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    Chemistry 1F92 Review Final Exam

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    Jared
    The document provides a summary of chemistry lectures covering topics of chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, entropy, free energy, electrochemistry, organic chemistry reactions, and more. Key points include: - Equilibrium constant describes the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. For gas reactions, Kp expresses the equilibrium constant as partial pressures. - Le Chatelier's principle predicts how chemical equilibrium responds to changes in conditions such as temperature, concentration, and pressure. - Entropy measures disorder and factors into calculations of Gibbs free energy, which relates to spontaneity of reactions. - Electrochemistry concepts include redox reactions, electrochemical cells, and electrolysis. Standard reduction potentials and cell potentials can

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    Chemistry 1F92 Review Final Exam

    Uploaded by

    Jared
    68 views10 pages
    The document provides a summary of chemistry lectures covering topics of chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, entropy, free energy, electrochemistry, organic chemistry reactions, and more. Key points include: - Equilibrium constant describes the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. For gas reactions, Kp expresses the equilibrium constant as partial pressures. - Le Chatelier's principle predicts how chemical equilibrium responds to changes in conditions such as temperature, concentration, and pressure. - Entropy measures disorder and factors into calculations of Gibbs free energy, which relates to spontaneity of reactions. - Electrochemistry concepts include redox reactions, electrochemical cells, and electrolysis. Standard reduction potentials and cell potentials can

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    CHEMISTRY 1F92 Final Exam Review

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    The document provides a summary of chemistry lectures covering topics of chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, entropy, free energy, electrochemistry, organic chemistry reactions, and more. Key points include: - Equilibrium constant describes the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. For gas reactions, Kp expresses the equilibrium constant as partial pressures. - Le Chatelier's principle predicts how chemical equilibrium responds to changes in conditions such as temperature, concentration, and pressure. - Entropy measures disorder and factors into calculations of Gibbs free energy, which relates to spontaneity of reactions. - Electrochemistry concepts include redox reactions, electrochemical cells, and electrolysis. Standard reduction potentials and cell potentials can

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    68 views10 pages

    Chemistry 1F92 Review Final Exam

    Uploaded by

    Jared
    The document provides a summary of chemistry lectures covering topics of chemical equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, entropy, free energy, electrochemistry, organic chemistry reactions, and more. Key points include: - Equilibrium constant describes the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. For gas reactions, Kp expresses the equilibrium constant as partial pressures. - Le Chatelier's principle predicts how chemical equilibrium responds to changes in conditions such as temperature, concentration, and pressure. - Entropy measures disorder and factors into calculations of Gibbs free energy, which relates to spontaneity of reactions. - Electrochemistry concepts include redox reactions, electrochemical cells, and electrolysis. Standard reduction potentials and cell potentials can

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    Chemistry Review Final Exam

    Watch out for the units and use the formulas!


    Lecture 56:
    Chemical Equilibrium
    - Equilibrium constant describes the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium
    - For gas reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed as partial pressures
    - Note: Must be GASES, liquids or solids are not counted in Kp expression

    - Relationship between Kp and Kc may be determined:

    - Equilibrium can be denoted into ICE tables


    - For Kp create expressions out of total pressure and known ratios
    Lecture 57:
    - More Kp and Kc questions
    Lecture 58:
    Predicting Shifts in Equilibrium
    - Le Chtelier's principle, can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium.
    - Use the comparison between reaction quotient (Q) and equilibrium constant (K)
    - Side Note: Kc is the ratio of the rate of reaction forward over the reaction backwards

    - Reaction quotient mathematically the same as Kp and Kc but is just used to predict the direction of the
    reaction
    Expression
    Qc = Kc
    Qc < Kc
    Qc > Kc

    Shift
    NO SHIFT
    SHIFT TOWARDS PRODUCTS
    SHIFT TOWARDS REACTANTS

    Changes in Equilibrium:
    Temperature:
    - THE ONLY ONE TO CHANGE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
    - Changes do shift reaction
    - Consider H as part of the reaction:
    - Positive H is endothermic; consider a reactant (increase in temp pushes forward)
    - Negative H is exothermic; consider a product (increase in temp pushes backward)
    Changes in Concentration:
    - Shifts equilibrium to keep equilibrium constant the same
    Examples:
    - Removed product will drive reaction forwards
    - Added product will drive reaction backwards
    Changes in Pressure:
    - Affects gases
    - Shifts to relieve the applied stress (or lack thereof)
    Examples:
    - Increased pressure will shift reaction towards side of lower moles
    - Decreased pressure will shift reaction towards side of higher moles
    Changes in Volume: (inverse of pressure)

    - Affects gases
    - Shifts to relieve the applied stress (or lack thereof)
    Examples:
    - Increased volume will shift reaction towards side of higher moles
    - Decreased volume will shift reaction towards side of lower moles
    Catalysts DO NOT shift reaction or change Kc increase rate in both directions, but no net change
    Lecture 59:
    Entropy, Free Energy and Equilibria
    - Entropy is the measure of disorder; uses units of J/(K*mol)
    - Examples:
    - Level of Entropy: Solid < Liquid < Gases
    - Flexible molecules have more disorder than rigid molecules
    - Entropy can locally increase or decrease (but S of the universe always increasing)
    - Must factor in state of the reactants and products as well # of molecules
    S is negative
    S is positive
    S is zero

