Panoptical, Vary, Amire80, Rillian, Bruce1ee, Tawker, Stevekeiretsu, Sferrier, TracBenBoy, Bubba73, Krash,
Afterwriting, The wub, DoubleBlue, Cfortunato, Matt Deres, DickClarkMises, Sango123, Pinko1977, FuriousFreddy, Yamamoto Ichiro,
Bash, Microtonal, Titoxd, BrothaTimothy, DigitalRockstar-isBadName, Jameshawthorn, FlaBot, Maitch, Moskvax, Ian Pitchford, Sydbarrett74, Kyle543, SchuminWeb, Yoursvivek, Musical Linguist, Heilemann, DannyWilde, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, Nivix, RexNL, Gurch,
Redwolf24, BjKa, Boogiebonez, Brendan Moody, Riki, Phatcat68, Maltmomma, John Maynard Friedman, NotJackhorkheimer, DrIdiot,
Alphachimp, Bmicomp, Naturally, Sahaiata, Silivrenion, TearJohnDown, Jling, King of Hearts, Suso de la Vega~enwiki, Jersey Devil,
Badmotornger, Lightsup55, Metropolitan90, DVdm, Guliolopez, Mhking, JesseGarrett, Design, Cactus.man, Uvaduck, WriterHound,
Therefore, Mysekurity, Gwernol, Tone, Ben Tibbetts, Raelx, The Rambling Man, Sus scrofa, YurikBot, Wavelength, Chanlyn, TexasAndroid, RobotE, Eraserhead1, Sceptre, Huw Powell, Jimp, Peter G Werner, Brandmeister (old), Is is Is, RussBot, Rxnd, FrenchIsAwesome,
Gandhiwars, Leeharveyoswald747, WAvegetarian, Dinobass, Conscious, Ahluka, Ericorbit, Splash, Lexi Marie, Pigman, Chris Capoccia, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Tenebrae, Kojangee, CambridgeBayWeather, Pseudomonas, Wimt, Jammoe, Ritchy, Draeco, PetSounds,
MosheA, NawlinWiki, Anomie, Nowa, Wiki alf, Pagrashtak, Jamesgibbon, Spike Wilbury, Dialectric, Complainer, Jaxl, Necromancing,
Korny O'Near, ONEder Boy, Methellms, Derex, Gregg02, Aaron Brenneman, Hippopotamuses~enwiki, Banes, Jpbowen, BBnet3000,
Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, Mikeblas, Misza13, Tony1, Alex43223, Backtothefuture~enwiki, Bucketsofg, Syrthiss, Aaron Schulz, Docrutio,
T, Scottsher, Samir, Dissolve, Quentin mcalmott, BOT-Superzerocool, Gogodidi, Preptech, Asarelah, Kewp, Evrik, Tachyon01, CLW,
INaNimAtE, Bronks, Asams10, Nlu, Brazilfantoo, Wknight94, Elysianelds, Ott2, Tigershrike, FF2010, Georgewilliamherbert, Zargulon,
Keppa, Getcrunk, Soul Embrace, Maximusveritas, Iamvered, Deville, Zzuuzz, Trilemma, Tilman, Lt-wiki-bot, Encephalon, Alexempire,
BGC, Veteran dj, Mappychris, Theda, Closedmouth, Erjon~enwiki, Cyrus Grisham, Mike Selinker, Fang Aili, Esprit15d, Jogers, Dark
