ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PALAKKAD678592

(Affiliated university of Calicut, Approved by AICTE)

(Velikkad P.O Mundur, Palakkad-678592)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LAB

Exp No: 1

CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

AIM: To Calibrate the given Venturimeter setup and determine the

coefficient of discharge.
APPARATUS: Venturimeter Experimental setup, Stopwatch.
PRINCIPLE:
Venturimeter is a device is used for the measurement of flow rate
particularly in large sized pipes and for large flow rates. It consists of a
cylindrical entrance section followed by a converging conical section which is
flowed by a throat. The throat is followed by a diverging section. The
converging takes place at an angle of 21 0 and the velocity of fluid increase as
it passes through the converging section and correspondingly the static
pressure falls. At the throat, the velocity is maximum and pressure is
minimum. The throat diameter is usually between 0.5 to0.25 of the inlet
diameter. Length of the throat is equal its diameter. Diverging section in
which there is a change of stream area back to the entrance area. The
recovery of KE by its conversion to pressure is nearly complete and so the
overall pressure loss is small. The angle of the diverging cone may be kept as
high as 140 where the pressure recovery is not of much importance. The
pressure taps are made at the throat and entrance where the Venturimeter
has a diameter is equal to that of the pipe. Small sized Venturimeter suitable
for pipes of diameter less than 5cm is mad of brass or bronze. The inside
surface is smoothly finished to reduce the friction. Large venturies are made
of cast iron and the throat is smoothly finished by brass or bronze.
PROCEDURE:

Collect the apparatus required for performing the experiment.

Ensure availability of water at the sump.
Open the supply valve fully and wait for one minute for the flow to become
steady.
Open the delivery valve fully to have maximum discharge through the pipe
line.
Observe the level difference between 2 limbs of the manometer and note
it down.
Divide the total level difference in to any convenient number of
divisions (say 5 or 6) and adjust the discharge accordingly.
Take the time for 10cm rise of water in the piezometer using stopwatch.
Repeat the above procedure for various flow rates by closing the
delivery valve gradually.
Tabulate the readings and do the calculations

SPECIFICATIONS OF VENTURIMETER:

Pipe diameter D1 = 2.5 cm

Throat dia of venture = 1.48 cm

Area of collecting tank = 40 x 30 cm2

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. No:

Manometric
Reading
h1

h2

cm

cm

Manometric Head
(h1-h2) x 12.6 x10-2
H

Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water

Actual
discharg
e Qact

Theoretica
l discharge
Qth

sec

m3/s

m3/s

1
2
3
4

CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAE:

1. Actual discharge =

Ah
in m3/s,
t

where h =10 cm

a1 a2 2 gH
2. Theoretical discharge =

2
1

a22

in m3/s

Where A= Area of the collecting tank

a1 = Area of the inlet pipe
a2 = Area of the throat h = 10 cm
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
t = Time for collecting 10cm of water

Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

Specific gravity of liquid water = 1
Qactual
Coefficient of discharge = Q theoretical

Cd

GRAPHS:

Cd Vs Head
Qact Vs Head
Calibration Graph
Log Qact Vs Log H

RESULTS:
The given Venturimeter was calibrated and coefficient of discharge
was determined. Graphs were also plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp: 2

CALIBRATION OF TRIANGULAR NOTCH

AIM:
To calibrate the given triangular notch and determine the coefficient
of discharge
APPARATUS:

Triangular notch experimental setup, Stopwatch.

PRINCIPLE:
Notch is a small structure with sharp edge used to measure rate of
flow in canals, streams and channels. The flow of water in the canals is
obstructed by notch structure. This will cause rise of water on upstream side
of notch and head builds above sill level of the notch. This causes the flow
over the notch. By principle, kinematic head is converted in to static head
and again is converted to kinetic head. The discharge of flow through
triangular notch is directly proportional to H 2.5, where H is head over the sill
of the notch. Notch is usually made in a smooth plane, vertical plate and its
edges are levelled on the downstream side.
PROCEDURE:

Collect the apparatus required and ensure availability of water

in the sump.
Open the supply valve so as to adjust the level of water to sill

level.
Observe and note down the initial sill level reading.
Vary the discharge for various openings of the notch (say 5 or 6)

and take hook gauge reading each time.

