PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.

1152
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE
WHEREAS, the broad spectrum of environment has become a
matter of vital concern to the government;
WHEREAS, the national leadership has taken a step towards this
direction by creating the National Environmental Protection Council
under Presidential Decree No. 1121;
WHEREAS, it is necessary that the creation of the Council be
implemented with the launching of a comprehensive program of
environmental protection and management;
WHEREAS, such a program can assume tangible and meaningful
significance only by establishing specific environment management
policies and prescribing environment quality standards in a
Philippine Environment Code:
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the
Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by
the Constitution, do hereby order and decree:
Section 1. Short Title. This Decree shall be known and cited as the
"Philippine Environment Code."
TITLE I
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Section 2. Purposes. The purposes of this Title are:
(a) to achieve and maintain such levels of air quality as to
protect public health; and
(b) to prevent to the greatest extent practicable, injury
and/or damage to plant and animal life and property, and
promote the social and economic development of the
country.

Chapter I
Standards
Section 3. Ambient Air Quality Standards. There shall be
established ambient air quality standards which shall prescribe the
maximum concentration of air pollutants permissible in the
atmosphere consistent with public health, safety and general
welfare.
In the establishment of ambient air quality standards, factors such
as local atmospheric conditions, location and land use, and
available technology, shall be considered among others.
Section 4. National Emission Standards. There shall be established
national emission standards for new and existing stationary and
mobile sources of pollution which shall consider among others such
factors as type of industry, practicable control technology available,
location and land use, and the nature of pollutants emitted.
Section 5. Community Noise Standards. Appropriate standards for
community noise levels shall be established considering, among
others, location, zoning and land use classification.
Section 6. Standards for Noise-Producing Equipment. There shall
be established a standard for noise producing equipment such as
construction equipment, transportation equipment, stationary
engines, and electrical or electronic equipment and such similar
equipment or contrivances. The standards shall set a limit on the
acceptable level of noise emitted from a given equipment for the
protection of public health and welfare, considering among others,
the magnitude and condition of use, the degree of noise reduction
achievable through the application of best available technology and
the cost of compliance.
The Installation of any noise-producing equipment shall conform
with the requirements of Presidential Decree No. 1096 and other
applicable laws as well as their implementing rules and regulations.
Section 7. Aircraft Emission and Sonic Booms. Appropriate
government agencies shall encourage research studies on the

harmful effects of aircraft emissions in the environment in order to

establish permissible emission standards.

Chapter III
Monitoring

Research and studies shall also be undertaken to mitigate and/or

minimize the effects of sonic booms in the environment.

Section 12. Air Quality Monitoring. The National Pollution Control

Commission, in coordination with appropriate government
agencies, shall establish to the greatest extent practicable an air
quality monitoring network. Such air quality monitoring network
shall put to maximum use the capabilities of these agencies.

Chapter II
Regulation and Enforcement
Section 8. Air Quality and Noise Standards. The National Pollution
Control Commission in coordination with appropriate government
agencies shall be responsible for the enforcement of ambient air
quality emission and noise standards, including the monitoring and
surveillance of air pollutants, licensing and permitting of air
pollution control facilities, and the promulgation of appropriate
rules and regulations.

The National Environmental Protection Council shall be furnished

with the results of air quality monitoring activities.

Existing air quality emission and noise standards may be revised

and/or modified consistent with new development and technology.

Activities relating to weather modification such as rainfall

stimulation and storm seeding experiments shall be undertaken in
consultation and/or in coordination with the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration.

Section 9. Aircraft Noise. Community noise standards around

airports shall be implemented by the Civil Aeronautics
Administration in coordination with the National Pollution Control
Commission.

Section 13. Weather Modification. The Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration shall monitor
regularly meteorological factors affecting environmental conditions
in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring activities.

TITLE
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

II

Section
10. Vehicular
Emissions. The
Land
Transportation
Commission, in coordination with the National Pollution Control
Commission, shall implement emission standards for motor
vehicles and may deputize other appropriate law enforcement
agencies for the purpose.

Section 14. Purpose. It is the purpose of this Title to prescribe

management guidelines aimed to protect and improve the quality
of Philippine water resources through:

Section 11. Radioactive Emissions. The release and emission of

radioactivity into the environment incident to the establishment or
possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials,
handling, transport, production, storage, use and disposal of
radioactive materials shall be regulated by the Philippine Atomic
Energy Commission in coordination with other appropriate
government agencies.

