Circuits

by Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz

Equations

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

Chapter 1: Circuit Terminology

Chapter 2: Resisitive Circuits
Chapter 3: Analysis Techniques
Chapter 4: Operational Amplifiers
Chapter 5: RC and RL First-Order Circuits
Chapter 6: Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform
Chapter 7: ac Analysis
Chapter 8: ac Power
Chapter 9: Frequency Response of Circuits and Filters
Chapter 10: Three-Phase Circuits
Chapter 11: Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Chapter 12: Fourier Analysis Techniques

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

I=

i=

V
R

dq
dt

(1.2)

(A)

(1.3)

Z t

q(t) =

(C)

i dt

(1.6)

p = i

(W)

(1.9)

pk = 0

(1.10)

k=1

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

`
`
=
A
A

R=

()

= iR

p = i = i2 R =

G=

(2.3)

2
R

1
R

(2.2)

(W)

(S)

p = i = G 2

(2.4)

(2.5)

(W)

(2.7)

in = 0

(KCL)

(2.8)

(KVL)

(2.11)

(resistors in series)

(2.22a)

n=1

n = 0

n=1

Req = Ri
i=1


i =

N
1
1
=
Req i=1 Ri

Ri
Req


s

(resistors in parallel)

(2.22b)

(2.31)

Geq = Gi

(conductances in parallel)

(2.34)

i=1

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

R1 = R2

(2.38a)

s
R1

(2.38b)

R1 =

Rb Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc

(2.42a)

R2 =

Ra Rc
Ra + Rb + Rc

(2.42b)

R3 =

Ra Rb
Ra + Rb + Rc

(2.42c)

Ra =

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3
R1

(2.43a)

Rb =

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3
R2

(2.43b)

Rc =

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3
R3

(2.43c)

is =

R1 = R2 = R3 =

Ra
3

(if Ra = Rb = Rc )

(2.44a)

Ra = Rb = Rc = 3R1 (if R1 = R2 = R3 )

(2.44b)


Rx =

R2
R1


R3

(balanced condition)

V0
Vout '
4

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

R
R

(2.47)


(2.48)

c 2013 National Technology Press

GV = It

(3.26)

RI = Vt

(3.27)

Th
RTh

(3.37a)

RN = RTh

(3.37b)

iN =

RL  Rs

(maximum current transfer)

(3.39)

RL  Rs

(maximum voltage transfer)

(3.40)

(maximum power transfer)

(3.42)

RL = Rs

pmax =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

s2 RL
2
= s
2
(RL + RL )
4RL

(3.43)

c 2013 National Technology Press

ip = in = 0

(ideal op-amp model)

p = n


o =

(4.16)

(ideal op-amp model)

(4.17)

 
Rf
o
G=
=
s
Rs

(4.24)

o = G1 1 + G2 2

(4.31)

Rf
R


[1 + 2 ]

o = (1 + 2 )

(equal gain)

(4.32)

(inverted adder)

(4.33)







Rf
Rf
Rf
o =
1 +
2 + +
n
R1
R2
Rn

o =

R4
R3 + R4


o =

R2
R1



R1 + R2
R1



R2
2
R1

(4.34)


1

(4.40)


(2 1 )

(equal gain)



2R
(2 1 )
o = 1 +
R2

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(4.44)

(4.56)

c 2013 National Technology Press

(
0
u(t) =
1

for t < 0
for t > 0

(
0
for t T
r(t T ) =
(t T ) for t T

(5.2)

(5.4)

Z t

r(t) =

u(t) dt = t u(t)

(5.6)


t T
rect

0 for t < (T /2)

= 1 for (T /2) t (T + /2)

0 for t > (T + /2)



C=

C=

A
d

C=

(F)

(any capacitor)

(parallel-plate capacitor)

2`
ln(b/a)

(coaxial capacitor)

(t) = (t0 ) +

1
C

Z t

i dt 0

(5.8)

(5.20)

(5.21)

(5.22)

(5.24)

t0

1 t
i dt 0
(t) =
C 0
(capacitor uncharged before t = 0)
Z

w(t) =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

1
C 2 (t)
2

(J)