Each time, note down the time for 10cm rise of water in the

piezometer using stopwatch.

Tabulate the readings and do the calculations.

Specification of the notch setup:

Angle of notch = 600

Area of collecting tank = 40 x 30 cm2

OBSERVATIONS:
Initial Sill level reading (h1) = .... cm
Hook gauge reading

Head

Time

over the

taken for

Final hook gauge

notch H

10cm rise

reading (h2)

= h1-h2

of watert

cm

sec

Sl.No:

Actual

Theoretical

Discharge

dischargeQt

Qact

m3/s

m3/s

1
2
3
4

Calculations and Formulae:

1. Actual discharge = Qact =

Ah
t

in m3/s
5

2
2. Theoretical discharge= 15 tan 2 2 g H , in m3/s

Where = Angle of the notch

H = Head over the notch
G = =Acceleration due to gravity

3. Coefficient of discharge =

Graphs:

Cd Vs Head

Q act
Qth

Cd

Qact Vs Head
Log Qact Vs Log H

Results:
The given triangular notch was calibrated and coefficient of discharge was
determined. Graphs were also plotted.
Inferences:

Exp no: 3

CONSTANT SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP
Aim:To perform a test at constant speed and plot the characteristic curves of a
centrifugal pump
Apparatus : Centrifugal pump test rig, Stopwatch, measuring scale.
Principle:
Centrifugal pump consists of an impeller on which a series of curved
vanes are fixed. It is mounted on the shaft, which is driven by an electric
motor. A gradually enlarging cross section from the impeller outlet of delivery
pipe called casing is provided for housing the impeller and supporting
bearing provided for the shaft carrying the impeller. The purpose of casing is
to guide the liquid from the impeller and convert the KE into useful pressure
energy and lead the water to the delivery pipe.
It works on the principle of centrifugal action. Before starting the
pump, Priming is done. This is done for the removal of air trapped in the
pipelines.The suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe up to the
delivery valve are completely filled with liquid to be pumped. Rapid motion
imparted to the impeller then builds up centrifugal force which throws the
liquid towards the impeller periphery. This causes pressure gradient in the
suction pipe. ie: a partial vacuum exists in the impeller eye while the liquid in
the sump is at atmospheric pressure. Consequently the liquid from the sump
is sucked in towards the impeller eye. When the liquid passes through the
impeller, it receives the energy and that results in the growth of both

pressure and velocity. The casing collects the liquid from the impeller and
guides it to the delivery pipe. Since the casing increases in cross sectional
area, towards the delivery, kinetic head is partially converted in to pressure
head before the liquid leaves the pump.
Procedure:

Ensure the availability of water in the sump

Prime the pump to remove any air bubbled trapped inside
Switch on the pump keeping the delivery valve fully closed.
Open the delivery valve fully.
Note down the suction and delivery pressures from the pressure

gauges.
Note down time for 10cm rise of water in the piezometer using

stopwatch
Note down the time for 10 pulses of energy meter

Repeat the above procedure for various flow rates till full closure of the

delivery valve
Tabulate the readings and do the calculations

Specifications of the Pump:

Area of the collecting tank = 70 x 40 cm2

Datum head z = 0.48 m
Energy meter constant = 3200
Speed of Motor = 250 rpm
Motor efficiency = 45 %
Total
Ps

Sl. (Suction Pressure) hsw =

No:
(bx10)
a
mmof
Hg

hdw =
hd

head

(hd x
10)

for 10

Time for 10

cm rise

impulses of

of

hsw+hdw+z

kg/cm2

Time

Qact

water

energy
meter (t)

Output
power

Input Efficienc
power

(T)
m of
water

kg/cm2

m of
water

OBSERVATIONS:
Calculations and formulae:

sec

m3/s

sec

Watts

Watt
s

Ah
T

1. Actual discharge = Qact =

in m3/s

2. Total head = hsw+hdw+z in meters

3600 N e 1000
3. Input power
in Watts
t k
4. Output power =
5.

6.

