(Mechanics of Materials II Class Project – Fall 2023)

Submitted to: Dr Abdul Munem Khan

Session: ME-13 Section: A Group: 8
Submitted By:
Sr No. Name CMS ID
1. Ahmed Aziz 368821
2. Ahmad Bilal 372855
3. Malik Muhammad Farhan 389829
4. Muhammad Ahmed ZAFAR 367622

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

 1. Introduction:
The expansion of urban areas and increasing traffic necessitate safe pedestrian infrastructure.
Facing challenges in crossing Srinagar Highway, NUST approached CDA for a Pedestrian
Overhead Bridge (POB) connecting NUST, Sector H-13, and Sector G-13. SMME, assigned to
design through a student project, considered structural integrity, accessibility, aesthetics, and urban
planning. The report details the design process, material selection, cost analysis, and assumptions.
Arch suspended bridges were found to have low deflection but might be costly. Relevant literature
was consulted for informed decision-making. The design aims to enhance pedestrian safety and
traffic efficiency. Incorporating views of the bridge to showcase its design, the report also
highlights essential calculations for key results and safety factors. The conclusion emphasizes the
balance between low deflection rates and potential cost implications associated with arch
suspended bridges.

2. Methods:
The complete process for designing a Pedestrian Overhead Bridge (POB) is explained in this
section which includes all the necessary factors that must be considered while designing such
bridge that ensures minimum cost and maximum safety for the person crossing the bridge and be
less impactful towards the environment. Our design process involved a systematic approach to
make sure we create a bridge that follows the given specifications and requirements. Below is
our overview of the methodology:
CAD Modeling: Utilized CAD software to create a detailed 3D model of the bridge.
Incorporated design specifications, considering the width, height, and additional features such as
stairs and ramps.
MathCAD Calculations: Employed MathCAD for comprehensive structural analysis and
calculations. Addressed key design scenarios, including the maximum number of pedestrians and
motorcyclists on the bridge simultaneously, in addition to the weight of the POB.

Design Factors:
Bridge type Selection: We chose an arch-suspended bridge, combining arch and suspension
principles for optimal support and stability. The curved arch, coupled with cables, distributes loads,
allowing longer spans. This design is well-suited for our location, especially with Metro buses
passing underneath. Compared to cable-stayed bridges, our selection minimizes deformation and
deflection.
Beam Selection: We opted for I-beams in our bridge design due to their efficiency in carrying
bending loads, high strength-to-weight ratio, and suitability for long spans. While rectangular
beams offer simplicity and cost efficiency, they may have limitations in resisting shear forces,
necessitating additional reinforcement for higher loads or longer spans.
Design Safety Issues: Safety measures for the bridge include considering pedestrian weight and
dynamic loads, ensuring structural stability. Anti-slip materials enhance safety in rainy conditions,
while guardrails and handrails prevent falls. Adequate lighting and a rain-shed are incorporated for
visibility and protection. Long-term safety involves provisions for inspections, maintenance
access, and durable materials for minimal upkeep.
Material Selection: The material we selected for designing this bridge is Mild steel as it offers
advantages in bridge construction due to its strength, durability, cost-effectiveness, and
weldability. It provides sufficient strength to support bridge loads, and its ductility allows for easy
shaping and forming of structural components. However, mild steel is susceptible to corrosion and
requires regular maintenance and protective measures.
Environmental Impact: Environmental impacts of using mild steel in bridge construction
includes:
• Carbon emissions from steel production contribute to climate change.
• Energy-intensive processes in steel manufacturing contribute to resource depletion.
• Steel production generates waste materials, requiring proper disposal.
• Extraction of raw materials for steel production can lead to deforestation and habitat loss.
• Steel production processes generate pollutants, impacting air and water quality.
Ideas Discarded:
• Rectangular beams lack strength and have limitations in resisting shear forces.
• Cable Stayed bridges due to their high deflection rates.
• Usage of Cables to support the beams due to complexity of calculations.
• Excluding Columns or Pillars at the center due to Metro passageway

