Wind - Open Buildings

CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGSMWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)
0.25 h/L 1.0
Main Wind Force Resisting System Part 1

Figure 27.4-5
Net Pressure Coefficient, CN
Pitched Free Roofs

q 45, g = 0, 180
Open Buildings
Wind Direction, = 0o, 180o

Roof
Angle,
7.5o
15o
22.5o
30o
37.5o
45o
Load
Case
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
Clear Wind Flow

CNW
CNL
Obstructed Wind Flow

CNW
CNL
1.1
0.2
1.1
0.1
1.1
-0.1
1.3
-0.1
1.3
-0.2
1.1
-0.3
-1.6
-0.9
-1.2
-0.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.7
-0.2
-0.6
-0.3
-0.5
-0.3
-0.3
-1.2
-0.4
-1.1
0.1
-0.8
0.3
-0.9
0.6
-0.6
0.9
-0.5
-1
-1.7
-1
-1.6
-1.2
-1.7
-0.7
-1.1
-0.6
-0.9
-0.5
-0.7
Notes:
1.
CNW and CNL denote net pressures (contributions from top and bottom surfaces) for windward and leeward half of
roof surfaces, respectively.
2.
Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed
wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting wind flow (>50% blockage).
3.
For values of between 7.5o and 45o, linear interpolation is permitted.
For values of less than 7.5o, use
monoslope roof load coefficients.
4.
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5.
All load cases shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
6.
Notation:
L
: horizontal dimension of roof, measured in the along wind direction, ft. (m)
h
: mean roof height, ft. (m)
: direction of wind, degrees
: angle of plane of roof from horizontal, degrees
268
CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGSMWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)
0.25 h/L 1.0
Main Wind Force Resisting System Part 1

Figure 27.4-7

Open Buildings
Horizontal
Distance from
Windward Edge
<h
> h, < 2h
> 2h
Roof Angle
Load Case
Free Roofs
q 45, g = 90, 270
Clear Wind
Flow
Obstructed
Wind Flow
CN
CN
All Shapes
-0.8
-1.2
< 45
0.8
0.5
All Shapes
-0.6
-0.9
< 45o
0.5
0.5
All Shapes
-0.3
-0.6
< 45o
0.3
0.3
Notes:
1. CN denotes net pressures (contributions from top and bottom surfaces).
2. Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed wind
flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting wind flow (>50% blockage).
3. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
4. All load cases shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.
5. For monoslope roofs with theta less than 5 degrees, Cn values shown apply also for cases where gamma = 0 degrees and
0.05 less than or equal to h/L less than or equal to 0.25. See Figure 27.4-4 for other h/L values.
6. Notation:
L
: horizontal dimension of roof, measured in the along wind direction, ft. (m)
h
: mean roof height, ft. (m). See Figures 27.4-4, 27.4-5 or 27.4-6 for a graphical depiction of this dimension.
: direction of wind, degrees
270
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
PART 5: OPEN BUILDINGS

30.8 BUILDING TYPES
The provisions of Section 30.8 are applicable to an
open building of all heights having a pitched free
roof, monosloped free roof, or troughed free roof. The
steps required for the determination of wind loads on
components and cladding for these building types is
shown in Table 30.8-1.
30.8.1 Conditions
For the determination of the design wind pressures on components and claddings using the provisions of Section 30.8.2, the conditions indicated on
the selected gure(s) shall be applicable to the
building under consideration.
30.8.2 Design Wind Pressures
The net design wind pressure for component and
cladding elements of open buildings of all heights
with monoslope, pitched, and troughed roofs shall be
determined by the following equation:
p = qhGCN
(30.8-1)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height
h using the exposure as dened in Section 26.7.3
that results in the highest wind loads for any
wind direction at the site
G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9
CN = net pressure coefcient given in:
Fig. 30.8-1 for monosloped roof
Fig. 30.8-2 for pitched roof
Fig. 30.8-3 for troughed roof
User Note: Use Part 5 of Chapter 30 for determining

wind pressures for C&C of open buildings having
pitched, monoslope or troughed roofs. These provisions
are based on the Directional Procedure with wind
pressures calculated from the specied equation
applicable to each roof surface.
Table 30.8-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind

