Ansi Agma6010 f97 PDF

ANi!
U/AGMA 6010- F97

(Revision of
ANSI/AGMA 601 O-E88)
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Standard for Spup;Helical, Herringbone

t -
and Bevel Enclosed Drives
AGMA
= -= Reproduced By GLOBAL
STANDARD
--= - ENGINEERINGDOCUMENTS
B g Wth The Permission Of AGMA
c? Under Royalty Agreement
-
American Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives
ANSI/AGMA 601 O-F97
National [Revision of ANWAGMA 601 O-E881
Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
Fables or other self-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone
and Bevel Enclosed Drives, with the permission of the publisher, the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.1
Approved October 2,1997
ABSTRACT
This standard includes design, rating, lubrication, testing and selection information for spur, helical, herring-
bone and bevel gears when using enclosed speed reducers or increasers. Units covered include those with a
pitch line velocity below 7000 feet per minute or rotational speeds no greater than 4500 rpm.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association

1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright 0 1997 by American Gear Manufacturers Association

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic

retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: l-55589-890-1
ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGMA 601 O-F97
Contents
Page
Foreword ............................................................... iv
1 Scope .............................................................. 1
2 Symbols, terminology and definitions .................................... 1
3 Application and design considerations .................................... 4
4 Unitrating ........................................................... 5
5 Rating criteria ....................................................... 6
6 Thermal power rating ................................................. 8
7 Componentdesign .................................................. 15
8 Service factors ...................................................... 18
9 Lubrication and lubricants ............................................ 19
10 Assembly and rotation ............................................... 22
11 Ratios ............................................................. 24
12 Marking ............................................................ 24
13 Storage ............................................................ 24
14 Installation ......................................................... 25
Tables
1 Symbols used in equations ............................................ 2
2 Bearing coefficient of friction, fb ....................................... 11
3 Lubricant factor, C1, at 200F sump temperature ......................... 11
4 Heat transfer coefficient, k, for gear drives without auxiliary cooling ......... 14
5 Heat transfer coefficient, k, for gear drives with fan cooling ................ 14
6 Ambient temperature modifier, B,f ..................................... 14
7 Ambient air velocity modifier, & ....................................... 14
8 Attitude modifier, BA ................................................. 15
9 Maximum allowable oil sump temperature modifier, & .................... 15
10 Operation time modifier, 80 ........................................... 15
11 Nominalratios ...................................................... 24
Figures
1 Seal friction torque .................................................. 12
2 Shaft rotation ....................................................... 22
3 Parallel shaft spur, helical and herringbone gear drives, single or multiple
stage .............................................................. 22
4 Horizontal bevel gear drives, single stage; horizontal bevel-helical drives,
multiple stage. ...................................................... 23
5 Vertical bevel gear drives, single stage; vertical bevel-helical drives, multiple
stage .............................................................. 23
Annexes
A Service factors ...................................................... 29
B Keys and keyways for shaft extensions ................................. 37
C lllustrativeexamples ................................................. 39
D Test and inspection procedures ....................................... 49
E Owner responsibilities ............................................... 51
F Gear tooth mesh losses for bevel gears ................................ 53
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
. ..
111
ANSI/AGMA 601 O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Foreword
rhe foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA Standard
6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
This standard presents general guidelines and practices for design, rating (including
catalog rating) and lubrication of enclosed gear drives and is a revision to and supersedes
ANSIIAGMA 6010-E88, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed
Drives.
This standard was revised to include the latest data available using current gear technology
and includes operational experience. Also, this revision conforms to the American Gear
Manufacturers Association style manual. This standard is written in conventional units while
the parallel standard, ANSVAGMA 61 lo-F97, is available in hard metric.
The allowable stress numbers used in this standard are derived from ANSVAGMA
2001 -C95 and ANSVAGMA 2003-A86, and along with other rating factors, provide a rating
basis for enclosed gear reducers and increasers. The rating formulas are based on many
years of experience in the design and application of enclosed gear drives for industrial use.
The allowable stress numbers used by this standard are adjusted by the factors .& and YN
for the required number of cycles of operation, In previous versions of this standard, a CL
and & value of unity has been allowed. Deviations from ANSVAGMA 2001-C95 or
ANSI/AGMA 2003-A86 are not recommended unless they can be justified. The use of the
stress cycle adjustment factor does not guarantee that a certain number of hours or
revolutions of life will be obtained, but is a method of approximating gear life under different
load and speed conditions.
The most significant changes in this standard include: information on obtaining ratings by
direct reference to the empirical methods in ANSVAGMA 2001-C95 and ANSVAGMA
2003-A86; references to the necessary additional standards; a uniform selection method
by specifying a nominal L1 life for the gearing of 10 000 hours; and a refinement of the
thermal rating practice.
The competence to design enclosed gear drives, especially the knowledge and judgment
required to properly evaluate the various rating factors, comes primarily from years of
experience in designing, testing, manufacturing and operating similar gear drives. The
proper application of the general rating formulas for enclosed gear drives is best
accomplished by those experienced in the field.
There is a need for a thorough knowledge and use of the safety, service and application
factors. Application factors will represent actual loadings or will be replaced by a load
spectrum analysis such as M iners Rule.
Work was started on this draft in Decemberl991. This version was approved by the AGMA
membership in June 1997. It was approved as an American National Standard on
October 2, 1997.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
iv
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 601 O-F97
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical, Herringbone and/or Spiral Bevel

Enclosed Drives and Standard Units Committee
Chairman: W.P. Crosher .................... Flender Corporation

Vice Chairman: G.A. DeLange ............... Prager, Inc.
ACTIVE MEMBERS
R.L.Cragg ................................ Consultant

R.G. Ferguson ............................ Amarillo Gear Company
R.W. Holzman ............................. Milwaukee Gear Company, Inc.
HR. Johnson, III ........................... Lufkin Industries, Inc.
L. Lloyd .................................. Lufkin Industries, Inc.
D.L. Mairet ................................ Consultant
D. McCarthy .............................. Dorris Company
D.R. McVittie .............................. Gear Engineers, Inc.
A.R. Perry ................................ Dorris Company
A.E. Phillips ............................... Rockwell Automation/Dodge
V.Z. Rychlinski ............................ Brad Foote Gear Works, Inc.
B.W. Shirley. .............................. Emerson Power Transmission Corp.
R.G.Smith ................................ Philadelphia Gear Corporation
F.C. Uherek ............................... Flender Corporation
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
J.F. Alison, III ............................. Steward Machine Company, Inc.

R.G. Allenby .............................. Hamilton Gear
A.C. Becker ............................... Nuttall Gear Corporation
K.A. Beckman ............................. Lufkin Industries, Inc.
A.S. Cohen ............................... Engranes y Maquinaria Arco
D. Fleischer ............................... Hamilton Gear, Inc.
R.A. Geary ............................... LCI, Inc.
J. Gimper ................................. Danieli United, Inc.
B. Goebel ................................ The Horsburgh & Scott Company
. lvers ................................... Xtek, Inc.
D. King ................................... D.L. King &Associates
C.E. Long ................................ Cummins Engine
G. McCain ................................ Amarillo Gear Company
J.R. Partridge ............................. Euro Lufkin bv
M. Peculis ................................ The Horsburgh & Scott Company
W.P. Pizzichil .............................. Philadelphia Gear Corporation
R.K. Polen ................................ The Alliance Machine Company
P.N. Salvucci .............................. IMO Industries, Inc.
M.D. Schutte .............................. Lightnin
E.S. Scott ................................ The Alliance Machine Company
J. Simpson, Jr. ............................ Turner Uni-Drive Company
L. Spiers ................................. Emerson Power Transmission
I. Wilson .................................. WesTech Gear Corporation
S. Yamada ................................ Sumitomo
K. Yasui .................................. Seiki-Kogyosho, Ltd. (SKK)
V

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American National Standard - I .4 Exceptions

This standard does not cover the design and
application of epicyclic drives or gear blank design.
Standard for Spur, This standard does not cover the rating of gear
drives due to wear or scoring (scuffing) of gear teeth
Helical, Herringbone and or components.
Bevel Enclosed Drives This standard does not apply to gear drives that are
covered by other specific AGMA application
standards.
I.5 Annexes
The annexes are for reference only and are not a part
1 Scope of this standard. The annexes can be used to make a
more detailed analysis of certain rating factors, and a
guide to owner responsibilities.
This standard is applicable to enclosed gear drives
wherein the gear tooth designs include spur, helical,
herringbone or double helical, or bevel, in single or
2 Symbols, terminology and definitions
multistage units.
I .I Limitations The symbols used in this standard are shown in
The rating methods and influences identified in this table 1.
standard are lim ited to enclosed drives of single and NOTE: The symbols, terms and definitions contained
multiple stage designs where the pitch line velocities in this document may vary from those used in other
do not exceed 7000 feet per m inute and pinion AGMA standards. Users of this standard should as-
sure themselves that they are using these symbols and
speeds do not exceed 4500 revolutions per m inute.
definitions in the manner indicated herein.
I .2 Overlap 2.1 Definitions
There is a speed and pitch line velocity overlap in the The terms used, wherever applicable, conform to the
scope of this standard and thescope of ANWAGMA following standards:
6011 -G92. ANSI/AGMA6011 -G92 permits designs
ANSI Y10.3-1968, Letter Symbols for Quantities
down to 5000 feet per m inute and pinion speeds to
Used in Mechanics of Solids
3600 revolutions per m inute. In the areaof overlap in
the scope, the standard used is dependent on the ANSVAGMA IO1 2-F90, Gear Nomencla@re,
application or unit designed. All parties should be Definitions of Terms with Symbols
aware of the standard used and should agree on the ANWAGMA 9005-D94, Industrial Gear
use of that standard. Lubrication
I.3 Intended use 2.2 Reference documents
This standard is not intended to assure performance The following standards contain provisions which,
of assembled gear drive systems. It is intended for through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
use by the experienced gear designer capable of this American National Standard. At the time of
selecting reasonable values for the factors, based on publication, the editions indicated were valid. All
his knowledge of performance of similar designs and standards are subject to revision, and parties to
the effects of such items as lubrication, deflection, agreements based on this American National
manufacturing tolerances, metallurgy, residual Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibil-
stress and system dynamics. It is not intended for ity of applying the most recent editions of the
use by the engineering public at large. standards indicated below.
ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97
AGMA 299.01, Section Ill, Gear Sound Manual: ANSI/AGMA 6000-896, Specification for
Gear Noise Control Measurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units
ANSI/AGMA lOlO-E95,AppearanceofGearTeeth ANSI/AGMA 6001-D97, Design and Selection of
- Terminology of Wear and Failure Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature ANSIJAGMA 6025-C90, Sound for Enclosed
Definitions of Terms with Symbols Helical, Herringbone, and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives
ANSl/AGMA 2001 -C95, Fundamental Rating Fac-
ANSI/AGMA 6011-G92, Specification for High
tors and Calculation Methods for lnvolute Spur and
Speed Helical Gear Units
Helical Gear Teeth
ANSI/AGMA 2003A86, Rating the Pitting Resist- ANSIIAGMA 9002-A86, Bores and Keyways for
ance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight Flexible Couplings (Inch Series)
Bevel, Zero1 Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth
ANSVAGMA 9005D94, Industrial Gear
ANSI/AGMA 2008-B90, Assembling Bevel Gears Lubrication
Table 1 - Symbols used in equations

First Reference
Symbol Term Units used clause
A Arrangement constant -- Eq 19 6.5.1.4
A, Gear case surface area exposed to ambient air ft2 Eq 30 6.5.2
B Length through bore of bearing in Eq 24 6.5.1.5
BA Altitude correction factor -- Eq 31 6.6
BD Operation cycle correction factor -- Eq 31 6.6
B ref Ambient temperature correction factor -- Eq 31 6.6
BT Maximum allowable sump temperature correction factor - - Eq 31 6.6
Bv Ambient air velocity correction factor -- Eq31 6.6
ccl External dynamic factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
cb Stress adjustment factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
Surface condition factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.1
Cf
CL Life factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2.1
Gtl Load distribution factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
C,, Mesh alignment factor -- -- 5.1.1.2
CP Lubricant absolute viscosity CP Eq 23 6.5.1.4
G Size factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
CT Temperature factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
G Dynamic factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.2
Cl Lubricant factor -- Eq 13 6.5.1.2.1
DR Mean diameter of tapered roller in Eq 24 6.5.1.5
DS Shaft seal diameter in Fig 1 6.5.1.3
4 Bearing bore in Eq 11 6.5.1 .l
4?l Mean diameter of a tapered roller bearing in Eq 24 6.5.1.5
d, Bearing outside diameter in Eq 11 6.5.1.1
49 Operating pitch diameter of gear or pinion in Eq 19 6.5.1.4
EP Electric power consumed hp Eq 29 6.5.1.6
e Tapered bearing calculation factor -- Eq 25 6.5.1.5
em Electric motor efficiency % Eq 29 6.5.1.6
ep Oil pump efficiency % Eq 28 6.5.1.6
(continued)
Table 1 (continued)
First Reference
Symbo Term Units used clause
F Face width in contact with mating element in Eq 14 6.5.1.2.1
Ft Total face of gear or pinion in Eq 19 6.5.1.4
f6 Bearing coefficient of friction -- Table 2 6.51 .l
fm Mesh coefficient of friction -- Eq 12 6.5.1.2.1
H, Siding ratio at start of approach -- Eq 15 6.5.1.2.1
Ht Sliding ratio at end of recess -- Eq 15 6.5.1.2.1
K Contact load factor for pitting resistance lb/in* Eq 13 6.5.1.2
Kl External dynamic factor (bevel) -- -- 5.2.2
Iii Stress cycle factor (bevel) -- -- 5.2.2
K, Load distribution factor (bevel) -- -- 5.1.1
K3 Overload factor -- -- 5.1 .l
&7 Reliability factor -- -- 5.1.1
& Size factor (bevel) -- -- 5.2.2
&a Shrink adjustment factor to compensate for less than -- Eq 32 7.4.2
100 percent engagement
Service factor -- Eq 1 3.1
lvsf
KT Temperature factor -- -- 5.1.1
& Dynamic factor -- -- 5.1.1
K5 Tapered bearing dynamic load ratio factor -- Eq 26 6.5.1.5
k Heat transfer coefficient hp/(fi*f) Table 4 6.5.2
M Mesh mechanical advantage -- Eq 12 6.5.1.2.1
Sear ratio -- Eq 16 6.5.1.2.1
%
NC Number of gear teeth -- Eq 14 6.5.1.2.1
NP Number of pinion teeth -- Eq 14 6.5.1.2.1
n Shaft speed rpm Eq 18 6.5.1.3
?P inion speed rw Eq 12 6.5.1.2.1
nb 3earing shaft speed wm Eq 10 6.5.1.1
t?4 Application power of the enclosed drive hp Eq 1 4.3
P ac 4llowable transmitted power for pitting resistance f-v -- 5.1
Pat Uowable transmitted power for bending strength hp -- 5.2
PB 3earing power losses hp Eq 8 6.5.1
PL -oad-dependent power losses hp Eq3 6.5
PM Sear mesh power losses hp Eq 8 6.5.1
P me Vlinimum component power rating hp Eq 1 4.3
87lJl Aean normal diametral pitch in-l zq 21 5.5.1.4
PN Jon-load dependent power losses hp :q 3 5.5
PIl Jormal diametral pitch in-l fq 19 5.5.1.4
PP otal oil pump power required (all pumps) hp Eq 9 3.5.1
PPm rlotor driven oil pump losses hp :q 27 3.5.1.6
PPS ihaft driven oil pump losses hp :q 27 3.5.1.6
PQ ieat dissipated hp !q 2 5.5
ps Iii seal power losses hp Eq 9 3.5.1
PT basicthermal rating of the drive hp fq 7 3.5
bhf?Z applicationthermal rating hp :q 31 3.6
pv feat generated (total power loss) hp fq 2 3.5
PWB learing combined windage and churning power losses hp fq 9 1.5.1
(continued)
3
ANSVAGYA 6010-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table 1 (concluded)
First Reference
Symbol Term Units used clause
pw Gear combined windage and churning power loss hp Eq 9 6.5.1
P Operating oil pressure lb/in2 Eq 28 6.5.1.6
Q Oil flow . wm Eq 28 6.5.1.6
Qv Transmission accuracy level number -- -- 5.1.1.1
% Gear outside radius in Eq 16 6.5.1.2.1
RW Gear operating pitch radius in Eq16 6.5.1.2.1
rrn Mean reference radius in Eq 21 6.5.1.4
r, Pinion outside radius in Eq 17 6.5.1.2.1
rW Pinion operating pitch radius in Eq 14 6.5.1.2.1
Sat Allowable contact stress number a- -- 5.1.2.2
Sto Calculated bending stress number excluding dynamic - - - - 5.1.2.2
effects
SF Safety factor for bending strength -- -- 5.2.1
SH Safety factor for pitting resistance -- -- 5.1.1
say Allowable yield strength number lb/in2 - - 4.4
SC Calculated key compressive stress lb/in2 Eq 32 7.4.2
s,, Adjusted compressive stress lb/in2 Eq 32 7.4.2
%k Calculated key shear stress lb/in2 Eq 33 7.4.2
%O Adjusted shear stress lb/in2 Eq 33 7.4.2
TD Design pinion torque lb in - - 5.1.2.3
TP Operating pinion torque lb in - - 5.1.2.3
Tp Torque on the pinion lb in Eq 12 6.5.1.2.1
Tb Rolling bearing friction torque lb in Eq 10 6.5.1.1
?-f Allowable percentage of torque capacity obtained due to % Eq 32 7.4.2
interference fit
z Oil seal torque lb in Eq 18 6.5.1.3
V Pitch line velocity ft/m in Eq13 6.5.1.2.1
W Equivalent radial bearing load lb Eq 11 6.5.1 .l
yhi Stress cycle factor for bending strength -- -- 5.2.1
ZN Stress cycle factor for pitting resistance -- -- 5.1.1
Cup angle of the tapered roller bearing degrees Eq 24 6.5.1.5
it Operating transverse pressure angle degrees Eq 15 6.5.1.2.1
9 Mean spiral angle degrees Eq 21 6.5.1.4
WY Operating helix angle at operating pitch diameter degrees Eq 12 6.5.1.2.1
AT Temperature differential F Eq 30 6.5.2
11 Overall unit efficiency % Eq 6 6.5
3 Application and design considerations Units rated to this standard can accommodate the
following peak load conditions:
Users of this standard are expected to have had - Each peak shall not exceed 200 percent of
experience in the field of gearing and mechanical the unit rating (service factor, K$ = 1 .O);
drive systems.
3.1 Application lim itations - A lim ited number of stress cycles, typically
less than 104.
In this standard, the unit rating is defined as the
mechanical capacity of the gear unit components For applications exceeding these conditions an
determined with a unity service factor. appropriate service factor should be selected.
4
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGMA 6010-F97
WARNING: For momentary torques in excess of actual. These terms have resulted in confusion as to
200%, stall conditionsand low numberof stress cycles, the actual capability of the enclosed drive. Examples
the gear drive shouldbe evaluatedto assurethe user of of terms previously used to denote some form of
this standardthat these conditionsdo not exceed the enclosed drive capacity are listed below:
yield strength of any component.
Some applications may require selecting a gear - service rating;
drive with increased mechanical rating in order to - nameplate rating;
accommodate adverse effects of environmental - equivalent rating;
conditions, thermal capacity of the unit, external
- catalog rating;
loading or any combination of these factors such as
overhung, transverse and thrust loads. - mechanical rating;
3.2 Rating factors - brake rating;
The allowable stress numbers taken from ANSI/ - unity rating;

