Emilia-Romagna

Emilia-Romagna (pronounced [emilja romaa],

Emilian:
Emlia-Rumgna, Romagnol:
EmliaRumgna) is an administrative Region of Northern
Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and
Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has an area of 22,446
km2 (8,666 sq mi), and about 4.4 million inhabitants.
Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest GDP per
capita in Italy.[3] Bologna, its capital, has one of Italys
highest quality of life indices[4] and advanced social services. Emilia-Romagna is also a cultural and tourist centre, being the home of the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world,[5] containing Romanesque and
Renaissance cities (such as Modena, Parma and Ferrara),
being a centre for food and automobile production (home
of automotive companies such as Ferrari, Lamborghini,
Maserati, Pagani, De Tomaso and Ducati) and having
popular coastal resorts such as Rimini and Riccione.

Castle Estense in Ferrara

Etymology

Romagna became part of the Italian kingdom between

1859 and 1861.

The name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome.

Emilia derives from the via milia, the Roman road connecting Rome to northern Italy, completed in 187 B.C.
and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.[6]
Romagna derives from Romnia, the name of the Eastern
Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards
when the western Empire had ceased to exist and Ravenna
was an outpost of the east (ca. 540 751).

After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of

Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro
and Urbino (Marche) to join that of Rimini on 15 August
2009.[7][8] The municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo,
Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant'Agata Feltria and
Talamello.
On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes hit the
area. They killed at least 27 people and caused churches
and factories to collapse. Also 200 were injured. The 5.8
magnitude quake left 14,000 people homeless.[9]

History

3 Geography

Before the Romans took control of present-day EmiliaRomagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and
then that of the Gauls. During the rst thousand years
of Christianity trade ourished, as did culture and religion, thanks to the regions monasteries. Afterwards
the University of Bolognaarguably the oldest university in Europeand its bustling towns kept trade and
intellectual life alive. Its unstable political history is
exemplied in such gures as Matilda of Canossa and
struggling seigniories such as the Este of Ferrara, the
Malatesta of Rimini, the Popes of Rome, the Farnese
of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchy of Modena and
Reggio. In the 16th century, most of these were seized
by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia-

The region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces

and covers an area of 22,446 km2 (8,666 sq. mi.), ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the region (48%) consists
of plains while 27% is hilly and 25% mountainous. The
regions section of the Apennines is marked by areas of
isch, badland erosion (calanques) and caves. The mountains stretch for more than 300 km (186.41 mi) from the
north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000
m Monte Cimone (2,165 m), Monte Cusna (2,121 m)
and Alpe di Succiso (2,017 m).
The plain was formed by the gradual retreat of the sea
from the Po basin and by the detritus deposited by the
1

4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Lagoons along the Po delta

In the Emilia-Romagna plain, which represents half of

the region and where three quarters of the population of
the region live, the agricultural land area has been reduced by 157 km2 while urban and industrial areas have
increased to over 130 km2 between 2003 and 2008. The
impact of land use and particularly of the urbanisation
of the Emilia-Romagna plain during this period has had
some strong consequences in the economical and ecological assessment of the region. The loss of arable land is
equivalent to a permanent loss of the capacity to feed
440,000 persons per year from resources grown within
the region. The increased water runo due to soil sealing requires adaptation measures for river and irrigation
canals such as the building of retention basins, at a total
cost estimated in the order of billions of euros.[11]

rivers. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its

history is characterised by the hard work of its people to 4 Government and politics
reclaim and reshape the land in order to achieve a better
standard of living.
Main article: Politics of Emilia-Romagna
The geology varies, with lagoons and saline areas in the The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided
north and many thermal springs throughout the rest of
the region as a result of groundwater rising towards the
surface at dierent periods of history. All the rivers rise
locally in the Apennines except for the Po, which has its
source in the Alps in Piedmont. The northern border of
Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km
(163.42 mi).
Vegetation in the region may be divided into belts: the
common oak belt which is now covered (apart from the
mesla forest) with fruit orchards and elds of wheat and
sugar beet, the pubescent and Adriatic oak belts on the
lower slopes up to 900 m, the beech belt between 1,000
and 1,500 m and the nal mountain heath belt.

3.1

Land use

Emilia Romagna has been a highly populated area since

ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape, building cities, reclaiming
wetlands, and establishing large agricultural areas. All
these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect
of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation,
up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial
areas. The increase of urban-industrial areas continued at
very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the
registration of semi-natural areas, because of the abandonment of agricultural lands.