(b) establishment of water quality standards;

(a) classification of Philippine waters;

(c) protection and improvement of the quality of the Philippine

water resources, and
(d) responsibilities for surveillance and mitigation of pollution
incidents.

Chapter I
Classification and Standards
Section 15. Classification of Philippine Waters. The National
Pollution Control Commission, in coordination with appropriate
government agencies, shall classify Philippine waters, according to
their best usage. In classifying said waters, the National Pollution
Control Commission shall take into account, among others, the
following:
(a) the existing quality of the body of water at the time of
classification;
(b) the size, depth, surface area covered, volume, direction,
rate of flow, gradient of stream; and
(c) the most beneficial uses of said bodies of water and
lands bordering them for residential,
agricultural,
commercial, industrial, navigational, recreational, and
aesthetic purposes.
Section 16. Reclassification of Waters Based on Intended
Beneficial Use. Where the public interest so requires, the National
Pollution Control Commission, in coordination with appropriate
government agencies, shall reclassify a body of water based on the
intended beneficial use and take such steps as may be necessary
to upgrade the quality of said water. Other government agencies
may adopt higher standards for a particular body of water, subject
to the approval of the National Pollution Control Commission.
Section 17. Upgrading of Water Quality. Where the quality of
water has deteriorated to a degree where its state will adversely
affect its best usage, the government agencies concerned shall
take such measures as may be necessary to upgrade the quality of
such water to meet the prescribed water quality standards.
Section 18. Water Quality Standards. The National Pollution
Control Commission shall prescribe quality and effluent standards
consistent with the guidelines set by the National Environmental
Protection Council and the classification of waters prescribed in the

preceding sections, taking into consideration, among others, the

following:
(a) the standard of water quality or purity may vary
according to beneficial uses; and
(b) the technology relating to water pollution control.
Chapter II
Protection and Improvement of Water Quality
Section 19. Enforcement and Coordination. The production,
utilization, storage and distribution of hazardous, toxic and other
substances such as radioactive materials, heavy metals, pesticides,
fertilizers, and oils, and the disposal, discharge and dumping of
untreated wastewater, mine tailings and other substances that may
pollute any body of water of the Philippines resulting from normal
operations of industries, water-borne sources, and other human
activities as well as those resulting from accidental spills and
discharge shall be regulated by appropriate government agencies
pursuant to their respective charters and enabling legislations. In
the performance of the above functions, the government agencies
concern shall coordinate with the National Environmental Protection
Council and furnish the latter with such information as may be
necessary to enable it to attain its objectives under Presidential
Decree No. 1121.
Section 20. Clean-up Operations. It shall be the responsibility of
the polluter to contain, remove and clean up water pollution
incidents at his own expense. In case of his failure to do so, the
government agencies concerned shall undertake containment,
removal and clean-up operations and expenses incurred in said
operations shall be charged against the persons and/or entities
responsible for such pollution.
Section 21. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance. The
various government agencies concerned with environmental
protection shall establish to the greatest extent practicable a water
quality surveillance and monitoring network with sufficient stations
and sampling schedules to meet the needs of the country. Said
water quality surveillance network shall put to maximum use the

capabilities of such government agencies. Each agency involved in

such network shall report to the National Environmental Protection
Council the results of these monitoring activities as the need arises.
TITLE III
LAND USE MANAGEMENT
Section 22. Purpose. The purposes of this Title are:
(a) to provide a rational, orderly and efficient acquisition,
utilization and disposition of land and its resources in order
to derive therefrom maximum benefits; and
(b) to encourage the prudent use and conservation of land
resources in order to prevent and imbalance between the
nation's needs and such resources.
Section 23. National Land Use Scheme. The Human Settlements
Commission, in coordination with the appropriate agencies of the
government, shall formulate and recommend to the National
Environmental Protection Council a land use scheme consistent
with the purpose of this Title.
The Land Use Scheme shall include among others, the following:
(a) a science-based and technology-oriented land inventory
and classification system;
(b) a determination of present land uses, the extent to which
they are utilized, underutilized, rendered idle or abandoned;
(c) a comprehensive and accurate determination of the
adaptability of the land for community development,
agriculture, industry, commerce and other fields of
endeavor;
(d) a method of identification of areas where uncontrolled
development could result in irreparable damage to
important historic, cultural, or aesthetic values, or natural
systems or processes of national significance;