Tichondrias, Sean Whitton, JuJube, GraemeL, MichaelW, JoanneB, Droidus, Alias Flood, Natgoo, Chachka, Whobot, Emc2, JLaTondre, Timothy J. Watkins, Jaranda, Garion96, Staxringold, Mad Gouki, Sugar Bear, Dynamaniac, Eaefremov, Snovember, Ybbor, G.AC,
Kungfuadam, RG2, Roguemaster83, Paul Erik, Kingboyk, Samuel Blanning, Selmo, DVD R W, WesleyDodds, Boss1000, That Guy,
From That Show!, TheChancellor, Kirobos, Luk, CarmelitaCharm, Kicking222, Attilios, RupertMillard, SmackBot, Looper5920, Nahald, Cubs Fan, Moeron, Hux, Bobet, Zazaban, Slashme, Prodego, Styles, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Elcella, David.Mestel, Pgk,
ParkerHiggins, Jim62sch, AndyZ, Hatto, Feyer, Allixpeeke, Jagged 85, Freekee, Davewild, ScaldingHotSoup, Gnarlodious, Scentlessapprentice, CyberCoder, Anastrophe, Jedikaiti, Bmearns, Eaglizard, Delldot, Rhetoricalwater, Hashjihad, Monz, Mr Pyles, Arniep, Lion
King, Ben Whiteside, Aphid360, JimmyBlackwing, Lexo, Alex earlier account, Ga, Happyjoyjo, Commander Keane bot, Xaosux,
Freddy S., Gilliam, Portillo, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Betacommand, Skizzik, Carl.bunderson, Canuck85, ERcheck, Dark jedi requiem,
Mcswordsh, The monkeyhate, Triwiki~enwiki, Kompak~enwiki, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Ciacchi, Awaggener, Madmedea~enwiki,
Bhutti, Aidanp, Geneb1955, Talensis, Persian Poet Gal, Stimpy9337, Venge, MK8, Phinny, Alucard 16, Jgera5, Ehhviin, Anchoress,
MalafayaBot, Michaelmross, CrazySexyCool, Caterfree10, Duhendrickson, SchftyThree, The Rogue Penguin, Dlohcierekims sock,
Fishhead2100, CSWarren, Cpinegar, StrangeAttractor, Raistuumum, Cassan, Colonies Chris, Wisden17, William Allen Simpson, Rlevse,
Rockfan, Brianruyle814, Jorgen veisdal, John Reaves, Wikirocks12345, Mladilozof, Thom, MarkyT, Alex 101, TheNewMinistry, Zsinj,
Wyth, Zhinz, Muboshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Walden69, Koubiak, Codggey, Jwillbur, Zone46, OrphanBot, Onorem, Jennica,
Snowmanradio, Avb, Wanka, Jajhill, Oxen Rockler, Kevinbrowning, Darwins Bulldog, Zvar, Adamschneider, Phaedriel, 97036~enwiki,
Divna Jaksic, Cyhatch, Estephan500, Krich, Ritchie333, Fuhghettaboutit, Radagast83, Khukri, NorseOdin, Nakon, VegaDark, MortalMadMan, Shamir1, Cordless Larry, SnappingTurtle, Oneofabillion, Peaceduck, Derek R Bullamore, Badgerpatrol, Cuervo7, Thinkpad20,
BryanG, Mwtoews, SpiderJon, Hwadsworth, Wizardman, Pats1, ILike2BeAnonymous, BiggKwell, Zalali, Fatandlazy11, Jaedglass, Sala-