Seat of the Regional Assembly of Emilia-Romagna in Bologna.

by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione),

who is elected for a ve-year term. The Regional Government is composed of the President and the Ministers
(Assessori), of which there are currently twelve including
the Vice President and the Under-Secretary for the Presidents oce.[12]

Apart from the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna

was historically a stronghold of the Italian Communist
Party, forming the famous Italian Red Quadrilateral
with Tuscany, Umbria and Marche. This is probably due
to the strength of the anti-fascist resistance around the
time of World War II as well as a strong tradition of anticlericalism dating from the 19th century, when part of the
Land use changes can have strong eects on ecologi- region belonged to the Papal States.
cal functions. Human interactions such as agriculture, Emilia-Romagna now is a stronghold of center-left coaliforestation and deforestation aect soil function, e.g. tions led by the Democratic Party. At the April 2006
food and other biomass production, storing, ltering and elections, 60% of voters in Emilia-Romagna voted for
Romano Prodi.
transformation, habitat and gene pool.[10]

6.1

Language

Administrative divisions

6.1 Language

Main articles: Emilian language and Romagnolo lanEmilia-Romagna is divided into nine provinces. Plans
guage
to reduce the number provinces from nine to four and
create a metropolitan area from January 2014 have been
Apart from Standard Italian, Emilian and Romagnolo,
dropped.
two closely related languages that are part of the
Emiliano-Romagnolo language family, are the local
languages of Emilia-Romagna. They are Romance
languages spoken almost exclusively in the region and in
San Marino. They belong to the Northern Italian group
within Romance languages (like Piedmontese, Lombard,
Ligurian and Venetian), which is included in the wider
group of western Romance languages (including French,
Occitan, Catalan, and Spanish). They are considered minority languages, structurally separated from Italian by
the Ethnologue and by the Red Book of Endangered Languages of UNESCO.

7 Economy

Demographics

The population density, which was equal to 197 inhabitants per km in 2010, is just below the national average.
The population of this region is traditionally evenly distributed, with no dominant metropolis but rather a line of
medium-sized cities along the Via Emilia, where the majority of regional industrial production is concentrated.
The coast of Romagna is also densely populated due to
the booming seaside tourism in recent decades. In the peripheral areas of the Apennine Mountains and the agricul- Wheat elds in Province of Reggio Emilia
tural plains around Ferrara and Piacenza the population
is less dense.
Emilia-Romagna today is considered one of the richest
Emilia-Romagna has thirteen cities above 50,000 (based European regions and the third Italian region by GDP per
on 2006 estimates): Bologna (pop. 381,860, metropoli- capita.[3] These results have been achieved by developtan area est. 1,000,000), Modena (pop. 185,228), Parma ing a very well balanced economy that comprises Italys
(pop. 187,159), Reggio Emilia (pop. 170,355), Ravenna biggest agricultural sector as well as a long-standing tradi(pop. 149,084), Rimini (pop. 138,060), Ferrara (pop. tion in automobile, motor and mechanics manufacturing.
131,907), Forl (pop. 112,477), Piacenza (pop. 99,340), In spite of the depth and variety of industrial activCesena (pop. 93,857), Imola (pop. 66,340), Carpi (pop. ities in the region, agriculture has not been eclipsed.
64,517) and Faenza (pop. 58,813).
Emilia-Romagna is among the leading regions in the
Between 1876 and 1976, about 1.2 million people emigrated from Emilia-Romagna to other countries. As of
2008, there were 119,369 people from this region living outside Italy, particularly in Argentina, Switzerland,
France, the United Kingdom and Brazil.[13] As of 2008,
the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 365,687 foreign-born immigrants lived in
Emilia-Romagna, equal to 8.5% of the total regional population.

country, with farming contributing 5.8% of the gross regional product. The agricultural sector has aimed for increased competitiveness by means of structural reorganisation and high-quality products, and this has led to the
success of marketed brands. Cereals, potatoes, maize,
tomatoes and onions are the most important products,
along with fruit and grapes for the production of wine (of
which the best known are Emilias Lambrusco, Bolognas
Pignoletto, Romagnas Sangiovese and white Albana).

8 CULTURE

Cattle and hog breeding are also highly developed.

