Ballistic

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation
College of Criminal Justice Education
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction:
Reading is the process of making and getting meaning from
printed word symbol. It is the magic key to the world of enlightenment and
enjoyment. It is the basic tool for learning in all subject areas

Reading enables man to ponder to the mysteries of the world,
explore accumulated knowledge and contemplate the unknown. From this
search, he begins to uncover some answer to question he is stimulated to
raise more question and to continue the pursuit for deeper understanding. It
can be one of man’s ingredients for blending his inner psychological world
with the outer social world and emerging into a new world of thought,
imagination and reality.
According to bond and tinker, reading and recognition of printed
or written symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall of meaning built up
through the readers past experiences.

College student are required to do a great deal of reading
because reading stimulates and develops the mind and, at the same time,
give the student a rich fund of ideas. It is probably true that the most college
student do not read with sufficient understanding. Much of their reading is
neither accurate no effective.

It is for this reason that the researcher come to think and conduct a study on
“Difficulties on Developing Reading Skill” encountered by the freshmen
student of Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation.

The primary purpose this study is to find out the difficulties on
developing reading skills and to suggest solution to the problem, resources
of the school specific learning objectives, which up-to-date and up graded in
professional approach in reading difficulties, Parents. They will be motivated
to help and augment their supports to the program of the school and to
improve the reading skill of their Student. Furthermore, they will be
encouraged to be a part of their Student’s. Endeavor toward the
development of the reading skill.
Reading has a vital role in our acquisition for knowledge. It is the main
deepest pleasure for it enables him to know the mystery of the world.
An individual is considered a full man only when he is endowed with
the ability to read a wide variety of material. By the power of reading, he
ripens his horizons and frees himself from the bondage of ignorance and
retardation. Therefore one who is handicapped in reading his deprived of a
wonderful medium of learning.

According to James Lowell, reading is the key which admits us to the
world of thoughts and fancy and imagination, it enables’ us to see with the
keenest eye, hear with the finest ear and listen to the sweetest voice of all
times.
Learners do a great of serious interpretative reading during the period
of refinement or growth in the skill. Reading becomes a tool for study in their
subject, lessons will vary with the learners need and the teachers purpose,
hence there will be practice in the finer skill like wide reading for pleasure
doing research for solution to problems in the science, social studies,

mathematics and practical arts, or reading orally to entertain others, more
independent reading not only in the classroom but also in the library will
enhanced if the learner has acquired adequate skills in using general
reference books.
Comprehension requires the fusion of meaning of separate words into
a chain of related ideas, on the literal level, one reads to understand the
passage, its main thoughts specific details, sequence and direction to be
followed. The implied level involves purpose, tone and feelings. These skills
help the reader to grasp the total meaning of the passage.

Reading should be considered not as a child’s preparation for living. It
is, itself, an experience for him to living one of the man’s greatest
achievement is the ability to put printed or written words into writing, such
as reading which is not simply a process where one identities the vocal
representation is graphic symbols, likewise, it entails meaning from a printed

page, brought about by correct understanding and correct interpretation of
the message and the intention of the writer.

Ironically, present day situations where student are not adopt with the
reading skill, thus resulted to graduates who are unproductive. It is this
respect that the school seeks to create civilization of responsible people who
can cope with the ever changing demand of society and who can face
multiple problem and responsibilities.

In the classroom scene, student are supposed to be competent in
reading, first is skimming, a reading technique use to understand the entire
selection, likewise the authors sense and purpose, scanning to identify
significant factual data-names dates, quotes, definitions, completely and
accurately, finding the main idea is reading is a reading technique to know

the authors point of view, reading comprehension must be the consideration
of all readers. It is ability of readers to understand and interpret ideas and
give meaning to printed words, reading is a basic skin according to Ron Cry’s
“How to study program “. It is one of the most valuable skills a person can
acquire, reading is not merely an ability to recognize written or printed

words, but is also refers to putting to what you read and drawing a unified
thought of what is reading is read .
Effective reading means reading with speed accuracy and
comprehension, usually we reading this speed is careful reading necessary in
reading unfamiliar material, average speed reading, this king of speed is

used in reading textbook, novels, newspaper and other material where the
reader has already some familiarity with the subject matter. Fast for rapid
reading this selective read also entails accuracy in comprehension as well as
certain amount of retention of the material read.