Loads Open Buildings
Step 1: Determine risk category, see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for
applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-1A,
B or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
Wind directionality factor, Kd , see
Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1
Exposure category B, C or D, see
Section 26.7
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and
Figure 26.8-1
Gust effect factor, G, see Section 26.9
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure
coefcient, Kz or Kh, see Table 30.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh, Eq. 30.3-1
Step 6: Determine net pressure coefcients, CN
Monosloped roof, see Fig. 30.8-1
Pitched roof, see Fig. 30.8-2
Troughed roof, see Fig. 30.8-3
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, Eq. 30.8-1
Net pressure coefcients CN include contributions

from top and bottom surfaces. All load cases shown
for each roof angle shall be investigated. Plus and
minus signs signify pressure acting toward and away
from the top surface of the roof, respectively.
331
CHAPTER 30 WIND LOADS COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

2
0.25 h/L 1.0
Components and Cladding

Figure 30.8-2
Pitched Free Roofs

q 45
Open Buildings
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
CN
Roof
Effective
Angle
Wind Area
Clear Wind Flow
Zone 3
<a
> a , < 4.0a

> 4.0a
<a
o
7.5
> 4.0a
15
> a , < 4.0a

<a
> 4.0a
45
> a , < 4.0a

<a
> 4.0a
30
> a , < 4.0a

<a
> a , < 4.0a

> 4.0a
Obstructed Wind Flow
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
2.4
-3.3
1.8
-1.7
1.2
-1.1
-3.6
0.8
-1.8
0.5
-1.2
1.8
-1.7
1.8
-1.7
1.2
-1.1
0.8
-1.8
0.8
-1.8
0.5
-1.2
1.2
-1.1
1.2
-1.1
1.2
-1.1
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
2.2
-3.6
1.7
-1.8
1.1
-1.2
-5.1
0.8
-2.6
0.5
-1.7
1.7
-1.8
1.7
-1.8
1.1
-1.2
0.8
-2.6
0.8
-2.6
0.5
-1.7
1.1
-1.2
1.1
-1.2
1.1
-1.2
0.5
-1.7
0.5
-1.7
0.5
-1.7
2.2
-2.2
1.7
-1.7
1.1
-1.1
-3.2
0.8
-2.4
0.5
-1.6
1.7
-1.7
1.7
-1.7
1.1
-1.1
0.8
-2.4
0.8
-2.4
0.5
-1.6
1.1
-1.1
1.1
-1.1
1.1
-1.1
0.5
-1.6
0.5
-1.6
0.5
-1.6
2.6
-1.8
-1.4
1.3
-0.9
-2.4
0.8
-1.8
0.5
-1.2
-1.2
-1.4
-1.4
1.3
-0.9
0.8
-1.8
0.8
-1.8
0.5
1.3
-0.9
1.3
-0.9
1.3
-0.9
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
2.2
-1.6
1.7
-1.2
1.1
-0.8
-2.4
0.8
-1.8
0.5
-1.2
1.7
-1.2
1.7
-1.2
1.1
-0.8
0.8
-1.8
0.8
-1.8
0.5
-1.2
1.1
-0.8
1.1
-0.8
1.1
-0.8
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
0.5
-1.2
Notes:
1.
CN denotes net pressures (contributions from top and bottom surfaces).
2.
Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow with blockage less than or equal to 50%.
Obstructed wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting wind flow (>50% blockage).
3.
For values of other than those shown, linear interpolation is permitted.
4.
Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5.
Components and cladding elements shall be designed for positive and negative pressure coefficients shown.
6.
Notation:
a : 10% of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller but not less than 4% of least horizontal
dimension or 3 ft. (0.9 m). Dimension a is as shown in Fig. 30.8-1.
h : mean roof height, ft. (m)
L : horizontal dimension of building, measured in along wind direction, ft. (m)
352

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CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGSMWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)

0.25 h/L 1.0

Main Wind Force Resisting System Part 1

Net Pressure Coefficient, CN

Pitched Free Roofs

Wind Direction, = 0o, 180o

Clear Wind Flow

Obstructed Wind Flow

: direction of wind, degrees

: angle of plane of roof from horizontal, degrees

CHAPTER 27 WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGSMWFRS (DIRECTIONAL PROCEDURE)

0.25 h/L 1.0

Main Wind Force Resisting System Part 1

Net Pressure Coefficient, CN

: direction of wind, degrees

: angle of plane of roof from horizontal, degrees

MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

PART 5: OPEN BUILDINGS

User Note: Use Part 5 of Chapter 30 for determining

Table 30.8-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind

Net pressure coefcients CN include contributions

CHAPTER 30 WIND LOADS COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

0.25 h/L 1.0

Components and Cladding

Net Pressure Coefficient, CN

Pitched Free Roofs

Clear Wind Flow

> a , < 4.0a

> a , < 4.0a

> a , < 4.0a

> a , < 4.0a

> a , < 4.0a

Obstructed Wind Flow

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