Steel I-Girder Composite Bridge

Advanced Application 7
Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge

Using a Composite Section
Civ il
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Cross Section 3
Materials 3
Loadings 3
Compose Construction Stages 4
Set Working Condition and Enter Section/Material Properties 8
Set Working Condition 8
Enter Material Properties 9
Enter Section Properties 10
Enter Time Dependent Material Properties 12
Construct a Bridge Model 12
Define Groups 12
Construct a Bridge Model 12
Input Boundary Conditions 12
Input Support Conditions 12
Input Effective Width 12
Input Loading Data 12
Define Construction Stages 12
Define an Element Group 12
Compose Construction Stages 12
Define the Composite Sections Corresponding to Each Construction Stage 12
Perform Structural Analysis 12
Review Analysis Results 12
Review Member Forces 12
Review Stresses 12
Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section
Introduction
When a section is composed of more than two materials, consideration should be given to
the composite effect in the structural analysis. In addition, when the composite section
includes concrete, be sure to consider creep and drying shrinkage.
The composite bridge, as treated in this tutorial, consists of concrete slab and steel I-shaped
girder, which is modeled using the Composite Section wizard and the Construction Stage
method. The result verification process will be identified later.
Bridge type and span constitution to be used in this tutorial are as follows:
Bridge
Bridge
Bridge
Bevel:
type: Three-span continuous I-girder composite bridge (PSC floor)

length: L = 45.0 + 55.0 + 45.0 = 145.0 m
width: B = 12.14 m
90(perpendicular)
Figure 1. Analytical Model
ADVANCED APPLICATION
MIDAS/Civil provides the Composite Section for Construction Stage command for
performing the construction stage analysis of a composite section. In this tutorial, the
structural analysis method covering both construction stage and composite section will
be discussed.
The procedure to perform construction s tage analysis of a composite bridge is as
follows:
1. Define material and section properties
2. Define Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and Load Groups
3. Define construction stages
4. Activate the Boundary Groups and Load Groups corresponding to each
construction stage
5. Activate the floor sections corresponding to each construction stage as per the
construction sequence for floor slab
6. Review the analysis results for each construction stage
Cross Section
[Unit:
mm]
Figure 2. Section View

The bridge model used in this tutorial is simp lified so that every girder has identical
section and every cross beam also has identical section.
Materials
Member
S ection
Remark
Girder
A53
Steel
Cross beam
A36
Steel
Grade
Concrete (Use a function of compressive strength of
C6000
concrete)
Slab
Loadings
Dead Load before composite action

- Self-weight of the steel g irder: auto matically converted to the Self Weight
within the program
- Self-weight of the concrete slab: entered into Beam Loads

Dead Load after composite action
- Entered into Beam Loads
Compose Construction Stages
Define Load Cases and Load Groups

CS4
CS3
CS2
0.2L2+0.2L3=20m
0.2L1+0.2L2=20m
0.8L1=36m
0.6L2=33m
0.8L3=36 m
L1 = 45m
L2 = 55m
L3 = 45m
145m
Figure 3. Construction sequence for deck and each part of the deck section
Now that slab has an inflection point at 0.2L from the interior support, when casting
new concrete upon old concrete, make it happen at the inflection point where no stress
occurs.
Load
Load Case
Load Type
Remark
Self-weight of the girder
Group
DL (BC) 1
DL (BC) 1
Self Weight
DL (BC) 2
DL (BC) 2
Beam Loads
Self-weight of the slab

corresponding to 0.8 L1 range
DL (BC) 3
DL (BC) 3
Beam Loads
corresponding to 0.2 L1 + 0.8

L2 range
DL (BC) 4
DL (BC) 4
Beam Loads
corresponding to 0.2 L2 + L3
range
Additional dead loads (pavement,
DL (AC)
DL (AC)
Beam Loads
handrail, barrier)
Define Boundary Groups

Boundary
Type of Boundary
Condition
Remark
Conditions
Group
BGroup
Supports
Support condition
E_Width1
Effective Width
Scale Factor
The ratio of the moment of inertia w. r. t. the

effective width to the moment of inertia w. r. t. the
total width,
CS2 section (at the middle of the 1st span)
E_Width2
Effective Width
Scale Factor
E_Width3
Effective Width
Scale Factor

total width,
CS3 section (at the 1st interior
support, at the middle
of the 2nd span)
total width,
CS4 section (at the 2nd interior
support, at the middle
of the 3rd span)
Define Construction Stages