Most student who have reading problem struggling to decode them
and perhaps because of their difficulties with the decoding aspects of
reading they comprehend what they read very poorly. They often resist
reading and consider, confronted by this situation the researcher would dig
the reading difficulties encountered by the freshmen criminology student of
Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation SY 2009-2010.
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
School Administrators, The result of this study may provide them the
valuable data which they could utilize in the preparation of their plan of
action relative to the improvement of classroom instruction.

Future Researcher, This study will serve as a pattern to future researchers in
making a research paper and may adopt as related study. It will help them to
find facts and data on the reading difficulties of respondents.
The researcher themselves, this serve as a useful tool in improving the
researcher of their reading skills.

Statement of the Problem:
This study determines the reading difficulties of the freshmen
criminology student of Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation.

Specially, it seeks to answer the following question:
1. What factors affect the respondent’s interest in reading?
2. What reading difficulties of freshmen Criminology students?

3. What measures are to be undertaken to help students overcome
their reading difficulties?
Basic Assumption
This study is premised the researcher advanced the following
assumption:
1. There is profile of the respondents according to their age and
gender
2. First year criminology student encounter difficulties on improving
reading skills.
3. There are factors that affect their love for reading.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significance to the following:
[Students] They learn more from this research on how their reading skills
improve.
[Parents] They also has a big help to support their children in improving their
reading skill and abilities.
[School Facilitators] The result of this study may provide them an important
data which they could make a preparation of their plan of action due to the
improvement of class discussion.

[Future Researcher] This study will serve as a pattern and guide to future
researcher in making their research paper. They many use it as related
studies.
[Researchers] This serves as powerful tools in improving and enhancing
skills.
Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the reading difficulties of freshmen criminology
student of Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation during the school year
2009-2010.
Hypothesis
There is no such kind of reading difficulties when the student is
pursuing their capabilities in reading.
Definition of Terms
Some of the term are defined conceptually and operationally enable
them to understand it well.
{Difficulties} A hindrances and hardness to be done, understand.
{Encountered} To meet and to come upon.

{Students} It refers to the respondents belonging to this study.
Reading. It refers to the process of making and getting meaning form printed
words symbols.
{Researcher} An individual who conducting a research.

For making this study understandable to the prospective leaders, the
following terms are hereby defined.
Develop. It means to change and grow

Difficulties. These refer to something not easily done or something that is
hard to do, understand, or deal with.
Encounter. It means to meet somebody unexpectedly

Factors. Something that contributes to or has an influence on the outcome of
something
Reading. The process of identifying and understanding the meaning of the
characters and the word in written or printed material

Skill. These refer to the ability to do something well.
Stimuli. These refer to an agent or factor that provokes interest, enthusiasm,
or excitement
Respondents. They are the freshmen students enrolled in College of
Criminology
ENDNOTES
1. Villainy, Araceli M. et al; “developmental Reading” Phoenix publishing
House, Inc. 2001 p.1
2. Newly Reversely Webster’s Dictionary of the American language,
Dictionary Ottenheimer Publish, Inc. 2002 p.2

New Webster’s Dictionary, Lexicon Publication, Inc 2008
3. Araccli M. Villamin, et al Development Reading Manila; phoenix Publishing
Inc. 2001.P. 3
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This part is the representation of all gathered review of related
literature and studies,they were gathered from existing books, previous

study other printed materials as well as the internet to support the existing
study.
Related literature
Hank (2000) defines the year read as to comprehend the meaning of
something written or printed by looking at and interpreting the written or
printed characters.
Bond and Tinker ( 2009) define reading as “ to recognition of printed or
written symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall of meaning built up
through the reader’s past experience”.
According to http:// www. Related literature.com/ Nancy Williams
(2002) her book provides a description and analysis of 180 children’s

literature selection for struggling readers that include picture, books poetry
and nonfiction.
Related studies
Bacalla, et al; (2005) in their study “ Difficulties in English Subject
Encountered by first year criminology students of Our Lady of Lourdes

College Foundation” found out that students must perform managed reading
system. It is the exposure and application of what they learn to attain better
communication skills. Good study habits should be developed among student
to acquire optimum learning of the students.

