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    Biology 101 Bacteria Notes

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    Adam Glassner
    This document provides an overview of bacteria. It discusses that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. It describes their cell structure, including cell walls, flagella, and plasma membranes. It discusses different shapes of bacteria and how they reproduce through binary fission. The document also outlines different metabolic processes in bacteria, including photosynthesis and different nutritional modes. Additionally, it notes bacteria's roles in both disease and beneficial symbiotic relationships.

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    Biology 101 Bacteria Notes

    Uploaded by

    Adam Glassner
    157 views13 pages
    This document provides an overview of bacteria. It discusses that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. It describes their cell structure, including cell walls, flagella, and plasma membranes. It discusses different shapes of bacteria and how they reproduce through binary fission. The document also outlines different metabolic processes in bacteria, including photosynthesis and different nutritional modes. Additionally, it notes bacteria's roles in both disease and beneficial symbiotic relationships.

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    Biology 101 Bacteria Notes

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    This document provides an overview of bacteria. It discusses that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. It describes their cell structure, including cell walls, flagella, and plasma membranes. It discusses different shapes of bacteria and how they reproduce through binary fission. The document also outlines different metabolic processes in bacteria, including photosynthesis and different nutritional modes. Additionally, it notes bacteria's roles in both disease and beneficial symbiotic relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    157 views13 pages

    Biology 101 Bacteria Notes

    Uploaded by

    Adam Glassner
    This document provides an overview of bacteria. It discusses that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack nuclei and organelles. It describes their cell structure, including cell walls, flagella, and plasma membranes. It discusses different shapes of bacteria and how they reproduce through binary fission. The document also outlines different metabolic processes in bacteria, including photosynthesis and different nutritional modes. Additionally, it notes bacteria's roles in both disease and beneficial symbiotic relationships.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Bacteria

    Tuesday, November 24, 2015


    9:59 AM

    Prokaryotes - two domains


    Bacteria and archaea
    Prokaryotes - uniceullular - some may form colonies
    Some segregation of labor within colony
    Something acting like multicellualr organism
    Dealing with unicellular independent organism
    Lack nucleus and organelles
    Most have cell wall
    Other organisms - like plants
    But made out of different materials than cell walls we find in prokaryotes

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:01 AM

    Hair like things coming out at one end - flagella - used to propel bacterium through
    environment
    Direct it towards something in particular
    Plasma membrane surrounding cell
    Outside of membrane = cell wall
    Ribosomes
    No nucleus

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:02 AM

    Blue green algae


    Consists of philaments
    Each segment in philament - cell
    Colony of cells
    Lake - have greenish bluish cast to it
    Algal bloom
    Algal - cynobacteria
    Algal bloom - due to warm temperatures and abundance of nutrients
    Turns lake into distinctive color

    Bacterial cells - most part - including archae


    Prokaryotes - include both prokaryotes and bacteria

    Bacteria include in broad sense


    Bacteria have cell walls made from different materials than plant or fungal
    Circular chromosome rather than x shaped
    Capable of moving using flagellum or flagella
    Also have dormant stage - endosphore Stay in dormant stage for centuries or more - long time
    Avoiding inhospitible environments
    When environment turns bad turns into endospore
    Get rid of germ materials - endospore stage - difficult to kill bacteria
    In laboratories or hospitals - things that can be contaminated into high temperature

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:05 AM

    Helical shape - sprial - spirochetes - belong to this group


    Rod shape bacterial - baccilli - disease that has baccilus in it - rod shaped

    Bacterial sells spherical shape called cocci


    Humans think we are dominant species on earth
    But who is dominant organism on planet
    Prokaryotes
    Found everywhere
    Snowbanks on tops of mountains to deep down into earth
    Just took all living biomass on earth 90% of living mass would be prokaryotes
    Many time where no other organisms can live
    Member of archaea group - in extremely hot salty or cold environments
    Been around since life began
    Very diverse in metabolism
    Some bacteria - obligate aerobes - need oxygen to live
    Most plants and animals - obligate aerobes
    Facultative anaerobes - can do without oxygen if necessary
    Humans only for short period of time but within a few minutes need oxygen
    Some bacteria - obligate anerobes - can live without oxygen
    Decomposers - swamps - produce methane
    Gut bacteria in ruminants and termites - produce methane
    Animals - eat vegetation
    Help break down vegetative material
    Anerobic environment in there
    Cows have to burp out methane
    Modes of nutrition - very diverse
    Generally refered to as autotrophs - make own food

    Bacteria autotrophs - use c02 - carbon sourse


    Use light as energy source - take carbon dioxide to carbon based compounds
    Photoautorophs - cyanobacteria
    Green plant - photoautorophs
    Do photosynthesis to get energy
    Some autotrophs use inorganic chemicals as energy source rather than light
    Chemoautotrophs
    Use hydrogen sulfide
    In swamps - sulfery smell