Const.
Structure
Boundary
Stage
Group
Group
CS1
SGroup
CS2
Load Group
(Activation)
Duration
Group
Step
BGroup
DL (BC) 1
DL (BC) 2
First step
First step
E_Width
1
DL (BC) 3
25 days
(User step)
30
CS3
E_Width
2
DL (BC) 4
25 days
(User step)
30
CS4
E_Width
3
DL (AC)
First step
10,000
Remark
Noncomposite
section
Composite
action in
CS2 section
Composite
action in
CS3 section
Composite
action in
CS4 section
#
#
#
SGroup represents a Structure Group including all members (girders, cross beams).
One element group is enough since the geometry of the structure does not vary with
construction stages.
Using the Composite Section for Construction Stage command, define a
composite/noncomposite section in accordance with the construction sequence for
deck.
Assume that it takes 25 days to manufacture formwork and concrete slab obtains the
initial strength at 5 days. Accordingly, it would take 30 days to finish the
construction.
The self-weight of the slab to be entered into Element Beam Loads will be activated
at 25 days when formwork will have been completed.
CS1
Generate steel girders and cross beams along the length of the bridge.
Use the Self Weight command to enter the self-weight of the girder and use
the Element Beam Loads command to enter the self-weight of the slab
of CS2 section (See Figure 4).
CS2
CS2 section acts compositely.
Enter the effective width of CS2 section.
Use the Element Beam Loads command to enter the self-weight of the slab
CS3
Use the Element Beam Loads command to enter the self-weight of the slab
CS4
Use the Element Beam Loads command to enter additional dead loads.
CS1
CS2
CS3
Additional Load
Slab Weight
CS4
Figure 4. Slab weight and additional dead loads loaded at each construction
stage
Set Working Condition and Enter Section/Material Properties

Open a new file ( New Project) to begin a plate girder bridge model and save the
file (
Save) as I-Girder Composite Bridge.
>
New Project
>
Save (I-Girder Composite Bridge)
Set Working Condition

Set the unit system to kN and m for this tutorial model.
Tools / Unit System
Length>m
Force>kN > OK
Figure 5. Initial View and Unit System dialog box

8
Enter Material Properties

Material properties for the girders, cross beams and slabs can be defined using builtin DB in MIDAS/Civil.
Material Properties >Add

Properties Tab /
Type>Steel ; Standard>ASTM(S)
DB>A53>Apply ; DB>A36 > Apply
Type>Concrete ; Standard>ASTM(RC)
DB>Grade C6000>OK
Figure 6. Enter material properties
Enter Section Properties

With the construction sequence considered, girders will have different section names
from construction stage to stage. For this particular tutorial, assume that all girder
sections are the same; in such case, girders will have identical section properties but
different section names (i.e., Sect 1, Sect 2, Sect 3 and Sect 4). To create the cross beams,
use User type section.
[Unit: mm]
Figure 7. Section layout
10
Section Table
Classification
Section
Remark
Girder
H 32008009002032/34
Composite Section
Cross Beam
H 8004002020/20
User type Section
Section>Add
Properties Tab >
Composite tab
Section ID (1); Name (Sect 1); Section Type>Steel-I; Slab Width (12.14)
Girder>Num (2); CTC (6.15);
Slab>Bc (6.07); tc(0.25); Hh(0.028)
Girder>Hw (3.2); tw(0.02); B1(0.8); tf1(0.032); B2(0.9); tf2 (0.034)
Material>
Concrete Material>DB>ASTM(RC) ; Name>Grade C6000, Ds/Dc=0
Steel Material>DB>ASTM(S) ; Name>A53; Offset>Center-Center > Apply
Section ID (2) ; Name (Sect 2)>Apply
Section ID (3) ; Name (Sect 3)>Apply
Ds/Dc is the ratio of the unit wt. Steel and

concrete. Its value is assigned zero because we
treat slab wt. as bea m load as opposed to self wt.
calculated automatically by the program.
Figure 8. Section Data dialog box
DB/User tab
Section ID (4); Name (CBeam) ; Offset>Center-Center
Section Shape>I-Section; User
H (0.84); B1(0.4); tw(0.02); tf1(0.02) > OK
11
Enter Time Dependent Material Properties