Ebron , et al; (2002) in their study “ Reading Difficulties encountered
by first year criminology students of Nueva Cajseris Naga, Camarines Sur”
their finding revealed the reading difficulties of first year student were;
understanding the context synthesizing a particular selection of any literacy
piece.
Acquino et. al (2003) in their study “Reading difficulties encountered
by first year criminology of Ateneo de Naga.Naga Camarines Sur” their
finding revealed that the reading difficulties of first year student were getting
the main idea, logical organization and inability to expand vocabulary. They
recommended that parent should supervise their children’s while studying at
home and encourage them to go to school regularly.

Benjamunde et. al (2001) made a study on “Reading difficulties of first year
criminology of La Salle Dasmarinas,cavite” she found out that reading

comprehension was very low. She recommended that reading skills and
abilities should be developed in the learning years.
Piguero et. al (2006) conducted the study on “Reading Difficulties of
first year criminology of Ateneo de Manila. Metro Manila” observe that there
was no significant relationship between reading and certain variables. Her

study showed that the male students had lower reading level than female
counter parts. She conclude that the older male students needed help in
learning to read.
Synthesis of the state-of-the-art

The present study and the past studies have its interrelated to each
other. Such as the similarities focus on. The reading difficulties of the
student. They were aimed to determine the difficulties of the respondents, to
seek possible solution to the problem. The study of Aquino and Ebron were
related to each other, because they focus on reading difficulties. but they
differ on setting and respondents. Benjamunde used criminology of La Salle
as her respondents while Piguero used Ateneo de Manila as respondents.
Benjamunde found out that the respondents are low in comprehension while
Piguero observe and concluded that old male students needed help in
learning to read.
Theoretical Framework
This study is base on the “ Cognitive Theory of motivation” by john
Atkinson (2001). The teacher is an agent in the educative process; he comes

to situation with his knowledge of the subject matter, his understanding with
his knowledge of the subject matter, his understanding of the condition
which promotes learning and mastery of method that will effectively
influence change in the behavior of his learner.

Therefore, this theory will be the best agent to determine the reading
difficulties by the first year criminology students of School of Law Daet,
Camarines Norte together with the process needed to overcome the said
difficulty Depending on the instructors, the student motivation is expressed
as motivational disposition meaning incentive and expectation which is

started on Atkins theory of motivation “that the students are highly
motivated by hope of success while others are by fear of failure.
The working of the theory in this study is illustrated in figure 1. The
theoretical paradigm of the study.

Theoretical paradigm
ENHANCEMENT OF
READING
PERFORMANCE
CRIMINOLOGY FRESHMEN STUDENT

TEACHER READING DIFFICULTIES
OF CAMARINES NORTE SCHOOL OF
S ENVIRONMENT
LAW
THEORY OF
MOTIVATION
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study is based on the conceptual
approach system. And it consist of the three elements, the input, process
and output.
The input serves as the load, that consist of all things that enter the system.
In this research, the input refers to the profile of the respondent according of
their age, name and gender, in addition of the difficulties encounter by
freshmen criminology student on improving reading skills and the factors
that affect their love for reading.
The process transform the input into output. And refers to the data
gathering through questionnaire, interpretation, analysis, and evaluation.