    Also many bacteria heterotrops - organic compounds as compound sources


    Most animals are heterotrophs
    Carbon source - comes from animals or other organisms they eat
    Bacteria can do - using light as energy sourse to make organic compounds
    Photoheterotroph
    A lot of bacteria - chemoheterotroph
    Organic compounds as energy source
    Decomposers, parasites
    Animals are hemoheterotrophs
    Use organic compounds as carbon source
    Sugars and things we consume as food
    Also use organic compounds as energy source
    Come with carbohydrates we consume - get energy from those
    Most bacteria hemoheterotrophs

    Many baceria - decomposers or parasites

    Bacteria reproduction - quite variable


    One mode is called binary fission - axesual
    Single bacteria cell - duplicates genetic material and splits in half
    Common way bacterial colonies grow from individual cell
    Possible from form of sexual reproduction
    Bacteria - different from plants and animals sexual reproduction
    Conjugation
    2 bacteria cells - one as male and one female
    Cytoplasmic bridge formed between two cells
    Genetic material transferred from male to female cell
    Not involve a complete transfer of genetic material
    Might be portion from male or female cell
    Different from plants and animals
    Bacteria cells obtain genetic material from other bacterial cells
    Can change to adapt to environments
    Other than mutation
    Couple of other ways bacteria cell obtain genetic information from other cells
    Process called ransformation
    Bacteria cell picks up dna from other bacteria cell from envronment
    In addition to cicrular primary chromosome
    Other circiular chromosomes plasmids
    Smaller

    Transduction
    Viruses move from bacterial cell to bacterial cell - carry along a portion of bacterial
    genome
    Bacterial cell get piece of other genome

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:15 AM

    Male cell - lower right


    Female near top
    Male - hair like structures
    Sex pille - extends out to contact female cell
    Genetic exchange is mad
    e

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:16 AM

    Prokaryotes two major groups called domains


    Bacteria and archae
    General thinking is that from universal ancesstor
    Bacteria arose first
    And at some later point in time archaea evolved and later still eukaryotes
    Archae - later derivitaive and closer to eukaryotes than bacteria are

    Number of features distinguish archae from bacteria


    Cell wall of archae not like bacteria nad more like of eukaryotes
    Reasons why archae don't respond well to antibiotics
    Antibiotics target cell wall making
    Not as effected
    Archae found in extreme environments

    Three major groups Methanogens - lives in swamps, anaerobic - produce methane - exist in absence of
    oxygen - methane bubbles up out of swamps - swamp gas
    Halophiles - salt tolerant Thermophiles - ehat tolerant - hot springs and thermal vents in ocean

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AM

    Due to precence of bacteria

    Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AM

    Bacterial diseases Strep, straph, pheunomia, typhus, tb, tooth decay


    Stds - syphallis, gonorrhea, chlamydia

    Bacteria can cause harm not because of the bacteria themselves but because of
    toxins they produce
    Botulism - produced toxin - heat up enough to break down toxin
    Not consuming live bacteria, but toxins live bacteria produced
    Antibiotics - many kinds of bacterial diseases - drugs that can kill bacteria in bodies
    Caused by viruses - no drugs that can find virus in cells and get rid of it
    Bacterial infections - penicillin that can attack bacteria themselves
    Way they work is preventing bacteria from reproducing
    Way bacteria reproduces build new cell wall - produced by binary fission
    Penicilin interfere with cell wall production
    Cell can't reproduce

    Eukaryotic cells - cells in our bodies - eukarotic cells - don't have cell walls
    Targets cell walls and don't affect our cell
    Diseases becoming resistant
    Primary concerns
    Indiscrimant use of antibiotics
    Cold - viral infections - doctors - give antibiotic
    Next upshot of this - exposing bacteria to biotics and creating resistant forms
    Sexually transmitted diseases and tb
    Tb went into remission
    Now coming back as epademic because of antibiotic resistance
    Livestock production
    Pigs, chickens, cattle
    Given antibiotics to prevent infections that arrise
    Whats being created - antibiotic resistant bacteria - possibly problem for humans as
    well
    Not all bacteria are bad
    Really couldn't exist without bacteria
    Decomposers - organisms that break down organic material
    Nutrients that can be recycled
    Capable of taking atmospheric
    Produce nitrogen as gas and put it into atmosphere
    Change nitrogen types
    Bacteria involved in mutalistic relationship
    Cow has various bacteria - capable of breaking down cellulose
    Without bacteria - cow won't get nutragen value

    We wouldn't get nutrients out of grass


    Cow break down grass
    Bacteria for own nutritional purposes
    Also make nutrients available to cow
    Do some of breakdown of materials in our own gut
    Also a mutualistic relationship - pea family
    Roots of these plants - nodules - nitrogen fixing bacteria
    These bacteria - help provide nutrition to plant
    Use bacteria in variety of things
    Water treatment plants - use bacteria to clense water
    Bacteria capable of consuming patrolim products such as oil
    Food products - yogurt and cheese
    Employing bacteria to make human gene products - insulin and human growth
    hormone - difficult to obtain from animals via genetic engineering

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