THE

BOY'S BOOK
of
CRYSTAL SETS
BY

W. J . MAY

BERNARDS (PUBLISHERS) LTD.

THE
GRAMPIANS
WESTERN
GATE
L O N D O N
W.6

General Editor
WALTER J. MAY

First PublishedMarch, 1954

Second ImpressionJune, 1954
Third ImpressionApril, 1955
Fourth ImpressionJanuary, 1956
Fifth fapressionFebruary, 1957
Sixth ImpressionAugust, 1957
Seventh ImpressionMarch, 1958
Eighth ImpressionOctober, 1958
Ninth ImpressionApril, 1959
Tenth ImpressionDecember, 1959
Eleventh ImpressionApril, 1960
Twelfth Impression-October, I960
Thirteenth ImpressionMarch, 1961
Fourteenth ImpressionAugust, 1961
Fifteenth ImpressionJanuary, 1962
Sixteenth ImpressionNovember, 1962
Seventeenth ImpressionAugust, 1963
Eighteenth ImpressionSeptember, 1964

Primed by V. Cooper & Partners, Ltd., Filcroft St, W.C.2.

for Bernards (Publishers) Ltd, The Grampians, Western Gate London

CONTENTS
Page
Preface

Introduction

Receiver No. 1

Receiver No. 2
Receiver No. 3

13

14
16

Receiver No. 4

Receiver No. 5

Receiver No. 6

12

19
20

Receiver No. 7

23

Receiver No. 8

24

Receiver No. 9

Receiver No. 10

27

Receiver No. 11

30

Receiver No. 12

26

31

PREFACE
The Publishers make no apology for reviving interest in the
crystal set For too long the technical press has immersed itself in an
orgy of complex superheterodyne receivers and television equipment,
all of which is necessarily expensive. In the 1920's, crystal set
construction was a fascinating and inexpensive pastime indulged in by
the majority of boys of that day. Today this pleasurable hobby can
be even more attractive, the introduction of the germanium crystal
diode and high performance coils, has opened up new paths which will
capture the interest of boys of all ages. Perhaps most important of all.
not only can a receiver capable of impeccable reproduction be
produced without any technical knowledge; but the cost is no greater
than that of a few visits to the cinema

INTRODUCTION
Before any attempt is made to construct a
receiver, it is necessary to examine the problems
which surround the crystal set, so that the best
can be obtained from any of the
Firstly, it must be understood that the crystal
set as it is today does not provide any amplification. It relies entirely on what is fed into it via
the aerial and earth system and gives a very faithful replica of the original transmission.
From this it will be obvious that the aerial and
earth system must be as efficient as possible if
the final results are to be in any way outstanding.
This because these are the only means by which
the signals are fed to the receiver.
Secondly it is necessary to understand the
nature of the transmitted signal, then it will be
easy to understand the working of the set and to
appreciate the function of each of the components.
When crystal sets first became popular, very
little information was generally available, at
least, not in a form that school-boys could
We all built sets of all shapes and sizes, with
coil designs that had to be seen to be believed.
but very few of us had much idea of how they
worked.
I well remember the case of a cousin of mine
who, in those days acquired a magnificent variable capacitor or condenser as it was then called,
this instrument had a most impressively engraved
dial of polished ebonite, brass vanes and nickel
plated end plates. Having observed similar dials
on several highly priced commercial receivers in
the town, he at once ripped out the somewhat
tattered coil from the family receiver and replaced
it with this device. The profound silence which
ensued caused considerable amazement and dismay until a better informed adult explained the
mysteries of L and C to him. Readers of this
manual, however, will be better informed and
there is no risk of failure with any of the designs
described provided the instructions are carefully
followed.
The Signal
To commence, we will assume that an orchestra

U playing in a broadcasting studio. Since me

principle of radio transmission is electrical it is
necessary to change the sound produced by the
orchestra into an electrical equivalent. This is
carried out by the microphone, which picks up
the sound and changes it into minute electric
currents.
As they appear at the output of the microphone they are too small to be of use and
accordingly are passed through a high power
amplifier. These amplified currents could now
be transmitted, but unfortunately, as we shall
learn, owing to the inherent nature of the signal
in this state, transmission over any useful distance
would be impractical.
When the music from the orchestra is transformed into electrical currents they are in the
form of alternating currents, usually called A.C.,
that is they rise to a maximum in one direction,
fall to a minimum, rise to a maximum in the
opposite direction and then fall to minimum
again. This process is repeated over and over
again. One complete rise and fall in each direction is called a cycle and is drawn in Fig. 1.
Every time a note is struck on a piano, vibrations
are sent out which reach the ear enabling you to
hear it. These vibrations are also spoken of as
cycles, they rise and fall in intensity the same way
as an alternating current. The number of cycles
radiated by any gives note over a period of one
second are referred to as its frequency. Middle
C on the piano sends out 261 cycles every second
and is known as having a frequency of 261. The
microphone also " h e a r s " the note and in the
case of middle C produces minute A.C. at 261
cycles. This can be drawn as in Fig. 2, the only
difference between Fig. 1 and 2 is, that the time
factor is given so that the frequency can be identified. The higher the pitch of a note the higher
the frequency and the lower the pitch the lower
the frequency. On a piano the frequency of the
top note is 3515 cycles and that of the lower 27
cycles. Those of you who have listened to an
organ in a concert hall will have noticed that
when a very deep note was played, it sounded
like a growl to the ear. but the vibrating fro-

T H E BOY'S

BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

quency could be distinctly felt through the t e s t

Higher notes have too high a frequency to be
observed in this manner.
The range of sounds which can be detected
by the human ear are known as audio or low
frequencies. From this you will understand that
a low frequency amplifier is one which amplifies
sound.
So that the transmitter will carry the programme over a useful distance it is necessary to
radiate high frequencies. Now, as explained, the
programme to be transmitted consists of low frequencies, and to overcome the difficulty, the
transmitter generates A.C. of high frequency and
combines it with the low frequencies. It will now
be understood that the transmitted signal consists
essentially of two different parts, a high and a low
frequency content.
Fig. 3 gives a representation of the high frequency signal generated by the transmitter. In the
case of the London Home Service, the frequency
if 908,000 cycles.
When referring to a high frequency signal on
tbe medium or long wave-band it is usual to express tbe frequency in thousands of cycles, thus