30

18

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

murai, Where, Marcus Brute, DDima, DoxTxob, Pkeets, Analogypsy, Joeyramoney, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Krispykareem7, NIRVANA2764,
Alcuin, SamBlob, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Michael David, Barrel Roll, Oneangrydwarf, BridgeBurner, Rory096, Harryboyles,
Nareek, Rsdio, Horvendile, Dbastida, JzG, Zahid Abdassabur, NormalGoddess, Rambo23, Kuru, John, Scientizzle, Editor19841, Ocee,
Clausule, Rejax, SilkTork, Thabombtracka, DVD Smith, Calum Macisdean, Ndrly, Goshus, Some guy 1234567, Ishmaelblues, Catapult, Joelmills, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Guat6, Tony Corsini, Swmbuk, Merchbow, Jk31213, Tim Q. Wells, Gods666thChild,
Jazriel, Jet Jaguar, Zarniwoot, Goodnightmush, Megamanic, Doobuzz, Majorclanger, Mr. Lefty, Syrcatbot, Nobunaga24, Anand Karia,
Layla12275, Ckatz, Collect, The Man in Question, Speedboy Salesman, Ian Dalziel, Loadmaster, Special-T, Timeforemptyspaces, Phbasketball6, Laogeodritt, SimonATL, 9917, Mr Stephen, Count Chocula, Emurph, RyJones, Belizefan, Waggers, SandyGeorgia, CharlesMartel, Raine-07, Nwwaew, RomeoVoid, Midnightblueowl, E-Kartoel, Markjdb, Ryulong, Hoving, Zarsh, Scorpion0422, Galactor213,
PSUMark2006, Cd212, Dl2000, Phuzion, Jnk, Politepunk, Lucid, Zigthis, JoshLMeyer, OnBeyondZebrax, Nonexistant User, HisSpaceResearch, Iridescent, K, Dekaels~enwiki, Clarityend, Anahra, LuisGomez111, JoeBot, Shoeofdeath, Badger-head, Cro..Scream, DougHill,
Twas Now, Beautifulman, Waldo J. Cartridge, Msleeman, BlackBetty, Lenoxus, Hedpeguyuk, DafadGoch, Marysunshine, Wepeel22,
Az1568, GiantSnowman, Raider2044, IanOfNorwich, Anger22, Omjeremy, Malickfan86, Tawkerbot2, Alegoo92, Daniel5127, Joshuagross, RattleandHum, Timrem, Fdssdf, Dryingup, Patrickwooldridge, Cabrosa, Bearingbreaker92, Jewboy999, The Haunted Angel, Damir
H., Hoovooloo, JForget, Sushi4u, Dualldual, Markjoseph125, CmdrObot, J.T., Ishbuu, Seal Clubber, Mattbr, Earthlyreason, Kevin j,
Cyrus XIII, Pekinpekin, Hnc197, Metsman, Gypsyjazzbo, Xanderer, RedRollerskate, Stormwysper, Mjimih, Drinibot, Jsmaye, CuriousEric, Eye heart pizza, ShelfSkewed, Huw123456789, Outriggr, Guitarpete, Marknelsen, Shizane, Atticus765, Casper2k3, Boomtown
Rat, Kerimparrot, Ken Gallager, NE Ent, MUBOTE, Irishninja1980, Chantessy, Mike 7, RoddyYoung, Creakylol, Delong71487, Elambeth, Michfan2123, Cydebot, Aodhdubh, Mgarcia22, Mastranios, Jman14141414, Eternalmonkey, Peripitus, Andreasegde, Hobnob1986,
Treybien, ClonedPickle, Oosoom, Fatuglyman, Moham, Fair Deal, MXWest, Registered user 92, Brillig20, Thegreathal, Merrittparkway,
Aristophanes68, Clashwho, Ajxu, SyntaxError55, TheLazenby, Thoraxcorp, Gogo Dodo, JPage, Travelbird, Andre666, Johnbtv, Joshwurv,
HaloXXXV, ST47, Lugnuts, Alasdairmacdonald, Wikipediarules2221, Nmajdan, Yeanold Viskersenn, Odie5533, Jakdaking, Jobaharms,
Tawkerbot4, HK51, Kil er ski er, Shirulashem, Johndoe349, Chrislk02, RXPhd, Kafka1251, Ichorwhip, DBaba, Optimist on the run,
Aricci526, Doodleface, Ward3001, SoreNeck, After Midnight, Ebyabe, Omicronpersei8, John26~enwiki, Pustelnik, Crum375, John R
