International Journal of Computer Application

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Issue 3, Volume 4 (July-August 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

*-CLOSED SETS IN TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Veronica Vijayan, Associate Professor, Nirmala college,Coimbatore.

Priya F, M.Phil., Scholar, Nirmala college, Coimbatore.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Abstract : In this research paper we introduce a new class of sets namely, * -closed sets.
Applying these sets, the authors introduce four new classes of space namely, T * spaces, gT*
spaces, gsT* spaces and gT spaces. Further the authors introduce *continuous maps and
*irresolute maps.
Key words : * -closed sets; *continuous maps; *irresolute maps; T* spaces; gT* spaces;
*
gsT spaces and gT spaces.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1.INTRODUCTION
In 1970, Levine [10] first introduced the concept of generalized closed (briefly,g-closed)sets as a
generalization of closed sets in topological spaces. S.P.Arya and T.Nour [3] defined gs-closed
sets in 1990. Dontchev [9] introduced gsp-closed sets. Maki et.al.[13] defined g-closed sets
in1994. Levine [11], Mashhour et.al. [16] introduced semi-open sets, preopen sets respectively.
Maki et.al. [13] introduced g-closed sets. S.N.Maheshwari and P.C.Jain [12] introduced and
investigated -closed sets.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of *-closed sets, T* spaces, gT* spaces,
*
gsT spaces and gT spaces and investigate some of their properties.
2. PRELIMINARIES
Definition: 2.1 - A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is called,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

a pre open set [16] if A int (Cl (A)) and a pre closed set if Cl (int(A)) A.
a semi-open set [10] if A Cl (int (A)) and a semi-closed set if int (Cl (A)) A.
an -open set [17] if A int (Cl (int (A))) and an -closed if Cl (int ( Cl (A))) A.
a semi-preopen set [1] if A Cl (int(Cl (A))) and a semi-preclosed set if
int (Cl (int (A))) A.
The intersection of all semi-closed (resp. Pre-closed, semi-preclosed and
-closed) sets containing a subset A of (X, ) is called the semi-closure (resp. pre-closure,

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semi-pre-closure and -closure) of A and is denoted by Scl(A) (resp. Pcl(A), Spcl(A) and
cl(A)).
Definition: 2.2 - A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is called,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

a generalized closed set [10] (briefly g-closed) if Cl(A) U whenever A U and U

is open in (X, ).
a semi-generalized closed set [5] (briefly sg-closed) if Scl(A) U whenever A U
and U is semi-open in (X, ).
a generalized semi-closed set [3] (briefly gs-closed) if Scl(A) U whenever A U
and U is open in (X, ).
a generalized -closed set [6] (briefly g-closed) if cl(A) U whenever A U and
U is -open in (X, ).
a -generalized closed set [13] (briefly g-closed) if cl(A) U whenever A U
and U is open in (X, ).
a generalized semi-preclosed set [9] (briefly gsp-closed) if Spcl(A) U whenever
A U and U is open in (X, ).
a generalized preclosed set [14] (briefly gp-closed) if Pcl(A) U whenever A U
and U is open in (X, ).
Strongly g-closed [18] if Cl(intA) U whenever A U and U is open in (X, ).

Definition: 2.3 - A topological space (X, ) is said to be,

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

a Tspace [10] if every g-closed set in it is closed.

a Tb space [7] if every gs closed set in it is closed.
a Td space [7] if every gs closed set in it is g-closed.
a Td space [6] if every g closed set in it is g-closed.
a Tb space [6] if every g closed set in it is closed.