Time dependent material properties will be defined so as to consider variations in
concrete strength led by variations in the modulus of elasticity of concrete, creep and
drying shrinkage developing with time.
Time dependent material properties are determined from the CEB-FIP Code. A slab
thickness of 25 cm will be used for computing Notational size of member.
28-day strength: 20000 kN/m2
Relative humidity: 70%
Notational size:
2Ac/u = (212.140.25) / (12.14+0.25) 2 = 0.245
Type of concrete: Normal-weight concrete

Time of the removal of fo rms: 3 days after concrete placing (the time of
the beginning of drying shrinkage)
Input the Notational

size
of
me mber
calculated for a slab
section.
Clicking
on
Creep & Shrinkage

Properties Tab / Time Dependent Material /
Add>Name (Mat-1) ; Code>CEB-FIP
Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days (20000)
Relative humidity of ambient environment (40 ~ 99) (70)
Notational size of member (0.245)
Type of cement>Normal or rapid hardening cement (N, R)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage (3)
Show Results>Close>OK>Close
the
button
will display creep and
shrinkage function in a
graph.
Figure 9. Define Time Dependent Material properties (Creep & Shrinkage) of concrete
12
Placed concrete is hardened and gains strength with age. To consider this, a function of
compressive strength of concrete is given here by the CEB-FIP Code. The data entered in
the Time Dependent Material (Creep / Shrinkage) dialog box is adopted in the Time
Dependent Material (Comp. Strength) dialog box.
Comp. Strength
Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material >
Add>Name (Mat-1); Type>Code
Development of Strength>Code>CEB-FIP
Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days (S28) (20000)
Cement Type(a)>N, R : 0.25 ;
> OK > Close
Figure 10. Define a function of time variant Compressive Strength of concrete
13
In MIDAS/Civil, time dependent material is defined separately from the conventional

material, and time dependent material properties can be assigned to a conventional material
selected.
In this tutorial, time dependent material properties will be assigned to the concrete slab
(Grade C6000).
Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material >

Material Link
Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>Mat-1
Comp. Strength>Mat-1
Select Material to Assign>Materials>
3:Grade C6000
Selected Materials; Operation>
>Close
Figure 11. Assign Time Dependent Material properties to a conventional

material
14
Construct a Bridge Model

After defining the groups required for composing construction stages, construct a bridge
model for each construction stage. This tutorial explains a technique for assigning
construction stages when using Composite Section.
Define Groups
See the table below to define the groups (Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and Load
Groups) required for composing construction stages.
Const.
Stage
CS1
Structure
Group
SGroup
Boundary
Group
BGroup
Load Group
(Activation)
Group
DL (BC)
1
DL (BC)
2
Duration
Remark
Noncomposite
section
Step
First step
First step
CS2
E_Width1
DL (BC)
3
25 days
(User step)
30
CS3
E_Width2
DL (BC)
4
25 days
(User step)
30
CS4
E_Width3
DL (AC)
First step
10,000
Composite
action in
CS2 section
Composite
action in
CS3 section
Composite
action in
CS4 section
15
Group tab (of left side Tree Menu)

Group>Structure Group
Name (SGroup)
(Right Click here ) >

>Close
Group>Boundary Group
New
Name (BGroup)
Name (E_Width); Suffix (1to3)
>Close
Group>Load Group
New
Name (DL(BC)); Suffix(1to4)
Name (DL(AC));
>Close
Figure 12. Define groups
16
New
Construct a Bridge Model

Generate Girders
Refer to Figure 13 to generate girders.
CS2
CS4
CS3
0.2L2+0.2L3=20m
0.2L1+0.2L2=20m
0.8L1=36m
0.6L2=33m
0.8L3=36 m
L1 = 45m
L2 = 55m
L3 = 45m
145m
In this tutorial, cross beams are to be placed at a spacing of 5m and slab concrete is to
be poured in accordance with the sequence as depicted in Figure 13. To consider the
effective width of girders, girder elements will be generated to have the following
lengths.
CS2 Section:
7@5 + 1
36m
(Use Sect 1)
CS3 Section:
4 + 3@5 +1 + 3 + 6@5
53m
(Use Sect 2)
CS4 Section:
1 + 3@5 + 4 + 1 + 7@5
56m
(Use Sect 3)
17
Top View ,
Node Snap (on),
Element Snap (on),
Node /Element Tab>
Create Nodes
Coordinates ( 0, 0, 0 )
Copy>Number of Times (1); Distance (0, 6.15, 0)
Auto Fitting (on)
Node/ Element Tab >

