3) GD&T PDF

Design Specifications and Tolerance
Develop from quest for production quality and

efficiency
DIMENSIONAL MANAGEMENT
Early tolerances support designs basic function

Mass production brought interchangeability
Integrate design and mfg tolerances
Definition
The total amount by which a given
dimension may vary, or the
difference between the limits
Affected Areas
Engineering
Tolerance
Product Design
Quality Control
- ANSI Y14.5M-1982(R1988) Standard [R1.4]
Manufacturing
Questions
Can customer tolerances be accommodated
by product?
Tolerance vs. Manufacturing

Process
Nominal tolerances for
steel
Tighter tolerances =>
Can product tolerances be accommodated

by the process?
increase cost $
Geometric Dimensions
Accurately communicates the function of part
Provides uniform clarity in drawing delineation
and interpretation
Tolerance Types
Size
Form
Location
Orientation
Provides maximum production tolerance
Size Tolerances
Location Tolerances
Form Tolerances
Orientation Tolerances
Tolerances of Form
Extreme Variations of Form

Allowed By Size Tolerance
25
(MMC)
25.1
25
Straightness
25.1
(LMC)
Flatness
25
(MMC)
Circularity
Internal Feature of Size
Cylindricity
Extreme Variations of Form

Allowed By Size Tolerance
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
External Feature of Size

24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25.1
(LMC)
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
25
24.9
25.1
(LMC)
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
25
(MMC)
0.5 Tolerance
Straightness is the condition where

an element of a surface or an axis is
a straight line
Straightness
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone

In this example each line element of the surface must lie
within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each
view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the applicable straightness limit.
25.25 max
24.75 min
The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line
0.1 Tolerance Zone
Straightness
Straightness (RFS)
(Flat Surfaces)
15
14.85
0.1 M
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC
MMC
In this example each longitudinal

element of the surface must lie
within a tolerance zone defined by
two parallel lines separated by the
specified tolerance value. The
feature must be within the limits of
size and the boundary of perfect
form at MMC. Any barreling or
waisting of the feature must not
exceed the size limits of the
feature.
15
(MMC)
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
15.1 Virtual Condition

14.85
(LMC)
0.25 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
In this example the derived median line of

the features actual local size must lie
within a tolerance zone defined by a
cylinder whose diameter is equal to the
specified tolerance value at MMC. As each
circular element of the feature departs from
MMC, the diameter of the tolerance
cylinder is allowed to increase by an
amount equal to the departure from the
local MMC size. Each circular element of
the feature must be within the specified
limits of size. However, the boundary of
perfect form at MMC can be violated up to
the virtual condition diameter.
0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC
15.1 Virtual Condition
Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
Circularity
In this example the entire
surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two
parallel planes separated by the
specified tolerance value. All
points on the surface must lie
within the limits of size and the
flatness limit.
(Roundness)
0.1
90
0.1 Tolerance Zone
0.1
90
0.1 Tolerance Zone
24.75 min
25.25 max
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The
flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
Circularity
Cylindricity
(Roundness)
0.1
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a tolerance
zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the specified tolerance
value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the
circularity limit.
Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface

intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant
from that axis. The circularity tolerance must be less than the size
tolerance
0.1 Tolerance Zone
In this example the entire

surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two
concentric cylinders separated
by the specified tolerance
value. All points on the surface
must lie within the limits of size
and the cylindricity limit.
MMC
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are

equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which
includes circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
Tolerances of Orientation
Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A
Angularity
30 o
A
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies

to feature at RFS
0.3 A
19.5 min
20.5 max
30
30
The tolerance zone in

this example is
defined by two
parallel planes
oriented at the
specified angle to the
datum reference
plane.
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
60 o
Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum
reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Angularity
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie

within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a

cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
A
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane,
within the specified tolerance zone.
45 o
Datum Axis A
Angularity
Perpendicularity
0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder

equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified
angle to the datum reference axis.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified
angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis,
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone

to feature at RFS
The tolerance zone in this example is

defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference
plane.
C
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

surface at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within
the specified tolerance zone.
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 C
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity

to feature at RFS
0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this

example is defined by two
parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the
datum reference axis.
defined by a cylinder equal to the length of
the feature, oriented perpendicular to the
datum reference plane.
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified
tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity is the
condition of the feature
axis at a right angle to
the datum reference
axis, within the specified
tolerance zone.
Datum Axis A
Parallelism
Parallelism
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
A
The tolerance zone in this example

is defined by two parallel planes
oriented parallel to the datum
reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

equidistant at all points from the datum reference plane,
24.5 min
Parallelism
Parallelism
NOTE: The specified tolerance

does not apply to the orientation
of the feature axis in this direction
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel

planes oriented parallel to the datum reference plane.
to feature at RFS
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

along its length from the datum reference plane, within the
specified tolerance zone.
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A
10
Parallelism
Parallelism

0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone

defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented
parallel to the datum reference axis.
0.1 A

to feature at RFS
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from
the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
Internal surfaces
constructed around a
datum axis
Tolerances of Runout
Circular Runout
Total Runout
External surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Datum feature
Angled surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a
datum axis
11
Total
Tolerance
Circular runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Circular Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
Maximum
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
0
Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
Full Part
Rotation
When measuring circular

runout, the indicator must be
reset to zero at each
measuring position along
the feature surface. Each
individual circular element of
the surface is independently
allowed the full specified
tolerance. In this example,
circular runout can be used
to detect 2-dimensional
wobble (orientation) and
waviness (form), but not 3dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile
(overall form) or surface
wobble (overall orientation).
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
Circular Runout
Circular Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Full Indicator
Movement
)
-
The tolerance zone for any individual circular

element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
Collet or Chuck
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
Datum axis A
360 o Part
Rotation
Single circular
element
As Shown
on Drawing
NOTE: Circular runout in this example only

controls the 2-dimensional circular elements
(circularity and coaxiality) of the angled feature
surface not the entire angled feature surface
12
Circular Runout
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
The tolerance zone for any individual circular

element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
-
360 o Part
Rotation
0.75 A
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must

be reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
50 +/-0.25
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
As Shown
on Drawing
Datum axis A
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will

only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the planar surface (wobble
and waviness) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
0.75 A-B
When measuring circular runout,

the indicator must be reset when
repositioned along the feature
surface.
Single circular element

360 o Part
Rotation
Circular Runout
Datum axis A
As Shown
on Drawing

circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
13
Circular Runout
Circular Runout
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Machine
center
0.75 A B
50 +/-0.25

surface.
As Shown
on Drawing

Datum axis A-B
Machine
center
circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
360 o Part
Rotation
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Total
Tolerance
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)

Maximum
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed
in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is located against the datum
surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The
tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual
measuring position along the feature surface.
Means This:
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Total runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Stop collar
360 o Part
Rotation
Collet or Chuck
Datum axis B

surface.
Datum plane A
14
Total Runout
Total Runout
0.75 A
When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface
while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by
evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part
is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the
indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example,
total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall
orientation).
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Total Runout
Total Runout
Means This:
When measuring total runout, the
indicator must not be reset when
surface.
The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is

equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric
shape of the feature surface when the part is
rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is
moved along the entire length of the feature
surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
(applies to the entire feature surface)
0.75 A
10
35
50 +/-0.25
Collet or Chuck
A
Full Part
Rotation
Datum axis A
As Shown
on Drawing
NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout

will provide 3-dimensional composite control of the
cumulative variations of circularity, coaxiality,
angularity, taper and profile of the angled surface
15
Total Runout
Tolerances of Profile

Means This:
The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface

indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis
and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature
surface within the area described by the basic dimensions.
10
+
+
When measuring total runout, the indicator

must not be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.