Definition: 2.4 A function f : (X, )

(Y, ) is called

1. an -continuous [13] if f-1(V) is an -closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ).
2. a g-continuous [4] if f-1(V) is an g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ).
3. an g-continuous [10] if f-1(V) is an g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of
(Y, ).
4. a gs-continuous [8] if f-1(V) is a gs-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ).
5. a gsp-continuous [9] if f-1(V) is a gsp-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of
(Y, ).
6. a gp-continuous [2] if f-1(V) is a gp-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ).
7. a strongly g -continuous [18] if f-1(V) is a strongly g -closed set of (X, ) for every closed
set V of (Y, ).
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8. a gs-irresolute [8] if f-1(V) is an gs-closed set of (X, ) for every gs-closed set V of
(Y, ).
9. an g-irresolute [6] if f-1(V) is an g-closed set of (X, ) for every g-closed set V of
(Y, ).
3. BASIC PROPERTIES OF *-CLOSED SETS
We introduce the following definition
Definition 3.1 - A subset A of a topological space (X,) is called a *-closed set if Cl(A) U
whenever A U and U is -open in X.
Theorem 3.2 - Every closed set is a *-closed set.
The following example supports that an *-closed set need not be closed in general.
Example 3.3 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a,b} }. Let A = {a,c}. A is a *-closed set but not a
closed set of (X,).
So the class of *-closed sets properly contains the class of closed sets. Next we show
that the class of *-closed sets is properly contained in the class of g-closed sets.
Theorem 3.4 - Every *-closed set is a g-closed set.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.5 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. B = {a,b} is g-closed but not *-closed
in (X,).
Theorem 3.6 - Every *-closed set is a gs-closed set.
The reverse implication does not hold as it can be seen from the following example.
Example 3.7 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. C = {a,b} is gs-closed but not *-closed
in (X,).
Theorem 3.8 - Every *-closed set is a gp-closed set.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.9 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. D = {a,b} is gp-closed but not
*-closed in (X,).
Theorem 3.10 - Every *-closed set is a g-closed set.
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The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.11 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. E = {c} is g-closed but not *-closed
in (X,).
Theorem 3.12 - Every *-closed set is a g -closed set.
The reverse implication does not hold as it can be seen from the following example
Example 3.13 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. F = {c} is g -closed but not *-closed
in (X,).
Theorem 3.14 - Every *-closed set is a gsp -closed set.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 3.15 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. G = {a,b} is gsp -closed but not
*-closed in (X,).
Theorem 3.16 - Every *-closed set is a strongly g closed set.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example
Example 3.17 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. H = {a,b} is strongly g-closed but not
*-closed in (X,).
Remark 3.18 - *-closedness is independent from -closedness
Let (X, ) be as in the example 3.5. Let B = {c}.Then B is -closed but not *-closed.
Let (X, ) be as in the example 3.3. Let B = {a,c}. Then B is *-closed but not -closed.
Remark 3.19 - If A and B are *-closed sets, then AB is also a *-closed set.
The result follows from the fact that Cl(AB) = Cl(A) Cl(B).
Theorem 3.20 - If A is both -open and *-closed in (X, ), then A is a closed set.
Theorem 3.21 - A is an *-closed set of (X, ) if and only if Cl(A)\A does not contain any nonempty -closed set.
Proof : Necessity - Let F be a -closed set of (X, ) such that F Cl(A)\A. Then A X\F. Since
A is an *-closed set and X\F is -open such that A X\F. Then Cl(A) X\F. This implies
F X\Cl(A). So F (X\Cl(A) (Cl(A)\A). Therefore F =
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Sufficiency - Let A be a subset of (X, ) such that Cl(A)\A does not contain any nonempty -closed set. Let U be a -open set of (X, ) such that A U. If Cl(A) U, then
Cl(A) UC and Cl(A) UC is -closed. Then Cl(A) UC Cl(A)\A. So Cl(A)\A
contains a non-empty -closed set which is a contradiction. This implies Cl(A) U. Therefore A
is an *-closed set .
Theorem 3.22 - If A is an *-closed set of (X, ) such that A B Cl(A), then B is an
*-closed set of (X, ).
PROOF : Let U be a -open set such that B U, then A B U. Since A is an *-closed set,
Cl(A) U. Now B Cl(A) implies Cl(B) Cl(A) U. This implies Cl(B) U. Therefore B is
an *-closed set of (X, ).
3.23 Thus we have the following diagram.

gp closed

gs closed
g closed

gsp closed

* closed

closed

g closed

closed

g closed
strongly g-closed

4.APPLICATIONS OF *-CLOSED SETS

As applications of *-closed sets, four new spaces namely T*,
introduced.

gT

, gsT*and gT* spaces are

We introduce the following definition.

