International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015

Static and Dynamic Analysis of Transmission

Line Towers under Seismic Loads
G. V. Sowjanya
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CIVIL
Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology
Tumkuru, India

Siddu Karthik C S
CADS (M.Tech)4th sem, Dept. of CIVIL
Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology
Tumkuru, India

Abstract - Transmission line towers carry heavy electrical

transmission conductors at a sufficient and safe height from
ground. In addition to their self-weight they have to withstand
all forces of nature like a strong wind, earthquake and snow
load. Therefore, transmission line towers should be designed
considering both structural and electrical requirements for a
safe and economical design.
This report introduces different types of transmission tower
and its configuration as per Indian Standard IS-802. A typical
type of transmission line tower carrying 220kV single circuit
conductors is modelled and analyzed using SAP2000
considering forces like wind load, dead load of the structure,
breaking load of the conductors and earthquake load as per
Indian Standard IS1893: 2000 (part 1). Here we have
considered optimally designed tower, which has the height of
30m which includes the ground clearance (h1), maximum sag
of the lower most conductors wire (h2), vertical spacing
between the conductor wires (h3) and vertical distance of
earth wire from the uppermost conductor wire (h4). The
earth wire or ground wire is always located at the top of the
transmission tower. It has a square base width of 4.46m.
The type of transmission tower considered here is square
based tower having no deviation located on a plain landscape
with minimal obstacles. It is located at the wind zone 1 with
the basic wind speed of 33m/s. The wind pressure on the
tower depends on the gust response factor (GT) which
increases with height.
Comparison is made between the transmission towers of
different type of bracings and situated at different seismic
zones such as Zone II. And the tower is analyzed both
statically and dynamically.
The members are designed for maximum Tension and
Compression load for the most critical load combination as
per code IS802. The Seismic behaviour of the tower for zone
2 has been tabulated and the deflections, axial forces, modal
time period and base shear of both types of towers are noted
and compared to know which of these is safe.

1.

INTRODUCTION

existence of towers. Towers are tall structures, their height

being much more than their lateral dimensions. These are
space frames built with steel sections having generally an
independent foundation under each leg. The height of the
tower is fixed by the user and the structural designer has
the task of designing the general configuration, member
and the joint details. Electric power generated at power
plants is transmitted through Transmission lines supported
by transmission line towers. The transmission Lines towers
cost about 35 45 percent of the total cost of the
transmission System. Hence utmost economy has to be
exercised in their design and installation.
A transmission line tower is a space frame and a
high order indeterminate structure. Its cost is influenced by
its weight. The weight in turn Is influenced by the
designers diligence and his efficient application of the
governing specifications. Given the same code in respect of
material, ruling Dimension loads, unit stresses, etc., any
two competent engineers could produce Designs resulting
in structures which are strikingly similar in weight. This
similarity is only possible if designers aim at selecting the
most economical configuration for the tower and the choice
of the various sections is done with the uppermost thought
of conserving every kg of steel possible, within the
limitations of the specifications consistent with reliability.
The main supporting unit of overhead
transmission line is transmission tower. Transmission
towers have to carry the heavy transmission conductor at a
sufficient, safe height from ground. In addition to that, all
towers have to sustain all kinds of natural calamities. So
transmission tower designing is an important engineering
job where all three basic engineering concepts, civil,
mechanical and electrical engineering concepts are equally
applicable.
1.1 Objectives
To Find:

India has a large population residing all over the

country and the electricity supply need of this population
creates a requirement of a large transmission and
distribution system. The use of electric power has become
an increasingly important part of the economy of industrial
countries. The advancement in electrical engineering shows
needs for supporting heavy conductors which led to

IJERTV4IS080118

Deflection and Member forces

Fundamental Time period

Natural frequency.

Base shear

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015

especially trained for the configuration, analysis and

design of transmission line towers. A few interesting
result of both crisp and fuzzy optimization, relevant to
the figure of a typical double circuit transmission line
tower under multiple loading condition, are presented.
(3)

Comparison:

For different bracing of the structure.

Seismic behavior:

To check the behavior of the tower in seismic

zones.

4.

Li Tian, Hongnan Li, and Guohuan Liu, in this paper

analyzed the conduct of power transmission tower-line
system subjected to spatially varying base excitations.
The transmission towers are modeled by beam
elements while the transmission lines are modeled by
cable elements that account for the nonlinear geometry
of the lines. The real multi station data from SMART1 are used to dissect the system response subjected to
spatially varying ground motions. The seismic input
waves for vertical and horizontal ground motions are
also generated based on the Code for Design of
Seismic of Electrical Installations. Both the
incoherency of seismic waves and wave travel effects
are accounted for. The nonlinear time history,
analytical method is employed in the analysis. The
effects of boundary conditions, ground motion, spatial
variations, the incident angle of the seismic wave,
coherency loss, and wave travel on the system are
looked into. The outcomes prove that the uniform
ground motion at all supports of system does not
provide the most critical case for the response
calculations. (4)

5.