908000 cycles becomes 908 kilo-cycles, which in

turn may be abbreviated to 908 k/cs. It might at
first be thought that by adding the low frequency
or L.F. signal to tbe high frequency or H.F.
carrier a form such as in Fig. 4 would result, such
a combination is useless, and, to that the original
L.F. content can be satisfactorily extracted by the
receiver, the L F. signal must vary the amplitude
or output power of the H.F. signal as in Fig. 5.
It is in this form that the signal arrives at
the receiving aerial. The aerial in itself is incapable of discriminating between one signal and
another, and countless signals will be collected
by the aerial at any one time. Many of these are
too weak to be of use but the stronger ones must
be sorted out since there is no point in receiving
several programmes at once.
Fig. 6 shows the basic circuit of the input to
a crystal. The coil L possesses a quality known
as inductance, and the capacitor C, that of capacitance. If the coil had no capacitance whatever
across it, all signals arriving at the aerial would
be effectively short circuited to earth. As a matter
of interest, it is impossible to obtain this state
of affairs since even without any additional capa-

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

citor any coil must contain a certain amount of
self capacitance.
By combining a coil and capacitor as in Fig.
6 a peculiar effect is observed, at one particular
frequency, the signals are not short circuited to
earth, but are developed across the coil. In other
words the combined effect of L and C no longer
provides a short circuit, but only at one particular frequency. If the value of C is altered the
effect will be observed at a different frequency;
likewise by altering L the frequency at which the
effect will take place can be changed. There is
a name for this phenomena, the frequency at
which it occurs with any given L and C combination is known as the resonant frequency.
The values of the coils and capacitors shown in
this manual have been carefully chosen so that
resonance will be obtained at all frequencies
where stations are broadcasting.
Broadcasting
stations work in bands of frequencies, those of
major interest to crystal set constructors are the
medium wave-band 1200 k/cs600 k/cs and the
long wave-band 300 k/cs150 k/cs.
Usually a variable capacitor is used with a fixed
inductance to cover one band and an additional

coil switched in to increase the inductance to

cover the other. In this way the L and C combination can be adjusted to provide resonance at
the desired frequency of any given station. In other
words you can select the station you want by
varying C, that is turning the dial of the variable
capacitor. This procedure is referred to as tuning.
Having selected or tuned the required station it
still remains necessary to change the form of the
signal back to that of the original transmission.
This process is called detection or de-modulation.
Examination of Fig. 5 will show that the signal
has been duplicated, in other words, as it rises
in one direction it also rises equally in the other.
In this form the signal is useless since each half of
the signal cancels the other, and if this signal is
applied to a pair of headphones silence will
result. Obviously some provision must be made
to get rid of the unwanted half of the signal, and
it is here that the crystal detector must be considered.
This device will pass current in one
direction only, ignoring any signal in the opposite
direction, so that if the signal of Fig. 5 is passed
through such a crystal, that of Fig. 7 will result.
There is still the H.F. content to be reckoned

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

with, fortunately this is easily dealt with, a capacitor connected across the headphone terminals
effectively disposes of this, leaving only the audio
or L.F. content, as shown in Fig. 8. This audio
content, which is a faithful replica of the original
transmission is fed to the headphones. These in
turn reverse the process of the microphone and
transform the electrical currents into sound waves
acceptable to the human ear.
Briefly then, your requirements are as
follows:
(1) A good aerial and earth installation, to,
make the most of the available signals.
(2) A receiver containing:
(a) Some form of coil and capacitor (L &
C) combination to select or tune in the
wanted station.
(b) A crystal to get rid of the unwanted
half of the signal (detection).
(c) A fixed capacitor across the headphones to get rid of any remaining
carrier.
(3) A pair of sensitive high resistance headphones.
Aerial.
By this time the intending constructor will be
able to appreciate the necessity of a good aerial.
It is a point which cannot be over-emphasised.
Assuming that you are in the fortunate position
of being able to erect an outdoor aerial there are
two main considerations, height and length.
One of the best that can be used is the inverted
L shown diagramatically in Fig. 9.
It should be erected as high as is practical,
every foot counts. The horizontal wire, that is
the aerial proper, should have a minimum length
of 60' to which of course the length of the down
lead is added. Where it is impossible to erect
an aerial with an ideal horizontal length, a compromise must be effected.
Fig. 10 shows a three wire spreader aerial
Which gives quite a good effective lengthSuitable wire for a receiving aerial will not set
any problems, stranded copper about 7/22 gauge
is the best. 7/22 means that it consists of 7 strands
of 22-gauge wire. This wire may be obtained
covered, and for the present purpose is better
than the plain or enamelled kind.
Note that insulators are used between the
actual aerial wire and its anchoring supports, it
is important that these are used, otherwise
leakage will occur which will of course spoil its
efficiency. Fig. 11 and 12 show how the wire may
best be attached to two of the most common
types of insulator available. Fig. 11 is of porcelain and is usually referred to as an egg insulator, whereas Fig. 12 shows a more modern (and
more expensive) type in glass. If you are using

the glass pattern, one is usually sufficient at each

end of the aerial, but with the egg type two
should be used. No doubt many readers will not
be in a position to erect an out-door aerial, and
must necessarily be content with an indoor installation.
The next best thing to a good outdoor aerial
is a replica constructed in a loft. If this form of
construction is used, care must be taken when
feeding the down lead to avoid close contact with
the wall of the house. At the point where the
lead feeds under the eaves, a length of rubber
tubing can be used to cover the wire. The lead
is fed through one of the small spaces left for
ventilation purposes. A general idea is given by
Fig. 13.
A less elaborate but quite effective aerial can
be obtained by using a bed-spring. A length of
7/22 copper insulated wire is connected between
the receiver and the spring. The spring should
first be cleaned with emery cloth. Remove about
2" of insulation from the wire and bind it tightly
round the prepared spring. The joint may be
covered with insulating tape which is obtainable
from all electrical stores for a few pence.
Such aerials are quite popular since so many
crystal sets are built for bedroom use.
When an aerial is required in the living room,
the picture rail can be conveniently used. Insulated screw-eyes are fixed at intervals of about
3 feet along the rail, the wire is firmly anchored
to one of them, and stretched right round the
room until you arrive back at the starting point.
By use of one of the insulated screw-eyes, the
wire is secured and the down lead fed to the
receiver. The idea is illustrated in Fig. 14.
Soldering
Before leaving the subject of aerials, a few
words on soldering will not come amiss. Down
leads on outdoor aerials should be soldered, and
the same applies to loft types. Apart from aerial
leads; earth leads and all the connections in the
receiver will require soldering.
For the type of soldering necessary in radio
construction an electric iron is the best solution.
One of the small types marketed by Adcola or
Henleys will be found admirable for the job.
These are excellent for actual set construction but
are hardly large enough for soldering the down
lead to an outdoor type of aerial. Here the heat
is dissipated much more quickly and a larger
iron is required in order to get the solder to flow.
Ordinary irons which may be heated by a gas
flame can be obtained very cheaply from most
ironmongers' stores. Assuming the use of such
an iron, first heat the iron until the copper bit
is giving off a green coloured flame, the iron is
now at the correct operating temperature. The
bit is now discoloured or oxidised and its tip