Efficiency =

Output
Input

Specific speed =

Where

gQH in Watts
in %
Ns=

N Q
H

3
4

in rpm

A = Area of collecting tank in m2

h = 10cm
T = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water

Energy

meter

constant
= Density of water t = Time for 10 impulses of energy meter
Ne = No. of impulses of energy meter

= motor efficiency = 0.45

H = total head N = Speed of the

motor in rpm
Graphs:
Input Vs discharge
Efficiency Vs Discharge
Total head Vs Discharge
Results:
The test on centrifugal pump was conducted at constant speed and
performance curves were plotted
Inferences:

Exp No: 4
AN ORIFICE

DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC COEFFICIENTS OF

AIM:
To determine coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity and coefficient
of discharge of a given small circular orifice
APPARATUS:
Hydraulic coefficients experimental setup.
PRINCIPLE& FORMULAE:
Discharge through an orifice is a function ofhead causing the flow. The static
head in the balancing tank is converted intokinetic head due to the flow
through the orifice. In viscous fluid flow, due to viscous effects there is
always some loss of energy and accordingly the actual velocity is always less
than the theoretical velocity hence C v is less than 1 [0.95-0.99]. due to
convergence of streamlines in to a section of minimum cross sectional
area[Vena contracta- one half of the orifice diameter from downstream edge
of the orifice] area of jet at vena contracta is much less than area of the
orifice. Cc varies from 0.61-0.69. Cd has an average value of 0.6

1. Theoretical velocity of flow of jet V =

2. Actual discharge =

2 g H

A x
in m3/s
t

3. Qth = Area of orifice x Theoretical velocity of the jet = ao x 2 g H

Coefficient of discharge Cd =

Q act
3
Qth in m /s

Where Cc = Coefficient of contraction,

Cv = Coefficient of velocity = Actual velocity at Vena contracta/

Theoretical Velocity
X2
Also Cv =
4 YH

Cc = Area of jet at Vena contracta/ Area of orifice = ac/a = Cd/Cv

PROCEDURE:

Fit the required orifice plate in the housing

Allow the water to flow through the orifice such that the head of water
in the orifice tank remains constant by regulating inlet valve
Measure the hook gauge reading using vertical and horizontal scale at
the vena contracta.
Position the hook gauge at any point in the trajectory and take
readings
Note the time required for the water level to rise by x cm in the
collecting tank.
Adjust the inflow in to the orifice tank and let the height of the water in
the tank again to be kept steady at a different value and repeat the
experiment as before.
Obtain readings at least for 6 different heads above the centre of the
orifice.

OBSERVATIONS:
Time
for
10cm
rise of
water

Actual
Discharg
e

Theoretic
al
discharg
e

Qa

Qth

X1

Y1

cm

cm

cm3/s

cm3/s

cm

cm

Sl.No Head

Hook
gauge
reading

X = X1X0

Y=Y1Y0

cm

cm

Cd

Cc

Cv

1
2
3
4
GRAPHS:
Cd Vs H,
Cv Vs H,
Cc Vs H
RESULTS:
The flow through the orifice experiment is performed and hydraulic
coefficients are also calculated.
INFERENCES:

Exp no: 5 CONSTANT

RECIPROCATING PUMP

SPEED

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

AIM:
To perform a test at constant speed and plot characteristic curves of a
reciprocating pump
APPARATUS:Reciprocating pump test rig, stopwatch, meter scale.
PRINCIPLE:
It is a positive displacement pump because it sucks and rises the
liquid in upward direction by actually displacement of the piston or plunger

with the cylinder. The amount of liquid pumped is equal to the volume
displaced by the piston. A reciprocating pump consists of a piston, which has
a reciprocating motion in a closely fitted cylinder. The piston moves
backward, partial vacuum is created in the cylinder and liquid rises from the
sump and fills the cylinder through suction pipe due to pressure difference
between cylinder and sump and delivery valve is closed. When piston moves
forward in the cylinder, pressure of water closes the suction valve and opens
the delivery valve. Thus water is forced up the delivery pipe. The liquid is
carried through the delivery pipe to the discharge tank. The reciprocating
pump is fitted with air vessel to ensure continuity of flow [Uniform flow].
PROCEDURE:

Ensure availability of water in the sump.