(5.25)

(5.28)

c 2013 National Technology Press

N
1
1
1
1
1
= =
+ ++
Ceq i=1 Ci C1 C2
CN

(5.35)

(capacitors in series)
N

Ceq = Ci

(capacitors in parallel)

(5.40)

i=1

C1 1 = C2 2

L=

N 2 S
`

(5.46)

(solenoid)

1
i(t) = i(t0 ) +
L

Z t

dt 0

(5.51)

(5.55)

t0

Leq = Li = L1 + L2 + + LN
i=1

(inductors in series)

(5.62)

N
1
1
1
1
1
= =
+ ++
Leq i=1 Li L1 L2
LN

(inductors in parallel)
d
+ a = 0
dt
(t) = (0) et/
= RC

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(5.65)

(source-free)

(5.69)

(natural response)

(5.77)

(s)

(5.78)

c 2013 National Technology Press

i(t) =

Vs t/
e
u(t)
(for t 0)
R
(natural response)

(5.82)

d
+ a = b
dt
(t) = () + [(0) ()]et/

(5.87)

(for t 0)

(switch action at t = 0)

(5.95)

(t) = () + [(T0 ) ()]e(tT0 )/

(for t T0 )

(5.97)

(switch action at t = T0 )
i(t) = i(0) et/

(for t 0)

(natural response)

(5.102)

1 L
=
a R

i(t) = i() + [i(0) i()]et/

(5.103)

(for t 0)

(switch action at t = 0)

(5.106)

i(t) = i() + [i(T0 ) i()]e(tT0 )/

(for t T0 )

(5.107)

(switch action at t = T0 )
1
out (t) =
RC

1
out (t) =
RC

Z t

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

Z t

i (t 0 ) dt 0 + out (t0 )

(5.128)

i (t 0 ) dt 0 (if out (0) = 0)

(5.129)

t0

c 2013 National Technology Press

out = RC

di
dt

(5.130)

tfall =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

CDn +CD
g

(5.155)

c 2013 National Technology Press

R
(Np/s)
(6.1a)
2L
1
(rad/s) (6.1b)
resonant frequency 0 =
LC
damping coefficient =

(series RLC)

i00L + a2 i0L + b2 iL = c2

(6.12)

1
2RC

(6.14)

(parallel RLC)

(t T ) = 0
Z

for t 6= T

(t T ) dt = 1

(6.15a)
(6.15b)

u(t T ) =

Z t

( T ) d

(6.19a)

d
[u(t T )] = (t T )
dt
Z

x(t) (t T ) dt = x(T )

(6.19b)

(6.23)

(sampling property)
e j = cos + j sin
x = |z| cos
p
|z| = x2 + y2

y = |z| sin
= tan1 (y/x)

z = (x + jy) = x jy = |z|e j = |z|

|z| =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(6.27)

z z

(6.30)

(6.31)

(6.32)

c 2013 National Technology Press

F(s) = L [ f (t)] =

(t)

[cos(t)] u(t)

f (t) est dt

(6.40)

(6.46)
s
s2 + 2

(6.47)

1 s
F
a>0
a
a
(time-scaling property)

f (at)

f (t T ) u(t T )

(6.49)

eT s F(s)

(6.53)

T 0
(time-shift property)
df
s F(s) f (0 )
dt
(time-differentiation property)
f0 =

(6.58)

d2 f
s2 F(s) s f (0 ) f 0 (0 )
dt 2
(second-derivative property)
(6.61)

f 00 =

Z t

1
F(s)
s
0
(time-integration property)

F(s) =

f (t 0 ) dt 0

A1
A2
An
+
++
s + p1 s + p2
s + pn
n

Ai
s
+
pi
i=1

(6.62)

(6.83)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press


A1 = (s + pi ) F(s)s=pi

(6.84)

i = 1, 2, . . . , n


Bj =



1
d m j
m

[(s
+
p)
F(s)]

