Prog0101 CH02

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming
PROG0101
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING
Chapter 2
Programming Languages
Topics
Definition of Program, Computer Programming, and
Computer Programmer.
Generations of Programming Language
Types of Programming Language
Computer Program
A program is a set of instructions following the rules
of the chosen language.
Without programs, computers are useless.
A program is like a recipe.
It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and
a list of directions (called statements) that tell the
computer what to do with the variables.
Programming Language
A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules (syntax)
for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
Programming languages can be used to create
computer programs.
The term programming language usually refers to
high-level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++,
COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal.
You eventually need to convert your program into
machine language so that the computer can
understand it.
There are two ways to do this:
Compile the program
Interpret the program
Compile is to transform a program written in a highlevel programming language from source code into
object code.
This can be done by using a tool called compiler.
A compiler reads the whole source code and
translates it into a complete machine code program
to perform the required tasks which is output as a
new file.
Interpreter is a program that executes instructions
written in a high-level language.
An interpreter reads the source code one instruction
or line at a time, converts this line into machine code
and executes it.
Computer Programming
Computer programming is the process of writing,
testing, debugging/troubleshooting, and maintaining
the source code of computer programs.
This source code is written in a programming
language like C++, JAVA, Perl etc.
Computer Programmer
A programmer is someone who writes computer
program.
Computer programmers write, test, and maintain
programs or software that tell the computer what to
do.
What Skills are Required to Become a

Programmer?
Programming - Writing computer programs for
various purposes.
Writing - Communicating effectively with others in
writing as indicated by the needs of the audience.
Reading Comprehension - Understanding written
sentences
and
paragraphs
in
work-related
documents.
Critical Thinking - Using logic and analysis to
identify the strengths and weaknesses of different
approaches.
10

Programmer?
Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of electric
circuit boards, processors, chips, and computer
hardware and software, including applications and
programming.
Mathematics - Knowledge of numbers, their
operations,
and
interrelationships
including
arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and
their applications.
Oral Expression - The ability to communicate
information and ideas in speaking so others will
understand.
11

Programmer?
Oral Comprehension - The ability to listen to and
understand information and ideas presented through
spoken words and sentences.
Written Expression - The ability to communicate
information and ideas in writing so others will
understand.
Written Comprehension - The ability to read and
understand information and ideas presented in
writing.
12

Programmer?
Deductive Reasoning - The ability to apply general
rules to specific problems to come up with logical
answers. It involves deciding if an answer makes
sense.
Information Organization - Finding ways to
structure or classify multiple pieces of information.
13

The first generation languages, or 1GL, are lowlevel languages that are machine language.
The second generation languages, or 2GL, are
also low-level languages that generally consist of
assembly languages.
The third generation languages, or 3GL, are highlevel languages such as C.
14

The fourth generation languages, or 4GL, are
languages that consist of statements similar to
statements in a human language. Fourth generation
languages are commonly used in database
programming and scripts.
The fifth generation languages, or 5GL, are
programming languages that contain visual tools to
help develop a program. A good example of a fifth
generation language is Visual Basic.
15
Types of Programming Language

There are three types of programming language:
Machine language (Low-level language)
Assembly language (Low-level language)
High-level language
Low-level languages are closer to the language used
by a computer, while high-level languages are closer
to human languages.
16
Machine Language
Machine language is a collection of binary digits or
bits that the computer reads and interprets.
Machine languages are the only languages
understood by computers.
While easily understood by computers, machine
languages are almost impossible for humans to use
because they consist entirely of numbers.
17
Machine Language
Machine Language
169 1 160 0 153 0 128 153 0 129 153 130 153 0 131
200 208 241 96
High level language
5 FOR I=1 TO 1000: PRINT "A";: NEXT I
18
Machine Language
Example:
Let us say that an electric toothbrush has a processor
and main memory.
The processor can rotate the bristles left and right,
and can check the on/off switch.
The machine instructions are one byte long, and
correspond to the following machine operations:
19
Machine Language
Machine Instruction
Machine Operation
0000 0000
Stop
0000 0001
Rotate bristles left
0000 0010
Rotate bristles right
0000 0100
Go back to start of program
0000 1000
Skip next instruction if switch is off
20
Assembly Language
A program written in assembly language consists of a
series of instructions mnemonics that correspond to a
stream of executable instructions, when translated by
an assembler, that can be loaded into memory and
executed.
Assembly languages use keywords and symbols,
much like English, to form a programming language
but at the same time introduce a new problem.
21
Assembly Language
The problem is that the computer doesn't understand
the assembly code, so we need a way to convert it to
machine code, which the computer does understand.
Assembly language programs are translated into
machine language by a program called an
assembler.
22
Assembly Language
Example:
Machine language :
10110000 01100001
Assembly language :
mov a1, #061h
Meaning:
Move the hexadecimal value 61 (97 decimal) into
the processor register named "a1".
23
High Level Language