Switch on the pump with delivery valve fully open.
Note down the suction and delivery pressures from the gauges.
Take the time for 10cm rise of water in the piezometer using
stopwatch.
Note down the time taken for 10 impulses of energy meter disc.
Repeat the procedure by varying the discharge.
Tabulate the readings and do the calculations.

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PUMP:

Datum head = 0.405 m

Area of collecting tank = 29.5 x 29.5 cm2
Energy meter constant = 3200
Length of the stroke = 4.5 x 10-2 m
Bore of the cylinder = 4 x 10-2 m
Speed = 250 rpm

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl. Suction Suction

No. Pressure
Head

Total
Deliver Delivery head
y
Head
Pressur
e

Time
for
10cm
rise

Qact

Time for 10 Outp

impulses of
ut
energy meter powe
disc (T)
r

Input
power

%
Slip

Ps

Hsw =
(Ps/760)

Pd

x10

mm of
Hg

meters
of water

of
water
(t)

Hdw = (Pd x
10)

kg/cm2 metersof
water

sec

m3/s

sec

Watts

Watts

CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAE:

1. Actual discharge =

( Area x ) / t in m3/s, Where x = 10 cm

2. Total head = Hsw+Hdw+Z in meters

n 3600 motor 1000
3. Input power =
Watts
T k
4. Output power =

gQH Watts

5. Efficiency = (Output/Input) x 100 %

LAN
6. Qth =
60
7. % Slip =

(QthQact )
100
Qth

Where,
n = no: of impulses of energy meter disc T
impulses

=
motor

time

taken

for

10

= motor efficiency =

k = energy meter constant

0.45
= density of liquid = 1000 kg/m3

meters.
Q = Actual discharge in m3/s

=[Ps/760] x 10
Hdw = Delivery head = Pd x 10 meters
Z = Datum head
t = time taken for 10 cm rise of water
Ps = Suction pressure
Pd = Delivery pressure
L = Length of the stroke
A = Area of cylinder
N = Speed of the pump in
rpm

H = Total head of water in

Hsw = Suction head in m of water

GRAPHS:
Input Vs Head
Q Vs Head
Efficiency Vs Head
% slip Vs Head
RESULTS:
The test was performed at constant speed and characteristic curves were
plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp. No: 6

CONSTANT HEAD CHARACTERISTICS

OF PELTON

WHEEL TURBINE
Aim:

To perform a test at constant speed and plot the performance

characteristics of a Pelton wheel turbine.

Apparatus:

Pelton wheel turbine test rig, stop watch etc.

Principle: Hydraulic turbines are water turbines which convert the hydraulic
energy to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy by an electrical generator, which is directly coupled with
turbine shaft. A Pelton wheel is commonly used tangential flow impulse
turbine working under high head and requires small quantity of water. A
Pelton wheel consisting of a runner on which a double hemispherical buckets
are fixed at its periphery. This runner is mounted on a shaft which is
connected to a generator.
Water is transferred from reservoir to the turbine installed in the
power house through penstock. The lower end of the penstock is fitted with a
nozzle to generate high speed jet. The whole potential energy is thus
converted in to kinetic energy before the jet strikes the buckets of the
runner. The jet of the water generated from the nozzle strikes the buckets in
the direction tangential to the wheel. The impact of water on the buckets
causes the runner to rotate, thus develops mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy is converted in to electrical energy by the generator. The
water coming out of the wheel is discharged in to tailrace. The pressure all
over the wheel is constant and equal to the atmosphere so that the energy
transfer occurs purely due to the impulse action.
PROCEDURE:

Ensure availability of water in the sump.

Calculate the maximum load that can be applied on the turbine.
Ensure that the turbine is under no load condition.
Switch on the motor with delivery valve fully closed.
Take the reading of the spring balance, manometric head and speed of
the turbine.
Apply a small load on the turbine and open the cooling water supply.
Adjust the delivery valve so as to maintain the head at a rated value.