(e) a method for exercising control by the appropriate

government agencies over the use of land in areas of critical
environmental concern and areas impacted by public
facilities including, but not limited to, airports, highways,
bridges, ports and wharves, buildings and other
infrastructure projects;
(f) a method to ensure the consideration of regional
development and land use in local regulations;
(g) policy for influencing the location of new communities
and methods for assuring appropriate controls over the use
of land around new communities;
(h) a system of controls and regulations pertaining to areas
and development activities designed to ensure that any
source of pollution will not be located where it would result
in a violation of any applicable environmental pollution
control regulations; and
(i) a recommended method for the periodic revisions and
updating of the national land use scheme to meet changing
conditions.
Section 24. Location of Industries. In the location of industries,
factories, plants, depots and similar industrial establishments, the
regulating or enforcing agencies of the government shall take into
consideration the social, economic, geographic and significant
environmental impact of said establishments.
TITLE IV
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
Section 25. Purposes. The purposes of this Title are:
(a) to provide the basic policy on the management and
conservation of the country's natural resources to obtain the
optimum benefits therefrom and to preserve the same for
the future generations; and

(b) to provide general measures through which the aforesaid

policy may be carried out effectively.
Chapter I
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Section 26. Management Policy. The National government,
through the Department of Natural Resources, shall establish a
system of rational exploitation of fisheries and aquatic resources
within the Philippine territory and shall encourage citizen
participation therein to maintain and/or enhance the optimum and
continuous productivity of the same.
Section 27. Measures for National Exploitation. Measures for the
national exploitation of fisheries and other aquatic resources may
include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
(a) undertaking manpower and expertise development;
(b) acquiring the necessary facilities and equipment;
(c) regulating the marketing of threatened species of fish or
other aquatic resources;
(d) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the
exploitation of fisheries and aquatic resources with a view of
formulating guidelines for the systematic and effective
enforcement thereof; and
(e) conserving the vanishing species of fish and aquatic
resources such as turtles, sea snakes, crocodiles, corals, as
well as maintaining the mangrove areas, marshes and
inland waters, coral reef-areas and islands serving as
sanctuaries for fish and other aquatic life.

rational exploitation and conservation of wildlife resources and shall

encourage citizen participation in the maintenance and/or
enhancement of their continuous productivity.
Section 29. Measures for Rational Exploitation. Measures for
rational exploitation of wildlife resources may include, but shall not
be limited to, the following:
(a) regulating
resources.

the

marketing

of

threatened

wildlife

(b) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the

exploitation of wildlife resources with a view of formulating
guidelines for the systematic and effective enforcement
thereof; and
(c) conserving the threatened species of fauna, increasing
their rate of reproduction, maintaining their original habitat,
habitat
manipulation,
determining
bag/creel
limits,
population control in relation to the carrying capacity of any
given area, banning of indiscriminate and/or destructive
means of catching or hunting them.
Chapter III
Forestry and Soil Conservation
Section 30. Management Policy for Forestry. The national
government, through the Department of Natural Resources, shall
undertake a system of rational exploitation of forest resources and
shall encourage citizen participation therein to keep the country's
forest resources at maximum productivity at all time.
Section 31. Measures for Rational Exploitation of Forest
Resources. Measures for the rational exploitation of forest
resources may include, but shall not be limited to, the following:

Chapter II
Wildlife

(a) regulating the marketing of threatened forest resources;

Section 28. Management Policy. The national government through

the Department of Natural Resources, shall establish a system of

(b) reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the

exploitation of forest resources with a view of formulating

guidelines for the systematic and efficient enforcement

thereof;

(a) the control of soil erosion on the banks of rivers, the

shores of lakes, and the seashores;

(c) conserving threatened species of flora as well as

increasing their rate of propagation; the banning of
destructive modes of exploitation, kaingin making or shifting
cultivation, indiscriminate harvesting of minor forest
products the recycling methods of waste materials, and

(b) the control of flow and flooding in and from rivers and
lakes;