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

should be quickly cleaned with an old file which
should be kept specially for the purpose. A better
idea is to obtain a small block of sal-ammoniac
and rub the tip of the hot iron on it. This will
clean the tip of the bit perfectly. Next take a
length of cored solder such as Ersin Multicore, and
melt a little on to the prepared tip faces, now
smooth it evenly over the surface with a piece
of old rag (be very careful not to bum your
fingers) the iron is now " tinned " and ready for
use. When heating the iron, be very careful not
to let the bit overheat or get red hot, otherwise
the tinned surface will be destroyed and the whole
process will have to be gone through again.
An electric iron will not overheat, and the tinning will last much longer than with ordinary
types, and since the heat does not deteriorate
there is less likelihood of making faulty joints.
Having obtained a tinned iron, the process of
soldering joints is remarkably simple and anyone
with a little patience can acquire the art in a very
short time.
To solder two copper wires together: clean the
wire with emery cloth, apply a prepared iron
and some cored solder to it, the solder will flow
evenly over the wire thus tinning it. Repeat the

process with the remaining wire and then twist

the two together. Now apply the iron to the joint
from the underside and the cored solder to the
joint on top. Solder will flow evenly over the
joint Remove both iron and solder and allow
to set The solder will harden or set in a few
seconds but during this period the joint must
not be touched or moved, as otherwise the joint
will be " dry " and quite useless mechanically or
electrically. On radio components, tags for soldering are already tinned though if they are old,
or discoloured it is best to re-tin them. Normally,
however, it is only necessary to twist the connecting wire to it and apply the iron and solder as
explained.
Remember: never apply the solder to the iron
and then the iron to the joint, always apply the
iron and the solder to the joint. It is however a
good thing to apply a little solder to the iron tip
even when it is perfectly tinned just before making
a new joint.
One final " D O N T , " you will have noticed
that the solder referred to is "cored," that is, it
contains resin and other substances through its
centre, plain solder as used by electricians and
plumbers will not do, as it is the resin or flux

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

as it is called which makes the solder flow evenly
and permits a good electrical joint
Equally important do not attempt to use a
separate flux or soldering fluid with plain solder
or to " h e l p " the cored solder, since these are
almost certain to cause eventual corrosion and
will destroy any components that have been contaminated.
Earths
The provision of a good earth is just as
important as the rest of the installation.
Much disappointment would be avoided if this
fact were not lost sight of, to avoid any slip up
in this direction I am proposing to outline several
well tried and efficient earth systems.
If it can be obtained, an earth rod, specially
designed for the purpose provides the basis of a
good earth connection. These were very popular
some years ago when the majority of receivers
were either crystal or battery operated, but in
these days of modern mains driven sets they are
not often used and consequently not always
readily available.
Fig. 15 shows how it is used. First excavate a
hole to a depth of three feet and fill with a mixture of soot and coke. Drive in the earth rod,
which is a hollow copper tube, perforated. The
lead to the receiver is connected at the top, and
should be of covered 7/22 gauge, as used for the
aerial system. Though not obvious it is important
that this lead-in should be in covered wire, otherwise a number of indifferent earth contacts are
likely to be made at various points along its
length until it reaches the set. This is very undesirable and will spoil the efficiency of the
system. It is essential to keep the soil surrounding the rod moist, which is one reason why the
tube is hollow, and care must be taken to pour
water into the tube at intervals.
A very efficient earth is the percolative type
also popular at one time. Due to the chemicals
used, it will extract moisture from its surroundings, thus maintaining a permanently moist earth.
It should be installed as in Fig. 15b.
The container is of copper or zinc, anything
else will quickly rust away, again a good quantity
of coke is used. Fill the container with a mixture
of sal-ammoniac and coke, and then bury in coke
as illustrated. This earth will not require further
attention. It is possible to use powdered calcium
chloride instead of sal-ammoniac but unless a
chemist can be persuaded to make some up it is
better to stick to sal-ammoniac.
If a zinc container is not available and you do
not use or cannot easily get coke, Fig. 15c should
be used. This makes a better earth than many
so-called " e a r t h s " that I have come across.
Obtain as large a tin as possible, make a number
of holes as shown. Solder the lead in the bottom

and fill it with sal-ammoniac. Replace the lid

and bury in the ground. The tin will eventually
rust away, but the replacement cost is negligible.
If it is quite impossible to make direct contact
with the ground, a water pipe must be pressed
into service. This should be a main pipe feeding
straight to ground and not a hot water pipe or
one fed from a tank. Scrape the pipe clean and
twist the lead in tightly around it, a copper clip
is even better. Do not attempt to solder on to
the water pipe; since cold water is flowing through
the pipe, it is extremely unlikely that your soldering iron will heat up the water supply sufficiently to allow a sound electrical joint, though
you may spring a leak.
No attempt should be made to utilise gas pipes;
the possibility of causing a fire is certainly very
remote but, they make incredibly bad earth connections due to a number of joints made before
true ground is reached. These joints are at best
only semi-conductors, at least from an electrical
standpoint.
Headphones
Since the late war there have been a large
number of head-phone sets available on the surplus market. These may be roughly divided into
two types, high-impedance and low-impedance.
For the crystal sets detailed in this book highimpedance 'phones are required and the lowimpedance pattern will not be suitable unless a
matching transformer is used. As this is likely
to cost more than the rest of the installation including the set, it will be as well to avoid them.
High-impedance types have an impedance of
2 K to 4 K Ohms a whereas the low-impedance
types are usually 600 Ohms.
The remaining consideration is weight; often
cheap headphones are very heavy and uncomfortable to wear, every endeavour should be made
to obtain 'phones as light in weight as possible.
Crystals
All the sets shown in this book have been designed to work with modern germanium crystals
rather than the older galena crystal.
These germanium crystals require no adjustment, which, in itself, removes the main objection to this class of receiver. Suitable crystals
are available from the following manufacturers
and on the surplus market: Milliard. G.E.C..
Brimar, Westingbouse and B.TJ1. They are of
robust construction, some in glass, others in ceramic or plastic, but must not be subjected to heavy
knocks, otherwise the contact point may become
dislodged.
From the information given, you should now
be able to install an excellent aerial and earth
system, and have some idea of how the crystal
set works, so it is time to pass on to the actual
receiver construction.