The output deal with the accomplishment of the system. In this
research, the output refers to improved student difficulties on developing
reading skill.
Input Process Output
What are the Data Improved

profiles of the gathering students
respondents instruments difficulties in
according to through developing
their age and questionnaire reading skills.
gender. s.
What are the Observation

reading
difficulties of interview
first year
criminology Interpretation
students
What Analysis
factors that
affect their Evaluation
love for
reading
CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
FEED BACK
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter present the research design, respondent of the
study, data gathering instrument.
Research Design
The study use descriptive method the researcher prepare a
questionnaire to be answer by the respondent. Since the present study is
dealing with the reading difficulties, the descriptive method of research is
use.
Respondent of the study

The respondent of this study were the newly enrolled (first year)
criminology student of School of Law, Daet, Camarines Norte, s/y 2009-
2010.Students who stopped are not included.
Data Gathering Instrument

The instrument use to collect data’s are reading difficulties
comprehension test and the questionnaire as primary tool, to be followed by
interview and observation of the said respondents. They are use because
they gather data faster than any other method. Besides, the respondents are
student so they can easily answer the questionnaire, after some instruction
and also explanation.
Statistical Treatment
The data in this study are subject to statistical analysis using ranking
and weighted mean. For interpretation and analysis of data, the following
statistical tools are use.
Ranking- is used to determine the relative position of one item to
another, if the first, second, third, and so on in rank.

Weighted mean- is used to determine the average number of
respondent and answer the questions.
Mean = N(1) + N(2) + N(3)
n
N = partial sum of the respondent answer in a give choices.
n = total no. of responses in particular item.
1,2,3, - constant
Percentage technique is also used employed for respondent response.

P = m x 100
Where:
P – percentage
m – no. of response
M – no. respondent
100 – constant
QUESTIONNAIRE
Reading Difficulties of First Year

Criminology Students of Camarines Norte School of Law

SY 2009 – 2010
Dear Respondents,
You are chosen as one of the respondents in our research entitled “Reading
Difficulties of first students of Camarines Norte School of Law”. Please answer the
following test items.
The Researchers
Name: ________________________________(optional) Age: _______

Sex: _______ Male: _______ Female ________
PART 1: Reading Difficulties:
Direction: Write S if the pair of words has similar meaning and write O if they have
opposite meaning:
________ 1. Remain – Vanishes

________ 2. Surgery – Operation
________ 3. Friend – Enemy
________ 4. Find-out – Search
________ 5. After sometime – In split second
Direction:
Complete each analogy. It may be a comparison to show the similarity between

two or more objects on a certain limited number of features or details.
Example:
1. Food: eat: water ________

a. Clear
b. Liquid
c. Drink
d. Glass
2. Box: square: tube _______

a. Cylindrical
b. Round
c. Flat
d. Oval
3. Blue jay: robin: apple _______

a. Pie
b. Crow
c. Fruit
d. Pear
4. Win:victory: lose: _________

a. Game
b. Defeat
c. Success
d. Score
5. Lamb: innocent: peacock ________

a. Humble
b. Jubilant
c. Proud
d. Bird
6. Scale: weight: barometer: _______

a. Air
b. Pressure
c. Temperature
d. Sky snow
7. First: primary: middle________

a. Final
b. Beginning
c. Last
d. Central
8. Wealth: poverty: wisdom _________

a. Foolishness
b. Stupid
c. Wise
d. Dumb
9. Neighbors: aliens: friends________

a. Citizens
b. Relatives
c. Aliens
d. Enemies
10. Claws: paws: wings________

a. Birds
b. Wings
c. Opinions
d. Flights
Direction:
Read the following paragraph below. Then read the question and the answer
given. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
Kronos, one of the first gods of Greek mythology, hated his children. So he
swallowed each one as it was born. However, when Zeus was born, his mother ticked
Kronos by giving him a stone wrapped in baby clothes he swallowed. When Zeus grew
up, he forced his father to vomit his brothers and sisters. In gratitude, he made him king
of the gods. Zeus appointed his brother Poseidon ruler of the seas. Because another
brother, Hades, was quiet and stern, Zeus made him king of underworld where dead
spirits go.
1. Why did Kronos swallos each of his children?

a. The child was in danger
b. He hated the child
c. It was the custom to do so.
2. Why was zeus not swallowed by Kronos?

a. His mother saved him from his father
b. Zeus was too big a baby to be swallowed

c. Kronos was tired of swallowing his children
3. What was one effect of the mother’s trick?