Extrude
Select All
Extrude Type>NodeLine Element
Element Attribute>Element Type>Beam
Material>1:A53; Section>1 : Sect 1
Generation Type>Translate
Translation>Unequal Distance
Axis>x; Distance (7@5,1,4,3@5,1,4,5@5,4,1,3@5,4,1,7@5)>Apply
Figure 14. Generate girders
18
To assign the girder elements of CS3 to Sect 2, and the girder elements of CS4 to Sect 3,
use the Drag & Drop feature.
Works tab
Select Window (Elements: all girders in CS3 section; that is, 17to40)
Properties > Section > Sect 2 ( Drag & Drop )
Select Window (Elements: all girders in CS4 section; that is, 41to66)
Properties > Section > Sect 3 ( Drag & Drop )
The
between
the
distance
nodes
consecutively queried
can be easily checked
with
Query Nodes
CS2 section: Sect 1

36m
(Figure 15 ).
Drag
Drop
CS3 section: Sect 2

53m
CS4 section: Sect 3

56m
Figure 15. Different Section Names assigned to each part of the section
19
Generate Cross Beams

Generate cross beams as below.
Node Number (on)

Node/Element Tab >
Create Elements
Element Type>General beam/Tapered beam
Material>2:A36; Section > 4: CBeam; Beta Angle ( 0 )
Nodal Connectivity (1, 2) > Apply
Node/ Element Tab >
Translate
Select Recent Entities

Mode > Copy; Translation > Equal Distance
dx, dy, dz ( 5, 0, 0 ) ; Number of Times ( 145/5 ) > Apply
Figure 16. Generate cross beams
20
Input Boundary Conditions

Input Support Conditions
Since all boundary conditions of the structure are simultaneously activated at CS1,
designate BGroup as a boundary group in which all boundary conditions of the bridge
will be included.
Boundary Tab / Define Supports
Boundary Group Name > BGroup
Select Single (Node: 21)
Options>Add; Support Types>D-ALL (on) > Apply
Select Single (Nodes: 1, 47, 67)
Options > Add; Support Types > Dy, Dz (on) > Apply
Select Single (Nodes: 2, 48, 68)
Options>Add; Support Types > Dz (on) > Apply
Select Single (Nodes: 22)
Options > Add; Support Types>Dx, Dz (on) > Apply
Figure 17. Enter boundary conditions

21
Input Effective Width

Enter the Scale Factors to be applied to the moment of inertia of girder sections to
account for effective width. In MIDAS/Civil, the specified Effective Width Scale
Factor will be used for calculating member stresses.
If you want to calculate stresses in a section to account for effective flange width, use
the Effective Width Scale Factor command with the ratio of Iyy of the effective
section to Iyy of the gross section, entered in the Scale Factor for Iy field.
Classification
At the middle of the
side span
At support
At the middle of the
center span
Moment of inertia Iyy
Effective
Iyy_1
Iyy_2
for Iy,
(Full width)
(Effective width)
Iyy_2/Iyy_1
5.653
0.4696905
0.4628585
0.985
5.117
0.4696905
0.4530761
0.965
5.839
0.4696905
0.4659784
0.992
width
View Tab >

Display ( Ctrl+E)
Boundary>All; Support (on)
Node Number (off),
Element Number (on)
Boundaries Tab > Effective Width

Boundary Group Name>E_Width1
Select Single (Elements: 1to16)
Iy Scale Factor for Sbz ( 0.985 ) > Apply
22
S cale Factor

Figure 18. Enter a Scale Factor to be applied to the moment of inertia of a section to
account for effective width
Input Loading Data

For this tutorial apply the pre- and post-composite loads by Element Beam Loads.
Refer to the table below to apply the loads to each construction stage.
Right girder
Classification
Pre-composite load,
DL (BC)
Post-composite load,
DL (AC)
Left girder
Vertical
load (FZ)
Torsional
moment
Vertical
load
(FZ)
-38.96
-1.49
-38.96
1.49
-18.69
19.69
-18.69
-19.69
Torsional
moment
23
To define the loads to be applied to each construction stage, select Construction Stage
Load for the Load Type.
First you must define Static Load Cases.
Load Tab > Static Loads Option > Static Load Cases
Name ( DL(BC)1 ); Type>Construction Stage Load (CS)
Name ( DL(AC) ) ; Type>Construction Stage Load (CS)
>Close
Figure 19. Define Static Load Cases
24
Assign Dead Loads for the Pre-Composite Section