THB BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

CONSTRUCTION
If you examine the following circuits you will
find that each one is different In most cases the
difference lies in the coil design and/or the
method by which the crystal and aerial is tapped
into it. Each of these circuits has its own particular advantage to suit different conditions and
the ideal circuit in some localities is not necessarily the best in others. It is not just a matter
of a given circuit giving louder results than another, if it were there would be no point in
showing more than one.
The main problem is to obtain adequate
selectivity without reducing the volume level.
A receiver is said to be selective when it tunes
sharply, a set with poor selectivity allows the
stations to spread over the dial and when used
near a transmitter will receive the local stations
mixed together, which of course is useless.
Consider Fig. 16a, this is a very simple receiver,
with no special attempt to provide any great
amount of selectivity.
In areas where signal

TOE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SKTS

strength is not high, or a short aerial is used, it
will probably be ideal.
It would have been quite easy to increase the
selectivity by providing a tap on the coil for the
aerial as in Fig. 17a, but unfortunately, as the
selectivity is increased overall volume is likely
to decrease, so that unless you live close enough
to the transmitter to have a large signal available and therefore need the selectivity, the circuit
of Fig. 16a will be quite satisfactory.
Capacitor C1 is to prevent the aerial damping
the circuit too heavily because this would flatten
the tuning unnecessarily, however with small
aerials it may be better to take the aerial direct
to the black tag on L1. The signals are selected
or tuned by L1 and C2, X1 is the crystal and C3
the capacitor across the 'phones to prevent unwanted carrier or R.F. reaching the 'phones.'
A practical diagram (Fig. 16b) is provided
showing the layout and all the wiring. You will
require nuts and bolts to fix the coil, about 1/2",
4BA size will do, the other parts have locking
nuts provided. An old 2-oz. tobacco tin makes a
very good container and keeps the size down.
Note that the metal box is connected to earth.
With the exception of AC/DC receivers the metal

work on any receiver or amplifier is connected

to earth.
When S1 is open as in the diagram, the set will
tune in long-wave stations, but when closed the
medium wave-band will be received.
Components List, Fig. 16a
C1 l00pF mica capacitor.
C2 500pF tuning capacitor, solid dielectric
C3 l000pF mica capacitor.
X1 Germanium crystal.
L1 Crystal Set Coil. R.E.P.
S1 Single Pole toggle switch.
4
Insulated wander-plug sockets and plugs.
1
2-oz. tobacco tin (or similar container).
Make sure that the wander-plug sockets are of
the insulated type, otherwise the metal case will
join all the sockets together electrically.
Try to follow the theoretical diagram when
wiring, a little practice will soon enable you to
wire up a set without a practical diagram, which
is a great advantage because often only the theoretical diagram is given when circuits are detailed
in the technical press.
Fig 28 on page 34 gives a list of symbols
used on the theoretical diagrams, so that you can
readily identify the components.

2
Fig. 17a circuit is similar in many respects to
that of Fig. 16a. The difference is purely one
of selectivity, tuning will certainly be sharper, and
even with comparatively inefficient aerials the design will put up a very good performance. There
is no reason why the construction should not follow the same lines as the previous receiver but, by
enlarging the set a little and using an air spaced
tuning capacitor, the efficiency is improved.
Observe that the colour coding on the coil, an
R.E.P. Dual Range (Blue Box) is different from
that of the Crystal set coil used on the previous
design, and make sure it is correctly wired in.
Cl is a mica compression capacitor, often referred to as a " trimmer " and because it is adjustable, permits the set to be matched to aerials
of varying lengths. Construction is carried out
on a square panel of bakelite, perspex or wood,
as shown in Fig. 17b. Perspex being clear like
glass presents a most attractive finish, provided
the set is neatly wired. It must be drilled slowly,
however, otherwise the generated heat of the drill
will make the hole wander, and spoil the panel.
After the set has been wired and tested a small
wooden container can be made to house the completed set
When carrying out reception tests, a little experiment is well worth while, to get the best out
of the set. Try removing the germanium crystal

from the green tag on L1 and connecting it to

yellow, at the same time removing the lead from
Cl to yellow and connecting it to green. Once
the best arrangement has been found the wiring

THE BOYS BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

can be left permanently in that position. Note
that two tags on the coil are unused, this is
intentional because on this circuit the extra
winding connected to these tags is not required.
With the switch S1 closed, the coil will cover the
medium wave-band, and when open, long wave
stations can be received. It is customary to
abbreviate the expression medium wave-band to
M.W. and long wave-band to L.W.

Components List, Fig. 17a

Cl l00pF mica trimmer capacitor.
C2 500pF variable capacitor (air spaced).
C3 l000pF mica capacitor.
L1 Dual Range Coil R.E.P. (Blue Box).
S1 Single Pole toggle switch,
X1 Germanium Crystal.
4
Terminals or wander-plugs and sockets.
Perspex, bakelite or wood for mounting

3
The design shown in Fig. 18a and 18b is more
flexible than either of the preceding sets. That
is, it can be varied to suit local conditions to a
greater extent than the first two sets. This is made
possible by the large number of taps provided
on the coil.
You will notice that in this instance the coil
is home-constructed on a cardboard former and
is much larger than commercially produced
coils. Coils wound in this manner are called
solenoids, the turns are wound on side by side;
in this case to a depth of some three inches. The
diameter of the coil is made purposely large so
as to obtain high efficiency. Modern commercial
coils are invariably wave-wound and quite often
are Litzendraht which is the German for litz wire.