Y. M. Ghugal , U. S. Salunkhe worked on Analysis

and Design of Three and Four Legged 400KV Steel
Transmission Line Towers. The four legged lattice
towers are most usually used as transmission line
towers. Three legged towers only used as
telecommunication, microwaves, radio and guyed
towers, but not employed in the power sectors as
transmission line towers. In this study an attempt is
cleared that the three legged towers are planned as 400
KV double circuit transmission line tower. The present
study describes the analysis and blueprint of two selfsupporting 400 KV steel transmission line towers via
three legged and four legged models using common
parameters such as constant height, bracing system,
with an angle sections system are posted out. In this
study constant loading parameter including wind
forces as per IS: 802 (1995) are brought into account.
After analysis, the comparative study is presented with
respective to slenderness effect, critical sections,
forces and deflections of both three legged and four
legged towers. A saving in steel weight up to 21.2%
resulted when a three legged tower is compared with a
four legged type. (5)

1.2Methodology

Modeling is done by using SAP-2000

Seismic analysis

Static analysis
Equivalent static method

Dynamic analysis
Time history method

2.
1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Faruq M. A. Siddiqi and John F. Fleming gave a

universal routine for calculating the dynamic response
of electric transmission cable systems when one or
more wires suddenly break, A computer program for
doing a time history analysis for the nonlinear system
has been broken. The program will compute the wire
tensions, the arm loads and the ground line moments at
the base of the support structures. A comparison is
drawn between the computed solutions and the
experimental solutions for a small scale laboratory
model. Psychoanalysis of a full scale transmission line
system shows that the shock factor as high as 4.5 can
be expected due to the dynamic effects. (1)

2.

Francis L. Ehasz, in this report presents the results of a

study of the distribution of shear and torque in steel
transmission towers. In conformity with the request of
officials of fabricated Steel construction in the
Bethlehem Steel Company, an analytical study of the
problem was fixed and checked experimentally at the
Fritz Engineering Laboratory of Lehigh University.
Four preliminary frames four feet high, and a twenty
one foot full sized model tower were investigated and
preliminary stresses obtained by various methods from
the experimental results were compared with the
analytical stresses. (2)

3.

G.Visweswara Rao, Worked on Optimum Designs

For Transmission Line Towers in this a method for
the development of optimized tower designs for extra
high-voltage transmission lines is presented in the
paper. The optimization is with reference to both tower
weight and geometry. It is achieved by the control of a
chosen set of key design parameters. Fuzziness in the
definition of these control variables is also included in
the design process . A derivative free method of
nonlinear optimization is integrated in the program,

IJERTV4IS080118

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015

3. GENERAL ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS OF

TRANSMISSION TOWERS
3.1 Loads Acting On Towers:
The rafts on a transmission line tower consist of three
mutually perpendicular system of loads acting vertically,
normal to the centring of the communication channel and
parallel to the centring of the business. In practice it is
more beneficial to standardize the manner of loading as
given hereunder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Transverse load
Longitudinal load
Torsional shear
Self weight
Wind load

3.1.5 Wind Load:

Wind loads on all the towers are calculated separately by
developing excel programs by following Indian Standards.
For determining the drag coefficients for the members of
triangular tower, the solidity ratio is derived from Table 30
IS-875 (part 3)-1987 in the similar fashion as dictated in
the IS- 826 (part-1/sec1) -1995.
4. TOWER CONFIGURATION
In present study 220KV A type single circuit tower of K
type and X type bracing are considered. The following
figures shows the 2 different type of towers considered.

3.1.1 Transverse Loads:

The transeverse load consists of loads of the points of a
conductor and ground wire support in a direction parallel to
the axis of the cross-arms, plus a load distributed over the
transeverse face of the structure due to the wind load on the
tower. The conductor and ground wire support point loads
are built up of the following elements:
i.
Wind on the bare conductor/ground wire over the
wind span and wind on insulator string
ii.
Angular component of cable tension due to an
angle in the line

FIGURE 1 K TYPE BRACING SYSTEM

3.1.2 Longitudinal Loads:

Whenever the conductor or ground wire breaks, its force
will be to cause unbalanced pull normally in the
longitudinal direction which the construction has to
withstand. This unbalanced longitudinal pull is called
longitudinal load
3.1.3 Vertical Loads:
Vertical load is applied to the ends of the cross arms and on
the ground wire peak and consists of the following vertical
downward components
1.
Weight of bare or ice covered conductors as
specified over the governing weight span.
2.
The weight of insulators, hardware, etc., embraced
with ice if applicable.
3.
Arbitrary load to assume care of the weight of a
man with tools.
3.1.4 Torsional Shear:
Torsional shear or torsional loads are made when there is
unbalanced tension in the conductor on the two sides. This
is due to broken wire or due to dead ending of the
conductor on single circuit lines and thus causing twisting
moments about the central axis of the column.