Note down the readings

Repeat the procedure up to the maximum load and tabulate the
readings

OBSERVATIONS:
Load

Venturimeter
Reading

Sl.
No:

Qactual

H1
W

kg

W-s

kg

Inlet

Throat

h1

h2

kg/cm2

kg/cm2

m3/s

Specifications:
Speed of the turbine

Diameter of brake drum

Diameter of Rope

De

Re

Effective diameter
Effective radius

Output Power of the turbine

Head on the Turbine

Calculations & Formulae:

Calculation of Maximum Load:

Spee

Input

Power

rpm

Outpu
t

Power

Output Power

, Po

2 NT
60

Maximum Load (kg) =

(W-s) =

Where

0.0055

gQH

Input Power, Pi
Efficiency

2 N (W s) Re 9.81
60

60 P o
2 N R e 9.81

K H1

Actual discharge, Q
K

(Po/Pi) x 100

LEGENDS:
H = Head on the turbine
Head

Q = Actual discharge

H1

Venturi

= Density in kg/m3

W = Applied load + Weight of the hanger

GRAPHS:

Efficiency Vs Head
Input Vs Head

Discharge Vs Head
Output Vs Head

RESULTS:
The test was conducted at constant speed and constant head and
performance curves were plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp No: 7
PUMP
Aim:

CONSTANT SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF GEAR OIL

To perform a test at constant speed and plot the performance

curves of a gear oil pump.

APPARATUS:

Gear Pump test rig, Stopwatch, Measuring scale.

PRINCIPLE:

It is a rotary displacement pump primarily used as

power sources in hydraulic control systems and to supply pressurized oil for
lubrication of motors, turbines and machine tools. Such pumps have
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. The unit consists of
2 identical meshing spur gears with involute teeth. One of the gears is keyed
to the driving shaft of the motor and other gear revolves idly. These gear
rotate in opposite directions in a close fitting stationary housing. The oil
coming in at the suction port fills the space between the teeth, is carried
around the periphery of the revolving gear and is finally pushed out to the
discharge port. The teeth of the gears have a perfect meshing and that
serves both the transmit the drive and to maintain a seal between the
suction and discharge side. Care is taken to ensure that the oil trapped
between the successive lines of contact doesnt build up pressure. A change
in the flow direction can be affected by reversing the direction of the gear
assembly. But the spur gear pup delivers hydraulic fluid always at right angle
to the axis of rotation.
PROCEDURE:

Ensure availability of oil in the sump.

Switch on the motor with delivery valve fully opened.

Note down the reading of the pressure gauges at the suction and

delivery sides.
Note down the time for 10 cm rise of oil using stopwatch.
Note down time for 10 impulses of the energy meter disc using stop

watch.
Repeat the procedure for various flow rates and tabulate the readings.

SPECIFICATIONS :
25 x 25 cm2

Area of the collecting tank

Datum head, z

0.305 cm

Motor efficiency

45%

Energy meter constant :

3200

OBSERVATIONS:

Sl.
No

Suction
Pressure

Ps
mm of
Hg

Ps
Kg/c
m2

Delivery
Pressur
e

Time
taken
for 10
impulse
s of
energy
meter
disc

Pd

Tm

Qa

Kg/cm2

sec

sec

m3/s

Time
taken
for 10 Total Qactu
cm
Head
al
rise of
oil

CALCULATIONS & FORMULAE:

Total head

Actual discharge =

{(Ps+Pd) x12.5+z} in meters

Ah
t

Output power

gQH watts

Outp
ut

Inp
ut

Efficienc
y

Po

Pi

Input power

Efficiency

=
=

N e 3600 m 1000
T m k

watts

(Output/Input ) x 100%

GRAPHS:

Vs Head Qact Vs Head

Input Vs Head

Output Vs Head

RESULTS:
The test was performed at constant speed and performance curves were also
plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp No: 8

CALIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR NOTCH

AIM :
To calibrate the given rectangular notch and plot the
calibration curve
APPARATUS :
PRINCIPLE :

Rectangular notch experimental setup, Stopwatch.