Murray, Simonwarner, Dazza90, APIwire, Col3, Casliber, TheKaiser420, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Daa89563, Kraenetti,
Didgepenguin, Bradhamill, Jedibob5, PEJL, Ucanlookitup, Keraunos, Supuhfanng, Arthur Rimbaud~enwiki, Brian G. Wilson, Ach9891,
Acidtest, Camelcast, Headbomb, Atechi, DistinctHead, Tapir Terric, Jonnyh71, James086, Java13690, Merbabu, PHaze, 54gsze4ghz5,
Johny300, Massimo Macconi, Catsmoke, Inner Earth, Steven Feces, Static Ares, Thebbc, Strausszek, PJtP, Douma, Wauman, Knucklehead2354, Piecemakr, MichaelMaggs, Ratbert42, HJensen, Limelight~enwiki, EmoHippy123, Escarbot, LOL-INTERNET, AIias Flood,
Porqin, Moreair15, Loristine97, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Majorly, BokicaK, Yonatan, Luna Santin, Christopherwils, Albalb, Seaphoto,
Purplejim, Opelio, SummerPhD, Prolog, Dr. Blofeld, James Epstein, AaronY, Hayoungs, SmokeyTheCat, Atavi, Dr who1975, Jj137,
Fayenatic london, Randywilliams1975, Andrew281968, Tommaso456, Justinmeister, Modernist, Doktor Who, Braitman, -m-i-k-e-y-,
22n11, Gdo01, Pokeboi, Alphachimpbot, Hoponpop69, Mutt Lunker, Ok!, Jojo2688, Jessiejames, G Rose, Talinda, Djoest, Ghmyrtle, Kaini, Figma, Squidgyegg, Sluzzelin, Andrzejbanas, Bigjimr, JAnDbot, Xnux, Tigga, Tychung84, NapoliRoma, DaGamer, MERC, Skomorokh, AP.BOT, Shaunobrien, Ericoides, Janejellyroll, Jazzeur, EKindig, Mograbber, Ethan C, BenB4, Dcooper, Limelighta,
Roleplayer, Reign of Toads, J-stan, Benruholl@gmail.com, Ethan Clark, Rocker8222, MegX, Ethan j. Clark, Ethan J.C, Paulthesinger,
Brandonm2, Rothorpe, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Wildhartlivie, Hurmata, Pedro, 75pickup, Bennybp, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, MartinDK, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Kuyabribri, Dentalplans, Ff1959, BucsWeb, Mathematrucker, Elcapitane, Jonadair, Kosmopolis, Foldback, Username550, Voloshinov, AliMaghrebi, Arielgodwin, Shablog, Froid, Isaiahcambron, Bubba hotep, Tony Hunter, Akami, Theroadislong, JohnnyChicago, Unplugged68, Rodparkes, Cgingold, Kameejl, Awochamp11, Iain Stuart, Just H, MiPe, Ejc1993, Ultranotadork, Rock n roll,
Deanostrodamus, Allstarecho, Lethaniol, Dravick, Drewcifer3000, Johnbrennan06, Trodes, Bobanny, Glen, Valerius Tygart, Zick0604,
Stratpod, Xtifr, Jplin1, Wayneneutron, Dirtybutclean, Jembo, Gjd001, Salimi, Joshzivot, Mithras6, Markdf10825, Disillusi, Littlewing1,
Modemman11, PhantomS, Stealthound, BigWillieSmith9389, Phantomsnake, PAK Man, Hendrix121, BetBot~enwiki, Wildcat293, Arjun01, Bobaloo58, Peter v, Aladdin Sane, Jindail, Roastytoast, Centpacrr, Punk o rama, Kostisl, Jarrod76, LinguisticDemographer, Mycroft7, CommonsDelinker, Vox Rationis, Johnpacklambert, MC-jOfEgREE, Artaxiad, 183kevin183, Arlenjimivibewtf, J.delanoy, Nev1,
Filll, DrKiernan, Carre, DandyDan2007, GreenRunner0, Pringbat, Cyborg Ninja, Walker222, Peter Chastain, Violask81976, Nasmformyzombie, Kwellyn, Stephanwehner, YourNameHere117, Stovepipe93, Rgreed, Tnew38, George415, Tonypepperoni, Mike Eder,
Hip-Hop and Rock, The Wiki Priest, BrokenSphere, Bot-Schafter, PedEye1, Cgilbert76, AndrewProkop, Zabrak, Ryan Postlethwaite,