a. Kronos become terribly ill
b. Zeus escaped death
c. The mother was punished by Kronos
4. Why did Zeus brother and sister make him king?

a. He was the youngest
b. Their mother told them to
c. They were grateful to him
5. Why did Zeus make Hades king of the undworld?

a. Hades had power over the dead
b. Hades was quiet and stern
c. Hades was Zeus second oldest brother
Factors that affect your reading skill
Direction:
Kindly put a check () mark on
________ 1. Unwise use of leisure time

________ 2. Computer games

________ 3. Non checking of assignment given
________ 4. Lack of books at home
________ 5. Lack of recognition from parents.
ABSTRACT
The researcher determined the reading difficulties encountered by

freshmen criminology student of Camarines Norte School of Law SY 2009-
2010. This study also incorporated the researcher instruments, respondent
and statistical tools. The descriptive method of research was used in the
study, likewise, questionnaire and library researchers were also utilized.
Result of the study revealed that majority of the respondents of

freshmen criminology student of Camarines Norte School of Law.
The reading difficulties encountered by the freshmen student of school

of law are poor reading comprehension, lack of vocabulary, lack of practice
in reading, lack of supervision and emotional problem. These are the
problems that affect the reading skill of performance of the respondents. The
measures to be undertaken to overcome the reading difficulties of the
respondent which are; develop love for reading, preparation and checking of
assignment, excellent attendance in school subjects are interpreted as very

effective, collection of reading materials such as textbook, magazine, pocket
books and develop the hubby of taking notes idioms figurative language,
improve vocabulary adequate parent supervision at home reward and
punishment as effective. These measures are very effective and effective to
the overcome the reading problems of the respondent. And also it is a big
help to them to improve or enhanced their reading skills.
In the light of the fact revealed the researchers hereby recommended

that first year criminology students of School of Law can overcome reading
difficulties through parent’s supervision while they are studying at home and
they should encourage them to go to School Likewise instructor should
emphasize the need or develop their difficulties in reading student and have
determination to learn.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES COLLEGE FOUNDATION

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
VINZONS AVE., DAET CAMARINES NORTE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT IN
CRIMINOLOGY VI
Reading Difficulties of Freshmen

Criminology Students of Camarines Norte School of Law

SY 2009 – 2010
(CRIMINAL RESEARCH AND STATISTICS)

SUBMITTED BY:
MALALUAN MARC KRISTIAN C.

ABAIZ, JOMER S.
ASIS ARTHUR A.
SALUDES, ARVEE A.
ROJAS, JAYSON
DELOS SANTOS, ADRIAN
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. XAVIER MIRASOL

Instructor
DECEMBER 08, 2009

Assignment
In
Forensic Ballistic
Submitted by;
Arvee A. Saludes
Submitted to;
Mr. Michael V. Pamesa

WEAPON
Webster defines it as "an instrument of offensive or defensive combat." Thus an
automobile, baseball bat, bottle, chair, firearm, fist, pen knife or shovel is a
"weapon," if so used.
REVOLVER
A gun, usually a handgun, with a multi-chambered cylinder that rotates to
successively align each chamber with a single barrel and firing pin.
RIFLE
A shoulder gun with rifled bore.
RIFLING
Spiral grooves in a gun`s bore that spin the projectile in flight and impart accuracy.
Rifling is present in all true rifles, in most handguns and in some shotgun barrels
designed for increasing the accuracy potential of slugs (a slug is a single projectile
rather than the more common "shot".)
RIMFIRE
A rimmed or flanged cartridge with the priming mixture located inside the rim of the
case. The most famous example is the .22 rimfire. It has been estimated that
between 3-4 billion .22 cartridges are loaded in the U.S. each year.
ROUND
Synonym for a cartridge.
SABOT
A lightweight carrier surrounding a heavier projectile of reduced caliber, allowing a
firearm to shoot ammunition for which it is not chambered. For example, a hunter
could use his .30-30 deer rifle to shoot small game with .22 centerfire bullets.
SATURDAY NIGHT SPECIAL