(applies to portion of feature surface indicated)
35
Profile of a Line
Full Part
Rotation
Profile of a Surface
Datum axis A
NOTE: The use of total runout in this example
will provide composite control of the cumulative
variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and
flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature
surface.
Profile of a Line
Profile of a Line
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two

parallel lines oriented with respect to the datum reference
frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to float within the
larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and
orientation of any individual line element along the entire
surface.
A2
1 A B C
17 +/- 1
A
1 Wide Profile
Tolerance Zone
2 Wide Size
Tolerance Zone
Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a

part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as
a single entity is not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the line
element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the
drawing.
18 Max
16 Min.
16
20 X 20
20 X 20
A1
A1
20 X 20
20 X 20
A3
A3
20 X 20
20 X 20
A2
A2
2 A B C
2 A B C
23.5
23.5
2 Wide Tolerance Zone

Size, Form and Orientation
23.5
2 Wide Tolerance Zone

Size, Form and Orientation
Nominal
Location
23.5
Nominal
Location
(Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel

planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile
tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part
surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature.
1 A B C
C
50
1 Wide Total
Tolerance Zone
Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied

to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature
surface as a single entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire
surface and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation
of a feature surface.
0.5 Inboard
0.5 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
17
(Bilateral Tolerance)
(Unilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes

oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance
zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to
vary equally about the true profile of the trim.
Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
bilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone allows the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to be on both sides of the true profile. The tolerance
applies to the entire edge surface.
20 X 20
A2
0.5 A B C
C
50
0.5 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
50
(Unilateral Tolerance)
Nominal Location
(Unequal Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2

zone is located and aligned in a way that allows the trim surface to vary
from the true profile only in the inboard direction.
0.5
1.2 A B C
C
50
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
unilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone limits the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to one side of the true profile. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.
1.2 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.7 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
18
0.5 A
0.1

zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to
vary from the true profile more in one direction (outboard) than in the
other (inboard).
Location &
Orientation
Form Only
25
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. Typically when
unequal values are specified, the tolerance zone will represent the actual
measured trim edge variation and/or locational error. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.

25.25
24.75
0.5 A
0.1 A
Location
Form & Orientation
25
A
25.25
A
24.75
Composite
Profile of
Two
Coplanar
Surfaces
With
Orientation
Refinement
Composite
Profile of Two
Coplanar
Surfaces w/o
Orientation
Refinement
Tolerances
of Location
True Position
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Concentricity
(ASME Y14 5M-1994 5 12)
19
Coordinate vs Geometric
Tolerancing Methods
Coordinate vs Geometric
Tolerancing Methods
8.5 +/- 0.1

1.4 A B C
8.5 +/- 0.1
+/- 0.5
1.4
Circular Tolerance
Zone
Rectangular
Tolerance Zone
10.25 +/- 0.5
+/- 0.5
10.25
B
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Geometric Dimensioning
Circular Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Increased Effective Tolerance
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Z
Feature axis actual
location (measured)
Formula to determine the actual radial

position of a feature using measured
coordinate values (RFS)
Z=
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
Y
Feature axis true
position (designed)
X2 + Y2
positional tolerance /2
Z = total radial deviation

X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
20
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Z
Feature axis actual
location (measured)
Formula to determine the actual radial

position of a feature using measured
coordinate values (MMC)
X2 + Y2
+( actual - MMC)
Z
2
= positional tolerance
Z = total radial deviation
X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
Z =
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
Feature axis true

position (designed)
Bi-directional True Position
Rectangular Coordinate Method
Rectangular Coordinate Method
1.5 A B C
2X
Means This:
2X
0.5 A B C
True Position Related

to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
10
B
10
35
2X
6 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
21
Multiple Single-Segment Method
Multiple Single-Segment Method
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B

to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
10
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
35
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept)
Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept)
2X 13 +/-0.25
1.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
2X 6 +/-0.25
0.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
5.75 MMC length of slot