Aboutmovies, Elwood17, Dexter prog, UMD306, Pletet, SY0017, Clayhous, SteveChervitzTrutane, AntiSpamBot, Linuxmatt, Floateruss, Deftones5890, Plasticup, Knight of BAAWA, Sd31415, JimmyBronx, Klicken, Flatterworld, Correctimundo, Joe snail, Ksy92003,
Angular, Valin Kenobi, Editor37, Adamd1008, Kidlittle, Bonhamrudd 91, DH85868993, Defysa, Tygrrr, Sir Crimson, Atama, Mfbinc,
Mimr, Donmike10, Floogus, Ejdasd, Nerpking, DawnHall, Inter16, Bonadea, Jampilot, Bobtheshguy, David T Tokyo, Smoovedogg,
KGV, Wilhelm meis, Scewing, Xiahou, Matthew.hartington, Idioma-bot, DaltreyEntwistleMoonTownshend, Jfkinyon, Portlock, Fainites,
Izzy007, Egghead06, Hugo999, Littleolive oil, Deor, BastianOfArt, Nomanzero, Dirtpig, Davidhuret, VolkovBot, CWii, Masaruemoto,
Guesswho9691, L.A.Nutti, Je G., Indubitably, Sparco138, Ganglandboss, Lew002, AlnoktaBOT, Ericamandy, ThrowingStick, Sjones23,
Bsroiaadn, Dougie monty, TruthSetter06, Philip Trueman, Blacksynth, Refsworldlee, Benjamin Barenblat, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Poison the Well, Erik the Red 2, Knowledgebycoop, Pyromaniaque, Gwib, I'm not giving my name to a machine, Technopat, Iamogilvie,
Heavymetalroc, Walor, Wookan, Brianluciano, Helixus, ElinorD, Meat is Meaty, IreneWyo, Whoisme11111, Gerrish, Douchebag111,
Drestros power, Qxz, Mickraus, Victimoeisure, Billy1223billy, Thankyoubutno, Rossmcd, IllaZilla, Clarince63, Seraphim, SonnyBoyHarper, DennyColt, Martin451, Slysplace, Chace12, Timmahoney, Sweetlove89, Cats blue california, Recordlover33, Electrokinesis, LuckyBob76, Seb az86556, Dogboy23, Delbert Grady, Veggieburgersh, FootyStavros, DavidR1991, BotKung, Trevor p21, Adrianstbbs, Josh
Allain, YoungRonJeremy, MrMelonhead, Rollingpinkled, YammiestYam, Defribulator, ElectricWheelchair, Oddtruth, Sword of Vidya,
Maiden666, Chinese Dude, Corndunks, IL7Soulhunter, Hollowdays, Topaz9, Sunset100vampire, Clamnebula, Synthebot, Strangerer, Latinoheat10189, Sea231, Orcanaoftime, Phantompie, Ralle Funk, Rock Soldier, Sal d'Ochin, Mlf107, HiDrNick, Why oh why not?, Pjoef,
Bluedenim, Funeral, - tSR - Nth Man, Astrife, Icyy2001, Munci, Solicitr, Shaidar cuebiyar, Daveh4h, Hiddensonyvaio, Rhickey1986,
Magicac4567, Mygigmms, Demmy, Nrt4, Ljscro, Cryonic07, Eightby8, Cosprings, Peter Fleet, SieBot, NATO.Caliber, Sposato, Parkhead, Flamingtorch372, Graham Beards, Moonriddengirl, Scarian, WereSpielChequers, Manormadman, Pc283, Saltywood, Bluedawe,
Gerakibot, Born Again 83, Mungo Kitsch, QMan666, Dawn Bard, Stevenmynameisearl, Jfwg22, Psychlist, ZOMGZWTF123, Aledrox,
J3 posh, Ludivine, Stratman07, Nizpee, Nduhn101, Freedomisforthosewhothinkforthemselves, Nite-Sirk, Maddiekate, FunkMonk, Arbor to SJ, 23mike95, Dukebrot, Wolfcm, Yfrimer, Prestonmag, Tenrii, GmanIV, Rcarlberg, Colloquial Hero, Antonio Lopez, Mansterbeastman, Nuttycoconut, ExoKiller4, TheOnlyOne12, BIGShorts, Lightmouse, AMCKen, Greatrobo76, BenoniBot~enwiki, Gunmetal
Angel, Tom.curran, Musse-kloge, Kumioko (renamed), Grim-Gym, Svick, Rjfost, Ledzeppelin91, Torchwoodwho, Coldcreation, Swellman, Rickylee32, Chillum, Jaan, Realm of Shadows, TaerkastUA, Austin Culley, Dabomb87, Pacf, Kebba1123, Randy Kryn, Littleone77,