This wire is made up of a number of strands of

fine copper wire, each strand is enamelled to insulate it from the others, the whole is then silk
covered. Litzendraht is more efficient than solid
copper wire, and by using this and wave-winding,
manufacturers can produce an efficient coil which
is also small. Unfortunately wave-wound coils
cannot be produced without a complex winding
machine and home constructed coils must take
the solenoid form. It would be possible to use
Utzendraht but it is not easy to obtain by the
reel, it is most expensive, and is difficult to handle.
This last point is because at termination points,
each strand must be cleaned of its enamel before
a joint is made, and if one strand is broken, its
advantage over plain copper wire is lost. How-

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

ever, by using a former of reasonably large

dimensions an efficient coil can be produced
cheaply using ordinary copper wire.
The wire must be firmly secured at the start
and finish of the windings. Pierce three small
holes about 1/4" apart 1/2" from the end of the
former. Pass the wire through the first from the
outside, return it through the second and pass it
back again through the third. Leave some 6" of
wire at the end to make off the connection. It
will now be possible to wind the turns on tightly
without wire slipping.
Count on ten turns and make a loop 1" long,
The method of preparing loops is shown in Fig.
18a, loops or taps should always be made in this
manner, never by baring the wire and soldering
a further length of wire to it. Carry on with the
winding, making off the taps every ten turns as
directed until the coil is complete.
Construction is carried out on a wooden baseboard and front panel. Secure the coil to the
base-board as shown on Fig. 18b, mount the remaining components and proceed with the wiring.

When testing out, it will be found that the further the aerial is tapped down tbe coil towards
the earth end, the greater the selectivity. A position should be found which permits separation
of local stations without excessive loss of sensitivity.
The crystal tap is adjusted for best results and
different settings of Cl tried out, when choosing
tho best position for the aerial tap.

Components list, Fig. 18a

Cl 450pF padder.
C2 500pF variable capacitor.
C3 l000pF mica capacitor.
L1 See text and Fig. 18a.
X1 Germanium Crystal.
2
Crocodile Clips (to connect leads to coil
taps).
4
Wander-plugs and sockets

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

4
A most unusual design is reproduced in Fig.
19a.
It first appeared in America about three years
ago, and it certainly does offer some advantage
over more conventional sets. The tuning circuits
are duplicated and two crystals are used, so the
circuit may be described as a full-wave receiver.
Signals received will certainly be louder than
with simple sets, but care must be taken with the
coil winding, as with the other receivers using
home-made coils, otherwise results will be disappointing. Be very careful to ensure that all
three windings are in the same direction, this is
very important.
The distance between each winding should be
1/8". After the coil has been wound you might

plan to warm it before a fire and paint the windings with ** Durafix." Heating the coils makes
the " Durafix" run freely- This substance sets
quite hard and there will be no risk of the windings loosening. A small quantity of enamelled
wire will cover the requirements of this coil, a
2 oz. reel will provide more than sufficient.
Before wiring in the germanium crystals, examine them carefully, note that one end is
coloured red or in some cases marked with a
positive sign thus +. You will notice, the sign
is the same as the addition symbol used in
arithmetic.
It is essential that both the red or positive ends
are connected together, note that this is clearly
marked on Fig. 19b. The receiver cannot work if

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

one of the crystals is connected tne reverse way

round.
A baseboard and panel form of assembly is
used for this set which looks quite attractive if
housed in a small polished cabinet. Dimensions
are not at all critical but Fig. 19b gives a general
idea of the layout that should be used. To avoid
any unnecessary losses the coil should be mounted
on perspex.
Obtain two strips of perspex 5-1/2" long by 1/2"
wide, drill fixing holes at both ends of each strip.
It is best to clamp the two together when drilling
these holes. Place one strip on the board in position, then put the coil and remaining strip over
the first one and screw down. The coil will be
clamped neatly and rigidly into position.
Twin socket bakelite strips are used to carry
the aerial/earth and 'phone connections, if de-

sired terminals mounted on pieces of bakelite

could be used. These socket strips can be purchased from most shops selling components. If
feet are not provided, drill two holes and screw
into the edge of the base-board. Tag-strips an
used to anchor some of the wires from the coil,
and the germanium crystals. These also can be
purchased for a few pence. At least two tags are
necessary on one, and three on the other, though
if the strips have more tags than required it is of
no consequence. C3-C4, the ganged tuning capacitors have trimmers fitted, this should be stipulated when purchasing, and when first operating
the set these small trimming capacitances are set
about half-way. The idea of these trimmers is,
that they compensate for any difference between
the self-capacity of the tuning coils. With the
switch S.1 open, that is in the OFF position, tune

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

in a station at the high-frequency end of the
band, that is with the vanes of C3-C4 towards
the disengaged position. Adjust Cl for maximum
volume, without interference from other stations.
Now adjust the' trimmers for loudest headphone
strength. It may be necessary to run over the
adjustments several times for best results. Once
they are correctly set, the trimmers require no
further adjustment The tuning coil covers the
M.W. band, 1500 kc/s. to 600 kc/s., as the capacitor C3-C4 is advanced and the vanes start to
mesh, the frequency to which the receiver tunes
decreases so that with the vanes disengaged the
set is tuned to 1500 kc/s. approximately and at
full mesh, 600 kc/s. Switch S1 is used as follows,
for stations lower in frequency than 850 kc/s it
should be in the ON position with the contact
closed, bat for stations higher in frequency, it is
in the OFF position. As an example both the
London Home Service and London Light Programme transmitters on the M.W. band operate
at a higher frequency than 850 kc/s. If any doubt
exists as to the operating frequency of a given

station, reference should be made to the Radio

Times which quotes both wave-lengths and frequency. If you know the wave-length in metres,
it is simple to find the frequency. Divide 300.000
by the wave-length in metres, the dividend equals
the frequency in kilocycles. i.e., 300,000 / 300
metres=l,000 kc/s. In the same way, dividing
300,000 by the frequency in kilocycles will produce the wave-length in metres.
To use the receiver, tune in the signal by C3C4. adjust Cl for maximum volume without
allowing stations to overlap.
Components List Fig. 19a
Cl
300pF solid dielectric variable capacitor.
C2
l000pF
mica capacitor.
C3-4
500pF twin gang variable capacitor.
Ll-2-3 See text and Fig. 19a.
Xl-2
Germanium Crystal.
2
Tag-strips.
2
Twin socket strips.
SI
Single Pole toggle switch.