Ferrari 458 Spider

Farm cooperatives have been working along these lines

in recent years. With their long tradition in the region
there are now about 8,100 cooperatives, generally in the
agricultural sector and mainly located in the provinces of
Bologna (2,160) and Forl-Cesena (1,300).[14]
Industry in the region presents a varied and complex picture and is located along the Via Emilia. The food industry (e.g. Barilla Group) is particularly concentrated in
Parma, Modena and Bologna as is the mechanical and automotive industry (e.g. Ferrari, Ducati, Lamborghini, De
Tomaso, Maserati, Pagani, Sacmi[15]:66 ). The ceramic
sector is concentrated in Faenza and Sassuolo. Tourism
is increasingly important, especially along the Adriatic
coastline and the cities of art. The regional economy is
more geared to export markets than other regions in the
country: the main exports are from mechanical engineering (53%), the extraction of non-metallic minerals (13%)
and the clothing industry (10%).[14]
The region of Emilia-Romagna has a very good system
of transport, with 574 km of motorways, 1,053 km of
railways and airports in Bologna, Forl, Parma and Rimini. The main motorway crosses the region from northwest (Piacenza) to the south-east (Adriatic coast), connecting the main cities of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, and from here further to Ravenna, Rimini
and the Adriatic coast.[14]

8
8.1

Culture
Cinema

Emilia-Romagna is the main setting for Bernardo

Bertolucci's epic 1900. Rimini gave birth to Federico
Fellini, and Ferrara to Michelangelo Antonioni.

8.2

Cuisine and gastronomy

Emilia-Romagna is known for its egg and lled pasta

made with soft wheat our. Bologna is notable for pasta

Barrels of traditional balsamic vinegar

dishes like tortellini, lasagne, gramigna and tagliatelle

which are found also in many other parts of the region in dierent declinations. The Romagna subregion is known as well for pasta dishes like, garganelli,
strozzapreti, sfoglia lorda and tortelli alla lastra. In the
Emilia subregion, except Piacenza which is heavily inuenced by the cuisines of Lombardy, rice is eaten to
a lesser extent. Polenta, a maize-based dish, is common both in Emilia and Romagna. The celebrated
balsamic vinegar is made only in the Emilian cities of
Modena and Reggio Emilia, following legally binding traditional procedures.[16] Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan
Cheese) is produced in Reggio Emilia, Parma, Modena
and Bologna and is much used in cooking, while Grana
Padano variety is produced in the rest of the region. Although the Adriatic coast is a major shing area (well
known for its eels and clams), the region is more famous
for its meat products, especially pork-based, that include:
Parmas prosciutto, culatello and Felino salami, Piacenzas
pancetta, coppa and salami, Bolognas mortadella and
salame rosa, Modenas zampone, cotechino and cappello
del prete and Ferrara's salama da sugo. Reggio Emilia
is famous for its fresh egg-made pasta cappelletti (similar to Bolognas tortellini but diering in size), the typical erbazzone a spinach and Parmigiano Reggiano salted
cake and its Gnocco Fritto some kind of mixed our
stripes fried in boiling oil, enjoyed in combination with
ham or salami. Crescentina best known as tigella is the
typical thin round bread that originates in the Apennines around Modena and it is usually lled in with
the typical cunza (a spread made from pork lard and
avoured with garling and rosemary) or with cold cuts,
cheese and salty dressings or sweet spreads. Piacenza
and Ferrara are also known for some dishes prepared
with horse and donkey meat. Regional desserts include
zuppa inglese (custard-based dessert made with sponge
cake and Alchermes liqueur) and panpepato (Christmas
cake made with pepper, chocolate, spices, and almonds).
An exhaustive list of the most important regional wines
should include Sangiovese from Romagna, Lambrusco
from Reggio Emilia or Modena, Cagnina di Romagna,

5
Gutturnio and Trebbiano from Piacenza.

8.3

Sport

The most popular sport in Emilia-Romagna is by far football. Several famous clubs from Emilia-Romagna compete at a high level on the national stage. Bologna, Carpi
and Sassuolo compete in the top-ight of Italian football
in Serie A. The regions two biggest clubs are Bologna,
which has won seven scudetti and two Coppa Italia trophies, and Parma, winners of four European cups (two
Europa Leagues, one Cup Winners Cups and one Super
Cup) and three Coppe Italia. Cesena and Modena both
compete in Serie B.
The region has hosted 32 of Italy's 331 home games.
With 13 professional clubs in 2013, the region is only
bettered in terms of number of professional clubs by
Lombardy. It also has 747 amateur clubs, 1,522 football
pitches and 75,328 registered players.[17]
Another sport which is very popular in this region is
basketball; by now tow teams from Emilia-Romagna
compete in the Lega Basket Serie A, Virtus Bologna,
which with 15 scudetti, 2 Euroleague and 8 Coppa Italia
is one of the most important teams in Europe, and the
Pallacanestro Reggiana from Reggio Emilia.