AGMA 2001 -C95 and ANSVAGMA 2003-A86 are - transmitted horsepower;
maximum allowed values. Some latitude based - calculated horsepower;
upon experience is permissible in the selection of
- allowable horsepower;
specific factors within this standard. Less conserva-
tive values for rating factors in this standard shall not - application horsepower.
be used. For purposes of this standard, where component
Ratings shall be as outlined in clauses 4 and 5. capacities are being determined, the calculations
are specifically related to the unit rating as defined
3.3 Cold temperature operation below.
If units are to be operated below -2OF, care must be 4.1 Unit rating definition
given to select materials which have adequate
impact properties at the operating temperature. The unit rating is the overall mechanical power rating
Consideration should be given to: of all static and rotating elements within the enclosed
drive. The m inimum rated component (weakest link,
- low temperature impact strength whether determined by gear teeth, shafts, bolting,
specification; housing, etc.) of the enclosed drive determines the
- fracture appearance transition or nil ductility unit rating.
temperature specification for impact testing; 4.2 Unit rating requirements
- reduce carbon content to less than 0.4
The unit rating implies that all items within the gear
percent;
drive have been designed to meet or exceed the unit
- use of higher nickel alloy steels; rating. Gear and pinion ratings are to be in
- lubricant problems, accordance with the bending strength and pitting
resistance ratings as outlined in this standard.
3.4 System analysis
Shaft stresses, key stresses and fastener stresses
The system of connected rotating parts must be are to be within the lim its set by this standard. Rolling
compatible, free from critical speeds, torsional or element bearing or sleeve bearing designs are to be
other types of vibration, within the specified operat- within lim its set by ANSIIAGMA 6001 -D97. Where
ing speed range no matter how induced. The user requirements or specifications dictate different
enclosed gear drive designer or manufacturer is not design criteria, such as higher bearing life, this must
responsible for this analysis, unless agreed to in the be by contractual agreement.
purchase contract.
Unit ratings may also include allowable overhung
load values which are usually designated to act at a
distance of one shaft diameter from the face of the
4 Unit rating housing or enclosure component. Stresses in
related parts resulting from these overhung loads
Historically, many terms have been used to denote must also be within lim its set by this standard. Refer
conditions of operations - both calculated and to clause 7 for further information.
5
ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
4.3 Application of unit rating The determination of efficiency is dependent on

many complex characteristics and relationships.
The required unit rating of an enclosed drive is a
There are many factors which affect efficiency
function of the application and assessment of
values. Some factors are:
variable factors that affect the overall rating. These
factors include environmental conditions, severity of - operating temperature;
service and life. Refer to clause 8 for further - ambient temperature;
explanation.
- load and speed;
The application of the enclosed drive requires that its - gear geometry;
capacity as defined by its unit rating; i.e., its m inimum
rated component power, Pmcrbe related to the actual - lubricant and lubrication system;
service conditions. - housing characteristics;
- alignment and deflection;
..,
- bearing type and assembly;
where - seals;
fi is the application power of enclosed drive, - shaft driven accessories such as fans and
hp; pumps.
Pmc is the m inimum component power rating, hp; The heat dissipation characteristics and interaction
K$ is the service factor. of these factors are complex. The conditions of this
standard prevail where rolling element bearings and
For cases where the gear mesh has been deter- hydrodynamic lip seals are used and a nominal gear
m ined to be the m inimum rated component, the efficiency value of 98 percent per mesh may be
lesser of Pa, or Pat, as defined in this standard, assumed. When other components (and their
becomes Pmcin equation 1 (see 5.1 and 5.2). associated setups) are required, such as bearing
4.4 Momentary overloads preloads, face seals, high oil levels, special gear
geometry, journal bearings and shifting mecha-
When the enclosed drive is subjected to infrequent
nisms, a detailed analysis is necessary. It is beyond
momentary overloads, stall conditions and low- the scope of this standard to present a detailed
cycle fatigue (less than 100 cycles), the conditions analysis of efficiency.
should be evaluated to assure that the yield strength
of any component is not exceeded (see 8.3.1). An estimate of the efficiency of an enclosed drive
may be made by using the thermal capacity
With respect to the gear bending strength for calculated in clause 6, but such an estimate will be
momentary overloads, the maximum allowable only an approximation of efficiency under test. The
stress is determined by the allowable yield proper- temperature sensitive portions of power loss may be
ties rather than the bending fatigue strength of the different from those calculated according to clause 6,
material. This stress is designated as say; its unless the operating sump temperature is nearly
determination is shown in ANSVAGMA 2001 -C95. 200F. Unless specifically agreed to between the
Shaft, bearing and housing deflections have a user and manufacturer, items such as the prime
significant effect on gear mesh alignment during mover, couplings, external driven loads, attaching
momentary overloads. The enclosed drive must be devices and motor driven accessories, are not
evaluated to assure that the reactions to momentary included in the enclosed drive efficiency estimate.
overloads do not result in excessive m isalignment
causing localized high stress concentrations or
permanent deformation or both. In addition, the
effects of external loads such as overhung, trans- 5 Rating criteria
verse and thrust loads must be evaluated.
The pitting resistance power rating and the bending
4.5 Efficiency estimate
strength power rating for each mesh in the unit must
There are certain applications where the efficiency of be calculated and the lowest value obtained shall be
an enclosed drive must be estimated and its thermal used as the power rating of the gearset. It is
rating determined. permissible to use more conservative values.
5.1 Pitting resistance power rating, Pat conservative approach such as curves 1 or 2 is
allowed. if assembled quality level is unknown,
The pitting of gear teeth is considered to be a
curve 1 should be used.
Hertzian contact fatigue phenomenon. Initial pitting
and destructive pitting are illustrated and discussed 5.1.1.3 Stress cycle factor, &7
in ANSVAGMA lOlO-E95, Appearance of Gear This factor adjusts the rating of individual gear
Teeth - Terminology of Wear and Failure. elements based on the relative number of subjected
The purpose of the pitting resistance formula is to stress cycles. This does not in anyway imply a fixed
determine a load rating at which destructive pitting of life. It adjusts each gear element rating based on the
the teeth does not occur during their design life. The relative number of cycles. The number of cycles
ratings for pitting resistance are based on the corresponding to 10 000 hours should be used to
formulas developed by Hertz for contact pressure determine the ZN factor.
between two curved surfaces, modified for the effect In figure 17 of ANWAGMA 2001 -C95, for stress
of load sharing between adjacent teeth. cycle factors above 1 x lo7 cycles, use the upper
5.1.1 Pitting resistance of spur and helical gears curve for pitting.
The pitting resistance power rating shall be per the 5.1.2 Pitting resistance of bevel gears
rating procedures and formulas of ANSVAGMA The pitting resistance power rating for bevel gears
2001 -C95. The following factors for enclosed drives shall be per the rating procedures and formulas of
shall be used: ANSVAGMA 2003-A86. The following factors for
KT = 1 .O, temperature factor; enclosed drives shall be used:
Cf = 1 .O, surface condition factor; CS = 1 .O, size factor;

&7 = 1 .O, reliability factor; Cf = 1 .O, surface condition factor;
SH = 1 .O, safety factor; G = 1 .O, external dynamic factor;

&, is the dynamic factor (see 5.1 .l .l); cb = 0.735, stress adjustment factor;
K, is the load distribution factor (see 5.1 .1.2); CL = 1 .O, life adjustment factor;
K7 = 1 .O, overload factor; C,, is the dynamic factor (see 5.1.2.2);

ZN is the stress cycle factor (see 5.1.1.3). Gl is the load distribution factor (see 5.1.2.3);
5.1 .l .l Dynamic factor, & CT = 1 .O, temperature factor.
K,, is to be determined by clause 8 of ANSVAGMA 5.1.2.1 Life factor (stress cycle factor), CL
2001 -C95, with the exception that values of I$ shall This factor adjusts the rating of individual gear
not be based on a transmission accuracy number elements based on the relative number of load
greater than QV = 11. cycles. The number of cycles corresponding to
Transmission accuracy number (Q,,)shall be based 10 000 hours should be used to determine CL. See
upon the quality level of the gearing produced. In the figure 1 in ANSVAGMA 2003-A86. The upper curve
absence of a known specific quality level, the curve should be used.
forQ,= 6 shall be used. 5.1.2.2 Dynamic factor, C,,,&
Figure 1 of ANSVAGMA 2001 -C95 lim its values for C,, and & are to be determined by clause 8.5 in
the dynamic factor as a function of pitch line velocity. ANSVAGMA 2003-A86, with the exception that
These curves cannot be extrapolated to obtain values of C,, and II; shall not be based on a
values beyond the lim its given. transmission accuracy number greater than Q, = 11.
S, is set to the smaller of the gear or pinion allowable
5.1 .1.2 Load distribution factor, &
stress numbers, S,,.
The empirical method of ANSVAGMA 2001-C95
5.1.2.3 Load distribution factor, C,, If&
shall be used in determining the load distribution
factor. For typical enclosed drives, the mesh C, and I& are to be determined by 10.1 of
alignment factor, C,, , shall be obtained from curve 3 ANSVAGMA 2003486 by setting design pinion
of figure 7 in ANSVAGMA 2001-C95. A more torque, To, equal to operating pinion torque, Tp.
7
5.2 Bending strength power rating, Pat & is the dynamic factor (see 5.1.2.2);
Bending strength of gear teeth is a measure of the & = 1 .O, temperature factor;
resistance to fatigue cracking at the tooth root fillet. & is the stress cycle factor (see 5.2.2.1);
Typical cracks and fractures are illustrated in ANSI/ K, is the load distribution factor (see 5.1.2.3).
AGMA 101O-E95
5.2.2.1 Life factor (stress cycle factor), &
The intent of the AGMA strength rating formula is to
determine the load which can be transmitted for the This factor adjusts the rating of individual gear
design life of the teeth without causing root fillet elements based on the relative number of load
cracking or failure. cycles. The number of cycles corresponding to
10 000 hours should be used to determine &. See
Occasionally manufacturing tool marks, wear, figure 2 in ANWAGMA 2003-A88. The lower curve
surface fatigue or plastic flow may lim it bending shall be used.
strength due to stress concentration around large,
5.2.2.2 Momentary starting loads
sharp cornered pits or wear steps on the tooth
surface. Since the bending strength rating practice for bevel
gears of ANSI/AGMA 2003-A86 does not account
5.2.1 Bending strength of spur and helical gears for momentary peak loads as encountered during
The bending strength rating for gearing within the starting, a load spectrum analysis, such as with
scope of this standard shall be determined by the M iners Rule, is required to account for the
rating methods and procedures of ANSI/AGMA permissible starting and operating peak load cycles.
2001 -C95. The following factors for enclosed drives 5.3 Allowable stress numbers for pitting
shall be used: resistance and bending strength
KT = 1 .O,temperature factor; As defined in the gear tooth rating standards, the
Iij, = 1 .O, reliability factor; allowable stress numbers for gear materials vary
with composition, cleanliness, quality, heat treat-
SF = 1 .O, safety factor;
ment and processing practices. Unless justified by
Iyy is the dynamic factor (see 5.1 .l .l); testing, do not use the allowable stress numbers for
K, is the load distribution factor (see 5.1 .1.2); Grade 3 material. Use the allowable stress numbers
for Grades 1 or 2 in accordance with ANWAGMA
& = 1 .O, overload factor; 2001 -C95, clause 16, or ANSI/AGMA 2003-A86,
YN is the stress cycle factor (see 5.2.1 .l). clause 20.
5.2.1 .l Stress cycle factor, YN
This factor adjusts the rating of individual gear 6 Thermal power rating
elements based on the relative number of subjected
stress cycles. This does not in anyway imply a fixed The following thermal model has been established
life. It adjusts each gear element rating based on the using empirical factors. It is based on the experience
relative number of cycles. The number of cycles of several gear manufacturers. The model has been
corresponding to 10 000 hours should be used to validated by extensive testing of concentric shaft,
determine the YN factor. base mounted reducers with shafts mounted in a
In figure 18 of ANSI/AGMA 2001 -C95, for stress horizontal orientation. Limited testing of some
cycle factors above 3 x lo6 cycles, use the upper parallel shaft gear units has also been performed to
curve for bending. spot check the adequacy (validity) of the model.
Values of some variables such as arrangement
5.2.2 Bending strength of bevel gears constant, heat transfer coefficient and coefficient of
The bending strength rating of bevel gears shall be friction may not adequately address other enclosed
determined by the rating methods and procedures of drive configurations and operating conditions.
ANWAGMA 2003486. The following factors for These configurations or conditions may necessitate
enclosed drives shall be used: modifications of these variables. Changing any
variable requires care and testing to insure that the
& = 1 .O, external dynamic factor; principles of the heat balance formulation are not
49 = (2.8 - Pd-25)/1.2, size factor; violated.
8
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6010~F97
Maintaining an acceptable temperature in the oil 6.2 Service conditions