5
Whenever crystal sets are discussed, constructors are apt to think in terms of medium-wave
reception. When you consider that at least 98%
of published circuits are designed for this band
(sometimes with the long-wave band thrown in as
an afterthought) it is understandable. However,
it you can provide a good outdoor aerial (and
an equally good earth) there is a lot of fun to
be had listening to the short-wave bands. This
receiver is designed specially for short-wave reception.
A metal chassis is used for construction, these
can be obtained ready made in aluminium from
most good supply houses. It can be quite small
and on the original model a 6" x 4" was used.
Low loss components are used so as to obtain
greatest efficiency on the short wave bands. The
coil is a commercial product which plugs into a
4-pm base. Best results were obtained on the
3mc/s to 7mc/s band though coils covering other
bands are available.
Note that the tuning capacitor Cl is smaller
than normally used and has a maximum capacitance of 140pF.
Coil type 706/R covers the 3mc/s to 7mc/s
band, but the set is equally satisfactory on the
M.W. band, and to cover this coil type 706P
should be used. This coil has an iron dustcore
which can be adjusted to make the coil cover
the required band. The effect of the core is as if
turns were being added or removed from an or-

dinary coil When dealing with the short waves

it is customary to refer to the frequencies in terms
of mega-cycles (mc/s) rather than kilo-cycles. One
mega-cycle is equivalent to 1000 kilo-cycles, that
is 1.000,000 cycles.
Layout and wiring can be clearly followed from
Fig. 20b and a theoretical diagram is shown in
Fig. 20a. Care should be taken when arranging
a mounting for the aerial terminal. The best plan
is to cut a 1" hole in the chassis, mount the aerial
terminal on a piece of perspex and screw into
the chassis. This avoids any unnecessary losses
between aerial and chassis. The earth terminal
is screwed directly into the chassis.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

Wiring as shown in Fig. 20a is likely to give

the best results, but other arrangements are possible and to get the best out of tha set they should
be tried.
Refer to Fig. 20a. The aerial is connected to
pin 3 on LI, Cl to pin 2 and XI the crystal to
pin 4. IE you have a long aerial try this combinationAerial to pin 4, Cl to pin 2, and the
crystal to pin 3. Connections to pin 1 are not
altered. In a few cases the following arrangement may prove best. Crystal and Cl to pin 2,
aerial to pin 3, pin 4 left free and again pin 1
is unaltered.
Tuning on the short-wave bands is more
critical than on the medium waves so tune very

slowly over the band and remember signal

strength is likely to vary from day to day.

Components list, Fig. 20a

Cl 140pF variable capacitor Eddystone 586.
C2 l000pF mica capacitor.
1
Coil holder Eddystone 707.
L1 3m/c7m/c coil Eddystone 706/R.
1
Engraved tuning dial.
1 6"x4"x2-1/2" chassis.
2
Terminals (Aerial-Earth).
1
Twin socket strip Cpaones).
X1 Germanium Crystal.

6
Fig. 21a-b is yet another design from America
and appeared in Radio Craft some years ago,
designed by Mr. W. J. Spain. The original used
a silicon crystal which preceded the development
of the germanium.
Results are certainly very
food though of course on the model built here.

a germanium crystal was used. Selectivity can

be adjusted to suit all conditions and even at short
distances from local stations. Good volume can
be obtained without the programmes overlapping.
Home made coils are used and for best results a
75' outdoor aerial is desirable.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

Baseboard and panel construction is used,
which can conveniently be housed in a small
wooden cabinet.
Operation is a little more complicated than
some of the other designs, but the results certainly merit the extra trouble taken. As with
the other receivers much of the success obtainable is due to the coils and these must be carefully made otherwise results will be disappointing.
Layout and wiring can be followed quite easily
from Fig. 21b and requires no special comment.
First make the coils. L1 is a tapped coil, the
taps should be made in the same way as shown
in Fig. 18b. It consists of 90 turns of 22 D.C.C.
(double cotton covered) copper wire tapped at the
following number of turns, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30,
40, 50, 60, 70 and 80. The former used has a
diameter of 2". L2 is also wound on a 2" diameter former, this coil however is not tapped,
it consists of 110 turns of 38 D.C.C. or enamelled
copper wire. Great care must be taken when
handling this wire, it is quite fine and in the

hands of the inexperienced will easily break.

After wiring has been carried out the set can
be put into operation.
Selectivity is controlled by S2, in position B
tuning is broad but in position A it can be quite
sharp.
When searching for a station switch S2 to B.
Tune the station and switch S2 to A. The frequency range is controlled by the position of the
tap on L1, a good plan is to start with the 5 turn
tap on L1.
Components List, Fig. 21a
Cl 500pF variable capacitor.
C2 500pF variable capacitor.
C3 l000pF Mica Capacitor.
X1 Germanium Crystal.
L 1 & L 2 See text.
S1 Single Pole toggle switch.
S2 Single Pole 2-way toggle switch.
2
Twin socket strips
(Aerial/Earth and 'Phones).

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOY'S BOOK OP CRYSTAL SETS

Keep S1 open and C1 for tuning, adjusting the
tap on L1 for best results. Very powerful signals
are best brought in with S1 closed. When using
Cl and adjusting the taps on L1, switch S2 is
kept in the A position.
It will be found that C2 acts as a fine control
on Cl. One division of the tuning dial on Cl is

roughly equal to a movement of 20 divisions on

C2.
Note that the coils are mounted at right angles
to one another and that in this instance wood
has been used as far as possible, an aluminium
or other metal chassis is not suitable.