(m j)! dsm j
s=p
j = 1, 2, . . . , m


(n 1)!
= t n1 eat u(t)
(s + a)n

= Ri

=L

i=C

di
dt

d
dt

ZR = R,

(6.92)

V = RI

(6.107)

V = sLI L i(0 )

(6.110)

I = sCV C (0 )

(6.111)

1
sC

(6.112)

ZL = sL

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(6.94)

and

ZC =

c 2013 National Technology Press

 = 2 f

T=

1
f

di
dt

(rad/s)

(7.3)

(s)

(7.4)

jI

(7.21)

I
j

i dt

(7.23)

V
I

()

(7.29)

ZR =

VR
=R
IR

(7.30)

ZL =

VL
= jL
IL

(7.35)

ZC =

1
VC
=
IC
jC

(7.38)

(impedances in series)

(7.64)

(admittances in parallel)

(7.66)

Z=

Zeq = Zi
i=1

Yeq = Yi
i=1

Z1 =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

Zb Zc
Za + Zb + Zc

(7.69a)

c 2013 National Technology Press

Z2 =

Za Zc
Za + Zb + Zc

(7.69b)

Z3 =

Za Zb
Za + Zb + Zc

(7.69c)

Za =

Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z1 Z3
Z1

(7.70a)

Zb =

Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z1 Z3
Z2

(7.70b)

Zc =

Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z1 Z3
Z3

(7.70c)

Za
, if Za = Zb = Zc
3

(7.71a)

Za = Zb = Zc = 3Z1 if Z1 = Z2 = Z3

(7.71b)

2 N2
=
=n
1 N1

(7.120)

i2 N1
=
i1 N2

(7.121)

Z1 = Z2 = Z3 =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

Z T

cos
0

(8.5)

x(t) dt
0

1 1
+ cos 2x
2 2

cos2 x =

1
T

Z T

1
T

Xav =

2nt
+ 1
T


dt =

1
2

and

(8.10)

Z
1 T

sin2

2nt
+ 2
T

s
Ieff =

1
T

Z T

1
T

dt =

1
2

i2 (t) dt

(8.13)

s
Xrms = Xeff =

1
T

Z T

x2 (t) dt

(8.14)

Z T

cos(nt + ) dt = 0 (n = 1, 2, . . . )

(8.22)

Pav =

Vm Im
cos( i )
2

(W)

Pav = Vrms Irms cos( i )

2
Vrms
R
(purely resistive load)

Pav = Vrms Irms =

Pav = Vrms Irms cos 90 = 0

(W)

(8.23)

(8.24)

(8.25)

(8.26)

(purely reactive load)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

S=

1
VI
2

S = Vrms Irms

(VA)

Q = Im[S]

(8.32)

(VA)

Q = Vrms Irms sin( i )

Pav = Re[S]

(8.29)

(VAR)

(8.34)

(average absorbed power)

(8.36a)

(peak exchanged power)

(8.36b)

1
2
Pav = Re[S] = |I|2 R = Irms
R
2
1
2
Q = Im[S] = |I|2 X = Irms
X
2
n

(W)

(8.39a)

(VAR)

(8.39b)

Pavi = 0

and

i=1

S = |S| =

pf =

(
cos ZL
pf =
cos new

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

Qi = 0

(8.40)

i=1

2 + Q2 = V I
Pav
rms rms

Pav
= cos( i )
S

(8.43)

(8.44)

pf = cos z

(8.49)

for the RL circuit alone

for the compensated circuit

(8.53)

XL = Xs

(8.63)

c 2013 National Technology Press

RL = Rs
ZL = Zs

(8.64)

(maximum power transfer)

(8.65)

1 |Vs |2
8 RL

(8.66)

Pav (max) =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

M0
M(c ) = = 0.707M0
2
1
0 =
LC

(RLC circuit)

(9.5)

(9.11)