18.2

Images

31

Fataf24, Tripod86, PsyberS, Hihitman, Emptymountains, Myrvin, Explicit, Wantnot, Smattp, Martarius, FlamingSilmaril, Mcelite, Beeblebrox, Leahtwosaints, ClueBot, Binksternet, PipepBot, Mirken21, Sleepv1, Zaccode, Wikievil666, All Hallows Wraith, Gonzob, GreekHouse, Kuyper, Marko sk~enwiki, ZenCopian, Arakunem, Bjornwireen, Spandrawn, Dlabtot, SomeGuy11112, Drmies, Der Golem, Cube
lurker, Wikitam331, Joshkooldude, Hendrix is me, Timberframe, Al kirtley, Jhachey22, Fenwayguy, TomKing1980, Niceguyedc, Jamesia, Richerman, Parkwells, Piledhigheranddeeper, Sackelin, Secret, Wiggl3sLimited, Theoriginalturtle, Brewcrewer, Benji63, Spark240,
Catsh Jim and the soapdish, Klenod, Nymf, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Jtsterling, Buckosucko212, Eeekster, Madboys, Umbl, Gtstricky, Wiki
Jibiki, Brashcyber, Guitar19, Eseijo, Lurulu, Lukamg, Wiki libs, A22~enwiki, Yoyoyoshia, Groovamos, Ninja-4976, CAB1971, Tnxman307, Cexycy, Ethanpeytonman, YorkshireTripper, J-love-lee, Redthoreau, Sophixer, Muro Bot, Geozza, A plague of rainbows, Teraldthecat, JaneGrey, Yoman82, Gersracing, Ballsmcgee69, Lx 121, JTSomers, Berean Hunter, Rossen4, Indopug, TheWho71, Myspace69,
DumZiBoT, Ugcfan, Jacksonkurtz, Editorofthewiki, Haris145, Jameselmo, Gnowor, Beachcomber, PontiacFirebird, Wikiuser100, Cornbreadcharlie, Sparklekenna, P01s0nkid, Edward Harding, Jkolak, Doc9871, Ciesielk, MarmadukePercy, Rividian, Tim010987, Mooneyb,
Devsdough, Greenismahfavcolor, Marchije, Good Olfactory, Ilikesnailz, Kbdankbot, HexaChord, Vic333, Gcstackmoney, Addbot, Ryan
Dylan, Malconfort, Bleehmeeh, Experimental Hobo Inltration Droid, Tonton Macoute, C6541, David Gabriel Sforza, Twaz, DOI bot,
Socheid, Dan56, Jdevola, Barnacles phd, WilliamMThompson, Rickholler, Blethering Scot, Jimy 0123, Jchap1590, Leszek Jaczuk, AspenShrines, Pasta4470, Redheylin, Ccacsmss, LinkFA-Bot, Lemonade100, Angry Shoplifter, Tassedethe, 84user, Numbo3-bot, Ecwx509,
Gaelic Rules, Hatto0467, Zorrobot, Travelling Tragition, Cmano13, Ben Ben, Legobot, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, JBains, EchetusXe,
JJARichardson, Ptbotgourou, Gerkhb5, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Troymacgill, Hansihippi, Rogerb67,
Roger Workman, Maringaense, Sebastian341, Lj tazer, Radiopathy, Gardenp, ElkeK, AnomieBOT, ThinkerFeeler, Ck1394, JHvW,
Georgejdorner, Ojorojo, Sierracool92, HM211980, Keithbob, ynnorne, Justme89, Ulric1313, PaulMW, Incesim, Cyan22, Citation
bot, Freshghter9, RevelationDirect, Basilisk4u, Neurolysis, Quebec99, LilHelpa, StewartNetAddict, Dilmunian, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Mr.
Frank, Dk100, Wether B, Tomd2712, Donpayette, Gilo1969, Tpain533, Choccie92, Sleehwnoeilliw, Tyrol5, Mlpearc, Disturbed286,
GreekStar12, Fposel, Aussie Ausborn, Ble, J04n, GrouchoBot, Smartkid1998, Gyodaimairlon, RibotBOT, Cresix, Mathonius, Sabrebd,
Traord09, GhalyBot, Hemken, Moxy, Earshear34, Learner001, Erik9, Mjasfca, Tktru, GripTheHusk, Skcin7, ObliqueStrategist, TL36,
FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, Originalwana, Tobby72, Traceylane, FotoPhest, Ddrehs, Sebastiangarth, Endofskull, Yanajin33, Macaronlover,
Hell in a Bucket, F4280, Philthy Liar, Mr Real Natural, Elfast, Juanmarodri, Louperibot, Armigo~enwiki, Citation bot 1, DrilBot, Bulbler,