7
A very useful receiver for both medium and
long-wave reception is possible with the circuit of
Fig. 22a-b. A home-made coil is used. On the
original a 1-1/4" diameter former was used but in
fact this is not very critical and a 1-1/2" former
could be used. An interesting point is the construction of the long-wave coil section. Solenoid
coils as used for the medium wave-band are not
efficient if the length is too great relative to the
diameter. Now as the long-wave section has 300
turns, if wound as a solenoid the winding length
would be very great and a lot of efficiency would
be lost. To overcome the difficulty the coil is
pile wound. If the whole coil were to be wound

in one pile it would still be inefficient because of

the capacity formed in the winding, but by dividing it into five sections a coil of reasonable efficiency results.
The same remarks concerning
winding apply to this coil as to all the others in
Components List, Fig. 22s
Cl 300pF Mica Capacitor.
C2 500pF Variable Capacitor.
C3 1000 Mica Capacitor.
X1 Germanium Crystal.
Ll-2 See Text
S1 Single Pole Toggle Switch.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

this book, and readers should not, by this time,

encounter any difficulties.
The design provides good selectivity with good
sensitivity, and provided the set is not required
to operate within a few miles of a powerful transmitter, no trouble will be encountered from interference between adjacent stations.

A wooden base-board and front panel is best

for this design, and the wiring and layout can be
clearly followed from Fig. 22b. Switch SI is open
for long-wave reception and closed for the
medium-wave band.
Coil mounting can be on the same principle as
for the full-wave design Fig. 19a-b.

8
If you look at all the other circuits shown in
this book you will find that in each case the
tuning capacitor and tuning coil are in parallel,
this is by no means essential and the circuit of
Fig. 23a shows a series arrangement that is the
tuning capacitor is between the coil and earth
instead of being wired up across it This design

also appeared in Radio Craft a few years ago.

An interesting point is that the coil is a conversion adapted from another type of component.
To make this coil you must obtain an old I.F
transformer as used in superheterodyne receivers.
You will require one designed to work anywhere between 450 and 470 kc/s. Some of the

TOE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

very early ones worked at 110 kcs/ but these are
unsuitable.
The I.F. transformer must also be of the type
tuned by an iron dust core at each end.
Dismantle the transformer, remove the parallel
capacitors and mounting wires so that you are
left with two coil bobbins and their former. Be
very careful when un-soldering the wires from
the supports because the coils are" usually wound
in Litzendraht and must remain intact. Remove
25% (approximately) of the turns from one coil
which we will call the secondary, and completely
remove the iron dust slug from this coil, now
cut the former in half, and mount as in Fig. 23a.
Warm the coils with heat from your soldering
iron or from a fire and gently slide the coils into
position at the ends of the former as in Fig. 23a.
The wax will set again holding the coils in their
new position.
Note that the wires from the coils are connected to tags on the mountings. These are pieces
of bakelite, and usually the original end pieces
used on the I.F. transformer can be used.
A word about soldering Litzendrahl Do not
attempt to use emery paper. Prepare the end of
wire by removing the outer silk covering and dip
the end in methylated spirits. Ignite with a match

and after about five seconds wipe with a cloth

held between finger and thumb. This will quench
the flame and will remove all traces of enamel
from the wire. It is a good plan to experiment
with the odd length of wire removed from the
secondary coil.
If the coils prove to be constructed of ordinary copper wire, it can of course
be prepared with fine emery cloth in the normal
Components List, Fig. 23a
Cl 500pF variable capacitor.
X1 Germanium Crystal.
L1 See Text.
4
Plugs and sockets or terminals.
Wiring is straight forward as can be seen from
Fig. 23b and requires no explanation.
Operation is as follows, selectivity is controlled
by varying the distance between coils with the
wing nut, and to an extent by the position of the
primary iron dust core. Remember that the aerial
and earth installations are as important with this
set as with any other crystal receiver. No parallel
capacitance appears necessary across the 'phones,
the set works quite happily relying on the selfcapacitance of the head-phones.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

9
So as to give a truly varied selection of circuits,
some of the sets have been designed around commercial coils whilst others use coils which must
be home-constructed.

Most enthusiasts like to build their own coils

but when it is a question of something really
small combined with efficiency a commercial cofl
is the obvious choice.
Fig. 24a-b uses a tobacco tin or a similar
container just as the design shown in Fig. 16a.
This receiver however is a little more selective
and is more suitable than the earlier design, if
you are near a transmitter or have a very long
aerial. Take great care to connect the coil according to the colours shown on the diagrams.
Sockets are used for wave-changing, this cheapens
the cost a little and they are just as efficient

Components List, Fig. 24a

Cl lOOpF Mica capacitor.
C2 SOOpF variable capacitor solid dielectric.
C3 lOOOpF Mica capacitor.
XI Germanium crystal.
Ll-2 R.E.P. dual range coil. Blue box.
6
Insulated wander-plug sockets.
5
Wander Plugs.
2oz. Tobacco tin or similar contains.

IHE BOVS BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

10
In certain cases, signals from the local transmitter are too powerful to permit a crystal set
with a normal coil to be of much use. I myself
live in Hertfordshire a few miles from the London transmitters, and find a more elaborate circuit is necessary. Now in radio circles it is a
well-known fact that the greater the number of
tuned circuits, the greater the overall selectivity.
Look at Fig. 25a, you will see that the usual L
and C tuning arrangements have beea duplicated.
This type of circuit is known as a Band-Pass
Filter. There are many kinds of such filters, this
particular type is an inductively-coupled filter,
lotc that '-nergy from the first half (L2) is con-

veyed to L3 by way of two small inductors LI

and L4.
Tuning is quite sharp and the " feel" of the
set is quite different from that of single coil designs. A small chassis is ideal for construction.
6"x4"x2" was used on the original, though it
could have been smaller.
Fig. 25b gives the layout and wiring.
Take particular notice that Ll-2-3 is mounted
horizontally and at right angles to L4-5-6, this
is to prevent the coupling from being too " tight *
which would ruin the idea of the filter. A good
aerial and earth is of course necessary. It may
be found on test that the selectivity is too groat;

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

and that volume has suffered. This can be ingeniously overcome by connecting a very small
capacitance between l i e two Green tags on the
coils. The simplest way is to connect it across
the fixed vane connections on C2-C3. Values for
this extra capacitance are a matter for experiment
usually a value between l0pF and 47pF is sufficient. A small 50pF trimmer could be used and
adjusted to suit. The ideal setting is to enable
powerful adjacent stations to be received just
short of overlap so that as much volume as possible is obtained.
There is one point to be observed with the
ganged capacitor. It should be of the type fitted
with trimmers though of course, there is no reason why you should not fit them yourself. These
are to allow for differences between coils to be
balanced out, and consist of a small variable
capacitance across each main section.