R0 = Km R,
L0 = Km L,
C0 =

C
,
Km

(9.23)

and
= 0
(magnitude scaling only)
R0 = R,
L
,
Kf
C
C0 = ,
Kf
L0 =

(9.25)

and
0 = Kf
(frequency scaling only)
R0 = Km R,
Km
L,
Kf
1
C0 =
C,
Km Kf
L0 =

(9.26)

and
0 = Kf
(magnitude and frequency scaling)
G = XY

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

G [dB] = X [dB] +Y [dB]

(9.31)

c 2013 National Technology Press

G=

X
Y

G [dB] = X [dB] Y [dB]

1
0 =
LC

R
c1 = +
2L

s

s

R
c2 =
+
2L

(9.48)

R
2L

R
2L

(9.32)

2
+

2

B = c2 c1 =

1
LC

1
LC

R
L

(9.50a)

(9.50b)

(9.51)

c1 c2

(9.52)

Q = 2


Wstor 
Wdiss =0

(9.53)

Q=

0 L
R

(bandpass filter)

(9.61)

Q=

0
B

(bandpass filter)

(9.62)

0 =

c1 =

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

1
RC

(RC filter)

(9.72)

c 2013 National Technology Press

Y-Source Configuration
V1 = VYs 0
V2 = VYs 120

(10.1)

240

V3 = VYs

-Source Configuration
V12 = V1 V2
= VYs 0 VYs 120

= 3 VYs 30 = Vs 30

(10.3)

90

V23 = V2 V3 = Vs

V31 = V3 V1 = Vs 150

with Vs = 3 VYs
VN = 0

(balanced network)
Z = 3ZY

(10.8)
(10.12)

PT = 3VYL IYL cos Y

(10.18a)

QT = 3VYL IYL sin Y

(10.18)

(balanced network)

ST = PT + jQT =

3 VL IL Y

(10.20)

(balanced Y-load)
PT (t) = 3VYL IYL cos Y

(10.27)

PT = P1 + P2

(10.41)

(any 3-phase load)

QT = 3

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

VL2
sin
Z

(10.43)

c 2013 National Technology Press

QT =

3 (P2 P1 )

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(balanced load)

(10.45)

c 2013 National Technology Press

2 = M21

di1
dt

(11.6)

di1
di2
+M
dt
dt

(11.8a)

2 = L2

di2
di1
+M
dt
dt

(11.8b)

1 = L1

di2
di1
M
dt
dt

(11.9a)

di2
di1
M
dt
dt

(11.9b)

1 = L1
and

and
2 = L2

M
k=
L1 L2

M(max) =

L1 L2

(11.21)

(11.22)

(perfectly coupled transformer with k = 1)

ZR =

2M2
R2 + jL2 + ZL

(11.25)

 
  
V1
jL1 jM I1
=
V2
jM jL2 I2

(11.27c)

(transformer)

  
 
V1
j(Lx + Lz )
jLz
I1
=
V2
jLz
j(Ly + Lz ) I2
(T-equivalent circuit)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(11.28)

c 2013 National Technology Press

Lx = L1 M

(11.29a)

Ly = L2 M

(11.29b)

and
Lz = M

(11.29c)

(transformer dots on same ends)

Lx = L1 + M

(11.30a)

Ly = L2 + M

(11.30b)

and
Lz = M

(11.30c)

(transformer dots on opposite ends)

La =

L1 L2 M 2
L1 M

(11.31a)

Lb =

L1 L2 M 2
L2 M

(11.31b)

and
L1 L2 M 2
M
(transformer with dots on same ends)
Lc =

M(max) =

L1 L2

(11.31c)

(11.34)

(ideal transformer)
L2 N22
=
= n2
L1 N12
V2
=n
V1
I2 1
=
I1 n

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(11.35)

(ideal transformer
with dots on same side)

(11.36)

(ideal transformer
dots on same ends)

(11.39)

c 2013 National Technology Press

V2 N2
N2
=
=
V1
N
N1 + N2
and

(11.42)

I2 V1 N1 + N2
=
=
I1 V2
N2
(step-down autotransformer)
V2
N
N1 + N2
=
=
V1 N2
N2
and

(11.43)