IJERTV4IS080118

FIGURE 2 X TYPE BRACING SYSTEM

TABLE-1 TOWER DIMENSIONS :

SQUARE
TOWER
( K-BRACING)

SQUARE
TOWER
( X-BRACING)

Base Width
Hamper
Width(L.C.A)
Hamper
Width(U.C.A)

4.46m
2.00m

4.46m
2.00m

2.00m

2.00m

Height Till (L.C.A)

18.20m

18.20m

Height Till (U.C.A)

Total Tower Height

28.10m
30.00m

28.10m
30.00m

TOWER TYPE

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015

TABLE 2: LOAD CASES CONSIDERED

LOADING CASES
NUMBER

TYPE OF LOADING CASES

(DL+LL)

(DL+LL+WX)

(DL+LL+WY)

(TIME HISTORY)

(DL+LL+EQX)

(DL+LL+EQY)

Frequency v/s Mode Number

5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Figure 3 : Graph Showing Deflections Versus Load Cases
For Both X And K Type Of Bracing Towers

Table 3:Base Shear Values For K Bracing Type Tower

OUTPUT CASE

GLOBAL FX

GLOBAL FY

GLOBAL FZ

KN

KN

KN

0.253

7.797E-07

4.665E-07

-0.097

-0.000001024

-3.585E-07

2.985E-07

0.189

0.000001252

-2.685E-07

-0.053

-0.000001437

-49.56

-1.415E-12

42

-89.333

-2.188E-12

50.4

-118.944

-29.877

50.4

-59.472

-1.706E-12

142.811

-59.472

-1.706E-12

142.811

TH X
TH X
TH Y
TH Y
1.5(DL+LL)
1.2(DL+LL+WX)

Deflection v/s Load Cases

Figure 2 : Graph Showing Axial Load Versus Load Cases
For Both X And K Type Of Bracing
Towers

1.2(DL+LL+WY)
1.2(DL+LL+EQX)
1.2(DL+LL+EQY)

Axial load v/s Load Cases

Figure 5: Graph Showing Frequency Versus Node Number For Both X
And K Type Of Bracing Towers

IJERTV4IS080118

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International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 4 Issue 08, August-2015

Table 4:Base Shear Values For X Bracing Type Tower

OUTPUT
CASE

7.REFRENCES

GLOBAL FX

GLOBAL FY

GLOBAL FZ

1)

KN

KN

KN

2)
3)

TH X
0.253

7.797E-07

4.665E-07

-0.097

-0.000001024

-3.585E-07

2.985E-07

0.189

0.000001252

-2.685E-07

-0.053

-0.000001437

TH X
4)

TH Y
TH Y

5)

1.5(DL+LL)
-49.56

-1.415E-12

42

1.2(DL+LL+
WX)

-89.333

-2.188E-12

50.4

1.2(DL+LL+
WY)

-118.944

-29.877

50.4

1.2(DL+LL+E
QX)

-59.472

-1.706E-12

142.811

1.2(DL+LL+E
QY)

6)

7)
-59.472

-1.706E-12

142.811

6.CONCLUSION

8)

1.Study of different load cases on structure is very

important to recognize the case that will cause larger
deflection in tower model and to say which case will be
optimized. Although we have analyzed for seismic
conditions , the deflection is governed by wind load case.

9)

2.The towers are provided with angle sections of x and k

type bracings where k type bracing tower gives lesser
deflections when compared with x type bracing tower.
3.Tower structure with least weight is directly proportional
in reduction of the cost. K type bracing tower when
completely assigned with steel angles to its members gives
least weight comparing x bracing tower.

10)

11)

12)

13)

14)

15)

16)

17)
18)
19)
20)
21)

IJERTV4IS080118

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587317, 20 pages doi:10.1155/2010/587317
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Iii/July-Sept, 2012/44-50
Analysis And Design Of 220kv Transmission Line Tower In
Different Zones I & V With Different Base Widths A Comparative
Study By Ch. Sudheer, K. Rajashekar, P. Padmanabha Reddy, Y.
Bhargava Gopi Krishna, International Journal Of Technology
Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research, Vol 1, Issue 4
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By C. Preeti And K. Jagan Mohan Jordan . Journal Of Civil
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Helen Santhi.M , International Journal of Advanced Information
Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.20, No.20,
December 2013
Analysis And Design Of Transmission Tower By Gopi Sudam
Punse, International Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (Ijmer)
Vol.4, Issue 1, Jan.2014
Optimization Of Transmission Line Towers By Vinay R.B,
Ranjith.A, Bharath.A ,International Journal Of Innovative Research In
Science, Engineering And Technology Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014
Effect Of Medium Wind Intensity On 21m 132kv Transmission
Tower By V. Lakshmi1, A. Rajagopala Rao Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Issn: 22503676 Volume-2, Issue-4, 820 824
Upgrading Of Transmission Towers Using Of Diaphragm Bracing
System By F.Albermani And M. Mahendran Dept. Of Civil
Engineering, University Of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia School
Of Civil Engineering,
Studies On Failure Of Transmission Line Towers In Testing By
N.Prasadrao, G.M.Samuel Knight, S.J.Mohan, N. Lakshmanan
College Of Engineering Gunidy ,Anna University, Structural
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Indian Standard General Construction In Steel Code Of Practice Is
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