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    De Moivre's Theorem1

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    kazi wahex
    De Moivre's theorem states that if z = x + iy = re^iθ, and n is a natural number, then z^n = (re^iθ)^n = r^n e^i(nθ). This theorem allows complex numbers to be raised to integer powers and is the basis for finding all nth roots of a complex number z. The nth-root theorem states that the nth roots of z = re^iθ are r^(1/n)e^(iθ/n + 2kπ/n) for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1. The document provides examples of using De Moivre's theorem and the nth-root theorem to find powers

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    De Moivre's Theorem1

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    kazi wahex
    174 views5 pages
    De Moivre's theorem states that if z = x + iy = re^iθ, and n is a natural number, then z^n = (re^iθ)^n = r^n e^i(nθ). This theorem allows complex numbers to be raised to integer powers and is the basis for finding all nth roots of a complex number z. The nth-root theorem states that the nth roots of z = re^iθ are r^(1/n)e^(iθ/n + 2kπ/n) for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1. The document provides examples of using De Moivre's theorem and the nth-root theorem to find powers

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    De Moivre’s Theorem1

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    De Moivre's theorem states that if z = x + iy = re^iθ, and n is a natural number, then z^n = (re^iθ)^n = r^n e^i(nθ). This theorem allows complex numbers to be raised to integer powers and is the basis for finding all nth roots of a complex number z. The nth-root theorem states that the nth roots of z = re^iθ are r^(1/n)e^(iθ/n + 2kπ/n) for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1. The document provides examples of using De Moivre's theorem and the nth-root theorem to find powers

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    174 views5 pages

    De Moivre's Theorem1

    Uploaded by

    kazi wahex
    De Moivre's theorem states that if z = x + iy = re^iθ, and n is a natural number, then z^n = (re^iθ)^n = r^n e^i(nθ). This theorem allows complex numbers to be raised to integer powers and is the basis for finding all nth roots of a complex number z. The nth-root theorem states that the nth roots of z = re^iθ are r^(1/n)e^(iθ/n + 2kπ/n) for k = 0, 1, ..., n-1. The document provides examples of using De Moivre's theorem and the nth-root theorem to find powers

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    7-7 De Moivres Theorem

    561

    Section 7-7 De Moivres Theorem


    De Moivres Theorem, n a Natural Number
    nth Roots of z

    We now come to one of the great theorems in mathematics, De Moivres theorem. Abraham De Moivre (16671754), of French birth, spent most of his life in
    London doing private tutoring, writing, and publishing mathematics. He belonged
    to many prestigious professional societies in England, Germany, and France and
    was a close friend of Isaac Newton.
    Using the polar form for a complex number, De Moivre established a theorem that still bears his name for raising complex numbers to natural number powers. More importantly, the theorem is the basis for the nth root theorem, which
    enables us to find all n nth roots of any complex number, real or imaginary.

    De Moivres Theorem, n a Natural Number


    We start with Explore/Discuss 1 and generalize from this exploration.

    By repeated use of the product formula for the exponential polar form
    rei, discussed in the last section, establish the following:
    1. (x iy)2 (rei)2 r2e2i
    2. (x iy)3 (rei)3 r3e3i
    3. (x iy)4 (rei)4 r4e4i
    Based on forms 13, and for n a natural number, what do you think the
    polar form of (x iy)n would be?

    If you guessed that the polar form of (x iy)n is rneni, you have arrived at
    De Moivres Theorem, which we now state without proof. A full proof of the theorem for all natural numbers n requires a method of proof, called mathematical
    induction, which is discussed in Section 9-2.

    DE MOIVRES THEOREM
    If z x iy rei, and n is a natural number, then

    1
    EXAMPLE

    zn (x iy)n (rei)n rneni

    The Natural Number Power of a Complex Number


    Use De Moivres theorem to find (1 i)10. Write the answer in exact rectangular form.

    562

    7 ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN TRIGONOMETRY

    Solution

    (1 i)10 (2e45i)10

    Convert 1 i to polar form.

    (2)10e(10 45)i

    Use De Moivres theorem.

    32e

    Change to rectangular form.

    450i

    32(cos 450 i sin 450)


    32(0 i)
    32i
    MATCHED PROBLEM

    1
    EXAMPLE

    2
    Solution

    Rectangular form

    Use De Moivres theorem to find (1 i3)5. Write the answer in exact polar
    and rectangular forms.

    The Natural Number Power of a Complex Number


    Use De Moivres theorem to find (3 i)6. Write the answer in exact rectangular form.
    ( 3 i)6 (2e150i)6

    Convert 3 i to polar
    form.

    26e(6 150)i

    Use De Moivres theorem.

    64e900i

    Change to rectangular form.

    64 (cos 900 i sin 900)


    64 (1 i0)
    64

    Rectangular form

    [Note: 3 i must be a sixth root of 64, since (3 i)6 64.]


    MATCHED PROBLEM

    Use De Moivres theorem to find (1 i3)4. Write the answer in exact polar
    and rectangular forms.

    nth Roots of z
    We now consider roots of complex numbers. We say w is an nth root of z, n a
    natural number, if wn z. For example, if w2 z, then w is a square root of z.
    If w3 z, then w is a cube root of z. And so on.

    If z rei, then use De Moivres theorem to show that r1/2e(/2)i is a


    square root of z and r1/3e(/3)i is a cube root of z.

    2
    We can proceed in the same way as in Explore/Discuss 2 to show that r1/ne(/n)i
    is an nth root of rei, n a natural number:

    7-7 De Moivres Theorem

    563

    [r1/ne(/n)i]n (r1/n)nen(/n)i
    rei
    But we can do even better than this. The nth-root theorem (Theorem 2) shows us
    how to find all the nth roots of a complex number.

    nTH-ROOT THEOREM
    For n a positive integer greater than 1,

    r1/ne(/nk360/n)i

    k 0, 1, . . . , n 1

    are the n distinct nth roots of rei, and there are no others.