Definition 4.1 - A space (X, ) is called a T* space if every *-closed set is closed.
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Theorem 4.2 - Every T1/2 space is a T* space.

A T* space need not be a T1/2 space in general as it can be seen from the following example.
Example 4.3 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. Then (X, ) is a T* space. A = {a,b} is
a g-closed set but not a closed set. Therefore (X, ) is not a T1/2 space.
Theorem 4.4 - Every Tb space is a T* space.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.5 - Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. *-closed sets of are X, , {b,c}, {b}
and every *-closed set is closed. Therefore (X, ) is a T* space. B = {a,b} is a gs-closed set but
not a closed set of (X, ). Hence (X, ) is not a T b space. Therefore a T* space need not be a Tb
space.
Theorem 4.6 - A space (X, ) which is both T1/2 and Td is a T* space.
Theorem 4.7 - A space (X, ) which is both Td and T1/2 is a T* space.
Theorem 4.8 - Every Tb space is a T* space.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.9 Let X= { a,b,c }, = { , X, {a}, {a,c} }. Then D = {c} is a g -closed set but not a
closed set in (X, ). Therefore (X,) is not a Tb space. *-closed sets are , X, {b}, {b,c} and all
these are closed in (X,). Therefore (X,) is a T * space. Hence (X, ) is a T* space but not a Tb
space.
Definition 4.10 - A space (X, ) is called a gsT* space if every gs-closed set is *-closed.
Theorem 4.11 - Every Tb space is a gsT* space.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.12 - Let X={a,b,c}, = {, X, {a},{b,c}}. Then C = {b} is a gs-closed set but not a
closed set in (X,). Therefore (X,) is not a T b space. *-closed sets are , X, {a}, {b}, {c},
{a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}. gs-closed sets are ,X,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c}. Every gs-closed set is
*-closed in (X,). Therefore (X,) is a gsT* space. Hence (X,) is a gsT* space but not a Tb
space.
Definition 4.13 - A space (X, ) is called a gT* space if every g-closed set is *closed.
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Theorem 4.14 - Every Tb space is a gT* space.

The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.15 - Let X={a,b,c}, = {, X, {a},{b,c}}. Then E={b} is a g-closed set but not
closed in (X,). Therefore (X,) is not a Tb space. *-closed sets are , X, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a,b},
{a,c}, {b,c}. The g-closed sets are ,X,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c}. Every g-closed set is
*-closed in (X,). Therefore (X,) is a gT* space. Hence (X,) is a gT* space but not a Tb
space.
Definition 4.16 - A space (X, ) is called a gT* space if every g-closed set is *-closed.
Theorem 4.17 - Every T1/2 space is a gT* space.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 4.18 - Let X={a,b,c}, = {, X, {a},{b,c}}. Then F = {b} is a g-closed set but not
closed set in (X, ) . Therefore (X, ) is not a T1/2 space. *-closed sets are , X, {a}, {b}, {c},
{a,b}, {a,c}, {b,c}. g-closed sets are ,X,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c}. Every g-closed set is *closed in (X, ). Therefore (X, ) is a gT* space. Hence (X, ) is a gT* space but not a T1/2
space.
Theorem 4.19 - A space (X,) is both gT* space and T* space if and only if it is a T1/2 space.
Proof : Necessity- Let (X,) be both a gT* space and a T* space. Let A be a g-closed set. Then
A is *-closed, since (X,) is a gT* space. A is closed, since (X,) is a T* space. Since every
g-closed set is closed, (X,) is a T 1/2 space.
Sufficiency- Let (X,) be a T1/2 space. Then by theorem 4.17, (X,) is a gT* space. By
theorem 4.2, (X,) is a T* space. Hence (X,) is both a gT* space and a T* space.
Theorem 4.20 - A space (X,) is both a gsT* space and a T* space if and only if it is a Tb space.
Proof : Necessity - Let (X,) be both a gsT* space and a T* space. Let A be a gs-closed set.
Then A is *-closed, since (X,) is a gsT* space and A is closed, since (X,) is a T *space.
Therefore (X,) is a Tb space.
Sufficiency - Let (X,) be a Tb space. By theorem 4.11, (X,) is a gsT* space. By theorem 4.4,
(X,) is a T* space. Hence (X,) is both a gsT* space and a T* space.
Theorem 4.21 - A space (X,) is both a
space.

