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    GD&T - Overview PDF

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    Syed Imran
    GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) provides a standardized system for specifying the geometry of parts and assemblies. It uses datums, feature control frames, and geometric tolerances to define allowable variations in shape and position of features, considering their designed function. Key elements include datums as reference features, feature control frames specifying tolerances relative to datums, and various geometric tolerances for form, orientation, runout, profile, and location of features. GD&T aims to maximize producibility and interchangeability while communicating design intent unambiguously.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    GD&T - Overview PDF

    Uploaded by

    Syed Imran
    208 views56 pages
    GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) provides a standardized system for specifying the geometry of parts and assemblies. It uses datums, feature control frames, and geometric tolerances to define allowable variations in shape and position of features, considering their designed function. Key elements include datums as reference features, feature control frames specifying tolerances relative to datums, and various geometric tolerances for form, orientation, runout, profile, and location of features. GD&T aims to maximize producibility and interchangeability while communicating design intent unambiguously.

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    GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) provides a standardized system for specifying the geometry of parts and assemblies. It uses datums, feature control frames, and geometric tolerances to define allowable variations in shape and position of features, considering their designed function. Key elements include datums as reference features, feature control frames specifying tolerances relative to datums, and various geometric tolerances for form, orientation, runout, profile, and location of features. GD&T aims to maximize producibility and interchangeability while communicating design intent unambiguously.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    208 views56 pages

    GD&T - Overview PDF

    Uploaded by

    Syed Imran
    GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) provides a standardized system for specifying the geometry of parts and assemblies. It uses datums, feature control frames, and geometric tolerances to define allowable variations in shape and position of features, considering their designed function. Key elements include datums as reference features, feature control frames specifying tolerances relative to datums, and various geometric tolerances for form, orientation, runout, profile, and location of features. GD&T aims to maximize producibility and interchangeability while communicating design intent unambiguously.

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    Geometric Dimensioning &

    Tolerancing

    What is GD&T?
    Rules based method of placing dimensions
    and tolerances on a drawing
    Considers actual part function and
    interfaces
    Tolerances relative to functional features
    Not in a vacuum. Must consider role in an
    assembly

    Why use GD&T?


    Saves money
    Maximum producibility
    Maximum component tolerances - over
    conservative designs
    Bonus tolerances

    Focus on functional relationships


    Insures interchangeability

    Why use GD&T? (contd)


    Drawing uniformity, no misinterpretations
    Control of complex geometry
    Becoming the standard

    When to use GD&T?


    Features critical to function or
    interchangeability
    Functional gaging desired
    Need consistency between tooling,
    manufacturing and inspection operations
    Standard interpretation or tolerance not implied

    Two key elements of GD&T


    Datums - The reference features that the
    tolerances are given with respect to.
    Geometric Tolerances - The zone in which
    a controlled feature must lie.

    Datums
    A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane
    derived from the true geometric counterpart of
    a specified datum feature.

    Datum Feature
    The actual feature (hole, slot, surface, etc.) on
    a part that is used to establish the datum.

    1982 vs. 1994 Datum Standards


    ANSI Y14.5-1982

    ASME Y14.5-1994

    -D-A-

    2009 Datum Standard

    Datum Targets
    Specify specific zone of contact as a datum
    as opposed to an entire surface.
    Zones are typically correlated to some
    process or assembly fixture.
    May be points, lines or areas

    Datum Target
    C1

    Datum Reference Frame


    A set of three mutually orthogonal planes
    created from a combination of one or more
    datums.
    The origin from which geometric tolerances
    are evaluated.
    Chosen relative to part function and mating
    component interfaces.

    Datum Reference Frames (contd)


    Must lock up the part
    in six degrees of
    freedom.