sump of a gear drive is critical to its life. Therefore, 6.2.1 Intermittent service
the selection of a gear drive must consider not only
the mechanical rating but also the thermal rating. For intermittent service, the input power may exceed
the manufacturers thermal power rating provided
Thermal rating is defined as the maximum power the oil sump temperature does not exceed 200 F.
that can be continuously transmitted through a gear
6.2.2 Adverse conditions
drive without exceedina a soecified oil sump
temperature. The thermal rating must equal or The ability of a gear drive to operate within its thermal
exceed the transmitted power. Service factors are power rating may be reduced when adverse condi-
not used when determining thermal requirements. tions exist. Some examples of adverse
The thermal rating depends upon the specifics of the environmental conditions are:
drive, operating conditions, the maximum allowable _ an enclosed space;
sump temperature, as well as the type of cooling
employed. - a buildup of material that may cover the gear
drive and reduce heat dissipation;
6.1 Rating criteria - a high ambient temperature, such as boiler,
machinery or turbine rooms, or in conjunction with
The primary thermal rating criterion is the maximum
hot processing equipment;
allowable oil sump temperature. Unacceptably high
oil sump temperatures influence gear drive - high altitudes;
operation by increasing the oxidation rate of the oil - the presence of solar energy or radiant heat.
and decreasing its viscosity. Reduced viscosity
6.2.3 Favorable conditions
translates into reduced oil film thickness on the gear
teeth and bearing contacting surfaces which may The thermal power rating may be enhanced when
result in reducing the life of these elements. To operating conditions include increased air
achieve the required life and performance of a gear movement or a low ambient temperature.
drive, the operating oil sump temperatures must be 6.2.4 Auxiliary cooling
evaluated and lim ited.
Auxiliary cooling should be used when the thermal
Thermal ratings of gear drives rated by this standard rating is insufficient for operating conditions. The oil
are lim ited to a maximum allowable oil sump may be cooled by a number of means, some of which
temperature of 200 F. However, based on the gear are:
manufacturers experience or application require- - Fan cooling. The fan shall maintain the fan
ments, selection can be made for oil sump cooled thermal power rating;
temperatures above or below 200F (see 6.6).
- Heat exchanger. The heat exchanger used
Additional criteria that must be applied in establish- shall be capable of absorbing generated heat that
ing the thermal rating for a specific gear drive with a cannot be dissipated by the gear drive by
given type of cooling are related to the operating convection and radiation.
conditions of the drive. The basic thermal rating, PT, 6.3 Methods for determining the thermal rating
is established by test (Method A) or by calculation
(Method B) under the following conditions: Thermal rating may be determined by one of two
methods: Method A - test, or Method B -
- oil sump temperature at 200F; calculation.
- ambient air temperature of 75F; 6.3.1 Method A: Test
- ambient air velocity of 5275 fpm in a large Test of full scale gear drives at operating conditions
indoor space; is the most accurate method for establishing the
thermal rating of the gear drive. See 6.4.
- air density at sea level; and
6.3.2 Method B: Heat balance calculation
- continuous operation.
The thermal rating of a gear drive can be calculated
Modifying factors for deviation from these criteria are using the heat balance equation which equates heat
given in 6.6. generated with heat dissipated. The method for
9
ANSI/AGMA 601 O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONALSTANDARD
calculating the thermal rating is given in 6.5. The The basis of the thermal rating is when the losses,
method for calculating heat generation is discussed Pv, at PA, are equal to the heat dissipation, PQ, of the
in 6.51 and for heat dissipation in 6.5.2. gear drive.
PQ =PV . ..(2)
6.4 Method A - Test
When this is satisfied under the conditions of 6.1,
A test of a specific gear drive at its design operating input power, PA is equal to the thermal power rating,
conditions is the most reliable means to establish the PT.
thermal rating. Thermal testing involves measuring The heat generation in a gear drive comes from both
the steady state bulk oil sump temperature of the load dependent, PL, and non-load dependent
gear drive operating at its rated speed at no load and losses, PN.
at least one or two increments of load. Preferably
PV =PL +PN . ..(3)
one test should be at 200F sump temperature.
PL is a function of the input power, PA.
While no load testing cannot yield a thermal rating, it PL = f(PAA) . ..(4)
may be used to approximate the heat transfer
Using equation 2 and rearranging terms, we can
coefficient for comparison purposes, if the power
write the basic heat balance equation as follows:
required to operate the drive at no load is measured.
PQ -PN-f(a) =o ...(5)
Some guidelines for acceptable thermal testing are To determine the basic thermal rating, PT, vary PA
as follows: until equation 5 is satisfied. This can be done by
recalculating the load dependent losses, PL, at
- The ambient air temperature and velocity
different input powers, PA. if PQ s PN, the gear drive
must be stabilized and measured for the duration
does not have adequate thermal capacity. The
of the test;
design must be changed to increase PQ or auxiliary
- The time required for the gear drive to reach a cooling methods must be used.
steady state sump temperature depends upon When equation 5 is satisfied, the overall unit
the drive size and the type of cooling; efficiency, q, is calculated as follows:
- Steady state conditions can be approximated LipN
q = loo- x 100 .. .
when the change in oil sump temperature is 2F or PA
less per hour. The thermal rating of the gear drive can be related to
The oil temperature in the sump at various locations efficiency as follows:
can vary as much as 27F. The location of the
temperature measurement should represent the
bulk oil temperature. Outer surface temperatures
can vary substantially from the sump temperature. 6.51 Heat generation
The opposite direction of rotation can create a The heat generated in a gear drive comes from both
different sump temperature. load dependent, PL, and non-load dependent
During thermal testing the housing outer surface losses, PN.
temperature can be surveyed if detailed analysis of The load dependent losses are comprised of the
the heat transfer coefficient and effective housing bearing losses, PB, and the gear mesh losses, PM:
surface area is desired. Also, with fan cooling, the air
pL = cpB + CPM . ..(8)
velocity distribution over the housing surface can be
measured. The non-load dependent losses consist of the oil
seal losses, Ps, the internal windage and oil churning
6.5 Method B - Calculations for determining the
losses, Pw and qyg, and the oil pump power, Pp,
thermal power rating, PT
consumed.
The calculation of thermal rating is an iterative PN = -& + -&J + CPw + &I . ..(8)
process due to the load dependency of the coeffi-
cient of friction for the gear mesh and the bearing These losses must be summed for each occurrence
power loss. in the gear drive.
10
6.5.1 .l Bearing power loss, PB churning effects have often been combined with the
assumed friction values. Ideally, the coefficient of
Rolling contact bearing power loss, PB, may be
friction depends on the lubricant properties, surface
estimated by using equations 10 and 11. Values for
conditions and sliding velocity. It also changes with
the bearing coefficient of friction, j,, may be
contact load factor, K.
approximated using the values from table 2 [l].
When more exact values are known, they should be 6.5.1.2.1 Mesh power loss, PM, spur and helical
used. For more detailed information see [l], [2], [3] gears
and 141. For spur and helical gears, the following equation
can be used to estimate the gear tooth mesh losses
-- Tb nb . ..
'B - 63025 111,[51, PI and Fl:
where p = fnlTpj?~s%v . ..(12)
M 63025M
Tb is the rolling bearing friction torque, lb in;
where
T = fbw(do + di) . ..(n) fm is the mesh coefficient of friction at mesh oil
b 4 temperature;
nb is bearing shaft speed, rpm; If the pitch line velocity, V, is 400 < v < 5000fpm and
I% is bearing coefficient of friction (table 2); the contact load factor, K, is 100 c K < 2000 lb/in*
and IS0 VG is between 46 and 460, then fm can be
w is bearing load, lb;
estimated by equation 13. Outside these lim its
4 is bearing outside diameter, in; the mesh coefficient should be determined
4 is bearing bore, in. experimentally.
fi.35
fm = -c,vo= . . .'(13)
Table 2 - Bearing coefficient of friction,fb
Coefficient where
Type of bearing of friction),& Tp is the torque on the pinion, lb in;
Radial ball bearing is the rpm of the pinion;
(single-row deep groove) 0.0015 np
Self-aligning ball bearing 0.0010 wy is the operating helix angle at operating
pitch diameter, deg;
Angular-contact ball bearing 0.0013
Thrust ball bearing 0.0013 M is the mesh mechanical advantage;
Cylindrical roller bearing 0.0011 Cl is lubricant factor (see table 3);
Spherical roller bearing*) 0.001 a V is pitch line velocity, fpm.
Tapered roller bearing*) 0.001 a
NOTE: Table 3 - Lubricant factor, Cl, at 200F sump
1) Variation in fb depends on speed and load. temperature)
2) j, is greater on tapered and spherical roller bearings
due to rubbing on the roller ends. AGMA IS0 VG Cl
1 46 101.8
6.5.1.2 Mesh power loss, P M 2 68 95.3
4 150 84.6
Mesh losses are a function of the mechanics of tooth
I
5 220 80.1
action and the coefficient of friction. Tooth action 76.3
6 320
involves some sliding with the meshing teeth
7 460 72.6
separated by an oil film .
The mesh efficiency is expressed as a function of the
NOTE:
1) These values can be approximated bq f
specific sliding velocities and the coefficient of
Cl= 172.85 x (IS0 VG)-".142. 1
friction. K is given by the equation:
The coefficient of friction is difficult to assess.
K _ TP @ P + a
Reliable published data is rather lim ited, especially . ..(14)
at high pitch line velocities. In the past, windage and 2~ (rd2 NC
11
ANSIJAGMA6010-F97
where where
Np is the number of pinion teeth; Ts is the oil seal torque, lb in (figure 1);
NG is the number of gear teeth; n is the shaft speed, rpm.
F is the face width in contact with mating

element, in;
rw is the pinion operating pitch radius, in.
I I I x I
The equation for the mesh mechanical advantage is: I I l/l l/f-
M=2~s~w(H,+~J ..#.(15) iii

P*
fe+* .9
where 6 1
5
Cp, is the operating transverse pressure angle, CO
deg; 0 1 Sh% diaieter,4DS, 5 6 7
in
w, is the sliding ratio at start of approach; Figure 1 - Seal friction torque
& is the sliding ratio at end of recess.
6.5.1.4 Gear windage and churning power loss,
The values for Hs and Ht are: pw
For gear drives covered by this standard, windage
Hs = (??lG+ l)[(j$-&w~-Sin@w]
and churning losses are generally combined into a
single loss. This loss, Pw, for each gear and pinion
can be estimated from equation 19 and 20 for spur or
...(16) helical gears, and equations 21 and 22 for bevel
gears. The empirical arrangement constant, A,
Ht=(w)[ (-$cos2+w~-sin~w] varies with the arrangement of the gears in the gear
drive, the degree of contact with the oil and the oil
viscosity. The same arrangement constant can be
...(l?)
used for gears, pinions and bearings. For gear
where drives covered by this standard, the arrangement
constant is given by equation 23.
mu is the gear ratio, NG/NP;
d2, n2 F, cd qw
I& is the gear outside radius, in; WG =
,..(19)
126 000 Pn A
R,,, is the gear operating pitch radius, in; d2, n2 Ft cm3 tjw
P u?P= . .. (20)
r. is the pinion outside radius, in. 126 000 P, A
6.5.1.2.2 Mesh power loss, PM, bevel gears pwG= Pm)*n*Ft cos3v ...421)
126 000 P,,,,, A
A method for determining bevel gear mesh power
loss is shown in annex F. (2r,J2 n* Ftcos3 IJJ ...(22)
P WP
126000 Pm,, A
6.5.1.3 Oil seal power loss, Ps where
Contact lip oil seal losses are a function of shaft PWG is the windage loss for gear;
speed, shaft size, oil sump temperature, oil viscosity,
depth of submersion of the oil seal in the oil and oil Pv is the windage loss for pinion;
seal design. Oil seal power losses can be estimated 44 is the operating pitch diameter of gear or
from equation 18. Figure 1 can be used to estimate pinion, in;
oil seal frictional torque as a function of shaft n is the shaft speed (gear or pinion), rpm;
diameter for oil seals typically used in gear drives,
see [8]. Ft is the total face width of gear or pinion, in;
1c1 is the mean spiral angle, degrees;
TSn . ..418)
s = 63 025 h is the mean reference radius, in;
12
ptl is the normal diametral pitch, in-; required power is a function of the oil flow and oil
pressure at a given pump speed.
P mn is the mean normal diametral pitch, in-;
P P = P P S + PPnl . ..(27)
A is the arrangement constant.
For an oil pump driven by one of the reducer shafts,
A _-- 22440
CP
-(23) 28 oil pump loss, Pps, can be estimated by equation
the
where
P P S = g$
. . . (28)
CP is the absolute oil viscosity at sump
temperature, cP. where
6.5.1.5 Bearing windage and churning power Q is oil flow, gal/min;
loss, * is operating oil pressure, lb/in*;
P
For gear drives covered by this standard, windage ep is oil pump efficiency, usually around 85%.
and churning losses are generally combined into a
For an oil pump driven by an electric motor, the oil
single loss. For bearings other than tapered roller
pump losses, Pp,, can be estimated using equation
bearings, the windage and churning losses are
29, which considers the electric power consumed
included in PB. This is a simplified approach
and the efficiencies of both the electric motor and the
combining no load and load dependent losses.
oil pump.
For tapered roller bearings, this loss, Pm, can be
estimated for each bearing from equation 24. PPI?l = E P . ..(29)
For tapered roller bearings only: where

d2, n2 B coo83aB D, . ...(24) Ep is electric power consumed, hp;
P,=
126 000 rr (0.78) A
pm is electric motor efficiency, %.
where
Ppm should be included in the thermal calculations,
42 is mean bearing diameter (l/2 (bearing cup but should not be included in the enclosed gear unit
outer diameter + bearing cone bore efficiency. See 4.5.
diameter)), of the tapered roller bearing, in; 6.5.2 Heat dissipation, PQ
n is shaft speed (each bearing), rpm; The heat dissipated from a gear drive is influenced
B is length thru bore of bearing, in; by the surface area of the gear drive, the air velocity
across the surface, the temperature differential, M,
DR is the mean roller diameter, in; between the oil sump and the ambient air, the heat
Q3 is cup angle of a tapered roller bearing. transfer rate from the oil to the gear case and the
heat transfer rate from the gear case and the
...(25) ambient air. The heat dissipation is given by
equation 30.
The value of e is determined from the bearing
manufacturer for the specific bearing number, or
P,=A,ku . ..(30)
when e is not provided, where
A, is the gear case surface area, ft*;
= tm--l 0.389 ...
QB
K5
k is the heat transfer coefficient, hp/ft* F (see
( 1
table 4 or 5);
where
AT is the temperature differential, F.
K5 is the ratio of basic dynamic radial load
NOTE: & is the gear case surface area exposed to am-
rating to basic dynamic thrust load rating. bient air, not including fins, bolts, bosses or mounting
The value of KS is available from the bearing surfaces.
manufacturer for the specific bearing number. CAUTION: The lubricant must be selected to accom-
modate the extreme conditions of the temperature
6.5.1.6 Oil pump power loss, Pp differential. See clause 9.
The required power and capacity of most lubrication The heat transfer coefficient, k~, is defined as the
oil pumps vary directly with the speed. Thus, the average value over the entire gear drive outer
13
ANSIIAGMA 6010-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
surface. The heat transfer coefficient will vary 6.6 Corrections for non-standard operating
depending upon the material of the gear case, the conditions
cleanliness of the external s&ace, the extent of
wetting of the internal surfaces by the hot oil, the When the actual operating conditions for a specific
configuration of the gear drive and the air velocity application are different from the standard conditions
across the external surface. For gear drives covered defined in 6.1, and the thermal rating is calculated for
by this standard, typical values for k can be found in the conditions of 6.1, the thermal rating may be
table 4. See [9]. modified for the application as follows:
PThm =pT&ef&B~ BTBD . ..(31)

Bref and BA may be applied to natural or shaft fan
cooling. BV may be applied only to natural cooling.
Table 4 - Heat transfer coefficient, k, for gear
drives without auxiliary cooling The gear drive manufacturer should be consulted
when the conditions exceed the limits given in tables
Air Heat transfer 6 thru 10 or when correction factors are required for
velocity, coefficient, kl)
Condition hp/ft2 F any type of cooling other than natural or shaft fan.
fpm
Small confined ~275 0.0007 - 0.0010
When the ambient air temperature is below 75F, Bref
space
allows an increase in the thermal rating. Conversely,
Large indoor 5275 0.0011 - 0.0014
space with an ambient air temperature above 75F, the
Large indoor >275 0.0012 - 0.0015 thermal rating is reduced. See table 6.
space
Outdoors >725 0.0014 - 0.0017
NOTE: Table 6 - Ambient temperature modifier, Bref
1 The choice of kvalues within each range is affected Ambient temperature, F
by the items listed in 6.5.2. Use of the high values in hef
each range should be justified by test. 1.15
ii2 1.07
75 1.00
85 0.93
100 0.63
The heat transfer coefficient for a shaft fan cooled
110 0.75
gear drive is a function of fan design, shroud design
120 0.67
and fan speed. It will vary substantially depending
upon the effectiveness of the fan and the proportion
of the exterior surface cooled by the resulting airflow.
When the surrounding air has a steady velocity in
The air velocity is defined to be the average air
excess of 275 fpm due to natural or operational wind
velocity over 60% of the surface area, 4, of the gear
fields, the increased convection heat transfer allows
drive. The effect of using multiple fans on a gear
the thermal rating to be increased by applying Bv.
drive could increase the average air velocity, thereby
Conversely, with an ambient air velocity of 1100
resulting in a higher heat transfer coefficient. Table 5
fpm, the thermal rating is reduced. See table 7.
provides values for k for fan cooled gear drives.
Table 7 - Ambient air velocity modifier, BV

Table 5 - Heat transfer coefficient, k, for gear
drives with fan cooling
I~
Air velocity Heat transfer coefficient, k
fm hplft2 F
500 0.0010
1000 0.0017
2000 0.0029 At high altitudes the decrease in air density results in
3000 0.0040 the derating factor, BA. See table 8.
14
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table 8 - Altitude modifier, BA 7 Component design

Altitude, ft BA
0 - Sea level 1 .oo The components of a gear drive must be designed
2500 0.95 with consideration for all loads likely to be encoun-
5000 0.90 tered during operation. These include the torque
7500 0.85 loads imposed. on the components through the
10 000 0.81 gearing, and the external loads, such as overhung
12 500 0.76 loads, external thrust loads and dynamic loads.
15 000 0.72 Components must also be designed to withstand
17500 any assembly forces which m ight exceed the
0.68
operating loads. During the design process, the
operating loads must be considered to occur in the
The standard maximum allowable oil sump tempera- worst possible direction and loading combinations.
ture is 200F. A lower sump temperature requires a All components shall allow for peak loads of 200
reduction in the thermal rating using BT. See table 9. percent of the unit rating, considering both internal
A maximum allowable sump temperature in excess and external loads, in accordance with 3.1. User
of 200F will increase the thermal rating and can requirements or specifications dictating different
provide acceptable gear drive performance in some design criteria must be by contractual agreement.
applications. However, it must be recognized that
7.1 Housing
operating above 200F may reduce lubricant and
contact seal life and increase the surface deteriora- Refer to clause 7 of ANSVAGMA 6001-D97 for
tion on the gears and bearings with a subsequent design guidance.
increase in the frequency of maintenance. The gear 7.2 Bearings
manufacturer should be consulted when a maximum
allowable oil sump temperature in excess of 200F is Shafts may be mounted in sleeve or rolling element
being considered. bearings, of a size, type and capacity to carry the
radial and thrust loads that would occur under
maximum operating conditions. For additional in-
Table 9 - Maximum allowable oil sump formation, consult clause 6 of ANSVAGMA
temperature modifier, BT 6001 -D97.
7.2.1 Sleeve bearings
Sleeve bearings shall be designed for maximum
bearing pressures of 750 lb/in* on projected area.
Journal velocities shall not exceed the values given
below:
- 1500 fpm with lubricant supplied not under
When a gear drive sees less than continuous pressure;
operation with periods of zero speed, the resulting - 7200 fpm with lubricant supplied under grav-
cool-off time allows the thermal rating to be ity with the oil inlet fully flooded.
increased by&. See table 10. 7.2.2 Roller and ball bearings
Roller and ball bearings shall be selected to provide
Tabl;! 10 - Operation time modifier, BD a m inimum Lfc bearing life of 5000 hours based on
unit rating as calculated by the methods of the
Operation time per BD bearing manufacturers, with considerations given to
each hour
lubrication, temperature, load zone, alignment and
100% (continuous) 1.00
bearing material.
80% 1.05
60% 1.15 7.3 Shafting
40% 1.35 Shafting should be designed in accordance with
20% 1.80 clause 4 of ANSVAGMA 6001 -D97.
15
ANSI/AGMA WlO-F97
7.4 Keys 7.6.1 Types

Refer to clause 5 of ANSI/AGMA 6001-D97. See Backstops are a variety of clutch. This discussion is
annex 6. limited to cam or sprag type clutches. However,
other types may be used. Cam clutches are
7.4.1 External keyways generally used for three distinct operational modes:
Keyways in external shaft extensions on the gear overrunning, indexing and backstopping. This dis-
drive should conform to ANSI 817 commercial cussion is further limited to the backstopping mode
class or IS0 R773-1969 (E) free fit. of operation.
7.4.2 Allowance for interference fit 7.6.2 Selection and application