10 References
[1] Eurostat Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 2013-10-17. Retrieved
2013-11-28.
[2] EUROPA Press Releases Regional GDP per inhabitant in 2008 GDP per inhabitant ranged from 28% of the
EU27 average in Severozapaden in Bulgaria to 343% in
Inner London. Europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
[3] Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27: GDP per inhabitant in 2005 ranged from 24% of the EU27 average in
Nord-Est Romania to 303% in Inner London. European
Commission, Eurostat. 12 February 2008.
[4] Qualita' della vita: il dossier. Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved
2013-11-28.
[5] Universit di Bologna (oldest university in the world)".
44.49658200;11.35316800:
Virtual Globetrotting.
2006-10-21. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
[6] Livy Ab Urbe Condita XXXIX 1; Corpus Inscriptionum
Latinarum 617
[7] (Italian) Article about the legislation
[8] (Italian) Article on "il Resto del Carlino"

The region has a very strong tradition in volleyball as [9] Dailystar, 17 dead and 200 injured in latest killer quake
well, with three clubs that are among the most ancient,
in northern Italy,, May 30, 2012 12:40 AM, By Colleen
Barry. Dailystar.com.lb. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2013winning and prestigious teams in Italy and in Europe:
11-28.
Pallavolo Parma, Pallavolo Modena and Porto Ravenna
Volley. Through the sum of the most important victories
of these three clubs, it results 9 CEV Champions League, [10] European Commission (2002). Communication from
the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament,
4 won by Modena, 3 by Ravenna and 2 by Parma. There
the European Economic and Social Committee and the
is not another comparable region in Europe with such a
Committee of the Regions, Towards a Thematic Strategy
big presence of successful volleyball clubs. Another imfor Soil Protection. Thematic strategy for soil protection
portant volleyball club which have achieved important reCOM(2002)179. European Commission, Brussels.
sults both in Italy and in Europe during the last 15 years
[11] Malucelli, F.; Certini,G.; Scalenghe, R. (2014). Soil is
is Copra Volley from Piacenza.
brown gold in the Emilia-Romagna Region. Land Use

Zebre rugby club compete professionally in the GuinPolicy,. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.019.

ness Pro 12 league. The clubs home ground is located
in Parma. [18]
[12] Giunta E-R Il Portale della Regione Emilia-Romagna.
Regione.emilia-romagna.it. Retrieved 2015-08-30.

8.4

Music

[13] Museo Nazionale Emigrazione Italiana. Museonazionaleemigrazione.it. Retrieved 2013-11-28.

Emilia Romagna gave birth to one of the most impor[14] Eurostat. Circa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
tant composers of music history, Giuseppe Verdi. The
most popular song of this region is the regional anthem [15] Fiorenza Belussi; G. Gottardi; Enzo Rullani (30 Septem"Romagna mia", written in 1954 by Secondo Casadei.
ber 2003). The Technological Evolution of Industrial Districts. Springer. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-4020-7555-1. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

See also

[16] Piras, 187.

Emiliano-Romagnolo, language spoken in this region

[17] http://vivoazzurro.it/files/vivoazzurro.it/Report%
20Calcio%202014%20_Low%20Res.pdf

luthiers from Emilia-Romagna

[18] http://www.zebrerugby.eu

11

11

External links

Emilia-Romagna Region Ocial site

Map of Emilia-Romagna
City Guide of Bologna
Emilia-Romagna Travel Guide VIDEO
Coordinates: 443038N 105725E / 44.51056N
10.95694E

EXTERNAL LINKS

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Greyengine5, Wguynes, Angelo.romano, Pgan002, Goatsmilk, Paolo da Reggio~enwiki, Deleting Unnecessary Words, Neutrality, Italfan,
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