(d) carrying out a continuing effect on reforestation; timber

stand improvement; forest protection; land classification;
forest occupancy management; agri-silviculture; range
management;
agri-silvicultural/kaingin
management;
industrial tree plantation; parks and wildlife management;
multiple use forest; timber management and forest
research.
Section 32. Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides. The use of fertilizers
and pesticides in agriculture shall be regulated prescribing therefor
a tolerance level in their use. Their use shall be monitored by
appropriate government agencies to provide empirical data for
effective regulation.
Section 33. Management Policy on Soil Conservation. The national
government, through the Department of Natural Resources and the
Department of Agriculture, shall likewise undertake a soil
conservation program including therein the identification and
protection of critical watershed areas, encouragement of scientific
farming techniques, physical and biological means of soil
conservation, and short-term and long-term researches and
technology for effective soil conservation.
Chapter
Flood Control and Natural Calamities

IV

Section 34. Measures in Flood Control Program. In addition to the

pertinent provisions of existing laws, the following shall be included
in a soil erosion, sediment and flood control program;

(c) the conservation of water which, for purposes of this

Section shall mean forms of water, but shall not include
captive water;
(d) the needs of fisheries and wildlife and all other
recreational uses of natural water;
(e) measures to control the damming, diversion, taking, and
use of natural water, so far as any such act may affect the
quality and availability of natural water for other purposes;
and
(f) measures to stimulate research in matters relating to
natural water and soil conservation and the application of
knowledge thereby acquired.
Section 35. Measures to Mitigate Destructive Effects of
Calamities. The national government, through the Philippine
Atmospheric,
Geophysical
and
Astronomical
Services
Administration, shall promote intensified and concerted research
efforts on weather modification, typhoon, earthquake, tsunami,
storm surge, and other tropical natural phenomena in order to bring
about any significant effect to mitigate or prevent their destructive
effects.
Chapter V
Energy Development
Section 36. Policy. Consistent with the environmental protection
policies, the national government, through the Energy
Development Board, shall undertake an energy development
program encouraging the utilization of invariant sources such as
solar, wind and tidal energy.

Section 37. Measures for Energy Development. Measures for

energy development program may include, but shall not be limited
to, the following:
(a) setting up of pilot plants utilizing invariant sources of
energy;
(b) training of technical personnel for purposes of energy
development; and
(c) conducting researches aimed at developing technology
for energy development.
Section 38. Safety Measures on Energy Development. Rules and
regulations shall be promulgated to prevent or mitigate the adverse
effects of energy development on the environment. For this
purpose, all nuclear powered plants exploring and utilizing
geothermal energy, whether owned or controlled by private or
government entities shall:
(a) observe internationally accepted standards of safety;
and
(b) provide safety devices to ensure the health and welfare
of their personnel as well as the surrounding community.
Chapter VI
Conservation and Utilization of Surface and Ground Waters

Section 40. Management Policy. - The national government,

through the Department of Natural Resources, shall undertake a
system of gainful exploitation and rational and efficient utilization
of mineral resources and shall encourage citizen participation in
this endeavor.
Section 41. Measures for Exploitation and Utilization of Mineral
Resources. Measures for the gainful exploitation and rational and
efficient utilization of such mineral resources may include, but shall
not be limited to the following:
(a) increasing research
resources technology;

and

development

in

mineral

(b) training of additional technical manpower needed in

geology, geophysics, mining engineering, and related fields;
(c) regulating the exploitation of identified mineral reserves;
(d) accelerating the exploration of undiscovered mineral
deposits; and
(e) encouraging the establishment of processing plants for
refined metals.
TITLE V
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Section 42. Purpose. The purposes of this Title are:

Section 39. Management Policy. In addition to existing laws, the

national government through the National Water Resources Council
in coordination with other appropriate government agencies, shall
prescribe measures for the conservation and improvement of the
quality of Philippine water resources and provide for the prevention,
control and abatement of water pollution.
Chapter VII
Mineral Resources

(a) to set guidelines for waste management with a view to

ensuring its effectiveness;
(b) to encourage, promote and stimulate technological,
educational economic and social efforts to prevent
environmental damage and unnecessary loss of valuable
resources of the nation through recovery, recycling and reuse of wastes and waste products; and

(c) to provide measures to guide and encourage appropriate

government agencies in establishing sound, efficient,
comprehensive and effective waste management.

the necessary subsidy, to local governments upon request made

through the National Environmental Protection Council and subject
to such terms and conditions as the latter may provide.

Chapter I
Enforcement and Guidelines

Chapter II
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

Section 43. Waste Management Programs. Preparation and

implementation of waste management program shall be required of
all provinces, cities and municipalities. The Department of Local
Government and Community Development shall promulgate
guidelines for the formulation and establishment of waste
management programs.