Backstopping load is permitted to pass through all
The allowable stresses provided in annex A of
components between the load and the backstop.
ANSI/AGMA 6001 -D97 are based on the assump-
This may render the backstop function ineffective in
tion that an interference fit is not used and that the
case of component failure between the backstop and
key carries the entire torque load. When an interfer-
the driven load.
ence fit is used in conjunction with a key, the actual
compressive or shear stress may be reduced by the The maximum allowable overrunning backstop
effect of the interference fit at maximum operating speed must be greater than the maximum shaft
temperature as follows: speed attainable in all operating conditions.
The backstop should be selected based upon the
100 - Tf x Ksa
= SCx ( 1 . ..(32) number of backstopping cycles and the applied
SC0
100 torque.
(100- T, x I&) ...(33) 7.6.3 Installation
sSO = s& x 100
A backstop is installed with the outer race of the
where
backstop anchored to a stationary member while the
$0 is the adjusted compressive stress, lb/in*; inner members can overrun freely in one direction of
rotation. A backstop with a separate inner race must
%O is the adjusted shear stress, lb/in*;
have the race secured to the rotating shaft.
s, is the calculated key compressive stress,
7.6.3.1 Installation of built in types
lb/in*;
A backstop can be built into the gear drive and the
is the calculated key shear stress, lb/in*;
inner race eliminated by having the cams engaging
is the allowable percentage of torque capac- directly on the supporting shaft. In this case, the
ity obtained due to the interference fit (by inner race surface must be capable of sustaining a
calculation or test); Hertzian contact stress as required by the backstop
is the shrink adjustment factor to compen- design.
sate for less than 100 percent engagement The following items concerning the shaft must also
(determined by test or experience). be addressed:
The product of Tf& 5 100. - surface hardness;
7.5 Threaded fasteners - case depth;
- taper of the supporting cam contact area;
Refer to clause 8 of ANSVAGMA 6001 -D97.
- concentricity with backstop outer race.
7.6 Backstops
The shaft that the backstop is mounted on must be
Backstops are designed to prevent reverse rotation supported by bearings. The backstop is not intended
of driven equipment that is intended for uni- to withstand reaction loads imposed by gears or
directional rotation only. They allow free, unimpeded other sources.
rotation in one direction, while preventing rotation in
the opposite direction. Specified torque limit and 7.6.3.2 Source of installation
rotational speed will vary depending upon the Some manufacturers choose to ship gear drives with
manufacturer. backstops internal to the gear drive while others
16
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97
make them external. In either case, special care During the selection process, the following items
must be taken to identify the proper direction of should be considered:
rotation. Manufacturers usually identify the backstop - hollow shaft and drive shaft yield point of
housing with a marking to indicate the appropriate material;
shaft rotation to prevent damage to the backstop.
The installation should take the added precaution of - coefficient of friction between the hollow shaft
manually rotating the input shaft with the motor and the drive shaft;
installed to insure the proper operation of the clutch. - tolerance and fits of the mating surfaces;
7.6.4 Lubrication - effect of diameter change when the shrink
disc is applied;
The backstop, much like other elements of the gear
drive, must have proper lubrication that is free of - surface finishes of the hollow shaft and drive
contaminants, and the lubricant should be drained, shaft;
flushed, and changed on a regular maintenance - axial forces applied to the assembly;
schedule as recommended by the gear drive
- starting and peak loads transmitted through
manufacturer.
the drive system.
The backstop may be lubricated by grease or oil that The shrink disc should be selected according to the
is appropriately selected for the application manufacturers recommendations.
considering the environment in which it will operate.
7.9 Other components
WARNING: Do not use extreme pressure lubricants or
lubricants with formulations including sulphur, chlorine, See clause 9 of ANSVAGMA 6001-D97 for brief
lead and phosphorous derivatives, as well as graphite discussions on the following components:
and molybdenum disulfide in gear drives equipped with
an internal backstop unless approved by the gear drive - shims, 9.1;
manufacturer or the backstop manufacturer.
- gaskets, 9.2;
WARNING: Some synthetic gear lubricants adversely
affect the operation of internal backstops. Special au- - oil seals, 9.3 (see note below);
thorization is required from the gear drive manufacturer - breathers, 9.4 (see note below);
before using a synthetic lubricant in a gear drive
equipped with an internal backstop. - expansion chambers, 9.5 (see note below);
7.7 Balancing - oil level indicators, 9.6;
The purpose of balancing is to minimize or eliminate - bearing retainers, 9.7;
vibration in a rotating element due to unbalance. The - grease retainers, 9.8;
importance of proper balancing increases directly in
- dowels and pins, 9.9;
proportion to the pitch line velocity of the rotating
part. Excessive unbalance can result in premature - spacers, 9.10;
bearing, gear or other component failure. - seal retainers, 9.11;
It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of the drive - locking devices for fasteners, 9.12;
components to determine the need for balancing
- tolerance and fits of mating surfaces.
and assure that it is done without affecting the
structural integrity of the rotating mass. NOTE: It is recognized that gear drives applied in
certain industries and under certain atmospheric
7.8 Shrink discs conditions should be equipped with special seals and
breathers designed for those conditions. Examples are
Shrink discs are one option to connect a hollow shaft units installed in the dusty or corrosive atmospheres of
gear drive to the drive shaft. The shrink disc is an chemical plants, cement mills and taconite processing
external locking device installed over a hollow shaft plants. It is also recommended that units which are to
projection. By tightening the locking screws, the be exposed to severe moisture and vapor laden
locking collars exert radial forces on the tapered atmospheres be equipped with moisture barrier seats
and breathers. Some applications in wet locations
inner ring and the hub. After bridging the fit
subject to direct or indirect wash down may preclude
clearances, radial clamping pressure is generated the use of breathers, such as in the paper and food
between the drive shaft and the hollow shaft industries. In these cases, expansion chambers may
establishing a solid, frictional connection. be used.
17
8 Service factors - Type of prime mover. Differenttypes of prime

movers are electric motors, hydraulic motors,
steam or gas turbines, and internal combustion
8.1 Selection of service factors
engines having single or multiple cylinders.
Before an enclosed gear drive can be selected for an
- Starting conditions. Starting conditions where
application, an equivalent power rating must be
peak loads exceed 200 percent of rated load and
determined. This is done by multiplying the specified
frequency or duration as defined in 3.1. Rated
transmitted power by the service factor. Since
load is defined as the unit rating with a servicefac-
service factors represent the normal relationship tor of 1.0.
between gear unit design power rating and the
maximum potential transmitted power, it is sug- When a soft start coupling is used between the
gested that the service factor be applied to the prime mover and the gear drive, the selection of
nameplate rating of the driven machine or prime service factors can be based on the gear drive
mover, as applicable. manufacturers analysis for the application.
Manufacturer and user must agree upon which - Overloads. Loads which are in excess of the
power, prime mover rating or driven machine rated load are considered overloads. Overloads
requirements, should dictate the selection of the can be of momentary duration, periodic, quasi-
gear drive. It is necessary that the gear drive steady state, or vibratory in nature. The
selected have a rated load capacity equal to or in magnitude and the number of stress cycles
excess of this equivalent power rating. require special analysis to prevent low cycle
fatigue or yield stress failure.
Service factor has been used to include the
combined effects of ZN, YN, & and Ii;, in an Applications such as high torque motors, extreme
empirically determined single factor. The mathemat- repetitive shock, or where high energy loads must
ical contribution of each of these factors has not be absorbed, as when stalling, require special
been established. See ANSVAGMA 2001 -C95, consideration.
clause 10. In the absence of more specific load data, - Overspeeds. Overspeeds contributing to ex-
a service factor, &F, shown in table A.2 of annex A, ternal transmitted loads and dynamic loads re-
may be used. quire special analysis.
8.2 Listing of service factors
- Brake equipped applications. When a gear
The table of Service Factors, shown in annex A, drive is equipped with a working brake that is
has been developed from the experience of manu- used to decelerate the motion of the system,
facturers and users of gear drives for use in common select the drive based on the brake rating or the
applications and has been found to be generally transmitted power, whichever is greater. If the
satisfactory for the listed industries when gears are brake is used for holding only, and is applied after
rated using AGMA standards. It is suggested that the motion of the system has come to rest, the
service factors for special applications be agreed brake rating should be less than 200 percent of
upon by the user and the gear manufacturer when the base unit rating. If the brake rating is greater
variations of the tabulated value may be necessary. than 200 percent of the unit rating, or the brake is
located on the output shaft of the gear drive,
This standard is based on the premise that the user special analysis is required.
is defining a catalog rating.
- Reliability and life requirement. Applications
8.3 Determining service factors requiring a high degree of dependability or unusu-
Service factors may be selected from annex A or ally long life should be given careful consideration
may be determined by an analytical method. listed by the user and the gear manufacturer before
below are some of the more important factors to be assigning a service factor.
considered. 8.3.2 System conditions
8.3.1 Operational characteristics
An essential phase in the design of a system of
Some of the operational characteristics that could rotating machinery is the analysis of the dynamic
affect an increase or decrease in service factors are: (vibratory) response of a system to excitation forces.
18
8.3.2.1 Vibration analysis - Lubrication. Any lubricant not in accordance

with manufacturers recommendations;
Any vibration analysis must consider the complete
system including prime mover, gear drive, driven - Misalignment and distortions;
equipment, couplings and foundations. The dy- - Reversing applications;
namic loads imposed upon agear drive are the result - High risk applications involving human safety.
of the dynamic behavior of the total system and not of
the gear drive alone.
9 Lubrication and lubricants
8.3.2.2 Dynamic response
The dynamic response of a system results in 9.1 Lubrication
additional loads imposed on the system and relative
These lubrication recommendations apply only to
motion between adjacent elements in the system.
enclosed gear drives which are designed and rated
The vibratory loads are superimposed upon the in accordance with current AGMA standards.
mean running load in the system and, depending Additional recommendations are contained within
upon the dynamic behavior of the system, could lead ANSVAGMA 9005D94. These recommendations
to failure of the system components. are not intended to replace any specific lubrication
recommendations made by the gear drive
8.3.2.3 System induced failure manufacturer.
In a gear drive, system induced failures could occur The lubricant must be selected to provide adequate
as tooth breakage or severe surface deterioration of oil film thickness at all operating conditions. This
the gear elements, shaft breakage, bearing failure or may require seasonal change of lubricant, oil
failure of other component parts. heaters for cold starting conditions, or oil cooler for
high ambient temperatures. Oil film thickness is
8.3.2.4 Special system considerations
criiical to limit wear of gears and bearings.
It should be pointed out that synchronous motors, 9.1 .l Ambient temperature
certain types of high torque induction motors and
generator drives require special care in system The ambient temperature range is -40 to 130F and
design. is defined as the air temperature in the immediate
vicinity of the gear drive. Gear drives exposed to the
Synchronous motors have high transient torques direct rays of the sun or other radiant heat sources
during starting and when they momentarily trip-out will run hotter and must therefore be given special
and restart. consideration.
Induction motors of special high slip design can 9.1.2 Other considerations
produce extremely high starting torques. Also, when Gear drives operating outside of these temperature
the motor trips out for a very short time and then the ranges, or those operating in extremely humid,
trip re-closes, high torque loads are produced. chemical or dust laden atmospheres should be
Generators have extremely high loads when they referred to the gear drive manufacturer.
are out of phase with the main system. Also, 9.1.3 Oil sump temperatures
across-the-line shorts can produce torque loads up
The maximum oil sump temperature for mineral
to twenty times the normal running torque.
based oils is limited to 200F. This sump tempera-
All special torque conditions should be considered ture is considered maximum because many
when determining a service factor. lubricants are unstable above the stated maximum
temperature.
8.3.3 Special considerations
CAUTION: Sumb temoeratures in excess of 200F
Adjustments to the gear drive selection may be may require sl;ecial materials for non-metallic
necessary when one or more of the following components such as oil seals and shims.
conditions exists: 9.1.4 Food and drug
- Ambient conditions. Extremes of temperature The lubricants recommended in this standard are
and environment; not recommended for food and drug industry
19
ANSIIAGMA 601 O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
applications where incidental contact with the prod- expected ambient temperature, and a viscosity
uct being manufactured occurs. which is low enough to allow the oil to flow freely at
the start-up temperature but high enough to carry
NOTE: The user must assume the responsibility for
selecting the proper lubricant for all food and drug in- the load at operating temperature.
dustry applications. For synthetic lubricant recommendations, refer to
9.15 Mounting position ANSVAGMA 9005D94.
All gear drives are considered to operate in the 9.4.3 Sump heaters
manufacturers specified mounting position. If a suitable, low temperature gear oil is not available,
9.2 Lubricant viscositv the gear drive must be provided with a sump heater
to bring the oil up to a temperature at which it will
Lubricant viscosity recommendations are specified
circulate freely for starting. The heater should be
by AGMA lubricant numbers. The corresponding
selected so as to avoid excessive localized heating
viscosity ranges are shown in ANSl/AGMA
which could result in rapid degradation of the
9005-D94, table 4 .
lubricant.
9.3 Lubrication recommendations 9.5 Lubricant types
Recommended lubricants are shown in ANWAGMA Refer to ANSVAGMA 9005D94, clause 3.
9005D94, table 5.
9.5.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited gear
9.3.1 External cooling lubricants
If the drive lubrication system is equipped with a These lubricants are commonly referred to as R&O
cooler which limits the oil supply temperature to gear oils. They are petroleum base liquids which
125F, the lubricant grade recommended for 15 to have been formulated to include chemical additives
50F in ANSI/AGMA 9005D94, table 5 may be also which are more resistant to rust and oxidation than
used at the higher temperature range. oil without these special features.
9.3.2 Gearing considerations 9.5.2 Anti-scuff (extreme pressure) lubricants
When there is a large difference in pitch line velocity Anti-scuff (extreme pressure (EP)) gear lubricants
between the high and low speed gear stages, the are petroleum based lubricants containing special
use of a lower viscosity lubricant may be more chemical additives. EP gear lubricants
desirable than that recommended in ANWAGMA recommended for enclosed gear drives are those
9005-D94, table 5. Also a lower viscosity lubricant containing sulphur, phosphorous or similar type
may be desirable when there is a combination of additives. EP gear lubricants should be used only
sleeve and roller element bearings. when specified by the gear drive manufacturer (see
9.4 Cold temperature starting ANSVAGMA 9005-D94, table 5).
NOTE: The lead naphthenate type is no longer
9.4.1 Low temperature conditions
recommended because of limited availability and poor
Gear unit lubrication, either by splash or pump, must stability in comperison to the more modern types of
be given special attention if the unit is to be started or lubricants.
operated at temperatures below which the oil can be WARNING: Do not use extreme pressure lubricant or
effectively splashed or pumped. Preheating the oil lubricants with formulations including sulphur, chlorine,
may be necessary under these low ambient tem- lead and phosphorous derivatives, as well as graphite
and molybdenum disulfide in gear drives equipped with
perature conditions. The gear manufacturer must an internal backstop, unless approved by the gear
always be informed when units are to operate under manufacturer or the backstop manufacturer.
these conditions.
9.5.3 Synthetic gear lubricants
9.4.2 Low temperature gear oils Diesters, polyglycols and synthetic hydrocarbons
Gear drives operating in cold areas must be provided (polyalphaolefins) have been used in enclosed gear
with oil that circulates freely and does not cause high drives for special operating conditions. Synthetic
starting torques. An acceptable low temperature lubricants can be advantageous over mineral oils in
gear oil, in addition to meeting AGMA specifications, that they generally are more stable, have a longer
must have a pour point at least 10F below the life, and operate over a wider temperature range.
20
Synthetics are not cure-alls. Each type has six months, whichever comes first. Conditions that
different characteristics, and many of them have may require more frequent oil change periods
distinct disadvantages. Such things as compatibility include:
with gear drive and other lube system components, - ambient conditions of extreme dust, dirt,
behavior in the presence of moisture, lubricating moisture and chemical particles or fumes;
qualities, overall economics and compatibility with
internal coatings should be carefully analyzed for - sustained lubricant sump temperatures
each type of synthetic lubricant under consideration. approaching 200F;
In the absence of field experience in similar applica- - duty cycle or ambient conditions causing
tions, the use of a synthetic lubricant should be large and rapid sump temperature changes;
carefully coordinated between the user, the gear
- seasonal ambient temperature changes
manufacturer and the lubricant supplier.
causing changes in recommended lubricant.
CAUTION: Special authorization is required from the Extending the change period recommended may be
manufacturer prior to using a synthetic lubricant in a
unit equipped with an internal backstop. preferred based on type of lubricant, amount of
lubricant, system down time, or environmental
9.5.4 Synthetic lubricant selection impact of used oil. This can be done through proper
The recommendations for synthetic lubricants are implementation of a comprehensive lubricant testing
based on gear drive manufacturers experience with program. As a minimum, the program should include
synthetic hydrocarbons of the polyalphaolefin type. testing for:
While other types of synthetic lubricants may be - changes in appearance and odor;
used, lack of experience prevents their recommen-
- lubricant viscosity (oxidation);
dation. The viscosity recommendations may be
used as a guide in selection of these other types of - water concentration;
lubricants along with the considerations of 9.1.2. - contaminant concentration;
9.6 Maintenance of lubrication system - sediment and sludge;
Lubricants must be free of solid contaminants such - additive concentration and condition.
as dirt and wear particles, free of water, and contain
In the absence of more specific limits, the guidelines
sufficient additives to maintain their original
listed as follows may be used to indicate when to
performance. The best way to maintain lubricant
change oil:
performance is by regular oil changes.
- water content greater than 0.05% (500 ppm);
Refer to ANSVAGMA 9005D94, clause 6.
- iron content exceeds 150 ppm;
9.6.1 Initial lubricant maintenance
- silicon (dust/dirt) exceeds 25 ppm;
The lubricant in a new gear drive should be drained - viscosity changes more than 15%.
after 500 hours or four (4) weeks of operation,
whichever occurs first. The gear case should be These tests should be performed on the initial
thoroughly cleaned with a commercial grade of charge of the gear unit to establish a base line for
flushing oil that is compatible with the seals and comparison. Subsequent test intervals should be
operating lubricant. established based on the unit manufacturers and
lubricant suppliers recommendations.
The original lubricant can be used for refilling if it has
been filtered through a filter of 30 microns or less, it is 9.6.3 Cleaning and flushing
free of water, and the original additive strength is The lubricant should be drained while the gear drive
maintained; otherwise, new lubricant must be used. is at operating temperature. The drive should be
Lubricants should not be filtered through fullers cleaned with a flushing oil.
earth or any filters which remove lubricant additives.
9.6.4 Used lubricants
9.6.2 Subsequent oil change interval
Used lubricant and flushing oil should be completely
Under normal operating conditions, the lubricant removed from the system to avoid contaminating the
should be changed every 2500 operating hours or new charge.
21
9.6.5 Cleaning with solvents viewing a specified shaft from a specified free end
position. Designation of shaft rotation on drawings
The use of a solvent should be avoided unless the
or in tables may be shown by letter abbreviations or
gear drive contained deposits of oxidized or contami-
circular arrows as shown in figure 2.
nated lubricant which cannot be removed with a
flushing oil. When persistent deposits necessitate 10.2 Assembly designations
the use of a solvent, a flushing oil should then be Standard assembly designations are shown in
used to remove all traces of solvent from the system. figures 3,4 and 5.
9.6.6 Inspection
The interior surfaces should be inspected where
possible, and all traces of foreign material removed.
The new charge of lubricant should be added and
circulated to coat all internal parts.
Clockwise
rotation
0
10 Assembly and rotation Counter-
clockwise
10.1 Shaft rotation direction rotation
Y
Rotational direction of both high and low speed Side End