Use the Element Beam Loads command to apply a uniform load to the beam elements.
Figure 20. Apply pre-composite loads to the slab of the CS2 section
Iso View,
Element Number (off)
Load Tab > Static Loads > Self Weight

Load Case Name> DL(BC)1 ; Load Group Name>DL(BC)1
Self Weight Factor > Z ( -1 ) ; Operation>Add
Load >Static Loads > Element
Select Identity-Elements
Select Type>Section; 1:Sect 1
> Close
Load Case Name> DL(BC)2 ; Load Group Name>DL(BC)2
Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z; Projection>No; Value>Relative
25
x1 ( 0 ); x2 ( 1 ); w ( -38.96 ) > Apply
Select by Polygon
(Elements: 2to16by2, 1st part of the composite section on the left girder)
Load Type>Uniform Moments/Torsions
Direction > Global X; Projection > No; Value>Relative
x1( 0 ); x2( 1 ); M( 1.49 ) Apply
Select Polygon
(Elements: 1to15by2, 1st part of the composite section on the right girder)
x1( 0 ); x2( 1 ); M( -1.49 ) Apply
Similarly, apply pre-composite load DL (BC) 3 to CS3 section and pre-composite
load DL (BC) 4 to CS4 section.
Fig ure 21. Slab lo ads o f CS3 and CS4 sectio ns
26
Assign Dead Loads for the Post-Composite Section

Use the Element Beam Loads command to apply a uniform load to the beam
elements.
Load Tab / Static Loads / Element
Select Identity-Elements
Select Type>Section ; 1:Sect 1+Shift key+2:Sect 2+ Shift key+3:Sect 3
> Close
Load Case Name> DL(AC) ; Load Group Name>DL(AC)
Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z ; Projection>No ; Value>Relative
x1 ( 0 ); x2 ( 1 ); w (-18.69 ) > Apply
Select by Polygon (Elements: 2to62by2, left girders)
Load Type>Uniform Moments/Torsions
Direction>Global X; Projection>No; Value>Relative
x1 ( 0 ) ; x2 ( 1 ) ; M ( -19.69 ) > Apply
Select by Polygon (Elements: 1to61by2, right girders)
x1 ( 0 ) ; x2 ( 1 ) ; M ( 19.69 ) > Apply
Figure 22. Enter additional dead loads
27
Define Construction Stages

Define an Element Group
Assign the desired nodes and elements to the Element Group, which will be dedicated
to Construction Stages analysis later.
Group tab
Select All
Group>Structure Group > SGroup ( Drag & Drop )
Drag
Drop
Figure 23. Assign the desired elements to the Structure Group
28
Compose Construction Stages

Refer to the following table to define each construction stage.
Const.
Stage
CS1
Element
Group
SGroup
Boundary
Group
BGroup
Load Group
(Activation)
Group
Step
DL (BC)
1
DL (BC)
2
First step
First step
Duratio
Remark
n
CS2
E_Width1
DL (BC)
3
25 days
(User step)
30
CS3
E_Width2
DL (BC)
4
25 days
(User step)
30
CS4
E_Width3
DL (AC)
First step
10,000
Noncomposit
e section
Composit
e action
in CS2
section
Composit
e action
in CS3
section
Composit
e action
in CS4
section
29
Click the Generate button to generate every construction stage at once, and then
modify the data for the stage selected.
Top left of screen >
Define Construction Stage
Stage > Name( CS ); Suffix( 1to4 ); Duration ( 30 )

Addition Steps > Day ( 25 )
Save Result>Stage (on), Additional Steps (on) > Apply > Cancel
Figure 24. Generate construction stages by the Generate command
30
Click the Generate button to generate every construction stage at once, and then
modify the data for the stage selected. Select CS1 and modify the data for the stage.
When First day is

selected in the Active
Day selection list, the
selected load groups
will be activated from
the first day of the time
span
for
ea ch
construction
stage
Name>CS1
Addition Steps > Day (25)
; Duration ( 5 )
Element tab
Group List > SGroup
Activation>Age (0); Group List
Boundary tab
Group List > BGroup
Activation>Support/Spring Position>Deformed
Group List
Load tab
Group List>DL(BC)1 + Shift Key + DL(BC)2
Activation > Active Day>First; Group List
> Apply > OK
(Duration).
Figure 25. Modify the data for the stage
31
Select CS2 and modify the data for the stage.