-0.50 Position tolerance
5.25 maximum boundary
Means This:
Both holes must be within the size limits and no
portion of their surfaces may lie within the area
described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum
boundaries when the part is positioned with
respect to the datum reference frame. The
boundary concept can only be applied on an
MMC basis.
12.75 MMC width of slot

-1.50 Position tolerance
11.25 Maximum boundary
True position boundary related

to datum reference frame
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
90 o
10
10
35
22
Composite True Position
Without Pattern Orientation Control
Without Pattern Orientation Control
2X
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A
Means This:
1.5 Pattern-Locating
Tolerance Zone Cylinder
0.5 Feature-Relating
pattern location relative

to Datums A, B, and C
pattern orientation relative to

Datum A only (perpendicularity)
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
10
B
10
35

to Datum Reference
Frame
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
With Pattern Orientation Control
With Pattern Orientation Control
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
1.5 Pattern-Locating

to Datum Reference
Frame
pattern location relative

to Datums A, B, and C
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
10
B
10
35
0.5 Feature-Relating
pattern orientation relative to
Datums A and B
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
23
Location (Concentricity)
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05

0.5 A
15.95
15.90
Means This:
Axis of Datum
Feature A
0.5 Coaxial
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median Points of

Diametrically Opposed Elements
As Shown on Drawing
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
diametrically opposed elements must lie within a
0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of
datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis.
Location (Symmetry)
Location (Symmetry)
6.35 +/- 0.05

0.5 A
15.95
15.90
Means This:
Center Plane of
Datum Feature A
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median
Points
As Shown on Drawing
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points
of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally
disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be
applied on an RFS basis.
24
Virtual Condition Boundary
Internal Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
Virtual Condition
Inner Boundary
Maximum Inscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
XX.X
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
XX.X
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
Boundary of MMC Hole

Shown at Extreme Limit
As Shown on Drawing
Axis Location of
MMC Hole Shown
at Extreme Limit
Calculating Virtual Condition

13.5
1
MMC Size of Feature

Applicable Geometric Tolerance
12.5
Resultant Condition Boundary
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
Resultant Condition
Outer Boundary
Minimum Circumscribed
Diameter
2 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
LMC
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
XX.X
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of LMC Hole

XX.X
True (Basic)
Position of Hole
As Shown on Drawing
Axis Location of
LMC Hole Shown
at Extreme Limit
Calculating Resultant Condition (Internal Feature)

14.5
2
LMC Size of Feature

Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
16.5
25

External Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
Virtual Condition
Outer Boundary
Minimum Circumscribed
Diameter
1 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
MMC
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
XX.XX
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of MMC Feature
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
Axis Location of
MMC Feature Shown
at Extreme Limit
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Calculating Virtual Condition
14.5
1
MMC Size of Feature

Applicable Geometric Tolerance
15.5
14 +/- 0.5
1M A B C
Resultant Condition
Inner Boundary
Maximum Inscribed
Diameter
2 Positional
Tolerance Zone at
LMC
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
XX.X
Other Possible
Extreme Locations
Boundary of LMC feature
True (Basic)
Position of Feature
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Axis Location of
LMC Feature Shown
at Extreme Limit
Calculating Resultant Condition (External Feature)

13.5
2
LMC Size of Feature

Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
11.5
26
27

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Design Specifications and Tolerance

Develop from quest for production quality and

Early tolerances support designs basic function

- ANSI Y14.5M-1982(R1988) Standard [R1.4]

Tolerance vs. Manufacturing

Can product tolerances be accommodated

Provides maximum production tolerance

Extreme Variations of Form

Internal Feature of Size

Extreme Variations of Form

External Feature of Size

Straightness is the condition where

0.5 Tolerance Zone

The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example each longitudinal

15.1 Virtual Condition

In this example the derived median line of

0.1 Tolerance Zone

15.1 Virtual Condition

Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example the entire

Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are

(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in

Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)

(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)

NOTE: Feature axis must lie

The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example is

Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

The tolerance zone in this

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)

The tolerance zone in this example

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

NOTE: The specified tolerance

The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)

(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)