shafts is either clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise views views
(CCW). Direction of shaft rotation is determined by Figure 2 - Shaft rotation
7
L-R
BB: R-R
t
~
R-L
--r 1
L-LR LR-L
af 73 LR-R R-LR
Plan views LR-LR Plan views
NOTES:
1. Code: L = Left; R = Right
2. Arrows indicate line of sight to determine direction of shaft extensions.
3. Letters preceding the hyphen refer to number and direction of high speed shaft extensions.
4. Letters following the hyphen refer to number and direction of low speed shaft extensions.
Figure 3 - Parallel shaft spur, helical and herringbone gear drives, single or multiple stage
1-L 1-R
b
Q 5 t t
views
t
2-L 2-R
a t
cl+ t
rn ,\
l-LR I 2-LR 1
0 $ 0
0 t
Plan views
L
u
t
J
h+ hr-
1 -UD
Front views
2-UD 1
1
NOTES:
NOTES:
1. Code: U = Up position-low speed shaft;
1. Code: L = Left; R = Right D = Down position-low speed shaft.
2. Arrows indicate line of sight to determine direction 2. Arrows indicate line of sightto determine direction
of shaft extensions. of shaft extensions.
3. Numerals preceding the hyphen refer to number 3. Numerals preceding the hyphen refer to number
of high speed shaft extensions. of high speed shaft extensions.
4. Letters following the hyphen refer to number and 4. Letters following the hyphen refer to number and
direction of low speed shaft extensions. direction of low speed shaft extensions.
Figure 4 - Horizontal bevel gear drives, Figure 5 - Vertical bevel gear drives,
single stage; horizontal bevel-helical single stage; vertical bevel-helical
drives, multiple stage drives, multiple stage
23
ANSIJAGMA 601 O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
11 Ratios 13 Storage
13.1 General
The standard ratios are based upon the (1.5).5
geometric numerical progression. These general storage recommendations should be
used when specific manufacturers instructions are
This progression is a modification of the ANSI 10 not available. They apply to gear designs in which
Series. The standard ratios are listed in table 11. the rotating elements are contained in a suitable
Exact ratios should be obtained from the enclosed housing. See annex E.
manufacturer.
Proper protection, storage and inspection of gear
drives is considered to be the responsibility of the
Table 11 - Nominal ratios owner. It is recommended that reducers be stored in
a dry, temperature controlled environment. Within
Ratio Ratio Ratio Ratio this environment, the ambient temperature change
1.225 9.330 70.62 536.3 should not be allowed to pass through the dew point
1.500 11.39 86.50 658.8 since this would cause moisture condensation on
1.837 13.95 105.9 804.5 gear drive surfaces.
2.250 17.09 129.7 985.3
13.2 Normal storage
2.756 20.93 158.9 1207
3.375 25.63 194.6 1478 During manufacture and for intervals of storage up to
4.134 31.39 238.4 1810 four months, internal components of gear drives
5.062 38.44 291.9 2217 should be coated with a suitable oil based rust
357.5 2715 preventative. This rust preventative should contain
6.200 47.08
water displacement and fingerprint suppressant
7.594 57.67 437.9 3325
additives. External machined surfaces should be
coated with a similar rust preventative during
manufacture. A suitable petroleum base rust
preventative should be applied to external surfaces
before the drives are placed in storage. Such coating
12 Marking should be self-healing and contain water displace-
ment and fingerprint suppressant additives suitable
for protecting the surfaces against rust for a period of
12.1 Nameplate data up to 12 months.
A suitable nameplate should be attached to the gear External and internal inspection of the gear drive
drive with the following m inimum information: should be made monthly. Any moisture observed
should be removed at this time and components and
- size; surfaces recoated with rust preventative as
- ratio; necessary.
- service power rating; Drives should be inspected prior to charging with
lubricant to ensure that no condensate is present in
- high speed shaft rpm; the oil sump.
- service factor; 13.3 Adverse conditions or long term storage
- lubrication specification. In conditions of long periods of storage or storage in
12.2 AGMA monogram environments subject to high humidity, extreme
temperature change, or exposure to an oxidation
Use of the AGMA monogram certifies that the enhancing atmosphere, gear drives should be
manufacturer of the gear drive is a member of completely filled to overflowing with a high quality oil
AGMA, and does not in any way indicate the base rust inhibiting lubricant. In cases where it is
manufacturers compliance with AGMA standards or impractical to fill the gear drive to overflowing, the
practices. lubricant should be circulated to coat all internal
24
components and the gear drive sealed to help unit is not mounted in the position for which it is
prevent condensation. Care must be taken to designed. It may be desirable to elevate the
ensure that all enclosed areas are properly vented to foundation to facilitate oil drainage.
prevent the entrapment of moist air. 14.1.2 Concrete foundation
Ail external machined surfaces should be coated If a concrete foundation is used, steel mounting pads
with a solvent based rust inhibiting undercoating and and bolts of sufficient size to distribute the stress into
top coated with an asphalt base rust preventative. the concrete should be grouted into the foundation.
Under such adverse or long term storage condition, 14.1.3 Steel foundation
inspection of the gear drive should be performed on
If a structural steel foundation is used (i.e., wide
a weekly basis. The sump drain should be opened
flange beams or channels), a base plate or sole plate
and a small amount of oil removed along with any
of suitable thickness should be used and should
condensate which might be present. The drive
extend under the entire unit.
should be refilled to overflowing and resealed.
Outside surfaces should be recoated as necessary. 14.2 Foot mounted units
CAUTION: Some gear drives contain features where Use shims under the feet of the unit to align the
overfill with lubricant is not feasible or practical. These output shaft to the driven equipment. Make sure that
features include such items as drywelis on vertical shaft all feet are supported so that the housing will not
units and labyrinth seals on shaft extensions. For these
distort when it is bolted down. Improper shimming
drives, add the appropriate type and amount of vapor
phase rust inhibitor and seal any openings. Inspectthe will reduce the life of the unit and may cause failure.
gear drive on a weekly basis and add the required Install dowel pins as instructed by the manufactur-
amount of lubricant. Drives fitted with labyrinth seals ers installation manual to prevent misalignment and
cannot be filled with oil or have a vapor phase rust ensure proper realignment if removed for service.
inhibitor installed as both will leak from the unit.
14.3 Shaft mounted units
Shaft mounted drives should be mounted as close to
14 Installation the driven equipment bearing support as possible to
minimize bearing loads due to overhung load.
Design of the joint connection between the torque
To ensure long service and dependable perform-
arm and the foundation is the users responsibility.
ance, an enclosed gear drive must be rigidly
supported and the shafts accurately aligned. The 14.3.1 Lubricate shafts
following describes the minimum precautions
Both the hollow shaft and the driven shaft should be
required to accomplish this end. The gear reducer
liberally lubricated before assembly. The unit must
manufacturers installation manual should be
slide freely onto the driven shaft. Do not hammer or
followed, as it may include more detailed procedures
force the unit into place.
than appear in this standard. For owners
responsibilities, see annex E. 14.3.2 Axial retention
14.1 Foundation Follow the manufacturers instructions for axial

retention of the unit on the driven shaft.
The responsibility for the design and construction of
the foundation lies with the user. The foundation 14.3.2.1 Set screws
must be adequate to withstand normal operating If set screws are used for axial retention, they should
loads and possible overloads which may occur be tightened evenly. Flats may be filed on the driven
without damage to itself or any of the system shaft and a thread locking adhesive used for more
components and to maintain alignment of the positive retention.
components under such loads.
14.3.2.2 Thrust plate
14.1 .l Mounting position
In applications which are subject to high vibratory
Unless a unit is specifically ordered for inclined loads, a thrust plate will provide greater resistance to
mounting, the foundation must be level and flat. The axial movement. Follow the manufacturers
lubrication system may not operate properly if the recommendations for assembly.
25
ANSIjAGMA 601 O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
14.3.2.3 Shrink disc mounting. Pinions, sprockets and sheaves should

be mounted as close as possible to the unit housing
If a shrink disc is used to secure the hollow shaft to
to m inimize bearing loads and shaft deflection.
the driven shaft, follow the shrink disc
manufacturers assembly procedure. If the shrink 14.5.3 Coupling alignment
disc manufacturers procedures are not available, Shaft couplings should be installed according to the
the following may be used: gear manufacturers recommendations for gap,
a) Any protective spacers between the locking angular and parallel alignment. In many installa-
collars should be removed; tions, it is necessary to allow for thermal and
b) Tighten slightly any three equally spaced mechanical shaft movement when determining shaft
locking bolts until the inner ring can just be alignment. The gear manufacturers recommenda-
rotated. Overtightening at this time can damage tions should be followed. Where no
the inner ring. Measure the gap between the lock- recommendations are made by the gear drive
ing collars at several points around the manufacturer, follow the coupling manufacturers
circumference to ensure that they are parallel; recommendations.
c) Slide the shrink disc over the hollow shaft. 14.5.3.1 Axial displacement
Tighten the bolts in gradual increments following
The gap between shaft ends should be the same as
a circumferential pattern until all bolts are tight-
the specified coupling gap unless overhung
ened to the specified torque. Check the gap
mounting of the coupling hub is specified. The
between the locking collars to be sure that they
are parallel. coupling gap and shaft gap must be sufficient to
accommodate any anticipated thermal or
14.3.3 Torque arm mechanical axial movement.
The torque arm should always be mounted within the 14.5.3.2 Angular alignment
angular lim its specified by the manufacturer. The
preferred mounting position is perpendicular to a line Insert a spacer or shim stock equal to the required
through the output shaft center and the point of coupling gap between the coupling hub faces and
attachment of the torque arm to the unit housing. In measure the clearance using feeler gauges. Repeat
this position the m inimum load on the torque arm will this at the same depth at 90 degree intervals to
be experienced. Design of the joint connection determine the amount of angular m isalignment.
between the torque arm and foundation is the users 14.5.3.3 Parallel alignment
responsibility.
Mount a dial indicator to one coupling hub, and rotate
14.4 Prime mover mounting this hub, sweeping the outside diameter of the other
hub. The parallel m isalignment is equal to one-half
Align the prime mover to the unit input shaft using
shims under the feet. Make sure that the feet are of the total indicator reading. Another method is to
supported. Dowel the prime mover to its foundation. rest a straight edge squarely on the outside diameter
of the hubs at 90 degree intervals and measure any
14.5 Shaft connections gaps with feeler gauges. The maximum gap
14.5.1 Fits measurement is the parallel m isalignment.
Clearance or interference fits for coupling hubs 14.5.3.4 Checking alignment

should be in accordance with ANSVAGMA After both angular and parallel alignments are within
QOO2-A86.Outboard pinion and sprocket fits should specified lim its, tighten all foundation bolts securely
be as recommended by the pinion or sprocket and repeat the above procedure to check alignment.
manufacturer. Coupling hubs, pinions and sprock- If any of the specified lim its for alignment are
ets with interference fits should be heated according exceeded, realign the coupling.
to the manufacturers recommendations, generally
14.5.4 Sprocket or sheave alignment
250F to 3OOF,before assembling to the shaft.
Align the sheaves or sprockets square and parallel
14.5.2 Location by placing a straight edge across their faces.
Coupling hubs should be mounted flush with the Alignment of bushed sheaves and sprockets should
shaft ends, unless specifically ordered for overhung be checked after bushings have been tightened.
26
Check horizontal shaft alignment by placing a level contact. The foundation bolts may have to be
vertically against the face of the sheave or sprocket. loosened and the unit moved slightly to obtain this
Adjust belt or chain tension per the manufacturers contact. When the unit is moved to correct tooth
specified procedure. contact, the prime mover should be realigned.
14.5.5 Outboard pinion alignment
14.5.6 Rechecb alignment
Align the pinion by adjusting the gear tooth clearance
according to the manufacturers recommendations After a period of operation, recheck alignment and
and checking for acceptable outboard pinion tooth adjust as required.
27
ANSIIAGMA 601 O-F97
(This page is intentionally left blank)
28
Annex A
(informative)
Service factors
rhe foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a
part of ANSIIAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
A.1 Purpose applications be agreed upon by the user and the

gear manufacturer when variations of the values in
This annex provides a detailed guide for determining the table may be required.
service factors for enclosed gear drives.
A.3 Determining service factors
A.1 .l Selection of service factors
In addition to the tables, an analytical approach may
Before an enclosed speed reducer or increaser can be used to determine the service factor. See 8.3 for
be selected for any application, an equivalent unit the important factors to be considered.
power rating (service factor = 1 .O) must be deter-
A.4 Service factor tables
mined. This is done by multiplying the specified
power by the service factor. Since the service factor Service factors have served industry well when the
represents the normal relationship between the gear application has been identified by knowledgeable
unit rating and the required application power, it is and experienced gear design engineers. The tables
suggested that the service factor be applied to the are provided for information purposes only and
nameplate rating of the prime mover or driven should be used only after taking into account all of
machine rating, as applicable. the external influences which may affect the
operation of the enclosed gear drive.
Manufacturer and user must agree upon which
power, prime mover rating or driven machine A.4.1 Use of tables
requirements, should dictate the selection of the
gear drive. It is necessary that the gear drive Service factors shown in table A.2 are for gear drives
selected have a rated unit capacity equal to or in driven by motors (electric or hydraulic) and turbines
excess of this equivalent unit power rating. (steam or gas).
All service factors listed are 1 .O or greater. Service A.4.2 Driver influence
factors less than 1 .O can be used in some applica-
When the driver is a single cylinder or multi-cylinder
tions when specified by the user and agreed to by the
engine, the service factors from table A.2 must be
manufacturer.
converted to the values from table A.1 for the
appropriate type of prime mover.
Table A.2 should be used with caution, since much
higher values have occurred in some applications. A.5 Example
Values as high as ten have been used. On some
applications up to six times nominal torque can If the application is a centrifugal blower, the service
occur, such as: Turbine/Generator drives, Heavy factor from table A.2 is 1.25 for a motor or turbine.
Plate and Billet rolling mills. Table A.1 converts this value to 1.50 for a multi-
cylinder engine and 1.75 for asingle cylinder engine.
A.2 Listing of service factors
CAUTION: Any user of enclosed gear drives should
make sure he has the latest available data on the fac-
The table of service factors has been developed
tors affecting the selection of a gear drive. When better
from the experience of manufacturers and users of load intensity information is available on the driving or
gear drives for use in common applications. It is driven equipment, this should be considered when a
suggested that service factors for special service factor is selected.
29
ANSIIAGMA WlO-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table A.1 - Conversion table for single or multi-cylinder engines to find equivalent single or
multi-cylinder service factor
Steam and gas turbines,
hydraulic or electric motor Single cylinder engines Multi-cylinder engines
I .oo 1.50 1.25
1.25 1.75 1.50
1.50 2.00 I.75
I .75 2.25 2.00
2.00 2.50 2.25
2.25 2.75 2.50
2.50 3.00 2.75
2.75 3.25 3.00
3.00 3.50 3.25
Table A.2 - Service factors for enclosed gear drives driven by motors (hydraulic or electric) or
turbines (steam or gas)
T Load duration
Application Up to 3 hours 3 to IO hours Dver IO hours
per day per day per day
Agitators (mixers)
Pure liquids I .oo I .oo I .25
Liquids and solids 1 .oo 1.25 I .50
Liquids - variable density 1 .oo I .25 I .50
Blowers
Centrifugal I .oo I .oo I.25
Lobe 1 .oo I .25 I .50
Vane I .oo I.25 1.50
Brewing and distilling
Bottling machinery 1.00 1 .oo I.25
Brew kettles - continuous duty I .25 I .25 1.25
Cookers - continuous duty I.25 I .25 I .25
Mash tubs - continuous duty 1.25 1.25 I .25
Scale hopper - frequent starts I .25 1.25 I .50
Can filling machines I .oo 1 .oo 1.25
Car dumpers 1.50 I .75 2.00
Car pullers I .oo 1.25 I .50
Clarifiers 1.00 1 .oo I.25
Zlassifiers I .oo I.25 I .50
Clay working machinery
Brick press I .50 1.75 2.00
Briquette machine I .50 I.75 2.00
Pug m ill 1 .oo I.25 I .50
Zompactors 2.00 2.00 2.00
>ompressors
Centrifugal 1.00 I .oo I .25
Lobe 1 .oo I .25 I .50
Reciprocating, multi-cylinder 1.50 I .50 I.75
Reciprocating, single-cylinder 1.75 I.75 2.00
(continued)
30
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIJAGMA 6010-F97
Table A.2 (continued)

