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    Statistical Analysis

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    Rizza Mae Rafer
    Statistical Analysis

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Statistical Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Rizza Mae Rafer
    61 views16 pages
    Statistical Analysis

    Original Title

    Statistical Analysis (1)

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    Statistical Analysis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views16 pages

    Statistical Analysis

    Uploaded by

    Rizza Mae Rafer
    Statistical Analysis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 16

    MAKING DECISIONS

    WITH DATA

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Making measurements is critical for


    quantitative analysis.
    Standards of length were once represented by the distance between
    two marks on a solid metal bar. Copies of these standards were
    displayed in public places so that people could check the accuracy of
    the rules they were using.
    In 1588, Elizabeth I issued a new standard yard that remained the legal
    British yard for over 300 years.
    Every measurement involves three
    components:
    Object to be measured
    Device used to make the measurement
    Comparison to a known standard

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    This means that there


    will be an error
    associated with EVERY
    measurement! In AChem this is explained
    and reported.

    General Terms: A-Chem Talk


    Sample-Related Terms
    SAMPLE representative
    of the tested material
    MATRIX all substances
    in the sample
    ANALYTE specific
    substance we measure
    MAJOR: >1%
    MINOR: 0.01% to 1%
    TRACE: below 0.01%

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Method-Related Terms
    ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE
    an approach to the assay
    which involves
    - determining what question is
    being asked
    - using an appropriate sample
    - sample preparation
    - gathering measurements
    - reporting results

    Measurements can be accurate or precise


    In the lab, the true
    value may be an
    accepted value (rather
    than a known value),
    ABSOLUTE ERROR:
    ERROR
    e=x
    RELATIVE ERROR:
    ERROR
    er = (x )/
    This can be
    expressed as a
    fraction, percent, ppt,
    ppm.

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Example:
    The results of an analysis are 36.97 g,
    compared with the accepted value of
    37.06 g. What is the relative error in ppt,
    ppm, and percent?

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Living with Uncertainty


    EVERY Measurement we make will have some uncertainty
    (error). Classify the following pipette errors:
    Suppose the tip of a TD pipet has a small chip that
    changes the size of the opening. Repeated
    measurements with the pipet will always be off, but by
    the same amount and in the same direction.
    Systematic or Random?
    A perfectly good TC pipet is used to deliver 20.0 mL.
    Systematic or Random?
    Which problem could be eliminated?
    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Some Common determinate


    errors:
    Instrumental errors
    Operative Errors
    Errors of the method

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Communicating Experimental Results


    Suppose you did three trials to determine the
    M of a drain cleaner. You could report the
    average value (but with a small number of
    samples we have the experimental mean
    X ).
    With a large number of trials random errors
    tend to cancel out then X approaches the
    true mean

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Describing variation within a set of data that,


    in theory, should not vary
    Rather than just examine the simple range of
    values, we can compare each value to the
    experimental mean. This comparison of
    variation is called the standard deviation

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    The Helpful Relative Standard Deviation


    RSD = s/mean
    This can be expressed as a percent.
    RSD can also be known as the coefficient of variation.
    A smaller value indicates better precision.
    Median- middle value of the group
    Range- difference between largest and smallest value

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Practice: A student found the following values


    from three trials for the molarity of his HCL:
    0.01005 M; 0.01018 M;
    0.00998 M
    What is the experimental mean?
    What is value of s?
    What is the value of RSD?
    What is the median?
    What is the range?

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Mean = 0.01007 M
    s = 0.0001
    RSD = 0.0099

    How precisely do we know


    the mean and s?
    We can calculate the standard deviation of
    the mean:
    Since this depends on n, you should report
    the number of values used in the analysis.
    The precision of the mean becomes better as
    we repeat the experiment. (Closer to )
    The variability of a data set (like titration) is
    reported as the Confidence Interval (CI).

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Uncertainty of working with small data sets


    A correction factor is used with the mean and s
    to show the interval around the mean where
    values may lie.
    What is t?

    Ex 4.7

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Example:
    A soda ash sample is analyzed in the
    analytical chemistry laboratory by titration
    with standard hydrochloric acid. The
    analysis is performed in triplicate with the
    following results: 93.50, 93.58, and 93.43 %
    Na2CO3. Within what range are you 95 %
    confident that the true value lies?

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

    Exercise 1 part A
    1.

    2.

    3.

    (Accuracy and precision) The content of ATP (adenosine


    triphosphate) in a tissue sample is known to be 122 mol/mL. A
    new assay for ATP gives the following values for separate
    analyses of this tissue: 117, 119, 111, 115, and and 120 mol/mL.
    Calculate the absolute error and the relative error (in % and in
    ppm) for each of these results.
    (Accuracy and precision) Consider the set of data: 86.37,
    86.33, 86.37, 86.20, 86.60 % Co Calculate the a) mean b) median
    c) range d) standard deviation and e) relative standard deviation
    (Confidence limits and intervals) A new herbicide is measured
    in water samples by using gas chromatography. The following
    results are obtained for the replicate analysis of a single sample:
    3.01, 2.92, 3.18, 3.07, and 2.84 g/L. What are the mean result
    and the 90% confidence interval for the average herbicide
    concentration in this sample?

    2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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