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    Chemistry Project On Foaming Capacity of Soaps

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    This document describes a chemistry project investigating the foaming capacity of different soaps. It includes an introduction on soap chemistry and how soaps clean. Two experiments are described where the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soaps are tested. The document concludes that foaming capacity increases with the addition of sodium carbonate.

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    Chemistry Project On Foaming Capacity of Soaps

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Kumar
    1K views13 pages
    This document describes a chemistry project investigating the foaming capacity of different soaps. It includes an introduction on soap chemistry and how soaps clean. Two experiments are described where the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soaps are tested. The document concludes that foaming capacity increases with the addition of sodium carbonate.

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    Chemistry Project on Foaming Capacity of Soaps (1)

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    This document describes a chemistry project investigating the foaming capacity of different soaps. It includes an introduction on soap chemistry and how soaps clean. Two experiments are described where the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soaps are tested. The document concludes that foaming capacity increases with the addition of sodium carbonate.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views13 pages

    Chemistry Project On Foaming Capacity of Soaps

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Kumar
    This document describes a chemistry project investigating the foaming capacity of different soaps. It includes an introduction on soap chemistry and how soaps clean. Two experiments are described where the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soaps are tested. The document concludes that foaming capacity increases with the addition of sodium carbonate.

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    You are on page 1of 13

    Chemistry Project On

    Foaming Capacity
    Of Soaps

    PROJECT PREPARED BY:


    Shahenjit Singh
    XII-A
    Session: 2012-2013
    Boards Roll Number: 9182377
    Ambience Public School

    INDEX
    S.
    No.

    Contents

    Page
    No.

    Certificate

    Acknowledgements

    Introduction

    Experiment 1

    Experiment 2

    Conclusion

    10

    Bibliography

    11

    Shahenjit Singh Page 2

    CERTIFICATE
    This is hereby to certify that,
    the original and genuine
    Investigation work has been
    carried out to investigate
    About the subject matter and
    the related data
    Collection and investigation
    has been completed
    Solely, sincerely and
    satisfactorily by Shahenjit
    Singh of
    Class XII A, Ambience Public
    School, regarding his project
    titled
    Shahenjit Singh Page 3

    Foaming Capacity of
    Soaps.

    Teachers Signature

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    It would be my utmost
    pleasure to express my
    sincere
    Thanks to My Chemistry
    Teacher Mrs. Beena
    Maheshwari in providing a
    helping hand in this project.
    Their valuable guidance,
    Shahenjit Singh Page 4

    support and supervision all


    through this project titled
    Foaming Capacity of
    Soaps,
    Are responsible for attaining
    its present form.

    Shahenjit Singh Page 5

    INTRODUCTION
    Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and
    oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon
    chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional
    group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different
    polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
    hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short
    polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil
    and grease.

    Long Hydrocarbon
    Chain Hydrophobic end

    Hydrophilic End

    When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in
    nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
    foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of
    water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap molecule that
    are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
    absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water
    away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and
    grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles', which encircles such particles and
    emulsify them.

    Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water contains calcium
    and magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble
    carbonates of higher fatty acids.
    Shahenjit Singh Page 6

    2C17H35COONa +Ca2+

    C17H35COO) 2 Ca

    2C17H35COONa + Mg2+

    (C17H35COO) 2 Mg

    This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium Carbonate.


    Ca2++ Na2CO3

    CaCO3

    + 2Na+

    Mg2++ Na2CO3

    MgCO3

    + 2Na+

    Shahenjit Singh Page 7

    +2Na+
    +2Na+

    EXPERIMENT 1
    Aim:
    To compare the foaming capacities of three different commercial
    soaps.

    Apparatus:
    3 test tubes, 3 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen
    burner and stop watch.

    Materials Required:
    3 different samples of soap and tap water

    Theory:
    The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature
    of soap and its concentration. This can be compared for various
    samples of soaps by taking the same concentration of solution
    and shaking them. The foam is formed and the time taken for
    disappearances of foam in all cases is compared. The lesser the
    time taken by a solution for the disappearance of foam, the lower
    is its foaming capacity.

    Procedure:
    Three conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and numbered 1
    to 3.
    In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm) of the
    given samples of soap shavings or granules are taken and 50
    ml of tap water is added.
    Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the
    soap completely.
    In a test-tube stand, three clean and dry test tubes are taken
    and numbered 1 to 3.
    1ml of the three soap solution is then poured in the test
    tubes of corresponding number.

    Shahenjit Singh Page 8

    10 ml. of tap water is then added to each test tube.


    Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 3 times.
    The foam would be formed in the empty space above the
    test tube. Stop watch is started immediately and the time
    taken for the disappearance of foam is noted.
    Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal
    number of times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the
    same force and the time taken for the disappearance of
    foam in each case is recorded.
    The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the
    lower is the foaming capacity.

    Observation:
    Amount of each soap sample taken = 5 gm
    Amount of tap water taken = 50 ml

    Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml


    Volume of tap water added = 10 ml

    S.
    No.

    Soap Sample

    Time Taken in
    Minutes

    1
    2
    3

    Dettol
    Lifebuoy
    Savalon

    23.30
    15.56
    20.39

    Conclusions:
    The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam
    is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality
    soap among the soaps tested.

    Shahenjit Singh Page 9

    EXPERIMENT 2
    Aim:
    Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate (Washing
    Soda) on the foaming capacity of different soap solutions.

    Apparatus:
    3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.

    Materials Required:
    5 gm sample of soap, tap water and M/10 Na2CO3 solution.

    Theory:
    When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing
    calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of
    scum which applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the
    same washing or cleaning action, more soap must be added.
    2C17H35COONa +Ca2+
    (C17H35COO) 2 Ca + 2Na+
    (Water soluble)

    (Scum)

    Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium
    and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water
    minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium
    (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds
    such as bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the
    water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of
    limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of
    other mineral deposits.
    When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+), and
    magnesium
    (Mg2+) ions precipitate as their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity
    of soap increases.
    Ca2++ Na2CO3
    CaCO3 + 2Na+
    Mg2++ Na2CO3
    MgCO3 + 2Na+

    Shahenjit Singh Page 10

    Procedure:
    Dissolve 5 gm of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of tap water.
    Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to all three test tube.
    To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
    Then 5 ml of water is added to the three test tubes.
    Now shake first test tube for formation of foam.
    Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for
    disappearance of foam.
    Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions.
    Record the observations in a tabular form.

    Observation:
    Amount of each soap sample taken
    Amount of tap water taken = 50 ml

    = 5 gm

    Volume of each soap solution taken = 1 ml


    Volume of tap water added = 5 ml
    Volume of M/10 sodium carbonate added= 5 ml

    S.
    No.

    Soap Sample

    Time Taken In
    Minutes

    1
    2
    3

    Dettol
    Lifebuoy
    Savalon

    26.30
    11.55
    24.20

    Conclusions:
    The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam
    is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the best quality
    soap among the soaps tested.

    Shahenjit Singh Page 11

    CONCLUSION
    From the above experiments it can be
    inferred that the foaming capacity of a
    soap increases when it is added in soft
    water(Containing M/10 Sodium
    Carbonate). This means that cleaning
    property of soap is better in soft water
    compared to its cleaning property in
    hard water.

    Shahenjit Singh Page 12

    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    Internet:
    www.wikipedia.co.in
    www.google.co.in
    Books:
    Comprehensive Practical
    Chemistry

    Shahenjit Singh Page 13

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