3. Drawings, Parts List and Bill of Materials:

Below is a visual and detailed summary of our Pedestrian Overhead Bridge (POB) design,
showcasing the essential components, connections, and materials used.
a) Rendering:
• Assembly Views

Figure 1 Isometric View

 Figure 2 Front View Top View

Figure 3 Side View

b) Isometric view with components called out:

 Parts Lists:
Item no: Part Name Description Quantity
1. Arch Main Support 1
2. Rectangular floor and Distributing forces evenly 1
braces.
3. Shed To avoid rain 1
4. I Beams Weight distribution 2
5. Ramps and Stairs For motorcyclists & People to 2
get up

c) Details of Component Connections and Joints

Joint 1: Integral joint segment: Butt welds Joint 2: Welded lap joints (truss members)
 Joint 3: Butt joints Joint 4: Fillet Welded Connections
(Supports):

Description of Joints:
• Welded Lap Joint (Floor and Beams): These joints provide a strong connection between
two overlapping members. The weld bead enhances the joint's integrity, crucial for the
stability of truss elements.
• T Weld Joint: Braces with the beams of the bridge.
• Butt Welds (Floor Beams): Butt welds are used in connecting floor beams. This type of
joint is effective in transmitting axial loads and moments, contributing to the structural
integrity of the bridge floor.
• Fusion Welded Stair Connections: Stair components are joined using fusion welding
techniques, ensuring a seamless and strong connection. This method eliminates the need
for additional fasteners, contributing to the simplicity and efficiency of the overall stair
structure.
• Plug Welds (Floor Components): In securing floor components such as the floor and
stairs, plug welds are employed.
Descriptions of Off-the-shelf parts:
• Nuts and Bolts: Used at Bridge members and connections, for attaching beams, braces,
and other structural components.
 d) Bill Of materials:
The bills of the materials are calculated for both ferrous (steel) and non-ferrous (aluminum)
materials. The bills and final cost of the bridge are calculated by calculating the volume of the
structures, components, and support one by one and then taking the standard cost of the
materials for a given volume of that material. The final cost for the bridge is calculated by
finding all the costs incurred by the components and the materials and then adding these costs,
which is done in the table given below.

Sr. No Part Quantity Cost (pkr)

(m3)
Mild Steel Aluminum
6061
1. Main Support columns 2 *1 0.20 Cr 0.36 Cr
2. I-beams 4.67 x 2 1.8 Cr 1.7 Cr
3. Arc Shed 3 0.57 Cr 0.54 Cr
4. Floor (2*.0381*56) m 4.267 0.82 Cr 0.77 Cr
5. Rectangular Braces 1.361 0.26 Cr 0.24 Cr
(1.9*.31*.21)
6. Stairs 0.4 * 2 0.15 Cr 0.14 Cr
7. Ramps 0.5 * 2 0.19 Cr 0.18 Cr
8. Nuts and Bolts 70 Rs 3500 Rs 3500
9. Weld Cost - 0.5 Cr 0.5 Cr

Total Cost:
Total Cost includes labor cost, Material Cost and Machining cost. The machine cost we assume is
to be taken as 40% of the material cost and labor cost taken as 10% of the material cost.
 Cost Types Overall Cost (pkr)

Material types Mild Steel Aluminum

Material Cost 5 Cr 4.5 Cr
Labor Cost 0.5 Cr 0.45 Cr
Machining Cost 2 Cr 1.8 Cr
Total Cost 7.5 Cr 6.75 Cr

The Bill of Materials outlines the structural parts, sub-assemblies, and assemblies, along with
their respective materials, sizes, and quantities.