A catchy phrase having no legal or technical meaning.
SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN (RIFLE)

Common term for federally restricted "short-barreled shotgun (rifle)" i.e. a
conventional shotgun with barrel less than 18" (rifle less than 16") or overall length
less than 26."
SELECTIVE-FIRE
A firearm's ability to be fired fully automatically, semi-automatically or, in some
cases, in burst-fire mode at the option of the firer.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
A firearm designed to fire a single cartridge, eject the empty case and reload the
chamber each time the trigger is pulled.
SHOTGUN
A shoulder gun with smooth-bored barrel(s) primarily intended for firing multiple
small, round projectiles, (shot, birdshot, pellets), larger shot (buck shot), single
round balls (pumpkin balls) and cylindrical slugs. Some shotgun barrels have rifling
to give better accuracy with slugs or greater pattern spread to birdshot.
SHOTSHELL
The cartridge for a shotgun. It is also called a "shell," and its body may be of metal
or plastic or of plastic or paper with a metal head. Small shotshells are also made
for rifles and handguns and are often used for vermin control.
SILENCER
A virtually prohibited device for attachment to a gun's muzzle for reducing (not
silencing) the report. Better terms would be "sound suppressor" or "sound
moderator."
SINGLE-SHOT
A gun mechanism lacking a magazine where separately carried ammunition must
be manually placed in the gun's chamber for each firing.
SLIDE-ACTION
A gun mechanism activated by manual operation of a horizontally sliding handle
almost always located under the barrel. "Pump-action" and "trombone" are
synonyms for "slide-action."
SNUB-NOSED
Descriptive of (usually) a revolver with an unusually short barrel.
SUBMACHINE GUN
An automatic firearm commonly firing pistol ammunition intended for close-range
combat.
TEFLON
Trade name for a synthetic sometimes used to coat hard bullets to protect the
rifling.
Other synthetics, nylon for instance, have also been used as bullet coatings. None
of these soft coatings has any effect on lethality.
REVOLVER
A gun, usually a handgun, with a multi-chambered cylinder that rotates to
successively align each chamber with a single barrel and firing pin.
RIFLE
A shoulder gun with rifled bore.
RIFLING
Spiral grooves in a gun`s bore that spin the projectile in flight and impart accuracy.
Rifling is present in all true rifles, in most handguns and in some shotgun barrels
designed for increasing the accuracy potential of slugs (a slug is a single projectile
rather than the more common "shot".)
RIMFIRE
A rimmed or flanged cartridge with the priming mixture located inside the rim of the
case. The most famous example is the .22 rimfire. It has been estimated that
between 3-4 billion .22 cartridges are loaded in the U.S. each year.
ROUND
Synonym for a cartridge.
SABOT
A lightweight carrier surrounding a heavier projectile of reduced caliber, allowing a
firearm to shoot ammunition for which it is not chambered. For example, a hunter
could use his .30-30 deer rifle to shoot small game with .22 centerfire bullets.
SATURDAY NIGHT SPECIAL

A catchy phrase having no legal or technical meaning.
SAWED-OFF SHOTGUN (RIFLE)