Section 45. Solid Waste Disposal. Solid Waste disposal shall be by

sanitary landfill, incineration, composing, and other methods as
may be approved by competent government authority.

Every waste management program shall include the following:

(a) an orderly system of operation consistent with the needs
of the area concerned;
(b) a provision that the operation will not create pollution of
any kind or will constitute public nuisance;
(c) a system for a safe and sanitary disposal of waste;
(d) a provision that existing plans affecting the
development, use and protection of air, water or natural
resources shall be considered;
(e) schedules and methods of implementing the
development, construction and operation of the plan
together with the estimated costs; and
(f) a provision for the periodic revision of the program to
ensure its effective implementation.
Section 44. Responsibility of Local Governments. Each province,
city or municipality shall provide measures to facilitate the
collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste within
its jurisdiction in coordination with other government agencies
concerned. For this purpose, the national government shall provide

Section 46. Sanitary Landfills. Local governments, including

private individuals, corporations or organizations may operate one
or more sanitary landfills. Any entity proposing to operate a
sanitary landfill shall submit to the appropriate government agency
an operational work plan showing, among other things, a map of
the proposed work location, disposal areas for rubbish, garbage,
refuse and other waste matter; and the equipment or machinery
needed to accomplish its operations. In no case shall landfill or
work locations under this Section be located along any shore or
coastline, or along the banks of rivers and streams. lakes
throughout their entire length, in violation of any existing rules and
regulations.
Section 47. Incineration and Composting Plants. The installation
and establishment of incineration or composting plants, or the
alteration/modification of any part thereof shall be regulated by the
local governments concerned in coordination with the National
Pollution Control Commission.
Section 48. Disposal Sites. The location of solid waste disposal
sites shall conform with existing zoning; land use standards, and
pollution control regulations.
Section 49. Dumping into the Sea and Other Navigable
Waters. The dumping or disposal of solid wastes into the sea and
any body of water in the Philippines, including shorelines and river
banks, where these wastes are likely to be washed into the water is
prohibited. However, dumping of solid wastes or other materials
into the sea or any navigable waters shall be permitted in case of
immediate or imminent danger to life and property, subject to the

rules and regulations of the Philippine Coast Guard and the National
Pollution Control Commission.
Government agencies and private entities which are undertaking
solid waste management programs shall make consultations with
the government agencies concerned with respect to the effects of
such dumping to the marine environment and navigation.
Chapter III
Methods of Liquid Waste Disposal

information agencies of the government shall undertake public

information activities for the purpose of stimulating awareness and
encouraging involvement in environmental protection.
Section 54. Environmental Research. The Council shall undertake
and/or promote continuing studies and research programs on
environmental management and shall, from time to time,
determine priority areas of environmental research.

Section
50. Liquid
Waste
Disposal. Wastewater
from
manufacturing plants, industries, community, or domestic sources
shall be treated either physically, biologically or chemically prior to
disposal in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated
by proper government authority.

Section 55. Monitoring and Dissemination of Environmental

Information of Foreign Origin. The Council shall keep itself informed
of current environmental developments by obtaining information
and literature from foreign sources through the Department of
Foreign Affairs, government agencies and other entities, both
domestic and foreign. Such information and literature shall be given
the widest dissemination possible.

Section 51. Applicability of Sec. 8. The provisions of Sec. 8 hereof

shall likewise apply to the dumping or disposal of liquid waste into
the sea and other bodies of water.

Section 56. Incentives. To operate the installation and the

utilization of pollution control facilities, the following incentives are
hereby granted:

TITLE VI
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 52. Population-Environment Balance. In the assessment of
development projects, the National Environmental Protection
Council, hereinafter referred to in this Title as the "Council" shall
take into consideration their effect on population with a view to
achieving a rational and orderly balance between man and his
environment.
Section
53. Environmental
Education. The
Department
of
Education and Culture shall integrate subjects on environmental
education in its school curricula at all levels. It shall also endeavor
to conduct special community education emphasizing the
relationship of man and nature as well as environmental sanitation
and practices.
The Council and other government agencies implementing
environmental protection laws in coordination with public