Load duration
Application Up to 3 hours 3 to 10 hours Over 10 hours
Cranes)
Dry dock
Main hoist 2.50 2.50 2.50
Auxiliary hoist 2.50 2.50 3.00
Boom hoist 2.50 2.50 3.00
Slewing drive 2.50 2.50 3.00
Traction drive 3.00 3.00 3.00
Container
Main hoist 3.00 3.00 3.00
Boom hoist 2.00 2.00 2.00
Trolley drive
Gantry drive 3.00 3.00 3.00
Traction drive 2.00 2.00 2.00
M ill duty
Main hoist 3.50 3.50 3.50
Auxiliary 3.50 3.50 3.50
Bridge 2.50 3.00 3.00
Trolley travel 2.50 3.00 3.00
Industrial duty
Main 2.50 2.50 3.00
Auxiliary 2.50 2.50 3.00
Bridge 2.50 3.00 3.00
Trolley travel 2.50 3.00 3.00
Crusher
Stone or ore 1.75 1.75 2.00
Dredges
Cable reels 1.25 1.25 1.50
Conveyors 1.25 1.25 1.50
Cutter head drives 2.00 2.00 2.00
Pumps 2.00 2.00 2.00
Screen drives 1.75 1.75 2.00
Stackers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Winches 1.25 1.25 1.50
Elevators
Bucket 1 .oo 1.25 1.50
Centrifugal discharge 1 .oo 1.00 1.25
Escalators 1 .oo 1.00 1.25
Freight 1.00 1.25 1.50
Gravity discharge 1 .oo 1.00 1.25
Extruders
General 1.50 1.50 1.50
Plastics
Variable speed drive 1.50 1.50 1.50
Fixed speed drive 1.75 1.75 1.75
Rubber
Continuous screw operation 1.75 1.75 1.75
Intermittent screw operation 1.75 1.75 1.75
(continued)
31
ANSIJAGMA 601O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Table A-2 (continued)

Load duration
=ans
Centrifugal 1.00 1.00 1.25
Cooling towers 2.00 2.00 2.00
Forced draft 1.25 1.25 1.25
Induced draft 1.50 1.50 1.50
Industrial & m ine 1.50 1.50 1.50
=eeders
Apron 1 .oo 1.25 1.50
Belt 1 .oo 1.25 1.50
Disc 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.25
Reciprocating 1.50 1.75 2.00
Screw 1 .oo 1.25 1.50
=ood industry
Cereal cooker 1.00 1 .oo 1.25
Dough m ixer 1.25 1.25 1.50
Meat grinders 1.25 1.25 1.50
Slicers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Senerators and exciters 1 .oo 1.00 1.25
iammer m ills 1.75 1.75 2.00
-foists
Heavy duty 1.75 1.75 2.00
Medium duty 1.25 1.25 1.50
Skip hoist 1.25 1.25 1.50
-sundry
Tumblers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Washers 1.50 1.50 2.00
-umber industry
Barkers - spindle feed 1.25 1.25 1.50
Main drive 1.75 1.75 1.75
Conveyors - burner 1.25 1.25 1.50
Main or heavy duty 1.50 1.50 1.50
Main log 1.75 1.75 2.00
Re-saw, merry-go-round 1.25 1.25 1.50
Conveyors
Slab 1.75 1.75 2.00
Transfer 1.25 1.25 1.50
Chains
Floor 1.50 1.50 1.50
Green 1.50 1.50 1.75
Cut-off saws
Chain 1.50 1.50 1.75
Drag 1.50 1.50 1.75
Debarking drums 1.75 1.75 2.00
Feeds
Edger 1.25 1.25 1.50
Gang 1.75 1.75 1.75
Trimmer 1.25 1.25 1.50
,---r:-* .^-I,
32
I Load duration 1
Application Up to 3 hours 3 to 10 hours 3ver 10 hours
Lumber industry (continued)
Log deck 1.75 1.75 1.75
Log hauls - incline - well type 1.75 1.75 1.75
Log turning devices 1.75 1.75 1.75
Planer feed 1.25 1.25 1.50
Planer tilting hoists 1.50 1.50 1.50
Rolls - live-off bearing - roll cases 1.75 1.75 1.75
Sorting table 1.25 1.25 1.50
Tipple hoist 1.25 1.25 1.50
Transfers
Chain 1.50 1.50 1.75
Craneway 1.50 1.50 1.75
Tray drives 1.25 1.25 1.50
Veneer lathe drives 1.25 1.25 1.50
Metal mills
Draw bench carriage and main drive 1.25 1.25 1.50
Runout table
Non-reversing
Group drives 1.50 1.50 1.50
Individual drives 2.00 2.00 2.00
Reversing 2.00 2.00 2.00
Slab pushers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Shears 2.00 2.00 2.00
Wire drawing 1.25 1.25 1.50
Wire winding machine 1.25 1.50 1.50
Metal strip processing machinery
Bridles 1.25 1.25 1.50
Coilers & uncoilers 1.00 1 .oo 1.25
Edge trimmers 1.00 1.25 1.50
Flatteners 1.25 1.25 1.50
Loopers (accumulators) 1.00 1 .oo 1.25
Pinch rolls 1.25 1.25 1.50
Scrap choppers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Shears 2.00 2.00 2.00
Slitters 1 .oo 1.25 1.50
Mills, rotary type
Ball & rod
Spur ring gear 2.00 2.00 2.00
Helical ring gear 1.50 1.50 1.50
Direct connected 2.00 2.00 2.00
Cement kilns 1.50 1.50 1.50
Dryers & coolers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Mixers
Concrete 1.25 1.25 1.50
aper mills2)
Agitator (mixer) 1.50 1.50 1.50
Agitator for pure liquors 1.25 1.25 1.25
Barking drums 2.00 2.00 2.00
(continued,
33
ANSIJAGMA 6010-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

T Load duration 1
Application Up to 3 hours 3 to 10 hours Dver 10 hours
Paper m ills?) (continued)
Barkers - mechanical
2.00 2.00 2.00
Beater 1.50 1.50
1.50
Breaker stack
1.25 1.25 1.25
Calender31
1.25 1.25 1.25
Chipper
2.00 2.00 2.00
Chip feeder
1.50 1.50 1.50
Coating rolls
1.25 1.25 1.25
Conveyors
Chip, bark, chemical
1.25 1.25 1.25
Log (including slab)
2.00 2.00 2.00
Couch rolls 1.25
1.25 1.25
Cutter
2.00 2.00 2.00
Cylinder molds
1.25 1.25 1.25
Dryers31
Paper machine
1.25 1.25 1.25
Conveyor type
1.25 1.25 1.25
Embosser 1.25
1.25 1.25
Extruder
1.50 1.50 1.50
Fourdrinier rolls (includes lump breaker, dandy roll,
1.25 1.25 1.25
wire turning, and return rolls)
1.50 1.50 1.50
Jordan
1.50 1.50 1.50
Kiln drive
1.25 1.25 1.25
M t. Hope roll
1.25 1.25 1.25
Paper rolls
1.50 1.50 1.50
Platter
1.25 1.25 1.25
Presses - fett & suction
2.00 2.00 2.00
Pulper
1.50 1.50 1.50
Pumps - vacuum 1.25
1.25 1.25
Reel (surface type)
Screens
1.50 1.50 1.50
Chip
1.50 1.50 1.50
Rotary
2.00 2.00 2.00
Vibrating
1.25 1.25 1.25
Size press
1.25 1.25 1.25
Super calendefi)
1.50 1.50 1.50
Thickener (AC motor)
1.25 1.25 1.25
(DC motor)
1.50 1.50 1.50
Washer (AC motor)
1.25 1.25 1.25
(DC motor)
1 .oo 1 .oo 1 .oo
Wind and unwind stand
1.25 1.25 1.25
Winders (surface type)
1.25 1.25 1.25
Yankee dryers31
Plastics industry
Primary processing
Intensive internal m ixers
Batch m ixers 1.75 1.75 1.75
Continuous m ixers 1.50 1.50 1.50
(continued,
34

Load duration
Plastics industry (continued)
Batch drop mill - 2 smooth rolls 1.25 1.25 1.25
Continuous feed, holding & blend mill 1.25 1.25 1.25
Compounding mill 1.25 1.25 1.25
Calenders 1.50 1.50 1.50
Secondary processing
Blow molders 1.50 1.50 1.50
Coating 1.25 1.25 1.25
Film 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pipe 1.25 1.25 1.25
Pre-plasticizers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Rods 1.25 1.25 1.25
Sheet 1.25 1.25 1.25
Tubing 1.25 1.25 1.50
%rllers - barge haul 1.25 1.25 1.50
Pumps
Centrifugal 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.25
Proportioning 1.25 1.25 1.50
Reciprocating
Single acting, 3 or more cylinders 1.25 1.25 1.50
Double acting, 2 or more cylinders 1.25 1.25 1.50
Rotary
Gear type 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.25
Lobe 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.25
Vane 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.25
qubber industry
Intensive internal mixers
Batch mixers 1.75 1.75 1.75
Continuous mixers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Mixing mill - 2 smooth rolls (if corrugated rolls are
used, then use the same service factors that 1.50 1.50 1.50
are used for a cracker warmer)
Batch drop mill - 2 smooth rolls 1.50 1.50 1.50
Cracker warmer - 2 rolls; 1 corrugated roll 1.75 1.75 1.75
Cracker - 2 corrugated rolls 2.00 2.00 2.00
Holding, feed & blend mill - 2 rolls 1.25 1.25 1.25
Refiner - 2 rolls 1.50 1.50 1.50
Calenders 1.50 1.50 1.50
sand muller 1.25 1.25 1.50
sewage disposal equipment
Bar screens 1.25 1.25 1.25
Chemical feeders 1.25 1.25 1.25
Dewatering screens 1.50 1.50 1.50
Scum breakers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Slow or rapid mixers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Sludge collectors 1.25 1.25 1.25
Thickeners 1.50 1.50 1.50
Vacuum filters 1.50 1.50 1.50
(continued)
35
Table A-2 (concluded)

Load duration
Screens
Air washing 1.oo 1 .oo 1.25
Rotary - stone or gravel 1.25 1.25 1 so
Traveling water intake 1.00 1 .oo 1.25
Sugar industry
Beet slicer 2.00 2.00 2.00
Cane knives 1.50 1.50 1.50
Crushers 1.50 1.50 1.50
Mills (low speed end) 1.75 1.75 1.75
Textile industry
Batchers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Calenders 1.25 1.25 1.50
Cards 1.25 1.25 1 so
Dry cans 1.25 1.25 1.50
Dryers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Dyeing machinery 1.25 1.25 1.50
Looms 1.25 1.25 1.50
Mangles 1.25 1.25 1.50
Nappers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Pads 1.25 1.25 1.50
Slashers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Soapers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Spinners 1.25 1.25 1.50
Tenter frames 1.25 1.25 1.50
Washers 1.25 1.25 1.50
Winders 1.25 1.25 1.50
UOTES:
I) Crane drives are to be selected based on gear tooth bending strength. Contact gear manufacturer for strength
.atings. Service factor in durability should be a minimum of 1 .O.
3 Service factors for paper mill applications are applied to the nameplate rating of the electric drive motor at the
notor rated based speed.
$1 Anti-friction bearings only. Use 1.5 for sleeve bearings.
0 A service factor of 1 .OOmay be applied at base speed of a super calender operating over-speed range of part
ange constant horsepower, part range constant torque where the constant horsepower speed range is greater than
I .5 to 1. A service factor of 1.25 is applicable to super calenders operating over the entire speed range at constant
orque or where the constant horsepower speed range is less than 7.5 to 1.
36
Annex B
(informative)
Keys and keyways for shaft extensions
phe foreword,footnotesand annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a
part of ANWAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
B.l Purpose B.2 Keys

The purpose of this annex is to present recom- Recommended key sizes are shown in table B.l.
mended standard sizes of keys and keyways to be Square keys are preferred through 6.5 inches shaft
used on shaft extensions of standard gear reducers. diameter. Rectangular keys are preferred over 6.5
This annex is in conformance with ANSI B17.1-1967 inches shaft diameter.
and ANSI/AGMA 9002-A86.
For tapered shafts, the largest tapered diameter
The intent of the recommended standardization is to determines the key size.
simplify the accommodation of power transmission
B.3 Keyways
accessories on these gear drives. These accesso-
ries typically include shaft couplings, sheaves and Keyway sizes should normally be selected to result
sprockets. in a commercial fit with the key. A commercial fit will
result in a clearance fit with the sides of a key.
While it is recognized that there are occasional
reasons to deviate from these recommendations, Under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to
general conformance will eliminate confusion and provide a radius in the keyway. The recommenda-
m isinterpretation between vendor or supplier and tions for keyway radii and key chamfer are shown in
user as well as ensure compatibility. table 8.2.
Table B.l - Key sizes and tolerances for square and rectangular keys (inches)
Nominal shaft Recommended key size Recommended key width & height tolerance l)
diameter
Commercial class Precision class
Over To Square Rectangular Square Rectangular Square Rectangular
(Incl.)
Width & hgt. Width & hgt. Width & hgt. Width Height
0.3125 0.4375 O.OS37xO.0937 - - +o.ooo/-0.002 +o.ooo/-0.003 +O.OOl/-0.000 +O.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
0.4375 0.5625 0.1260x0.1250 0.1250~0.0937 +0.000/-0.002 +O.OOO/-0.003 +0.001/-O 000 +O.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-O 005
0.5625 0.6750 0.1875x0.1875 0.1875x0.1250 +O.OOO/-0.002 +O.OOO/-0.003 +O.OOl/-0.000 +O.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
0.8750 1.2500 0.2500x0.2500 0.2500x0.1875 +O.OOO/-0.002 +O.OOO/-0.003 +O.OOl/-0.000 +O.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
1.2500 1.3750 0.3125x0.3125 0.3125x0.2500 tO.OOO/-0.002 tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
1.3750 1.7500 0.3750x0.3750 0.3750x0.2600 to.ooo/-0.002 to.ooo/-0.003 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
1.7500 2.2500 0.6000x0.5000 0.5ooox0.3750 to.ooo/-0.002 to.ooo/-0.003 tO.OOl/-0.000 +O.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
2.2500 2.7500 0.8250~06250 0.6250x0.4375 tO.OOO/-0.002 tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
2.7500 3.2500 0.7600x0.7500 0.7500~0.5000 tO.OOO/-0.002 tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.006
3.2500 3.7500 0.8750x0.8750 0.8750x0.6250 tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOO/-0.004 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
3.7500 4.5000 1.0000x1.0000 1.coOOx0.7500 to.ooo/-0.003 to.ooo/-0.004 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
4.5000 5.5000 1.2500x1.2500 1.25QOxO.875O tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOO/-0.004 tO.OOl/-0.000 tO.OOl/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
5.5000 6.5000 1.5CQOx1.5000 1.5000x1.0000 tO.OOO/-0.003 tO.OOO/-0.004 +0.002/-0.000 +0.002/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
6.5000 7.5000 1.7500x1.7500 1.7500~15000 tO.OOO/-0.004 tO.OOO/-0.005 +0.002/-0.000 +0.002/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
7.5000 9.0000 2.0000x2.0000 2.mx1.5000 to.ooo/-0.004 to.ooo/-0.005 +0.002/-0.000 +0.002/-0.000 +0.005/-0.005
NOTE:
l) Tolerances agree with ANSI B17.1-1967, Reaffirmed1989.
37
ANSIIAGMA 601 O-F97
Table B.2 - Values for keyway fillet radius and

suggested key chamfer
38
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIAGMA 601O-F97
Annex C
(informative)
Illustrative examples
part of ANSVAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
Introduction np = 870 rpm

F = 2.00 in
The examples shown in this annex are based on the
assumption that the gear set is the minimum rated I = 0.192
component. In practice all component ratings must - 2(8*0015) - 4 001 in
d
be calculated to determine the lowest rated compo- 3+1 *
nents. Tables, figures and equation references are x, = 1.25 (see 2001, Eq. 23; vf = 911 ft/min and
taken from ANSVAGMA 2001-C95 and ANSI/ 12,=8)
AGMA 2003-A86. K, = 1.30 (see 2001, Eq. 36)
CP = 2300 [lb/inq0.5
C.l Uniform loading
kc = 180 000 lb/in2 (see 2001, table 3)
Calculate the application horsepower for the gears of N = 870 cycles/min (60 min/hr) (5000 hr)
a single reduction helical speed reducer used to = 2.61 x lo8 cycles
drive a uniformly loaded conveyor belt. The input
ZN = 1 -4488 (2.61 x 108)-o.023
shaft and pinion are driven by an 870 rpm motor. The = 0.9277 (see 2001, figure 17)
gear set is represented by the following data:
CH = 1 .O since gears are surface hardened
Item Pinion Gear P acu = 87o(2.00) 0.192

126 000 (1.30)(1.25) 2
Number of teeth 31 93
Diametral pitch, normal
Pressure angle, normal
Helix angle
8
20
15
4.001(180 000)(0.9277)
= 138 hp
2300 1
Face width, inch 2.00 Bending allowable power at unity service factor for
Material Grade 1 the pinion is calculated as follows:
Carburized Steel
n,d
Hardness 60 HRC P atu l FJsY
=m~K,K,
Center distance, inch 8.0015 d se: 2001, Eq. 28)
K, = 1.25
Both gear and pinion are standard addendum, cut = 1.30
K,
with standard pre-shave hobs, and shaved. Heat
JP = 0.5226
treat distortion is controlled to produce both gears as
pd = 8 cos 15 = 7.7274
AGMA Quality Level 8.
4s = 55 000 lb/in2 (see 2001, table 4)
The allowable horsepower of the gear set will be = 1.3558 (2.61 x 1 08)-o.0178
YN
determined for both surface pitting strength and root = 0.9602 (see 2001, figure 18)
bending strength. The application horsepower, PaI
870(4.001)
of the gear set will be the lesser of these allowable P an4 = 2.0;~g426)(55 000)
126000 (1.241.30) .
horsepowers. x (0.9602)= 121 hp
Surface pitting allowable power at unity service Bending allowable power at unity service factor for
factor: the gear is calculated as follows:
JG = 0.5664
P acu N = 2.61 x 1 OS cycles
(see 2001, Eq. 27) = 8.7 x 10 cycles
39
ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97
YN = 1.3558 (8.7x 107)-o.o78 = 0.9792 parts. Referring to figure 17 of ANSI/AGMA