Common term for federally restricted "short-barreled shotgun (rifle)" i.e. a
conventional shotgun with barrel less than 18" (rifle less than 16") or overall length
less than 26."
SELECTIVE-FIRE
A firearm's ability to be fired fully automatically, semi-automatically or, in some
cases, in burst-fire mode at the option of the firer.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
A firearm designed to fire a single cartridge, eject the empty case and reload the
chamber each time the trigger is pulled.
SHOTGUN
A shoulder gun with smooth-bored barrel(s) primarily intended for firing multiple
small, round projectiles, (shot, birdshot, pellets), larger shot (buck shot), single
round balls (pumpkin balls) and cylindrical slugs. Some shotgun barrels have rifling
to give better accuracy with slugs or greater pattern spread to birdshot.
SHOTSHELL
The cartridge for a shotgun. It is also called a "shell," and its body may be of metal
or plastic or of plastic or paper with a metal head. Small shotshells are also made
for rifles and handguns and are often used for vermin control.
SILENCER
A virtually prohibited device for attachment to a gun's muzzle for reducing (not
silencing) the report. Better terms would be "sound suppressor" or "sound
moderator."
SINGLE-SHOT
A gun mechanism lacking a magazine where separately carried ammunition must
be manually placed in the gun's chamber for each firing.
SLIDE-ACTION
A gun mechanism activated by manual operation of a horizontally sliding handle
almost always located under the barrel. "Pump-action" and "trombone" are
synonyms for "slide-action."
SNUB-NOSED
Descriptive of (usually) a revolver with an unusually short barrel.
SUBMACHINE GUN
An automatic firearm commonly firing pistol ammunition intended for close-range
combat.
TEFLON
Trade name for a synthetic sometimes used to coat hard bullets to protect the
rifling. Other synthetics, nylon for instance, have also been used as bullet coatings.
None of these soft coatings has any effect on lethality.
CARBINE
A rifle with a relatively short barrel. Any rifle or carbine with a barrel less than 16"
long must be registered with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
Shotguns with barrels less than 18" long fall into the same category.
CARTRIDGE
A single, complete round of ammunition.
CASE, CASING
The envelope (container) of a cartridge. For rifles and handguns it is usually of brass
or other metal; for shotguns it is usually of paper or plastic with a metal head and is
more often called a "shell."
CENTER-FIRE
A cartridge with its primer located in the center of the base of the case.
CHAMBER
The rear part of the barrel that is formed to accept the cartridge to be fired. A
revolver employs a multi-chambered rotating cylinder separated from the stationary
barrel.
CHOKE
A constriction at or near the muzzle of a shotgun barrel that affects shot dispersion.
CLIP
A device for holding a group of cartridges. Semantic wars have been fought over the
word, with some insisting it is not a synonym for "detachable magazine." For 80
years, however, it has been so used by manufacturers and the military. There is no
argument that it can also mean a separate device for holding and transferring a
group of cartridges to a fixed or detachable magazine or as a device inserted with
cartridges into the mechanism of a firearm becoming, in effect, part of that
mechanism.
COP-KILLER BULLET
An inflammatory phrase having neither historical basis nor legal or technical
meanings.
CYLINDER
The drum of a revolver that contains the chambers for the ammunition.
DERRINGER
A small single-shot or multi-barrelled (rarely more than two) pocket pistol.
DETONATE
To explode with great violence. It is generally associated with high explosives e.g.
TNT, dynamite, etc., and not with the relatively slow-burning smokeless gunpowders
that are classed as propellants.
DOUBLE-ACTION
A handgun mechanism where pulling the trigger retracts and releases the hammer
or firing pin to initiate discharge.
DUM-DUM BULLET
A British military bullet developed in India`s Dum-Dum Arsenal and used on India`s
North West Frontier and in the Sudan in 1897 and 1898. It was a jacketed .303 cal.
British bullet with the jacket nose left open to expose the lead core in the hope of
increasing effectiveness. Improvement was not pursued, for the Hague Convention
of 1899 (not the Geneva Convention of 1925, which dealt largely with gas warfare)
outlawed such bullets for warfare. Often "dum-dum" is misused as a term for any
soft-nosed or hollow- pointed hunting bullet.
EXPLODING BULLET
A projectile containing an explosive component that acts on contact with the target.
Seldom found and generally ineffective as such bullets lack the penetration
necessary for defense or hunting.
EXPLOSIVE
Any substance (TNT, etc.) that, through chemical reaction, detonates or violently
changes to gas with accompanying heat and pressure. Smokeless powder, by
comparison, deflagrates (burns relatively slowly) and depends on its confinement in
a gun`s cartridge case and chamber for its potential as a propellant to be realized.
FIREARM
A rifle, shotgun or handgun using gunpowder as a propellant. By federal definition,
under the 1968 Gun Control Act, antiques are excepted. Under the National
Firearms Act, the word designates machine guns, etc. Airguns are not firearms.
FIXED AMMUNITION
A complete cartridge of several obsolete types and of today's rimfire and center-fire
versions.
FLASH HIDER/FLASH SUPPRESSOR

