Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 54 views

    E E T E NBA I I T NBA I R

    Uploaded by

    Kartik
    1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically with time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. 2) Important terms include instantaneous, peak, root-mean-square (RMS), and average values. RMS values are commonly used since they represent the heating effect of the current. 3) The phase difference between the voltage and current depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Resistance produces no phase difference, while inductance causes the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees and capacitance causes the voltage to lag the current by 90 degrees. 4) Power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    E E T E NBA I I T NBA I R

    Uploaded by

    Kartik
    54 views5 pages
    1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically with time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. 2) Important terms include instantaneous, peak, root-mean-square (RMS), and average values. RMS values are commonly used since they represent the heating effect of the current. 3) The phase difference between the voltage and current depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Resistance produces no phase difference, while inductance causes the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees and capacitance causes the voltage to lag the current by 90 degrees. 4) Power

    Original Description:

    PHYSICS NOTES

    Original Title

    AC

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically with time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. 2) Important terms include instantaneous, peak, root-mean-square (RMS), and average values. RMS values are commonly used since they represent the heating effect of the current. 3) The phase difference between the voltage and current depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Resistance produces no phase difference, while inductance causes the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees and capacitance causes the voltage to lag the current by 90 degrees. 4) Power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views5 pages

    E E T E NBA I I T NBA I R

    Uploaded by

    Kartik
    1) Alternating current is a current whose magnitude and direction change periodically with time. It can be defined by E=E0sinωt, where E0 is the peak voltage and ω is the angular frequency. 2) Important terms include instantaneous, peak, root-mean-square (RMS), and average values. RMS values are commonly used since they represent the heating effect of the current. 3) The phase difference between the voltage and current depends on whether the circuit has resistance, inductance, or capacitance. Resistance produces no phase difference, while inductance causes the current to lag the voltage by 90 degrees and capacitance causes the voltage to lag the current by 90 degrees. 4) Power

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes

    Chapter-07: Alternating Current

    Alternating Current:
    The current whose magnitude changes with time and direction reverses periodically is
    called alternating current. a) Alternating emf E and current I at any time am given by:
    E = E0 sin t
    Where

    E0 = NBA
    I = I 0 sin(t )

    Where I 0 =

    NBA
    R

    2
    T
    Where T is the time period.
    Values of Alternating Current and Voltage
    a) Instantaneous value:
    It is the value of alternating current and voltage at an instant t.
    b) Peak value:
    Maximum values of voltage E0 and current I0 in a cycle are called peak values.
    c) Mean value:
    For complete cycle,

    = 2n =

    < E >=

    1
    Edt = 0
    T 0
    T

    1
    < I >= Idt = 0
    T 0
    2 E0

    d) Root mean- square (rms) value:


    E
    Erms = (< E 2 >)1/2 = 0 = 0.707 E0 = 70.7% E0
    2
    I
    I rms = (< I 2 >)1/2 = 0 = 0.707 I 0 = 70.7% I 0
    2
    RMS values are also called apparent or effective values.
    Phase difference Between the EMF (Voltage) and the Current in an AC Circuit
    a) For pure resistance:
    The voltage and the current are in same phase i.e. phase difference = 0
    Mean value for half cycle: Emean =

    b) For pure inductance:

    Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

    The voltage is ahead of current by

    i.e. phase difference = +

    c) For pure capacitance:


    The voltage lags behind the current by

    i.e. phase difference =

    Reactance:
    Reactance
    a)
    E E0 Erms
    X=
    =
    =
    / 2
    I
    I0
    I rms
    b)

    Inductive reactance

    X L = L=2nL
    Capacitive reactance
    c)
    1
    1
    XC =
    =
    C 2nC
    Impedance:
    Impedance is defined as,
    Z=

    E E0 Erms
    =
    =

    I
    I0
    I rms

    Where is the phase difference of the voltage E relative to the current I.


    a) For L R series circuit:

    Z RL = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + L2
    L
    1 L
    tan =
    or = tan

    R
    R
    b) For R C series circuit:
    1
    Z RC = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +

    C
    tan =

    1
    1
    Or = tan 1

    CR
    CR

    c) For L C series circuit:

    Z LCR = R 2 + ( X L X C ) 2
    1

    = R 2 + L
    C

    L
    L

    C
    C
    tan =
    Or = tan 1
    R
    R

    Conductance:
    Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.

    Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

    1
    mho
    R
    Power in and AC Circuit:
    a) Electric power = (current in circuit) x (voltage in circuit)
    P = IE
    b) Instantaneous power:
    Pinst = Einst x Iinst
    c) Average power:
    1
    Pav = E0 I 0 cos = Erms I rms cos
    2
    d) Virtual power (apparent power):
    1
    = E0 I 0 = Erms I rms
    2
    Power Factor:
    a) Power factor
    P
    R
    cos = av =
    Pv Z
    G=

    b) For pure inductance


    Power factor, cos=1
    c) For pure capacitance
    Power factor, cos=0
    d) For LCR circuit
    R

    Power factor, cos=

    R + L
    C

    X = L
    C

    Wattless Current:

    The component of current differing in phase by

    relative to the voltage, is called

    wattles current.
    The rms value of wattless current:
    I
    = 0 sin
    2
    = I rms sin =

    I0 X

    2Z

    Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

    Choke Coil:
    a) An inductive coil used for controlling alternating current whose self- inductance is
    high and resistance in negligible, is called choke coil.
    b) The power factor of this coil is approximately zero.
    Series Resonant Circuit
    a) When the inductive reactance (XL) becomes equal to the capacitive reactance (XC) in
    the circuit, the total impedance becomes purely resistive (Z=R).
    b) In this state, the voltage and current are in same phase ( = 0), the current and
    power are maximum and impedance is minimum. This state is called resonance.
    c) At resonance,
    1
    r L =
    r C

    Hence, resonance frequency is,


    1
    fr =
    2 LC
    d) In resonance, the power factor of the circuit is one.
    Half Power Frequencies:
    Those frequencies f1 and f2 at which the power is half of the maximum power (power at
    resonance), i.e., f1 and f2 are called half power frequencies.
    1
    P = Pmax
    2
    I
    I = max
    2
    P
    P = max
    2
    Band Width:
    a) The frequency interval between half power frequencies is called band width.
    Bandwidth f = f 2 f1
    b) For a series LCR resonant circuit,
    1 R
    f =
    2 L
    Quality Factor (Q):
    Maximum energy stored
    Q = 2
    Energy dissipated per cycle
    2 Maximum energy stored
    =

    T
    Mean power dissipated
    Or
    L
    fr
    f
    1
    Q= r =
    =
    = r
    r CR ( f 2 f1 ) f
    R
    Material downloaded from http://myCBSEguide.com and http://onlineteachers.co.in

    You might also like