    The proof of Theorem 2 is left to Problems 31 and 32 in Exercise 7-7.

    EXAMPLE

    3
    Solution

    Finding All Sixth Roots of a Complex Number


    Find six distinct sixth roots of 1 i3, and plot them in a complex plane.
    First write 1 i3 in polar form:
    1 i3 2e120i
    Using the nth-root theorem, all six roots are given by
    21/6e(120/6k 360/6)i 21/6e(20k60)i

    k 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

    Thus,
    w1 21/6e(20060)i 21/6e20i
    FIGURE 1

    w2 21/6e(20160)i 21/6e80i
    w3 21/6e(20260)i 21/6e140i
    w4 21/6e(20360)i 21/6e200i
    w5 21/6e(20460)i 21/6e260i
    w6 21/6e(20560)i 21/6e320i
    All roots are easily graphed in the complex plane after the first root is located.
    The root points are equally spaced around a circle of radius 21/6 at an angular
    increment of 60 from one root to the next (Fig. 1).

    MATCHED PROBLEM

    Find five distinct fifth roots of 1 i. Leave the answers in polar form and plot
    them in a complex plane.

    564

    7 ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN TRIGONOMETRY

    EXAMPLE

    4
    Solution

    Solving a Cubic Equation


    Solve x3 1 0. Write final answers in rectangular form, and plot them in
    a complex plane.
    x3 1 0
    x3 1
    We see that x is a cube root of 1, and there are a total of three roots. To find
    the three roots, we first write 1 in polar form:
    1 1e180i
    Using the nth-root theorem, all three cube roots of 1 are given by
    11/3e(180/3k360/3)i 1e(60k120)i

    k 0, 1, 2

    Thus,
    FIGURE 2

    w1 1e60i cos 60 i sin 60

    1
    3
    i
    2
    2

    w2 le180i cos 180 i sin 180 1


    w3 le300i cos 300 i sin 300

    1
    3
    i
    2
    2

    [Note: This problem can also be solved using factoring and the quadratic formulatry it.]
    The three roots are graphed in Figure 2.

    MATCHED PROBLEM

    Solve x3 1 0. Write final answers in rectangular form, and plot them in a


    complex plane.

    Answers to Matched Problems


    1. 32e300i 16 i163

    2. 16e(240)i 8 i83

    3. w1 21/10e9i, w2 21/10e81i, w3 21/10e153i, w4 21/10e225i, w5 21/10e297i

    1
    3 1
    3
    4. 1, i
    , i
    2
    2
    2
    2

    7-7 De Moivres Theorem

    565

    26. (A) Show that 2 is a root of x3 8 0. How many


    other roots does the equation have?

    EXERCISE 7-7

    (B) The root 2 is located on a circle of radius 2 in the


    complex plane as indicated in the figure. Locate the
    other two roots of x3 8 0 on the figure and
    explain geometrically how you found their location.

    A
    In Problems 16, use De Moivres theorem to evaluate each.
    Leave answers in polar form.
    1. (2e30i)3

    2. (5e15i)3

    3. (2e10i)6

    4. (2e15i)8

    5. (1 i3)3

    6. (3 i)8

    (C) Verify that each complex number found in part B is a


    root of x3 8 0.

    B
    In Problems 712, find the value of each expression and write
    the final answer in exact rectangular form. (Verify the results
    in Problems 712 by evaluating each directly on a calculator.)
    7. (3 i)4
    10. (3 i)5

    9. (1 i)8

    8. (1 i)4
    11.

    1 3

    i
    2
    2

    12.

    1 3

    i
    2
    2

    For n and z as indicated in Problems 1318, find all nth roots


    of z. Leave answers in polar form.
    13. z 8e30i, n 3
    15. z 81e

    ,n4

    60i

    17. z 1 i, n 5

    14. z 8e45i, n 3
    16. z 16e

    ,n4

    90i

    18. z 1 i, n 3

    In Problems 2730, solve each equation for all roots. Write


    final answers in polar and exact rectangular form
    27. x3 64 0

    28. x3 64 0

    29. x3 27 0

    30. x3 27 0

    For n and z as indicated in Problems 1924, find all nth roots


    of z. Write answers in polar form and plot in a complex plane.

    19. z 8, n 3

    20. z 1, n 4

    31. Show that

    21. z 16, n 4

    22. z 8, n 3

    23. z i, n 6

    24. z i, n 5

    25. (A) Show that 1 i is a root of x4 4 0. How many


    other roots does the equation have?
    (B) The root 1 i is located on a circle of radius 2 in
    the complex plane as indicated in the figure. Locate
    the other three roots of x4 4 0 on the figure and
    explain geometrically how you found their location.
    (C) Verify that each complex number found in part B is a
    root of x4 4 0.

    [r1/ne(/nk360/n)i]n rei
    for any natural number n and any integer k.
    32. Show that
    r1/ne(/nk360/n)i
    is the same number for k 0 and k n.

    In Problems 3336, write answers in polar form.


    33. Find all complex zeros for P(x) x5 32.
    34. Find all complex zeros for P(x) x6 1.
    35. Solve x5 1 0 in the set of complex numbers.
    36. Solve x3 i 0 in the set of complex numbers.

    In Problems 37 and 38, write answers using exact rectangular


    forms.
    37. Write P(x) x6 64 as a product of linear factors.
    38. Write P(x) x6 1 as a product of linear factors.

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