    Roll

    Pitch

    Yaw

    3-2-1 Principle
    3 Points - Primary
    Datum
    2 Points - Secondary
    Datum
    1 Point - Tertiary
    Datum

    Datum Order Specification


    Theoretical Part

    Actual Part

    C
    B

    Datum Order Specification

    Datum Reference Frame Creation


    3 Planar Datums
    B

    Datum Reference Frame Creation


    Plane, Hole, Slot Datums
    B

    Datum Reference Frame Creation


    Plane, 3 Slot Datums

    Datum Reference Frame Creation


    Axis, Plane, Median Plane Datums
    A

    Implied Datums
    4X 1.0 0.1

    6.0 0.1
    5.0 0.1

    1.0 0.1

    2.0 0.1
    6.0 0.1
    10.0 0.1

    Implied Datums
    4X 1.0 0.1
    .2 M A B C

    6.0 0.1
    5.0

    1.0
    A
    2.0

    6.0
    B

    10.0 0.1

    Feature Control Frame


    Specifies the
    geometric tolerance
    for a given feature
    Tolerance symbol
    Tolerance value
    Datum references etc.

    Geometric Characteristic Symbol (Position)


    Diameter symbol
    Tolerance Value
    Feature Modifier

    0.2 M A

    C M
    Datum Modifier

    Tertiary Datum
    Secondary Datum
    Primary Datum

    Feature of Size
    A feature to which a size dimension can be
    applied such as a cylinder or a set of two
    opposed elements or parallel surfaces

    Maximum Material Condition M


    The condition in which a feature of size
    contains the maximum amount of material
    within the stated limits of size.
    Tolerance at MMC means the tolerance is
    dependent on the size of the feature.
    Ensures interchangeability.

    Regardless of Feature Size S


    The geometric tolerance or datum reference
    applies at any increment of size of the
    feature within the allowable size tolerance.
    Implied if no other modifier is specified.

    Least Material Condition L


    The condition in which a feature of size
    contains the least amount of material within
    the stated limits of size.
    The opposite of MMC.
    Use is rare relative to MMC and RFS.

    Geometric Tolerances

    Form Tolerances
    Profile Tolerances
    Orientation Tolerances
    Runout Tolerances
    Locations Tolerances

    Geometric Characteristic Symbols


    Feature Type

    Tolerance
    Type

    Geometric
    Characteristic
    Straightness

    Individual
    Features

    Form

    Flatness
    Circularity
    Cylindricity

    Individual or
    Related Features

    Profile

    Line Profile
    Surface Profile
    Perpendicularity

    Orientation

    Parallelism
    Angularity

    Related
    Features

    Runout

    Circular Runout
    Total Runout
    Position

    Location

    Concentricity
    Symmetry

    Symbol

    Form Tolerances
    Form tolerances control how far an actual
    surface or feature is permitted to vary from
    the desired (theoretical) from implied by the
    drawing.
    Applied to individual features with no
    datum references.
    Refinements of size

    Form - Straightness (2D)


    2D control when applied to line elements of a surface.
    Each line element of the surface must fall within the
    tolerance zone consisting of two parallel lines.
    0.05

    0.05 tolerance zone

    Form - Straightness (3D)


    3D control when applied to a axis or median plane
    feature.
    For an axis - tolerance zone is cylindrical
    12 0.02
    0.05 M
    0.05 tolerance zone

    Straightness Example
    Actual Part
    Size
    12.02 MMC
    12.01
    12.00
    11.99
    11.98 LMC

    Tolerance
    Zone
    0.05
    0.06
    0.07
    0.08
    0.09

    Form - Flatness
    3D tolerance controlling the deviation of a planar surface
    Tolerance zone is two parallel planes
    0.05

    0.05 tolerance zone

    Form - Circularity
    2D tolerance controlling the roundness of each
    circular cross section through a feature.
    Tolerance zone is two concentric circles.

    0.02

    0.02 tolerance zone

    Form - Cylindricity
    3D tolerance controlling both circular and
    longitudinal elements of a cylinder.
    Tolerance zone is two concentric cylinders.

    0.05

    Tolerance Zone

    Orientation Tolerances
    Orientation tolerances allow a surface or
    feature to vary in orientation relative to a
    datum.
    Datum reference required.