2001 -C95, the life cycles for each of the three stress
p =870(4.001)
2*o;F$464) (55 000) levels can be found. These life cycles must be
ahl 126000 (1.25;jl.30) .
x (0.9792)= 134 hp combined using M iners Rule to determine the total
life hours of the pinion and gear for pitting resistance.
This gearset is lim ited by the root bending allowable
power of the pinion, 121 horsepower. To include the
1 .10 safety factor in bending (see 5.2)) increase the
service factor by 10%. Therefore:
SC = cp
J W&K&
Kn =f
do 7
(see 2001, Eq. 1)
k& = 1.25 x 1 .10 = 1.375 (see 2001, annex A, c, = 2300 [lb/in2]0.5
table A.2) & = 1.0
- 121 = 88 hp & = 1.14 (Q,,=Oand vt = 380 fpm)
pa - 1.375 & = 1.0
C.2 Variable loading
&I = 1.25
It is desired to use a gearset of existing design in a Cf = 1.0
new application which requires a life of 2000 hours.
This gear set will be used in an installation which has d = 2(5.5015) (&)=2.038 in
an overload factor of 1 .O by agreement between the
user and the manufacturer. The gear set will be I = 0.1995
subjected to the multi-load cycle of: w = 126 O O W
t
nPd
Percent w = 126 OOO(18.2)
il = 1580 Ibs
time used Input 712(2.038)
divided by power, Pinion w = 126000(38.7)
100, .q P speed, JQ t2 = 3360 Ibs
712(2.038)
0.90 18.2 hp 712 rpm =
42 720 rph w = 126000(54.0)
t3 = 4689 Ibs
712(2.038)
0.05 38.7 hp 712 rpm =
0.05 54.0 hp
42 720 rph
712 rpm = SC1 =2300 1580(1.25)(1.14)
J (2.038)(1.75)(0.1995)= 12' 381 Ibfin2
42 720 roh
Since this is an existing gearset, the following gear

data is given:
SC2= 2300
J 3360(1.25)(1.14)
(2.038)(1.75)(0.1995)
4689(1.25)(1.14)
= lg8 674'bh2
SC3 = 2300
Item Pinion Gear J (2.038)(1.75)(0.1995)= 222 886 IbIn
Number of teeth 15 66 As this is grade 2 carburized steel, sac = 225 000
Diametral pitch, normal 8 lb/in2 (see 2001, table 3).
~Pressure angle, normal 20
=129=O575O
Helix angle 20 Nl 225000 *
Outside diameter, inch 2.350 9.135
2, = ;z ;; = 0.8386
Face width, inch 1.750 1.750
Material Grade 2 4v3 = 222 = 0 -9906
Carburized steel 225000
IHardness
Center distance, inch
60 HRC
5.5015
Solving the equation 2, = 1.4488 Wo.o23 for
N, = = 2.87 x 1017cycles
N;
Both gears are AGMA quality level 8.

This gear set must be analyzed for both surface N
2
pitting strength and bending strength. The pitting
strength will be checked first by calculating the
N3 = 1.52 x 107cycles
contact stress value for each of the three duty cycle
40
The total number of hours of pitting resistance life for Lrl =

Y .I& w = 0.7566
the pinion is: b3
IId 03635000
= 1.0559
Solving the equation YN = 1.3558N-0.017*for N
N x 1032cycles
1
= 1.73 x 1014cycles
= 7111 hours
As YN3 > 1 .O,solve the equation YN = 6.151 4N-0.11g2
The total number of hours of pitting resistance life for for N;
the gear is:
= 3.96 x lo6 cycles
Life=[(m)+(m)
Life=[(m)+(w)
+ (m)r = 31311hours
+ (w)r = 1854hours
Both gears will exceed the required 2000 hours life in
pitting resistance. They must next be checked for As can be seen, this gear set will not reach the 2000
bending strength by calculating the bending stress hours life requirement, as the pinion teeth will
for each of the three duty cycle parts. The life cycles theoretically fracture at 1854 hours.
for each of the three stress levels can be found. C.3 Overload conditions
These life cycles must be combined using M iners
A pinion stand drive of the characteristics shown is
Rule to determine the total life hours of the pinion and
expected to be subjected to infrequent (less than
gear for root bending strength.
100) momentary overloads. Determine the maxi-
5F !&f!% (see 2001, Eq. 10) m u m peak momentary overload to which the gear
St = W&&K, J
set may be subjected without the teeth yielding.
K, = 1.0
d Kmy
& = 1.14 say KY 2 W,,,,-- F JK,t (see 2001, Eq. 45)
pd = 8 cos 20 = 7.5175 in-l Gear Set Data:

x, =l.O I? = 1.6
K, =1.25 pd = 3 in-
JP = 0.4182 F = 9.0 in
JG = 0.4360 d = 9.375 in
8& =l.O JP = 0.517
Material: Steel, 340 HB m in, therefore:
The stresses and total number of bending strength
life hours for the pinion are: say = 131 080 lb/in2 (see 2001, figure 16)
I$ = 0.75 (industrial practice)
$1 = (1.75)(0.4182)
1580(7.5175)(1.25)(1.14) = 23 127 lb/i,,2
K& =0.0144(g)+ 1.07 = 1.1996(see 2001, Eq. 46)
3;60(7.5175)(1.25)(1.14) = 4g 182 lb/i,,2
Solving Eq. 45 for Wmax:
St2 = (1.75)(0.4182)
(131080)(0.75) 1 Wmm($) (o(:;;$,
4689(7.5175)(1.25)(1.14) = 68 635 lb/in2
St3 = (1.75)(0.4182) 203 373 lb 2 Wi,
As this is grade 2 carburized steel, Q = 66 000 lb/in2 The maximum momentary peak overload allowable
(see 2001, table 4). is 203 373 Ibs. Converting this load to torque yields:
Wt d (203 372)(9.375)
= M = 0.3558 = 953 310 lb in
Nl T=2= 2
41
ANSIIAGMA 601 O-F97
C.4 Uniform loading

Cm=Km= [1.2+(F)](l.32)-1.584
Calculate the application horsepower for a spiral
bevel gear set, with the following data, used in a NOTE: TV = T- . ..(see 2003, Eq. 10.1)
single reduction right angle reducer used to drive a
p,, - 870 (3.75) 0.132(0.846)
uniform load at 870 rpm input, driving a uniform load:
126 000 1(1.584)(1)(1)(1.45)
2
item Pinion Gear 180 OOO(8.571)0.911(l)
Number of teeth 18 59 = 848 hp
2290(0.735) l(l)
Diametral pitch 2.1
Bending allowable power at unity service factor for
Pitch diameter, inch 8.571 28.095
the pinion is calculated as follows:
Face width, inch 3.75
Pressure angle 20" nPF JK,K,, Satd KL
Pat = -
Spiral angle 35" 126 000 KS Km Ka p, G
Mean cone distance, inch 12.811 . . . (see 2003, Eq. 5.8)
Cutter radius, inch 9.0
J = 0.271 (see 2003, appendix C)
Tooth taper Standard
Tool edge radius 12/pd K;=c,=O.846
Hardness (C&H) min. 55 HRC 55 HRC k&=&=1.584
Desian life 10 000 hrs S = 55 000 lb/in*
The application is considered to be general com- it =0.88 (see 2003, figure 2)
mercial. The gearset is manufactured to AGMA &=K~=&=1.0
quality 8 tolerances and is lapped. The gears are 0.279
crowned. One member is straddle mounted. = -1.156
4 = log&ill35")
...(see 2003, clause 12)
The surface pitting allowable power at unity service -1.156
factor is calculated as follows: Kx = k211 + 0.789 = 1.107
. ..(see 2003, Eq. 12.1)
K _ P-8 - 2-l.25) = l 330

s- 1.2
. ..(see 2003, Eq. 5.4)
870(3.75) 0.271 (1.107)(0.846)
!P = 870 rpm pat = 126000 1.330 (1.584)(l)
vt =1950fpm
x 55000(8.571) -0.880 = 616 hp
I = 0.132 (see 2003, appendix C) 2.1 l(l)
C,=Cf=C,=CH=CT=CR=l.o C.5 Thermal example
Cmf = 1.32 (see 2003, table 2) Calculate the thermal rating of a two stage helical
gear reducer operating at 1780 rpm input in a
Cxc = 1.5 (see 2003, clause 11)
counterclockwise direction of rotation. The ambient
Sac = 180 000 lb/in* air temperature is a maximum of 100F and the
cp = 2290 (lb/in2)0.5 reducer sump temperature shall be limited to 200F.
=0.735
The unit will be operated in a large indoor space,
cb
located at sea level, where the air velocity will
- 8
--55000
' - 20.5(S)
125
30x106+30x106
= 0.385 exceed 275 FPM. The gear reducer is splash
lubricated with IS0 220 weight mineral oil, and is
...(see 2003, Eq. 8.4) subjected to continuous operation. The starting
K, = 85- lO(O.385)= 81.146 point depends upon experience. The final iterative
. ..(see 2003, Eq. 8.2) solution is shown for this example.
0.385
The solution for the thermal rating of a gear reducer
c, =
81.146 = 0.846 involves balancing the heat generated under operat-
81.146 + @%
. ..(see 2003, Eq. 8.1) ing conditions with the heat dissipation capability of
42
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIJAGMA 601 O-F97
the gear case. Since the heat generated under Table C.l - Bearing operating conditions and
operating conditions consists of both load depen- iecimetry
nput shaft
dent and non-load dependent losses, the solution
becomes iterative. Shaft speed, rpm (?Zb) 1780
Bearing #l
The final iterative value for this example is based on Outside diameter (4) 5.875 in
105 hp. Bore diameter (4) 3.000 in
Bearing K-factor (KS) 1.61
C.5.1 Calculate heat generation Bearing length through bore (8) 2.135 in
Mean roller diameter (&) 3.66 in
C.5.1.1 Bearing power losses, Pw and IJ.VB Equivalent radial load (IV) 1182 lb
Bearing #2
The reducer is equipped with tapered roller bearings Outside diameter (4) 4.063 in
on each shaft. The forces on each bearing must be Bore diameter (4) 1.938 in
calculated based on the assumed thermal rating of Bearing K-factor (KS) 1.97
105 hp. Using simple beam equations, the forces on Bearing length through bore (8) 1.751 in
each bearing can be solved. Please note that the Mean roller diameter (DR) D.48 in
forces listed are the equivalent radial loads and Equivalent radial load (IV) 1008 lb
include the combined effects of both radial and thrust Intermediate shaft
loads on each shaft. Shaft speed, rpm (Q) 1483
Bearing #3
Table C.l gives both the operating and geometric Outside diameter (4) 5.000 in
characteristics for each bearing that is necessary for Bore diameter (4) 2.125 in
calculating bearing power losses.
Bearing length through bore (6) 2.063 in
The bearing power losses must be calculated for
Mean roller diameter (&) D.66 in
each bearing individually and then summed for the
Equivalent radial load (w) 2367 lb
total bearing power loss.
Bearing #4
The load dependent power losses for each bearing Outside diameter (4) 4.813 in
are calculated using equations 10 and 11. The load Bore diameter (4) 2.625 in
dependent losses for bearing #l follows: Bearing K-factor (KS) 1.73
Bearing length through bore (5) 1.510 in
Calculate rolling torque, Tb, using equation 11. The Mean roller diameter (&) 0.58 in
coefficient of friction, fb, comes from table 2. Equivalent radial load (IV) 1477 lb
Output shaft
T -fbwJ + 4) Shaft speed, rpm (a) 349
b- 4 Bearing #5
Outside diameter (4) 8.375 in
T _ (0.0018)(1182) (5.875 + 3.000) Bore diameter (4) 4.500 in
b- 4
Tb = 4.72 lb in Bearing length through bore (8) 2.625 in
Mean roller diameter (&) 0.92 in
Next calculate the power loss, PB, for bearing #l Equivalent radial load (IV) 2433 lb
using equation 10. Bearing #6
Outside diameter (4) 6.375 in
Tbnb
Bore diameter (4) 3.000 in
pB = 63025
Bearing K-factor (IQ) 1.46
pB _ (4.72) (1780) Bearing length through bore (8) 2.169 in
63025 Mean roller diameter (&) 0.66 in
PB = 0.133 hp Equivalent radial load (IV) 1618 lb
43
ANSVAGMA 601O-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
In a like fashion the torques and power losses can be Now solve for the non-load dependent (windage and
calculated for bearings #2 through #6. churning) losses, Pm, for bearing #l using equation
24.
Torques (Tb) d2, n2 B COS3ag D,
Bearing #2 2.72 lb in P,= ...(24)
126000 x (0.78)A
Bearing #3 7.59 Ibin where:
Bearing #4 4.94 lb in
Bearing #5 14.10 lb in do + d.
dm = --+
Bearing #6 6.82 lb in
Power losses (PB) dm = 5.875 ; 3.000 = 4.4375in
Bearing #2 0.077 hp P -
Bearing #3 0.179 hp (4~~)2(1780)2(2.135)(cos13.580)3(0.66)
Bearing #4 0.116 hp (126 OOO)(n)(O.78)(1403)
Bearing #5 0.078 hp
Bearing #6 0.038 hp
PwB= 0.186hp
In a like fashion the non-load dependent losses,
The total load dependent power loss is the sum of the Pm, can be calculated for bearings #2 through #6.
six individual bearing load dependent power losses.
I Power losses (PWB) 1
Bearing #2 0.052 hp
; (PB), = 0.133 + 0.077 + 0.179 + 0.116 Bearing #3 0.083 hp
II= 1 Bearing #4 0.057 hp
+ 0.078 + 0.038 = 0.621 hp Bearing #5 0.026 hp
The non-load dependent losses for bearings are Bearing #6 0.008 hp
calculated only for tapered roller bearings. For all The total non-load dependent power loss is the sum
other styles of bearings, the non-load dependent of the six individual bearing non-load dependent
losses are included in the load dependent loss power losses.
calculation.
The non-load dependent losses for each bearing ; = 0.186 + 0.052 + 0.083 + 0.0
(Pm)
are calculated using equations 23, 24 and 25 or 26. ?Z= 1 ; 0.026 + 0.008 = 0.412hp
The non-load dependent losses for bearing #1 are
C.5.1.2 Gearing power losses, P M and PWG
calculated as follows:
The mesh power loss, PM, must be calculated based
First solve for the arrangement constant, A, using on the assumed thermal rating of 105 hp since the
equation 23. Since it was stated that the reducer is coefficient of friction is dependent upon the contact
lubricated using IS0 220 m ineral oil and since the load factor, K. Table C.2 which follows provides the
maximum oil sump temperature is 200 F, then the gear geometry characteristics which must be deter-
absolute oil viscosity at maximum oil sump tempera- m ined prior to calculating the gearing power losses,
ture will be 16 centipoises. PM and %o.
A-22440
-- The gearing power losses must be calculated for
..,
CP each mesh individually and then summed for the
total gear power loss.
A = y = 1403
The load dependent power losses for each mesh are
Next solve for the cup angle, a~, for the bearing. calculated using equation 12. Equations 13 through
Since the cup angle was expressed in this example 17 are also required to calculate some of the factors
as a "K-factor", KS, use equation 26. used in equation 12.
The load dependent losses for the first stage follow:
The first step is to calculate the mesh mechanical
advantage, M , using equation 15. This calculation
. .426) requires the solution of the sliding ratio at the start of
aB
approach, H,, equation 16, and the sliding ratio at the
aB = 13.58" end of recess, Ht, equation 17.
Table C.2 - Gear geometry characteristics Sliding ratio at start of approach:
=irst stage
Pinion teeth Np =30 Hs=(mG+l)[(g - cos2&~- h&]
Gear teeth &=36
Gear ratio mG= 1.20 0.5
Center distance = 7.250 in II, = (1.20 + 1) cm2 24.62721
Transverse operating &, =24.62721"
pressure angle
- sin24.62721] = 0.242 . ..(16)
Pinion outside radius r0 = 3.509 in
Gear outside radius & =4.155 in Sliding ratio at end of recess:
Pinion operating pitch radius r, = 3.295 in
Gear operating pitch radius & = 3.955 in
Pinion speed, rpm np =1780
Pinion torque Tp =3718Ibin
Effective face Fe = 1.750 in
Pitch fine velocity V = 3071 fpm
Operating helix angle wy = 19.77250
- sin24.62721"] = 0.253
Pinion operating pitch d,,, = 6.591 in
diameter
Mesh mechanical advantage:
Gear operating pitch D, = 7.909 in
diameter M = 2-hv(H, + 4)
Pinion total face Ft = 2.125 in
fe+H:
Gear total face Ft = 1.750 in 2cos24.62721"(0.242 0.253)
M = +
. ..(15)
Normal diametral pitch ptl =5 0.2422 +0.2532
second stage M = 7.342
Pinion teeth Np =12 The second step is to calculate the mesh coefficient
Gear teeth N~=51 of friction, fm, using equation 13. This calculation
Gear ratio w = 4.25 also requires the solution of the contact load factor,
Center distance = 7.250 in K, using equation 14.
Transverse operating +,+, = 23.74476"
pressure angle Contact load factor:
Pinion outside radius r, = 1.670 in
K _ TP(NP +NG)
Gear outside radius & = 6.040 in
Pinion operating pitch radius 2 F (6) NG
r,.,, = 1.381 in
3718(30 + 36)
Gear operating pitch radius & = 5.869 in K= . ..(14)
2(1.750)(3.295)'(36)
Pinion speed, rpm np =1483
Pinion torque Tp = 4372 lb in K = 179.3 lb/in2
Effective face Fe = 5.000 in Mesh coefficient of friction:
Pitch line velocity V = 1073 fpm
Operating helix angle
f m = I@-35
wy = 8.30276" c, vo.23
Pinion operating pitch d, =2.762 in
diameter 179.30-35
ftn = . ..(13)
Gear operating pitch D, = 11.738 in (80.1)(3071)-23
diameter
fm = 0.012
Pinion total face 4 = 6.040 in
Gear total face Ft = 5.000 in where:
Normal diametral pitch PFl = 4.5 Cl (from table 3) = 80.1
45
Now calculate the load dependent mesh power loss: The total non-load dependent power loss for the
gears and pinions:
fm Tp np ~09 V W
P,=
63025 M
p = (0.012)(3718)(1780)cos2 19.72250" ; (PwG), = 0.276 + 0.227 + 0.124 + 0.102
M 63 025(7.342) n=l
PM = 0.152hp ...(12) 4
c (P&n = 0.729 hp
In a like fashion, using the same equations, the load n=l --
dependent losses for the second stage of gearing
can be calculated: C.5.1.3 Oil seal power loss, Ps
The gear reducer in this example has a single
H, = 0.356 extended input shaft with a single 3.000 inch
Ht = 0.479 diameter BUNA-N oil seal and a single extended
M = 4.292 output shaft with a single 4.500 inch BUNA-N oil
= 283 lb/in2 seal. The input shaft rotates at 1780 rpm and the
i = 0.018 output shaft rotates at 349 rpm.
P M = 0.425 hp
Equation 18 is used to calculate the oil seal power
The total load dependent power loss is the sum of the losses.
two individual gear stage load dependent power
losses: Input shaft oil seal power loss:
Tsn
" = 63025
;: P M ),= 0.152 + 0.425 Ts (from figure 1) = (0.536)(3)
n=l
T, = 1.608 lb in ...(18)
p = (1.608)(1780)
i PM), = 0.577hp S
63025
n=l ps = 0.045hp
The non-load dependent losses (windage and In a like fashion the oil seal power loss for the output
churning), PWG, for the gearing are calculated for shaft can be calculated to be:
each gear and pinion individually using equations 19 P, = 0.013hp
and 20 and then summed for the total non-load
The total oil seal power loss for the gear reducer is:
dependent gear loss. Note that the arrangement
constant, A, equation 23, is the same value as was
previously calculated for the bearings. Ii (Ps)n = 0.045 + 0.013
n=l
Non-load dependent loss for the first stage pinion:
2
d$, n2 Ft cm3 I),.,, 2 (Ps)n = 0.058 hp
P,= n=l
126 000 P,A
(6.591)2(1780)2(2.125) cos3 19.77250
C.5.1.4 Total heat generated, PV
P wP=
(126 000)(5)(1403) The total heat generated, Pv, in the gear drive is the
total of the load dependent losses, PL, and the
PUT = 0.276hp ...(20)
non-load dependent losses, PN. Use equations 2,3,
In a like fashionthe non-load dependent losses can 8 and 9 to total the heat generated, fi, as follows:
be calculated for the other gears and pinions in the 6 2
gear train:
PL = c w, + 2 PM),
First stage gear 0.227 hp n=l n=l
Second stage pinion 0.124 hp PL = 0.621 + 0.577 ...(8)
Second stage gear 0.102 hp PL = 1.198hp
46
PN = ps + CPWC + CPWB + cpp PL = CPB + CPM and additional assumptions