4. Assumptions
Each assumption is made to simplify the design process while considering essential factors. The
twelve assumptions used are justified based on the context of the design and analysis, ensuring
they do not compromise the safety and integrity of the bridge structure.
1. Uniform Loading: Assuming pedestrian and motorcyclist loads are uniformly distributed
across the bridge to simplify calculations and stress analysis. Load is equally distributed
in both beams. (Assumption used in the calculation of maximum loads).
2. Symmetrical Bridge Design: Assuming the bridge is symmetrical to simplify the
analysis of bending moments, shear forces, and reactions at supports (Assumption used in
calculations of reactions at supports and stress distribution).
3. Material Homogeneity: Assuming the selected ferrous and non-ferrous materials possess
uniform properties throughout the bridge's length and sections (Assumption used in stress
calculations and material selection).
4. Negligible Eccentricity in Load Application: Assuming the loads from pedestrians and
motorcyclists are applied at the center of the bridge's width to simplify the analysis
(Assumption used in determining bending moments and shear forces).
5. Linear Elastic Behavior: Assuming the materials used behave linearly elastically under
loading conditions within the limits of the design (Assumption used in stress calculations
and beam section selection).
6. Negligible Torsional Effects: Assuming torsional effects induced by wind or loads are
negligible on the overall bridge structure (Assumption used in neglecting torsional
stresses in the initial design, unless explicitly required by calculations).
 7. Conservative Wind Load Assumption: Assuming a uniform wind load distribution
across the bridge's length for simplicity, not considering any dynamic or turbulent effects
(Assumption used in wind load calculations).
8. Idealized Column Behavior: Assuming columns behave as perfectly straight and
uniform, neglecting imperfections to simplify buckling analysis (Assumption used in the
analysis of column stability).
9. Isotropic Material Behavior: Assuming the materials chosen exhibit isotropic behavior,
with uniform mechanical properties in all directions (Assumption used in stress
calculations and material selection).
10. Statically Determinate Structure: Assuming the bridge can be analyzed as a statically
determinate structure, neglecting effects of secondary stresses or deformations
(Assumption used in determining reactions and internal forces).
11. Perfect Trusses: Assuming that the trusses interconnected through frictionless pins.
Loads affect the truss structure solely at the joints, disregarding the members' weights.
Additionally, the bending resistance of all members is significantly lower compared to
their resistance against axial forces.
12. Uniform Temperature Distribution: Each assumption is made to simplify the design
process while considering essential factors. The assumptions used are justified based on
the context of the design and analysis, ensuring they do not compromise the safety and
integrity of the bridge structure.
5. Data Section
This section presents a concise summary of essential data required for the structural design
process.
a. Materials Data Table:
Material Property Mild Steel Aluminum
(ferrous) (non-ferrous)
Elastic Modulus (E) 210 GPa 70 GPa
Density (ρ) 7850 kg/m³ 2700 kg/m³
Thermal Expansion 12e-6/°C 23e-6/°C
Coefficient (α)
Yield Stress (σ-yield) 250 MPa 100 MPa
(allowable) (allowable)

Sample Calculations for Allowable Values:

Allowable Tensile Stress:
Yield Stress
(σ-allowable) = Factor of Safety
 250𝑀𝑃𝐴
• For steel: σallowable, = `
𝐹.𝑂.𝑆
100𝑀𝑃𝐴
• For aluminum: σallowable, = 𝐹.𝑂.𝑆

b. Loads Data:
live load
• Pedestrian Load: Maximum of 250 individuals
• Total pedestrian Load = 171675 N
Sample Calculations:
Total pedestrian Load = Weight of pedestrian * number of pedestrians
Total Pedestrian Load = 70 * 9.81 * 250 = 171675 N
Dead load
Total dead load = 7.978 e5 N
Load types Weights ( N)
Beam Load 3.618e5
Sheet Load 3.306e5
Braces load 1.054e5
6. Calculations for Mild Steel (Ferrous)
Calculations for Mild Steel (Ferrous)
 7. References:
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