A muzzle attachment intended to reduce visible muzzle flash caused by the burning
propellant.
GAUGE
The bore size of a shotgun determined by the number of round lead balls of bore
diameter that equals a pound.
GUN
The British restrict the term in portable arms to shotguns. Here it is properly used
for rifles, shotguns, handguns and airguns, as well as cannon.
GUNPOWDER
Chemical substances of various compositions, particle sizes, shapes and colors that,
on ignition, serve as a propellant. Ignited smokeless powder emits minimal
quantities of smoke from a gun's muzzle; the older blackpowder emits relatively
large quantities of whitish smoke.
HANDGUN
Synonym for pistol.
HIGH-CAPACITY MAGAZINE
An inexact, non-technical term indicating a magazine holding more rounds than

might be considered "average."
HOLLOW-POINT BULLET
A bullet with a concavity in its nose to increase expansion on penetration of a solid
target.
JACKET
The envelope enclosing the core of a bullet.
LEVER-ACTION
A gun mechanism activated by manual operation of a lever.

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Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation

College of Criminal Justice Education

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Reading is the process of making and getting meaning from

enjoyment. It is the basic tool for learning in all subject areas

Reading enables man to ponder to the mysteries of the world,

explore accumulated knowledge and contemplate the unknown. From this

search, he begins to uncover some answer to question he is stimulated to

imagination and reality.

According to bond and tinker, reading and recognition of printed

through the readers past experiences.

College student are required to do a great deal of reading

student do not read with sufficient understanding. Much of their reading is

neither accurate no effective.

“Difficulties on Developing Reading Skill” encountered by the freshmen

student of Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation.

The primary purpose this study is to find out the difficulties on

developing reading skills and to suggest solution to the problem, resources

of the school specific learning objectives, which up-to-date and up graded in

professional approach in reading difficulties, Parents. They will be motivated

improve the reading skill of their Student. Furthermore, they will be

encouraged to be a part of their Student’s. Endeavor toward the

development of the reading skill.

An individual is considered a full man only when he is endowed with

the ability to read a wide variety of material. By the power of reading, he

retardation. Therefore one who is handicapped in reading his deprived of a

wonderful medium of learning.

According to James Lowell, reading is the key which admits us to the

Learners do a great of serious interpretative reading during the period

doing research for solution to problems in the science, social studies,

mathematics and practical arts, or reading orally to entertain others, more

enhanced if the learner has acquired adequate skills in using general

Comprehension requires the fusion of meaning of separate words into

passage, its main thoughts specific details, sequence and direction to be

help the reader to grasp the total meaning of the passage.

Reading should be considered not as a child’s preparation for living. It

representation is graphic symbols, likewise, it entails meaning from a printed

page, brought about by correct understanding and correct interpretation of

the message and the intention of the writer.

reading skill, thus resulted to graduates who are unproductive. It is this

multiple problem and responsibilities.

In the classroom scene, student are supposed to be competent in

reading, first is skimming, a reading technique use to understand the entire

selection, likewise the authors sense and purpose, scanning to identify

significant factual data-names dates, quotes, definitions, completely and

accurately, finding the main idea is reading is a reading technique to know

the authors point of view, reading comprehension must be the consideration

of all readers. It is ability of readers to understand and interpret ideas and

acquire, reading is not merely an ability to recognize written or printed

thought of what is reading is read .

Effective reading means reading with speed accuracy and

comprehension, usually we reading this speed is careful reading necessary in

reading unfamiliar material, average speed reading, this king of speed is

reading this selective read also entails accuracy in comprehension as well as

certain amount of retention of the material read.

Most student who have reading problem struggling to decode them

and perhaps because of their difficulties with the decoding aspects of

the reading difficulties encountered by the freshmen criminology student of

Our Lady of Lourdes College Foundation SY 2009-2010.

action relative to the improvement of classroom instruction.