PN = 0.058 + 0.729 + 0.412 + 0 ...(9) made for the thermal rating until such time as
PN = 1.199 hp PV=PQ.
PV=PL +PN C.5.3 Efficiency, q

Pv = 1.198 + 1.199 ...(3)
Pv = 2.397 hp The efficiency is calculated using equation 6.
C.5.2 Heat dissipation, PQ L +N
rl = 100 - x 100
The gear reducer has a cast iron gear case with a PA
surface available for heat transfer of 21.8 ft2 . The rl
= 1oo- 1.198 + 1.199
105 x 1oo . ..(6)
heat dissipation is calculated using equation 30.
?j = 97.717%
PQ =A, kAT ...(30)
4 = 21.8 ft2 The thermal capacity of the gear drive is calculated
k (from table 4) = 0.0011hp/(ft2 OF) using equation 7.
AT = 100F
PQ = (21.8)(0.0011)(100) P, = pQ
PQ = 2.398 hp
Since the gear drive is in thermal equilibrium, 2.398
P, =
.,-(7)
PQ = Pv, the assumed thermal rating of 105 hp 1 97.717
becomes the calculated thermal capacity, PT. if 100
through this calculation method, PV # PQ then P, = 105 hp
another assumption must be made for the thermal Note that the calculated thermal power rating, PT, is
rating. This new assumption must be used to the same value as the assumed thermal power rating
recalculate the load dependent losses, under conditions of thermal equilibrium.
47
ANSI/AGMA 6010-F97
48
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIJAGMA601O-F97
Annex D
(informative)
Test and inspection procedures
phe foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and shouldnot be construedas a
part of ANWAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringboneand Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
D.l Purpose Racks only as Unassembled Gears, 1980, Part II I,

Section 9, Tooth Contact Pattern and ANSVAGMA
This annex covers the testing and inspection proce- 2000-A88, Gear Classification and Inspection
dures for assembled gear drives. individual compo- Handbook - Tolerances and Measuring Methods for
nent inspection and process control are beyond the Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including
scope of this standard. Metric Equivalents), 1988, Appendix D, Contact
When testing of the gear drive is required, the drive Pattern Check.
should be properly mounted for running the test in The percentage of tooth contact will vary depending
the intended operating position to ensure that all upon the loading of the gears, but the pattern
facets of the assembly are correct. Under normal test obtained even under a no load condition will provide
conditions the gear drive is connected by coupling or the manufacturer with important information.
belt drive to an electric motor that is available for the
purpose at the manufacturers test facility. The D.2.2 Backlash
following applies to only those gear drives which are Backlash in gears is the clearance or play between
lubricated in accordance with manufacturers rec- mating tooth surfaces. The backlash will be a
ommendations and tested in a system of connected function of the tolerances on tooth thickness, runout,
rotating parts. During testing, the system should be lead, profile, center distance, and by the tempera-
free from critical speeds, torsional vibrations and ture differences between the housing and the gears.
overloads as tested at the gear drive manufacturers Functional backlash is the backlash at the tightest
facility. point of mesh on the pitch circle in a direction normal
D.2 Inspection of the assembled gear drive to the tooth surfaces when the gears are mounted in
their assembled positions.
The correct mating of a gear set depends not only on
the accuracy of the gear teeth, but also on the Backlash is typically measured with feeler gauges or
position and the alignment of the gear axes relative dial indicators normal to the gear tooth for a given
to each other. The components, having been fully mesh.
approved prior to assembly, are assembled, and Circumferential backlash of the assembled unit with
proper tooth contact, backlash and bearing settings gears other than spur gears should take into account
are verified. the axial float of the shafts involved.
D.2.1 Tooth contact inspection D.2.3 Rolling element bearings
Checking the tooth contact pattern (tooth bearing When rolling element bearings are used, the manu-
area) is frequently an important test of the gear drive facturer, based on his experience, the application,
and is of special value when gears have been and the recommendations of his bearing supplier,
mounted in a housing, because the test will indicate if will determine the type of bearings and their settings.
the helix and pressure angles and the resultant base Assembly procedures normally require a tolerance
pitch of the mating gears meet the specified require- to be established for the desired setting. An
ments and achieve optimal gear performance. The incorrectly set bearing can be a source of damage for
pinion profiles are generally coated with a marking the gear drive. Bearing end play may be set one
compound and then rotated in mesh with the mating shaft at a time and finally checked when both end
gear, and the resulting tooth pattern can be docu- cover plates are bolted in place with the required
mented. See AGMA 390.03a, AGM4 Handbook - shims. End play should be checked to ensure
Gear Classification, Materials and Measuring Meth- compliance with the specification. Full end play is
ods for Bevel, Hypoid, Fine Pitch Wormgearing and typically measured with the shaft moved all the way
49
ANSI/AGMA WlO-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
in one direction and then moved fully in the other Features such as oil tightness, noise level, tempera-
direction. Total movement is the end play. ture rise, axial and radial play of input and output
shafts, contact pattern of the gear meshes, and
0.3 Testing procedure
lubrication system may be checked and recorded at
For the purpose of a running test the following this time.
conditions would apply.
CAUTION: It is recommended that gear drives not be
D.3.1 Speed tested with loads in excess of gear unit rating, since
such practice will reduce the design life of the unit.
A gear drive intended for service at a single speed
shall be tested at that speed unless otherwise D.3.4 Lubrication system performance
agreed upon between gear manufacturer and
The lube system must be checked for adequacy at
purchaser. The test speeds of a gear unit intended
certified speed or at both ends of speed range if the
for service over a range of operating speeds shall
speed is variable:
span the range of operating speeds, unless other-
wise negotiated between the manufacturer and the - On splash systems, the oil level must be high
purchaser. The direction of rotation during the test enough to lubricate all components. It must not be
shall be the same as that intended in service, if unnecessarily high because sound and heat will
known. be generated;
D.3.2 Loading - On pressure lube systems, oil lines, troughs,
gauges, pumps, filters, etc., must be checked for
Gear drives may be operated with or without load at performance and any leakage. Flow, pressure,
the gear manufacturers discretion unless specific and temperature are to be recorded at regular
test loads are agreed upon and included as a part of intervals.
the purchase contract. In individual cases, espe-
cially where unusually high speeds or power are D.3.5 General
involved, alternate operating conditions may be - Any deviations from any applicable specifica-
negotiated. tions on the certified print will be noted on the test
CAUTION: It is recommended that gear drives not be report;
tested with loads in excess of unit rating, since such
- All deficiencies such as oil leaks, excessive
practice will reduce the design life of the unit.
sound level, vibration, abnormal temperature
D.3.3 Test requirements rise, and insufficient tooth contact must be
The duration of the running test will be decided by the corrected before the gear drive is shipped;
drive manufacturer unless a specific time has been - The ratio should be verified along with the as-
contractually agreed upon between manufacturer sembly, shaft extension details, and direction of
and purchaser. rotation.
50
Annex E
(informative)
Owner responsibilities
rheforeword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a
part of ANSVAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bezel Enclosed Drives.]
This annex lists which applicable items must be - Furnish and install adequate machinery
considered and properly provided for by the owner. guards as needed to protect operating personnel
and as required by the applicable standards of the
Many different types of units for widely varying Occupational Safety and Health Administration
applications are covered by this standard. This (OSHA), and by other applicable safety
section, which is arranged as a checklist, is intended regulations;
to act as a guide. Specific items should be applied as
- Ensure that driving equipment is running in
appropriate for the particular unit for the specific
the correct direction before coupling to gear drive
application. designed to operate in a specific direction.
E.l Specifications E.4 Start-up
Owner has the responsibility to specify to the - Ensure that switches, alarms, heaters, cool-
manufacturer such items as the required loads and ers and other safety and protection devices are
the operating environment. installed and operational for their intended pur-
poses;
E.2 Storage and handling
- On a unit equipped with a separately driven
- Proper storage of unit until installed; lubrication pump, run the pump and check out the
- Proper preservation of the unit until it is lubrication system prior to starting the unit;
placed into service; - Fill the unit or sump to proper level with
- Proper handling of the unit: correct lubricant before starting drive. Refill as
necessary immediately after starting the unit;
- safety of personnel comes first;
- Ensure that all grease points have received
- lift only at adequate lifting points; the proper amount of grease.
- protect the mounting surface from E.5 Operation and maintenance
damage.
- Operate the equipment as it was intended to
E.3 Installation be operated:
- Proper installation of unit on an adequate - do not overload;
foundation:
- run at correct speed.
- adequately supported; - Maintain lubricant in good condition and at
- securely bolted into place; proper level;
- properly leveled so as not to distort the - Dispose of used lubricant in accordance with
gear case. applicable laws and regulations;
- Properly install couplings suitable for the - Apply proper amount of grease to specified
application and connected equipment; locations at prescribed intervals;
- Ensure accurate alignment with other - Perform periodic maintenance of the gear
equipment; drive as recommended by the manufacturer.
51
52
AMERICAN NATIONALSTANDARD ANSIjAGMA 601 O-F97
Annex F
(informative)
Gear tooth mesh losses for bevel gears
part of ANSVAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
The following procedure for determining the heat

generated by bevel gears is a new procedure;
therefore, it is recommended that testing be included
to verify results.
The following equations can be used to estimate the
gear tooth mesh losses, Pm, for bevel gears. See
figures F.l and F.2 for either taper or untform depth
tooth.
Figure F.2 - Taper depth tooth
where
4 is transverse pressure angle.
&= tan-* g$
( )
4) is normal pressure angle.
Figure F.1 - Uniform depth tooth For bevel gearing, pitch line velocity, v, used in
equation 13, is calculated at large end of tooth.
...(F.1) The K-factor is given by the equation:
where K = TP (NP + 47) . ..(F.2)
fm is coefficient of friction (see equation 13); 2F rj$, NC
TP is pinion torque, lb in; where

9 is pinion speed, rpm; Np is the number of pinion teeth;
q is mean spiral angle, degrees;
No is the number of gear teeth;
M is mesh mechanical advantage.
F is face width in contact with mating element,
M =
2 cm cPr
(& + 4) in;
e+e rm is mean reference radius, pinion, in.
53
ANSI/AGYA 6010-F97 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
The values for Hs and Hr are: r is pitch radius, in;

AtI is mean cone distance, in;
& is outer cone distance, in;
Y is reference cone angle.
L
...(F.3)J The equivalent gear ratio can be calculated as:
emG . .. F.6)
meG = snp
r&m = G m + &I . ..(F.7)
...(F.4) where
where am is mean addendum, at m id-face, in.
w is equivalent gear ratio; If the addendum at outer end and the face angle are
known, the addendum at m id-face can be calculated
re,,,p is equivalent mean reference radius, pinion,
as:
in;
r,,G is equivalent mean reference radius, gear, a,=a - F tduo - Y)
in; 2
where
reo,,pis equivalent tip radius at m id-face width,
pinion, in; F is face width, in;
reO,,,Gisequivalent tip radius at m id-face width, a is addendum at outer end, in;
gear, in. is face angle; for uniform depth teeth y. = y;
Yo
The equation for equivalent mean reference radius is reference cone angle.
Y
is given by:
Equations F.5, F.7 and F.8 are to be calculated for
Am r . ..(FS) both pinion and gear member using respective pitch
rem =
Ao CQSY radius, r; pitch angle, y; mean addendum, h; and
where face angle, yo.
54
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSVAGMA 6010-F97
Bibliography
part of ANSIJAGMA 6010-F97, Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives.]
1. Townsend, Dennis P., Dudleys Gear Hand- 5. ANSIIAGMA 6032-A88, Standard for Marine
book, Second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, Gear Units: Rating.
1992.
6. Winter, H. and Michaelis, K., Scoring Load
Capacity of Gears Lubricated with EP-Oils,
2. The Timken Company: Bearing Torque, Heat
AGMA Technical Paper P219.17.
Generation and Operating Temperature.
7. Dudley, Dane E.: Solar Test Report, by M.
3. Palmgren, Dr. Eng.: Ball Roller Bearing Engi- Dunn (also ANSI/AGMA 6032-A94, equation
neering, Third Edition. 9.19).
8. Rubber Manufacturers Association: Techni-
4. Eschmann, Hasbargen Ball
and Weigand,
cal Bulletin OS-l 5.
Roller Bearings, Theory, Design and Application,
Second edition, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chi- 9. McAdams, William H., Heat Transmission,
Chester, 1985. Third Edition, Chapter 9.
55
ANSI/AGMA 601 O-F97
56

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U/AGMA 6010- F97

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Standard for Spup;Helical, Herringbone

Approved October 2,1997

American Gear Manufacturers Association

Copyright 0 1997 by American Gear Manufacturers Association

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic

Printed in the United States of America

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical, Herringbone and/or Spiral Bevel

Chairman: W.P. Crosher .................... Flender Corporation

R.L.Cragg ................................ Consultant

J.F. Alison, III ............................. Steward Machine Company, Inc.

(This page is intentionally left blank.)

American National Standard - I .4 Exceptions

Table 1 - Symbols used in equations

The allowable stress numbers taken from ANSI/ - unity rating;

4.3 Application of unit rating The determination of efficiency is dependent on

Cf = 1 .O, surface condition factor; CS = 1 .O, size factor;

SH = 1 .O, safety factor; G = 1 .O, external dynamic factor;

K7 = 1 .O, overload factor; C,, is the dynamic factor (see 5.1.2.2);

Maintaining an acceptable temperature in the oil 6.2 Service conditions

F is the face width in contact with mating

M=2~s~w(H,+~J ..#.(15) iii

For tapered roller bearings only: where

PThm =pT&ef&B~ BTBD . ..(31)

Table 7 - Ambient air velocity modifier, BV

Table 8 - Altitude modifier, BA 7 Component design

7.4 Keys 7.6.1 Types

7.4.2 Allowance for interference fit 7.6.2 Selection and application

8 Service factors - Type of prime mover. Differenttypes of prime

8.3.2.1 Vibration analysis - Lubrication. Any lubricant not in accordance

Rotational direction of both high and low speed Side End

Plan views LR-LR Plan views

14.1 Foundation Follow the manufacturers instructions for axial

14.3.2.3 Shrink disc mounting. Pinions, sprockets and sheaves should

Clearance or interference fits for coupling hubs 14.5.3.4 Checking alignment

(This page is intentionally left blank)

A.1 Purpose applications be agreed upon by the user and the

Table A.2 (continued)

Table A-2 (continued)

Table A-2 (continued)

Table A-2 (continued)

Table A-2 (continued)

Table A-2 (concluded)

B.l Purpose B.2 Keys

Table B.2 - Values for keyway fillet radius and

Introduction np = 870 rpm

Item Pinion Gear P acu = 87o(2.00) 0.192

YN = 1.3558 (8.7x 107)-o.o78 = 0.9792 parts. Referring to figure 17 of ANSI/AGMA

Since this is an existing gearset, the following gear

Both gears are AGMA quality level 8.

The total number of hours of pitting resistance life for Lrl =

pd = 8 cos 20 = 7.5175 in-l Gear Set Data:

C.4 Uniform loading

K _ P-8 - 2-l.25) = l 330

Table C.2 - Gear geometry characteristics Sliding ratio at start of approach:

PN = ps + CPWC + CPWB + cpp PL = CPB + CPM and additional assumptions

PV=PL +PN C.5.3 Efficiency, q