Notch is a small structure with sharp edge used to

measure rate of flow in canals, streams and channels. The flow of water in
the canals is obstructed by notch structure. This will cause rise of water on
upstream side of notch and head builds above sill level of the notch. This
causes the flow over the notch. By principle, kinematic head is converted in
to static head and again is converted to kinetic head. The discharge of flow
through rectangular notch is directly proportional to H 1.5, where H is head
over the sill of the notch. Notch is usually made in a smooth plane, vertical
plate and its edges are levelled on the downstream side.
PROCEDURE:

Collect the apparatus required and ensure availability of water

in the sump.
Open the supply valve so as to adjust the level of water to sill
level.
Observe and note down the initial sill level reading.
Vary the discharge for various openings of the notch (say 5 or 6)
and take hook gauge reading each time.
Each time, note down the time for 10cm rise of water in the
piezometer using stopwatch.
Tabulate the readings and do the calculations.

SPECIFICATION OF THE NOTCH SETUP:

Area of collecting tank = 40 x 30 cm2

Width of the notch
=

OBSERVATIONS:
Hook gauge reading

Head

Time

over the

taken for

Actual

Theoretical

Final hook gauge

notch =

10cm rise

Discharge

discharge

reading

h1-h2

of water

Sl. No:

(h2)

Qact

Qth

cm

sec

m3/s

m3/s

1
2

CALCULATIONS & FORMULAE :

Ah
t

1. Actual discharge = Qact =

in m3/s
3

2. Theoretical discharge Qth

2
2
= 3 L 2 g H , in m3/s

Where L = Length of the notch

H = Head over the notch
G = =Acceleration due to gravity

3. Coefficient of discharge =

Q act
Qth

Cd

GRAPHS:

Cd Vs Head Qactual Vs Head

Calibration graph

RESULTS:
The given rectangular notch was calibrated and graphs were plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp No: 9

CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE METER

AIM:
To calibrate the given Orificemeter and to plot the calibration curve.
APPARATUS :

Orificemeter experimental setup, stopwatch

PRINCIPLE:

An Orificemeter is a flow measuring device. It consists of a

thin and flat circular plate with a central circular hole called orifice. This plate
is inserted in to a pipe normal to the direction of flow. Due to the orifice,
contraction of the jet occurs at a distance d 1/2 from the plate. The jet area is
least at the point called Venacontracta. The pressure difference between

inlet section and Venacontracta is created by reducing the cross-sectional

area of the flow passage.
PROCEDURE:

Collect the apparatus required for performing the experiment.

Ensure availability of water at the sump.
Open the supply valve fully and wait for one minute for the flow to become
steady.
Open the delivery valve fully to have maximum discharge through the pipe
line.
Observe the level difference between 2 limbs of the manometer and note
it down.
Divide the total level difference in to any convenient number of
divisions (say 5 or 6) and adjust the discharge accordingly.
Take the time for 10cm rise of water in the piezometer using stopwatch.
Repeat the above procedure for various flow rates by closing the
delivery valve gradually.
Tabulate the readings and do the calculations

Sl. No:

Manometric
Reading
h1

h2

cm

cm

Manometric Head
(h1-h2) x 12.6 x10-2
H

Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water

Actual
discharg
e Qact

Theoretica
l discharge
Qth

sec

m3/s

m3/s

1
2
3
4

SPECIFICATIONS:

Pipe diameter D1 = 2.5 cm

Area of the collecting tank

= 40 x 30 cm2

CALCULATIONS & FORMULAE:

1. Actual discharge =

Ah
in m3/s,
t

where h =10 cm

Cd

a1 a2 2 gH
2. Theoretical discharge =

2
1

a22

in m3/s

Where A= Area of the collecting tank

a1 = Area of the inlet pipe
a2 = Area of the orifice
h = 10 cm
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
t = Time for collecting 10cm of water

Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6

Specific gravity of liquid water = 1
Qactual
Coefficient of discharge = Q theoretical

GRAPHS:
Cd Vs Head
Qact Vs Head
Calibration curve
RESULTS:
The Orificemeter was calibrated and calibration curves were plotted.
INFERENCES:

Exp No: 10

DETERMINATION OF METACENTRIC HEIGHT