Name>CS2
Boundary tab
Group List>E_Width1
Activation>Support/Spring Position>Deformed
Group List
Load tab
Group List > DL (BC) 3
Activation>Active Day>25; Group List
OK
Figure 26. Modify the data for the stage CS2

Refer to the Figure 27 to modify the data for the stage CS3.
Figure 27. Modify the data for the stage CS3

32
In the CS4 stage, enter 10,000 days into the Duration field so that the long-term behavior
of the structure can be observed, and change the data of load groups to activate the
additional dead load.
Name>CS4
Addition Steps > Day ( 25 )
; Duration (10000)
Boundary tab
Group List >E_Width3
Activation > Support/Spring Position>Deformed
Group List
Load tab
Group List > DL(AC)
Activation>Active Day>First; Group List
OK >Close
Figure 28. Bring up the Composite Construction Stage

dialog box and modify the data for the construction stage CS4
33
Define the Composite Sections Corresponding to Each Construction

Stage
Specify the construction stage at which the girder or slab sections become activated. When
the Section Type is set to Composite, the previously defined section properties can be
used. Refer to Figure 29 to specify the Active Stage at which the girder or slab sections
become activated. For this example model assume that every girder is activated at CS1.
CS4
CS3
CS2
0.2L2+0.2L3=20m
0.2L1+0.2L2=20m
0.8L1=36m
0.6L2=33m
0.8L3=36 m
L1 = 45m
L2 = 55m
L3 = 45m
145m
Firstly assign the first part of the slab section (i.e., CS2).
By default, Composite Type is set to Normal. Note that Part 1 and Part 2 only are
available for entering construction stage. When User is selected from the Composite
Type drop-down list, you can assign as many Parts as you desire, where you must use the
outer dimensions or centroid pertaining to the post-composite section.
The girders (P art 1)

will be activated in the
Active Stage, that is, CS1
and slab (P art 2) activated
in CS2.
An initial age input in
the Composite Section for

Construction Stage dialog
box will have priority to
the age input in the Define
Construction Stage dialog
box.
34
Load Tab > Construction Stage Option >

Construction Stage
Active Stage > CS1; Section>1: Sect 1
Composite Type > Normal
Composite Section for
Construction Sequence
Part >1
Mat.Type > Element; Compo. Stage > Active Stage; Age (0)
Part >2
Mat.Type>Material ; Material>3:Grade C6000 ; Composite.
Stage>CS2 ;
Age (5) ; Stiff. Scale> Weight> 0 > OK > Apply
Input
0 in
the
Weight field so as not to

include the self-weight
of concrete in the
automatic calculation of
self-weight by the Self
Weight
command.
Element Bea m Loads
will be used to input the
self-weight
of
the
composite
section.
concrete
Figure 30. Define a composite section for construction stage CS1
35
Now assign the second and third part of the slab section.
Active Stage>CS1 ; Section>2: Sect 2
Composite Type>Normal
Part>1
Mat.Type>Element; Composite Stage>Active Stage; Age (0)
Part>2
Mat.Type>Material; Material>3: Grade C6000; Composite Stage>CS3;
Age (5); Stiff. Scale> Weight> 0 > OK > Apply
Active Stage>CS1; Section>3: Sect 3, Composite Type>Normal
Part>1
Mat.Type>Element; Composite Stage>Active Stage; Age (0)
Part>2
Mat.Type>Material; Material>3: Grade C6000; Composite Stage>CS4 ;
Age (5); Stiff. Scale> Weight> 0 > OK > Apply
Figure 31. Define a composite section for construction stage CS3
36
Enter the conditions for a construction stage analysis.
Checking Auto Time

Step Generation for
Large Time Gap will
create internal steps
when the duration of the
construction stage is too
long, to consider the
sustained loads.
Analysis Tab >Construction Stage