    Orientation - Angularity
    Condition of a surface, axis or median plane that is at an
    angle (other that 90 or 180) to a datum plane or axis.
    Tolerance zone is two parallel planes for planar features or a
    cylinder for axis features.
    .005

    40

    .005 tolerance zone

    Angularity applied to feature of size


    5.1 0.1
    .15 M

    Tolerance Zone

    80
    A

    80

    Orientation - Perpendicularity
    A special case of angularity where the angle is 90
    between the feature and the datum.
    0.05 tolerance zone
    0.05

    Simulated plane A

    Orientation - Parallelism
    A special case of angularity where the angle is
    180 between the feature and the datum.
    0.05

    Simulated plane A

    0.05 tolerance zone

    Runout Tolerances
    A runout tolerance control how far a surface
    or is allowed to deviate from its theoretical
    form and orientation during a full 360
    rotation of the part about the datum axis.
    Runout is applied at RFS.
    A datum axis is required.

    Runout - Circular Runout


    2D tolerance controlling a surface with respect
    to an axis.
    The tolerance zone is two concentric circles for
    cylindrical surface and two circles separated
    axially for planar surfaces perpendicular to the
    datum axis.

    Circular Runout
    2.004
    2.000
    A

    .004

    .004 tolerance zone

    Runout - Total Runout


    3D tolerance controlling a surface with respect
    to an axis.
    The tolerance zone is two concentric cylinders
    for cylindrical surfaces and two parallel planes
    for planar surfaces perpendicular to the datum
    axis.

    Total Runout
    2.004
    2.000
    A

    .004

    .004 tolerance zone

    Profile Tolerances
    Controls a surface within a uniform
    boundary along the theoretical profile.
    Applied to individual features or related
    features relative to a datum.
    Feature modifiers are not applicable.

    Profile - Line Profile


    2D tolerance controlling the line elements of a surface.
    The tolerance zone is two parallel profile boundaries
    offset from the nominal surface.
    1.0

    B
    Tolerance Zone

    10.0
    5.0

    10.0 .05

    Profile - Surface Profile


    3D tolerance controlling the entirety of a surface.
    The tolerance zone is two parallel profile boundaries
    offset from the nominal surface.
    0.05

    A
    B

    0.05 tolerance zone

    Location Tolerances
    Controls the allowable deviation in a
    specified location of a feature of size
    relative to some other feature or datum.
    Require datum reference in most cases.

    Location - Position
    3D tolerance used to locate features of size.
    The tolerance zone is a cylinder for round features and two
    parallel planes for median plane features.
    C

    4X 1.25 +/- .005


    .010 M A B C

    .010 tolerance zone

    B
    A

    Position Tolerance at MMC


    Actual

    Tolerance

    Bonus

    Hole

    Zone

    Tolerance

    1.245 MMC

    .010

    0.000

    1.246

    .011

    0.001

    1.247

    .012

    0.002

    1.248

    .013

    0.003

    1.249

    .014

    0.004

    1.25

    .015

    0.005

    1.251

    .016

    0.006

    1.252

    .017

    0.007

    1.253

    .018

    0.008

    1.254

    .019

    0.009

    1.255 LMC

    .020

    0.010

    4X 1.25 +/- .005


    .010 M A

    B C

    Position Tolerance at RFS


    Actual

    Tolerance

    Bonus

    Hole

    Zone

    Tolerance

    1.245 MMC

    .010

    0.0

    1.246

    .010

    0.0

    1.247

    .010

    0.0

    1.248

    .010

    0.0

    1.249

    .010

    0.0

    1.25

    .010

    0.0

    1.251

    .010

    0.0

    1.252

    .010

    0.0

    1.253

    .010

    0.0

    1.254

    .010

    0.0

    1.255 LMC

    .010

    0.0

    4X 1.25 +/- .005


    .010

    B C

    Location - Concentricity
    3D tolerance controlling the location of one axis
    relative to another datum axis.
    Tolerance zone is a cylinder
    1.0 .03
    0.1 A

    0.10 tolerance zone

    Location - Symmetry
    3D tolerance mimicking concentricity, but applied
    to non-cylindrical features of size.
    Tolerance zone is two parallel planes.
    1.0 .010
    0.10

    0.10 tolerance zone

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