HelpnWP, Simple Bob, XxTimberlakexx, Rockintc, I dream of horses, HRoestBot, Superceller, Pplbm, Tinton5, Gsiddardha, Tomcat7,
Xfansd, Hayalperest, Solid State Survivor, Dabit100, Evenrd, Zabadinho, Cmguy777, Evanaeus, Cullen328, B-Machine, Rockfan231,
Monkeymanman, 123pull456, Hessamnia, Jrvjrv, Surfeit of palfreys, Gerda Arendt, Discographer, TobeBot, Colchester121891, Martin
IIIa, Qzm, Ghazan Marwat, Nericson081263, Lidos, Katerenka, RaceRexeR, Abie the Fish Peddler, BorisAndDoris, Magicman77, Target Jackson, Weedwhacker128, Unrulyevil, Suusion of Yellow, PleaseStand, Tbhotch, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Grenouille vert, Onel5969,
RjwilmsiBot, Dlambe3, Turitiri, Acbistro, Bossanoven, Beyond My Ken, Hajatvrc, Elitropia, Spacejam2, Tinman44, GabeMc, EmausBot,
John of Reading, Bondiolo, 87Fan, WikitanvirBot, GA bot, Gfoley4, Jd2103, Musicindia1, Gored82, Racerx11, GoingBatty, Bt8257, Byron the punk, Solarra, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, Riggr Mortis, Marek Koudelka, Erpert, Yeepsi, ThatRockMetalGuy, Mz7, Evanh2008,
BarkingPumpkin1981, Sepguilherme, JSquish, ZroBot, John Cline, Illegitimate Barrister, Maxviwe, Jack Sebastian, DeWaine, AvicAWB,
Everard Proudfoot, H3llBot, Sd31263, SporkBot, GrindtXX, Gz33, Quable, Ballon d'or, RaptureBot, Wrestlegameshow, Openstrings,
Angi Hendrix116, Allen1350, Brandmeister, Oh babe, Jeerson Flagship, L Kensington, WeezyDrake, Danmuz, Peace is contagious, PeteLikesAbortions, Tableclothes, Dapopo1, Bulwersator, Terryvergamini, Masque of Red Death, Mystichumwipe, Wisdomtenacityfocus,
Tellsbadjokes, Xcalizorz, Jordan294, Jdillonf, MAP1995, Therewillbehotcake, MarconiCheese, ClueBot NG, Pantergraph, CactusBot,
SgtPetsounds, Jakeking12, Joefromrandb, Bibliorock, Jack11111, Two Wrongs, Dresian, Hengistmate, StarfoxFan, Kasirbot, SnakeRambo, Ryan Vesey, Cowik, Commons fair use upload bot (usurped), Helpful Pixie Bot, Chagallophile, Levdr1lostpassword, Mojorisin42,
BG19bot, The 5th Silver Beatle, TGilmour, Phill-XD, Northamerica1000, Registreernu, Tonkie, Metal Velocidad, Beanris, Zaltaire,
BizarreLoveTriangle, J.wong.wiki, Spidey665, Rakanqat, Michael Barera, Carlstak, Saftgurka, Franklyhot09, Writ Keeper, SilverBullitt,
Xijky, Kjath, Clayton Forrester, Edge4life42, Dereistic, DarafshBot, ChrisGualtieri, J4Editor, Bmankin1, Earl King Jr., Khazar2, Earaps,
Akdrummer75, Dexbot, Reverend Mick man34, Scholarlyarticles, Mogism, Madelgado45, Retrospector87, Charlie Inks, WhickedWilly,
Periglio, Wsdowning, GuitarGeek, Jamesx12345, Edmobbin, Markp1948, Plants Strider, Josue10rfu15, Taintedstreetlight, Chowhonwai,
Mmlov, Reverse polish, Bubbalou97, Chowkatsun kelvin, AshFR, Barbetrackryan, CJAllbee, EddieHugh, HurluGumene, VoxelBot, Sedimentary, Nanonano27, Chartbot, Zeddman123, Jb423, Bubills7701, Hahababy Zhang, PrivateMasterHD, Valetude, 2002jgg, Andy Tsz
Hin Cho, RealDealBillMcNeal, Sam Sailor, JosephSpiral, SNUGGUMS, Paul2520, KWIAFOH, Fans of most guitarists, Stamptrader,
Ithinkicahn, Kelvins page, PabloOsvaldo17, Freddiestoner, Monkbot, Hissler, Cphwb556, SgtPepper712, Ssven2, EternalFloette, Bammie73, Paniliakos85, Tidewater 2014, User228, RetroGameFan, Verbal.noun, Cougar2013, KasparBot,
and Anonymous: 1800