I2 V1
N2
=
=
I1 V2 N1 + N2
(step-up autotransformer)
ILp
VLs
=
=n
VLp
ILs

ST =

(Y-Y and -)

(11.44)

(Y and )

(11.45)

3 VL IL

ILp
VLs
n
=
=
VLp
ILs
3

(Y-)

and
ILp
VLs
=
= 3n
VLp
ILs

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(11.46)
(-Y)

c 2013 National Technology Press

f (t) = a0 + (an cos n0t + bn sin n0t)

n=1

(sine/cosine representation)

(12.15)

1 T
f (t) dt
T 0
Z
2 T
an =
f (t) cos n0t dt
T 0
Z
2 T
f (t) sin n0t dt
bn =
T 0
Z

a0 =

An =

(12.17a)
(12.17b)
(12.17c)

p
a2n + b2n

and

 

1 bn

an > 0
tan
an 

n =
bn

an < 0
tan1
an

(12.26)

An n = an jbn

(12.27)

f (t) = a0 + An cos(n0t + n )

(12.28)

n=1

(amplitude/phase representation)

Even Symmetry: f (t) = f (t)

2 T /2
a0 =
f (t) dt,
T 0
Z
4 T /2
an =
f (t) cos(n0t) dt,
(12.31)
T 0
bn = 0,
(
0
if an > 0
An = |an |, and n =

180 if an < 0
Z

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press

Odd Symmetry: f (t) = f (t)

a0 = 0,

an = 0,

Z
4 T /2

f (t) sin(n0t) dt,

(12.32)
(
90 if bn > 0
An = |bn | and n =
90
if bn < 0
bn =

Solution Procedure:
Fourier Series Analysis Procedure
Step 1: Express s (t) in terms of an amplitude/
phase Fourier series as

s (t) = a0 + An cos(n0t + n )

(12.33)

n=1

with An n = an jbn .
Step 2: Establish the generic transfer function of
the circuit at frequency as
H() = Vout

when s = 1 cos t.

(12.34)

Step 3: Write down the time-domain solution as

out (t) = a0 H( = 0)

+ An Re{H( = n0 ) e j(n0t+n ) }.
n=1

(12.35)

Pav = Vdc Idc +

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

1
Vn In cos(n in )
2 n=1

(12.43)

c 2013 National Technology Press

cn =

an jbn
2

and

(12.47)

cn =

an + jbn
= cn
2

f (t) =

cn e jn0t

(12.48)

n=

(exponential representation)

cn =

1
T

Z T /2

f (t) e jn0t dt

(12.50)

T /2

sinc(x) =

sin x
x

(12.54)

f (t) =

cn e jn0t

(12.58a)

n=

1
cn =
T

Z T /2

f (t) e jn0t dt

F() = F [ f (t)] =

f (t) = F 1 [F()] =

K1 f1 (t) + K2 f2 (t)

f (t) e jt dt

(12.62a)

1
2

F() e jt d

(12.62b)

K1 F1 () + K2 F2 ()

(linearity property)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

(12.58b)

T /2

(12.65)

c 2013 National Technology Press

e jt0

(12.67a)

(12.67b)

2 ( 0 )

(12.68a)

2 ()

(12.68b)

(t t0 )
and
(t)
e j0t
and
1
e j0t f (t)

F( 0 )

(12.69)

(frequency-shift property)
f (t t0 )

e jt0 F()

(12.70)

(time-shift property)
cos 0t

[ ( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]

(12.71)

sin 0t

j[ ( + 0 ) ( 0 )]

(12.72)

Aeat u(t)

A
,
a + j

for a > 0

(12.73)

sgn(t) = u(t) u(t)

u(t)

f 0 (t)

cos 0t f (t)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

() +

(12.74)

1
j

(12.79)

j F()

(12.81)

1
[F( 0 ) + F( + 0 )]
2

(12.82)

c 2013 National Technology Press

F() = F ()

(12.85)

(reversal property)
Z

f 2 (t) dt =

1
2

|F()|2 d

(12.86)

(Parsevals theorem)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby and Michel M. Maharbiz, Circuits

c 2013 National Technology Press