gT

space and a T* space if and only if it is a Tb

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Proof : Necessity - Let (X,) be both a gT* space and a T* space. Let A be a g-closed set.
Then A is *-closed, since (X,) is a gT* space and A is closed, since (X,) is a T * space.
Therefore (X,) is a Tb space
Sufficiency - Let (X,) be a Tb space. By theorem 4.14, (X,) is a gT* space. By theorem 4.8,
(X,) is a T* space. Hence (X,) is both a gT* space and a T* space.
Remark 4.22 - gsT* space and T* space are independent as it can be seen from the next two
examples.
Example 4.23 - Let X = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } (X, ) is a T* space, since every
*-closed set is closed. A = {b} is gs-closed but not *-closed and hence (X, ) is not a gsT *
space. Therefore (X, ) is a T* space but not a gsT* space.
Example 4.24 - Let X={a,b,c}, = {, X, {a},{b,c}}. (X, ) is a gsT* space, since every
gs-closed set is *-closed. But A = {b} is *-closed and not closed and hence (X, ) is not a T *
space. Therefore (X, ) is a gsT* space but not a T*space.
Remark 4.25 examples.

gT

space and T* space are independent as it can be seen from the next two

Example 4.26 - Let (X,) be as in the example 4.23. (X, ) is a T * space since every *-closed
set in it is closed. But A = {b} is g-closed but not *-closed and hence (X, ) is not a gT *
space. Therefore (X, ) is a T* space but not a gT* space.
Example 4.27 - Let (X,) be as in the example 4.24. From example 4.12 and example 4.15,
every g-closed set is *-closed. So (X, ) is a gT* space. But A={b} is *-closed but not
closed. Hence (X, ) is not a T*space. Therefore (X, ) is a gT* space but not a T*space.
Remark 4.28 - gT* space and T* space are independent as it can be seen from the next two
examples.
Example 4.29 - Let (X,) be as in the example 4.23. (X, ) is a T* space since every *-closed
set in it is closed. But A = {a,c} is g-closed and not *-closed and hence (X, ) is not a gT*
space. Therefore (X, ) is a T* space but not a gT* space.
Example 4.30 - Let (X,) be as in the example 4.24. From example 4.12 and example 4.18,
every g-closed set is *-closed. So (X, ) is a gT* space. But A={b} is *-closed but not closed.
Hence (X, ) is not a T*space. Therefore (X, ) is a gT* space but not a T*space.
4.31 Thus we have the following diagram