18.2

Images

File:"Bold_as_Love"_by_the_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/%22Bold_as_

Love%22_by_the_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: Axis: Bold as Love Original artist: Jimi Hendrix
File:1968_King_Vox_Wah_pedal.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/1968_King_Vox_Wah_pedal.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: GabeMc
File:Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Are_You_
Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Modied version of File:Are You Experienced - US cover.jpg
(enhanced quality). Original artist: Ilanv (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ilanv' title='User talk:Ilanv'>talk</a>)
File:Axiscover.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/85/Axiscover.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: http://
mystikegg.com/?cat=5 Original artist: Roger Law and Karl Ferris
File:Bertran_Philander_Ross_Hendrix_and_Zenora_\char"0022\relax{}Nora\char"0022\relax{}_Rose_Hendrix.
jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Bertran_Philander_Ross_Hendrix_and_Zenora_
%22Nora%22_Rose_Hendrix.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives/
blood-entertainers-life-and-times-jimi-hendrixs-paternal-grandparents Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

32

18

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/
Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.
svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides
File:Hendrix_in_Army.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Hendrix_in_Army.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1], as originally printed in a Fort Ord Training Center yearbook [2]. Original artist: Unknown U.S. Army personnel
File:Jimi_Hendrix{}s_Flying_V_Gibson_Guitar.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Jimi_
Hendrix%27s_Flying_V_Gibson_Guitar.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Jimi Hendrixs Flying V
Gibson Guitar Original artist: Mike Cattell
File:Jimi_Hendrix_1967_uncropped.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Jimi_Hendrix_1967_
uncropped.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: e24.se, attributed to Scanpix
trelleborgsallehanda.se Original artist: Original photographer unknown
File:Jimi_Hendrix_burning_his_guitar_at_the_Monterey_Pop_Festival,_June_18,_1967.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Jimi_Hendrix_burning_his_guitar_at_the_Monterey_Pop_Festival%2C_June_18%2C_1967.jpg License: Fair use
Contributors: San Franscico Art Exchange, screencap, cropped and reduced. Original artist: The author is Ed Carae; the copyright holder
is Getty Images.
File:Jimi_Hendrix_performing_\char"0022\relax{}Machine_Gun,_1_January_1970.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/en/b/bb/Jimi_Hendrix_performing_%22Machine_Gun%22%2C_1_January_1970.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: Sample
from "Machine Gun (Jimi Hendrix song)" Original artist: Jimi Hendrix
File:Jimi_Hendrix_performing_\char"0022\relax{}The_Star_Spangled_Banner\char"0022\relax{}_at_Woodstock,_18_
August_1969.ogg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0b/Jimi_Hendrix_performing_%22The_Star_Spangled_
Banner%22_at_Woodstock%2C_18_August_1969.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: Original publication: 1970
Immediate source: Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock CD
Original artist: Author: John Staord Smith. This arrangement: Jimi Hendrix
File:Jimi_Hendrix_performing_\char"0022\relax{}The_Star_Spangled_Banner\char"0022\relax{}_at_Woodstock,_August_
18,_1969.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Jimi_Hendrix_performing_%22The_Star_Spangled_Banner%
22_at_Woodstock%2C_August_18%2C_1969.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/starspangled-performance/2005/09/26/1127586797390.html'>The Sydney Morning Herald</a> Original artist: Unknown
File:Jimi_Hendrix_statue_outside_Dimbola_Lodge.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Jimi_
Hendrix_statue_outside_Dimbola_Lodge.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Editor5807
File:Jimi_hendrix_woodstock.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Jimi_hendrix_woodstock.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Jimi Hendrix guitar Original artist: Mark Tyra from Albuquerque, NM, USA
File:Jimi_hendryx_experience_1968.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Jimi_hendryx_experience_
1968.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: Uploaded by We hope at en.wikipedia
File:London_003_Hendrix_and_Handel_houses.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/London_003_
Hendrix_and_Handel_houses.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: London 003 Hendrix and Handel houses (originally uploaded by User:Mathsci on en.wikipedia.org with the above description) Original artist: DAVID HOLT
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:SamarkandHotel1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/SamarkandHotel1.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: TEL-Brough
File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Prol by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

18.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0