Final Stage>Last Stage
Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (on)
Time Dependent Effect
Creep & Shrinkage (on) ; Type>Creep & Shrinkage
Convergence for Creep Iteration
Number of Iteration (5); Tolerance (0.01)
Internal Time Step for Creep (1)
Auto Time Step Generation for Large Time Gap (on)
Variation of Comp. Strength (on)
Checking Calculate
Output of Each P art will
calculate the forces for
each
part
of
the
composite section.
In a construction
stage analysis, all the
load cases exc ept for
tendon relaxation and
time dependent loads are
lumped into Dead (CS)
and the results are
produced under Dead
(CS). With the Load
Cases
to
be
distinguished from Dead
Load for CS Output
checked, we can select
Bea m Loads or Nodal
Figure 32.Construction Stage Analysis Control Data dialog box
Loads as desired to be
distinguished fro m the
Dead (CS) and produce
the
results
under
Erection Load (CS).
37
Perform Structural Analysis

When the composite section model and construction stages are complete, the ana lysis
will be performed.
Analysis>
38
Perform Analysis
Review Analysis Results

There are two methods of reviewing analysis results from construction stage analysis.
One is to review accumulated member forces and displacements of all the members at
each specific construction stage, and the other is to review the changes of stresses in
each part of the composite section due to preceding construction stages in a table
format.
Review Member Forces

Review the member forces at the construction stage CS4, which represents the
completion of long-term loss.
Where, Summation = Dead + Erection Load + Creep Secondary + Shrinkage
Secondary.
Stage>CS4
Results Tab / Forces /
Beam Diagrams
Load Cases/Combination > CS:Summation; Step>Last Step
Components>My; Output Options > 5 Points; Line Fill
Type of Display > Contour (on); Legend (on)
Figure 33. Moment diagram at CS4
39
As can be seen below, review the changes of moments stage by stage.

CS1: Summation, Last Step
Figure 34. Moment diagram at CS4
40
Review Stresses
Review the stresses for each part of the composite section at the construction stage
CS4, which represents the completion of long-term loss.
Results Tab / Result Tables Tab / Composite Section for C.S. > Beam Stress
Node or Element>
; (19)
Load case / Combination > Summation(CS) (on)
Stage/Step>CS1:001(first) ~ CS4:002(last) (on)
Part Number>Part j (on)
Figure 35. Check forces and stresses of the composite section at each construction
stage in a table. When live loads and general loads are applied after construction stages
are completed, the program creates a new load combination to combine those loads and
construction stage loads and determines stresses for PostCS design (i.e., Post
Construction Stage design).
41

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Advanced Application 7

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

type: Three-span continuous I-girder composite bridge (PSC floor)

Figure 1. Analytical Model

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Figure 2. Section View

Concrete (Use a function of compressive strength of

Dead Load before composite action

- Self-weight of the concrete slab: entered into Beam Loads

Compose Construction Stages

Define Load Cases and Load Groups

Self-weight of the slab

corresponding to 0.2 L1 + 0.8

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Define Boundary Groups

The ratio of the moment of inertia w. r. t. the

The ratio of the moment of inertia w. r. t. the

Define Construction Stages

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Set Working Condition and Enter Section/Material Properties

Save (I-Girder Composite Bridge)

Set Working Condition

Figure 5. Initial View and Unit System dialog box

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Enter Material Properties

Material Properties >Add

Figure 6. Enter material properties

Enter Section Properties

Figure 7. Section layout

User type Section

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Ds/Dc is the ratio of the unit wt. Steel and

Figure 8. Section Data dialog box

Enter Time Dependent Material Properties

2Ac/u = (212.140.25) / (12.14+0.25) 2 = 0.245

Type of concrete: Normal-weight concrete

Input the Notational

Creep & Shrinkage

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Figure 10. Define a function of time variant Compressive Strength of concrete

In MIDAS/Civil, time dependent material is defined separately from the conventional

Properties Tab > Time Dependent Material >

Figure 11. Assign Time Dependent Material properties to a conventional

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Construct a Bridge Model

Group tab (of left side Tree Menu)

(Right Click here ) >

Figure 12. Define groups

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

Construct a Bridge Model

Auto Fitting (on)

Node/ Element Tab >

Figure 14. Generate girders

Construction Stage Analysis of a Bridge Using a Composite Section

CS2 section: Sect 1

CS3 section: Sect 2

CS4 section: Sect 3

Generate Cross Beams