    Entropy decreases
    Entropy increases
    Entropy neutral

    For Same State Calculations:

    For Phase Changes:


    - S is equal to the heat given off / absorbed divided by the temperature of the phase change
    - q= mH

    Gibbs Free Energy:

    Lecture 60:
    - Relations between H , S , G
    - Remember G values and the spontaneity of the reaction
    - Relationship between Kc / Kp and G
    Lecture 61:
    Electrochemistry Continued:
    - Balancing redox reactions
    - Reminders:
    - O in H2O2 has the oxidation number of -1, NOT -2
    - H usually takes on oxidation number of +1, but sometimes can be -1
    - The chemical being reduced is the oxidizing agent and the chemical being oxidized is the reducing agent
    - Oxidized: loss of electrons; reduced: gain of electrons
    Electrochemical Cells (A Battery):
    - Generates electricity using a spontaneous redox reaction
    - Spontaneous = G < 0 (negative)
    System Breakdown:
    - Anode: site of oxidation (solid into solution growing anode) and source of electrons
    - Cathode: site of reduction (solution into solid growing cathode) and pool of electrons
    - Salt Bridge: a salt solution where negative ions head towards anode; positive ions head towards cathode
    - Voltmeter in the center of the flow of electrons: calculates cell voltage (EMF)

    Short form of Electrochemical cell:


    Anode (s) | Anode Solution (aq) ||Cathode Solution (aq)|Cathode (s)
    - Molarity, charge, and state of solutions or solids stated!
    - Standard reduction is 1M solutions and 1 atm pressure for gases
    Calculating Charge:

    - DO NOT change the sign of the anode from the table of E o values! ; Expression takes into account
    - Batteries MUST have a positive value for voltage
    - Remember to balance for electrons!
    Finding G of cell:

    Lecture 62:
    - Relationship between G, K and Ecell all formulas found on formula sheet

    - Eo is an intensive property; is not affected by the size of the electrodes or amount of solution
    - Ecell only works for 1M solutions; must use Nernst equation when working with non-standard concentrations

    - Reactant is the solution in the anode; product is the solution in the cathode
    Trend: The greater the anode solution concentration, the smaller the Ecell charge
    Trends of the Standard Reduction Potentials
    - The more negative the Eo, the more likely to be oxidized (be an anode)
    - The more positive the Eo, the more likely to be reduced (be a cathode)
    - Large negative value standard reduction potentials are more reactive than the others
    Implications: the more negative reactions are easiest oxidized, and hardest reduced
    Think back to the electrochemical cell!
    Lecture 63:
    - Redox reaction reactivity
    - If the reaction goes, the species being oxidized is more active
    - If the reaction does not go, the species being reduced is more active
    Easy way: flip all reactions so they go, find the substance being oxidized its the more reactive one
    Electrolysis:
    - The inverse of an electrochemical cell; uses electrical energy to force a nonspontaneous reaction to occur
    - Eocell is always negative; G is positive
    - Current:

    Lecture 64:
    Organic Chemistry
    - Just do practice questions

    - Alkanes: CnHn+2

    Lecture 65:
    - Structural isomers
    - Simply follow general form to discover all isomers
    Optical isomers
    - A molecule which cannot be superimposed upon itself is chiral (achiral if it can)
    - Mirror images are called enantiomers / sterioisomers
    - Find total number by using the formula: 2n (n = chiral atoms)
    - How to discover:
    1. Find a carbon that is bonded to four different groups (must be tetrahedral)
    2. Make sure theres no reflection plane / axis of symmetry
    3. If it fits all above, its chiral.
    - Cycloalkanes: CnH2n
    - Rings are not planar!
    Lecture 66:
    - Alkenes: CnH2n
    - One double bond
    - Relative position of functional groups around double bond is indicated by cis and trans

    - Look for the kink; C-shape means cis and bent line means trans
    Lecture 67:
    - Alkynes: CnH2n-2
    - One triple bond; no cis or trans

    Alkane Reactions:
    - Fairly unreactive; saturated compounds
    - Can be reacted with halogens to produce a haloalkane and acid
    Alkene Reactions:
    - Alkenes are more reactive
    - HX (acid halogens) added to the alkenes break double bond
    - Markovnikovs Rule: Halogen is added to the carbon with the least number of existing hydrogens
    - The rich get richer; the carbon with the most hydrogens get more hydrogen
    - Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    - Benzene!
    - Delocalized electrons with alternate double bonds
    - Delocalized orbitals in the pz orbital
    - Benzene when on main chain, phenyl when functional group
    Lecture 68:
    - Aromaticity: must be a ring, must have 3, 5,7,9 + double bonds

    - Esterification: carboxylic acid + alcohol


    - Alcohols:
    - Polar molecules
    - Hydrogen bonds due to hydroxyl group
    - Various degrees
    - Oxidation of alcohols:
    - 1o alcohol = carboxylic acid
    - 2o alcohol = ketone
    - 3o alcohol = no reaction
    - Two alcohols = ether synthesis
    Lecture 69:
    - Aldehyde:
    - Carbonyl on C1
    - Ketone:
    - Carbonyl on everything but C1 numbered!
    - Esters:
    - The parent chain is the acid; the addition is the alcohol
    - Amines:
    - Organic bases; can be of varying degrees (NH2, NH, or N)
    - Amides:
    - A carbonyl next to a NH2

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