(a) exemption to the extent of fifty (50) per cent of tariff

duties and compensating tax for the importation of pollution
control equipment, devices, spare parts and accessories for
a period of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Decree
subject to the conditions that will be imposed by the
Council.
(b) a tax credit equivalent to fifty (50) per cent of the value
of the compensating tax and tariff duties that would have
been paid on the pollution control equipment, devices, spare
parts and accessories had these items been imported shall,
within a period of seven (7) years from the effectivity of this
Decree be given to the person or firm who or which
purchases them from a domestic manufacturer, and another
tax credit equivalent to twenty-five (25) per cent thereof
shall be given to the said manufacturer subject to such
conditions as may be imposed by the Council; and
(c) deductions equivalent to fifty (50) per cent of the
expenses actually incurred on research projects undertaken

to develop technologies for the manufacture of pollution

control equipment which have been proven effective and
commercially reproducible, from the taxable income of the
person or firm actually undertaking such projects subject to
the conditions that may be imposed by the Council.

Section 61. Public Hearings. The Council may, whenever it deems

necessary, conduct public hearings on issues of environmental
significance.

The pollution control equipment, devices, spare parts and

accessories acquired under this Section shall not be sold,
transferred or disposed of within five (5) years from the date of
acquisition without the prior approval of the Council otherwise the
importer or purchaser shall pay twice the amount of the tax
exemption or tax credit granted.

(a) "Ambient Air Quality" means the average atmospheric

purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken
at the source of pollution. It is the general amount of
pollution present in a broad area.

Section 57. Financial Assistance/Grant. Financial assistance/grant

for the study, design and construction of environmental protection
facilities especially for waste disposal in favor of cities,
municipalities, small and medium-scale industries may be granted
on a case to case basis subject to such conditions as may be
imposed by the Council.
Section 58. Participation of Local Government Units and Private
Individuals. It shall be the responsibility of local government units
as well as private individuals to actively participate in the
environmental management and protection programs of the
government.
Section 59. Preservation of Historic and Cultural Resources and
Heritage. It shall be the duty of every person to help preserve the
historic and cultural resources of the country such as sites,
structures, artifacts, documents, objects, memorials and priceless
trees.
Section 60. Government Offices Performing Environmental
Protection Functions. Government agencies vested by law to
exercise environmental management powers, shall continue to
function as such within their respective jurisdictions. The Council
may, however, in the exercise of its powers and functions under
Presidential Decree No. 1121, inquire into any action or issue of
environmental significance.

Section 62. Definition of Terms. As used in this Code:

(b) "Emission" means the act of passing into the atmosphere

an air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream and unwanted
sound from a known source.
(c) "Water Quality" means the characteristics of water which
define its use in terms of physical, chemical and biological
contents; hence the quality of water for domestic use is
different from industrial use.
(d) "Water Quality Surveillance" means a close and
continuous supervision of the water quality to detect
development movements or changes in the characteristics
of the water.
(e) "Water Quality Standard" means a plan that is
established by governmental authority as a program for
water pollution prevention and abatement. Such a standard
may include water use classification and the criteria to
support the uses of the water.
(f) "Effluent Standards" means restrictions established to
limit levels of concentration of physical, chemical and
biological constituents which are discharged from point
sources.
(g) "Clean-up Operations" refers to activities conducted in
removing the pollutants discharged or spilled in water to
restore it to pre-spill condition.

10

(h) "Accidental Spills" refers to spills of oil or other

hazardous substances in water that result from accidents
involving the carriers of such substance such as collisions
and grounding.
(i) "Areas of Critical Environmental Concern" are areas
where uncontrolled development could result in irreparable
damage to important historic, cultural, or aesthetic values or
natural systems or processes of national significance.
(j) "Hazardous Substances" means elements or compounds
which when discharged in any quantity present imminent or
substantial danger to public health and welfare.
(k) "Areas Impacted by Public Facilities" refers to areas
where the introduction of public facilities may tend to induce
development and urbanization of more than local
significance or impact.

(m) "Government Agencies" refers to national, local and

regional
agencies
and
instrumentalities
including
government-owned and controlled corporations.
TITLE VII
FINAL PROVISIONS
Section 63. Separability of Provisions. If any provision of this
Code, or the application of such provisions to any person or
circumstance, is declared unconstitutional, the remainder of the
Code or the application of such provision to other persons or
circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
Section 64. Effectivity. This Code shall take effect upon its
approval.
Done in the City of Manila, this 6th day of June in the year of Our
Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-seven.

(l) "Environmental Impact" is the alteration, to any degree,

of environmental conditions or the creation of a new set of
environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, to be
induced or caused by a proposed project.

11