When setting up the receiver, first set each

trimmer at half way and tune in a station near
the high-frequency end of the band (vanes nearly
out) adjust the trimmers for maximum volume.
If extra coupling capacity is added as described,
try adjusting them further.
Once properly set up, no further adjustment
is necessary.
Component! List, Fig. 25
Cl l00pF M k a capacitor.
C2-3 2 x 500pF variable capacitor (see text).
C4 l000pF Mica capacitor.
Ll-2-3 Dual Range Coil R.E.P. (Blue Box).
L4-5-6 Dual Range Coil R.E.P. (Bhie Box).
X1 Germanium Crystal.
Sl a-b 2 pole single throw toggle switch.
4
Terminals or plugs and sockets.

THE BOYS BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

11
Another band-pass circuit is shown in Fig. 26a.
This time home-made coils are used. This filter
is not inductively coupled but entirely capacitive,
relying on C3. As in the previous circuit it must
be adjusted to give just sufficient " broadness " to
the tuning to provide adequate volume without
station overlap. To avoid unwanted coupling a
screen is mounted between the coils, this is necessary because due to the size of the coils they
would be bound to couple quite tightly without
it. Such precautions were not necessary with the
circuit of Fig. 25a, as the commercial coils are
much smaller physically and the risk of unwanted coupling reduced.
The coils for this receiver are for medium wave
reception only, this keeps the size down. Coil
winding procedure has already been fully explained, and covers all the requirements of these
coils. Base-board and panel construction is used,
and for more accurate tuning since the coils are
home-made, separate tuning capacitors are re-

commended. Fig. 26b gives the layout and practical wiring.

Components List, Fig. 2 6 .
Cl l00pF Mica capacitor.
C2 500pF variable capacitor.
C3 50pF Mica trimmer.
C4 500pF variable capacitor.
C5 l000pF mica capacitor.
Ll-2 See text
X1 Germanium Crystal.
4
Terminals or plugs and sockets.
For those who do not wish to bother with these
a ganged capacitor can be used, but tuning may
not be as good as with separate ones. The screen
mounted between the coils is of aluminium or
copper and should be about 1" higher than the
coils and the same length as the baseboard.depth.

THE BOY'S BOOK OP CRYSTAL

12
Fig. 27a-b uses a band-pass filter for
tuning, and the coils are home-constructed.
With this design a ganged capacitor is quite
suitable as the coils tune quite accurately. It is
essential that the coupling condenser C3 is noninductive, there will be no difficulty in obtaining
a new component of this pattern but it is as well
to avoid old components which may not employ
this form of construction.

Receivers using this type of filter are used to

the best advantage when situated a short distance
from a powerful transmitter and if selectivity is
not important this particular design is not the
most suitable.
Both medium-waves and long-waves are catered
for: consider Ll-2-3, this is the first half of the
filter.
L1 is the aerial coupling coil, with S1 closed.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

(be medium-waves are received. This coil is
inductively coupled to L2 and L3. Again with S2
open L2 and L3 combined cover the long-waves
and when S2 is closed the medium waves are
covered.
Tuning for this half of the filter is by means
of the capacitor C l , which is one half of the
ganged capacitor. A screen is erected between
the two sets of coils comprising the filter, and
coupling is effected by C3, an earth return for
the coils is provided by R l .
L4 and L5 operated in a similar manner to
L2 and L3, tuning is by means of C2, the remaining section of the ganged capacitor. You
will realise that the coils must be accurately
wound otherwise tuning will not remain constant
between the two sections over the band.
The ganged capacitor should be fitted with
trimmer capacitors when purchased so that the
two circuits can be balanced.
You will have noticed that this circuit uses
three sets of switch contacts. A three-pole twoway wafer switch is the best choice otherwise
either two or even three separate switches are

necessary. All the necessary coil details are given

in the diagrams, the tap on L4 is made in the
same way as shown for other coils in the manual
One other component used only on this design,
is the resistor R l , its size is not important because the current flowing is so small it can be
ignored.
A 1/4 watt rating is adequate, its precise value
is not critical so that a 20% tolerance component
is quite suitable.
Resistors are coded by colours and the 1 K Ohm
type you require will bear the following sequence.
At one end will be painted three coloured rings.
Component List, Fig. 27
Cl-2 500pF 2 gang, variable capacitor.
C3 0.0Smfd. non-inductive paper capacitor.
C4 l000pF mica capacitor.
Rl 1000 ohm resistor.
X1 Germanium Crystal.
S1-2-3 3-pole 2-way wafer switch.
Ll-2-3 & L4-5 See text.
4
Terminals (Aerial, Earth and Thanes).
Sheet copper or aluminium for screen.

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOY'S BOOK OF CRYSTAL SETS

THE BOYS BOOK OP CRYSTAL SETS

The feet one is BROWN which represents 1, the
first figure of the value, the second BLACK, this
indicates the second numeral is nought, and the
third colour is RED which tells us that two further ciphers or noughts are added to give the
total value. From this you can see. we have 1
plus a nought equalling l0, plus two further
noughts which total 1000. Some earlier types of
resistor were painted differently, the whole body
colour represented the first figure, one tip was
coloured to represent the second figure, and a
painted dot in the centre gave the number of
ciphers to be added.

There are no other special points regarding

construction except perhaps that if a long aerial
is used, a small l00pF capacitor might be tried
on the aerial lead to prevent damping the first
tuned circuit.
When setting up the receiver, tune to a station
the high-frequency end of the M.W. band and
the trimmers for loudest volume, no other
adjustments are necessary.

CONCLUSION
The twelve receivers described are represents
tive of the best crystal set designs available to-day.
Their construction will provide many hours of
useful enjoyment, and the results wilt give lasting
pleasure.
A final word about components, if no actual
maker is specified, any good class component can
be used. Switches, fixed and variable capacitors
and crystals, are available from numerous manufacturers all of which are invariably of excellent
quality. Where a particular manufacturer's product is called for, the specification should be
adhered to. The commercial coils specified are
freely available from most supply bouses specialising in components for constructors, but in case
of difficulty write to Bernards (Publishers) Ltd.,
The Grampians, Western Gate, London, W.6, who
will, on receipt of a S.A.E. be pleased to supply
the address of your nearest stockist. Coil formers
are not always easy to obtain and in this case
advice should be sought from Post Radio
Supplies, 395, Queensbridge Road. London, E.8,
who will be pleased to help in any way possible.