High-level languages allow us to write computer
code using instructions resembling everyday spoken
language (for example: print, if, while) which are
then translated into machine language to be
executed.
Programs written in a high-level language need to
be translated into machine language before they
can be executed.
Some programming languages use a compiler to
perform this translation and others use an
interpreter.
24
High-Level Language
Examples of High-level Language:
ADA
C
C++
JAVA
BASIC
COBOL
PASCAL
PHYTON
25
Comparisson
Time to execute
Time to develop
Machine Language
Since it is the basic
language of the
computer, it does not
require any translation,
and hence ensures
better machine
efficiency. This means
the programs run
faster.
Needs a lot of skill, as
instructions are very
lengthy and complex.
Thus, it takes more
time to program.
Assembly Language
A program called an
assembler is required
to convert the program
into machine language.
Thus, it takes longer to
execute than a
machine language
program.
High-level Languages
A program called a
compiler or interpreter
is required to convert
the program into
machine language.
Thus, it takes more
time for a computer to
execute.
Simpler to use than

machine language,
though instruction
codes must be
memorized. It takes
less time to develop
programs as compared
to machine language.
Easiest to use. Takes

less time to develop
programs and, hence,
ensures better program
efficiency.
26
BASIC
Short for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code.
Developed in the 1950s for teaching University
students to program and provided with every selfrespecting personal computer in the 1980s,
BASIC has been the first programming language for
many programmers.
It is also the foundation for Visual Basic.
27
BASIC
Example:
PRINT "Hello world!"
28
Visual Basic
A programming language and environment
developed by Microsoft.
Based on the BASIC language, Visual Basic was one
of the first products to provide a graphical
programming environment and a paint metaphor for
developing user interfaces.
29
Visual Basic
Example:
MsgBox "Hello, World!
30
C
Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the mid
1970s.
C is much closer to assembly language than are
most other high-level languages.
The first major program written in C was the UNIX
operating system.
The low-level nature of C, however, can make the
language difficult to use for some types of
applications.
31
C
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
return 0;
}
32
C++
A high-level programming language developed by
Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs.
C++ adds object-oriented features to its predecessor,
C.
C++ is one of the most popular programming
language for graphical applications, such as those
that run in Windows and Macintosh environments.
33
C++
Example:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
34
Pascal
Niklaus Wirth in the late 1960s.
The language is named after Blaise Pascal, a
seventeenth-century French mathematician who
constructed one of the first mechanical adding
machines.
It is a popular teaching language.
35
Pascal
Example:
Program HelloWorld(output);
begin
writeLn('Hello, World!')
end.
36
Java
Sun Microsystems.
Java was originally called OAK, and was designed for
handheld devices and set-top boxes.
Oak was unsuccessful so in 1995 Sun changed the
name to Java and modified the language to take
advantage of the burgeoning World Wide Web.
Java is a general purpose programming language
with a number of features that make the language
well suited for use on the World Wide Web.
37
Java
Example:
/* * Outputs "Hello, World!" and then exits */
public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
38
Choosing a Programming Language

Before you decide on what language to use, you should
consider the following:
your server platform
the server software you run
your budget
previous experience in programming
the database you have chosen for your backend
39

Prog0101 CH02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prog0101 CH02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prog0101 CH02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

What Skills are Required to Become a

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

What Skills are Required to Become a

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

What Skills are Required to Become a

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

What Skills are Required to Become a

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Generations of Programming Language

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Generations of Programming Language

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Types of Programming Language

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Rotate bristles left

Rotate bristles right

Go back to start of program

Skip next instruction if switch is off

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

High Level Language

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Simpler to use than

Easiest to use. Takes

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

MsgBox "Hello, World!

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

public class HelloWorld {

PROG0101 Fundamentals of Programming

Choosing a Programming Language

You might also like