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Tb space

gT

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space

T*space

Tb space

gsT

space

gT

space

T1/2 space

5.*-CONTINUOUS AND *-IRRESOLUTE MAPS

We introduce the following definition
Definition 5.1 - A function f : (X, )
(Y, ) is called *-continuous if f-1(V) is a *-closed
set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ).
Theorem 5.2 - Every continuous map is *-continuous.
The following example supports that the converse of the above theorem is not true
Example 5.3 - Let X = {a,b,c} and = { , X, {a}, {b,c} }.Define g : (X, )
(X, ) by g(a)
= b, g(b) = a and g(c) = c. g is *-continuous but not continuous since {b,c} is a closed set of
(X, ) but g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not closed.
Theorem 5.4 - Every *-continuous map is g-continuous, g-continuous , gsp-continuous, gpcontinuous, gs-continuous, g-continuous and strongly g-continuous.
Proof : Let f : (X, )
(Y, ) be *-continuous. Let V Y be a closed set in Y. Then
-1
f (V) is *-closed since f is *-continuous. Now by theorem 3.4 f-1(V) is g-closed, by theorem
3.12 f-1(V) is g-closed, by theorem 3.14 f-1(V) is gsp-closed, by theorem 3.8 f-1(V) is gpclosed, by theorem 3.6 f-1(V) is gs-closed, by theorem 3.10 f-1(V) is g-closed, by theorem 3.16
f-1(V) is strongly g-closed.
Example 5.5 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = a, g(c) = b. The mapping g is g-continuous
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since f-1(V) is a g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {b,c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not *-closed.
Example 5.6 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = b, g(b) = c, g(c) = a. The mapping g is g-continuous
-1
since f (V) is a g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({c}) = {b} is not *-closed.
Example 5.7 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = a, g(c) = b. The mapping g is gsp-continuous
-1
since f (V) is a gsp-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {b,c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not *-closed.
Example 5.8 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = a, g(c) = b. The mapping g is gp-continuous
-1
since f (V) is a gp-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {b,c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not *-closed.
Example 5.9 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = b, g(b) = c, g(c) = a. The mapping g is gs-continuous
-1
since f (V) is a gs-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({c}) = {b} is not *-closed.
Example 5.10 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = b, g(b) = c, g(c) = a. The mapping g is g-continuous
-1
since f (V) is a g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of (Y, ). g is not *-continuous
since {c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({c}) = {b} is not *-closed.
Example 5.11 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a} , {a,b} }.
Define g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = a, g(c) = b. The mapping g is
strongly g -continuous since f-1(V) is a strongly g-closed set of (X, ) for every closed set V of
(Y, ). g is not *-continuous since {b,c} is a closed set of (Y, ) but g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not
*-closed.
Definition 5.12 - A function f : (X, )
(Y, ) is called *-irresolute if f-1(V) is a *-closed
set of (X, ) for every *-closed set V of (Y, ).
Theorem 5.13 - Every *-irresolute function is *-continuous.
Proof: Let f : (X, )
(Y, ) be an *-irresolute. Let V be a closed set of (Y, ).Every
closed set is *-closed. Therefore V is *-closed. Then f-1(V) is *-closed since f is *-irresolute
and hence f is *-continuous

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The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
Example 5.14 - Let X = Y = {a,b,c}, = { , X , {c} , {b,c} } and = { , X , {a,b} }.Define
g : (X, )
(Y, ) by g(a) = c, g(b) = a, g(c) = b. g -1({c}) = {a} is *-closed in (X, ) and
hence g is *-continuous
g-1({b,c}) = {a,c} is not *-closed in (X, ) and hence g is not *-irresolute.
Theorem 5.15 - Let (X, ) be a T* space and f : (X, )
continuous.

(Y, ) be *-irresolute, then f is

Proof: Let f : (X, )

(Y, ) be an *-irresolute. Let V be a closed set of (Y, ). Every
-1
closed set is *-closed. f (V) is *-closed since f is *-irresolute. Every *-closed set is closed
in X, since (X, ) is a T* space. Therefore f-1(v) is closed and hence f is continuous.
Theorem 5.16 - Let (Y, ) be a T* space and f : (X, )
*-irresolute.

(Y, ) be continuous , then f is

Proof: Let A be a *-closed set in Y. Then A is closed, since (Y, ) is a T* space. f-1(A) is
closed, since f is continuous. Every closed set is *-closed. Therefore f is *-irresolute.
Theorem 5.17 - Let (Y, ) be a gT* space and f : (X, )
g-irresolute.

(Y, ) be *-irresolute , then f is

Proof: Let A be a g-closed set in Y. Then A is *-closed, since (Y, ) is a gT* space. f-1(A) is
*-closed, since f is *-irresolute. Every *-closed set is g-closed. Therefore f is g-irresolute.
Theorem 5.18 - Let (Y, ) be a gsT* space and f : (X, )
gs-irresolute.

(Y, ) be *-irresolute , then f is

Proof: Let A be a gs-closed set in Y. Then A is *-closed, since (Y, ) is a gsT* space. f-1(A) is
*-closed, since f is *-irresolute. Every *-closed set is gs-closed. Hence f-1(A) is gs-closed and
therefore f is gs-irresolute.
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