International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2016

Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete

Beam Patch Repaired and Strengthened with
Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
Mundeli Salathiel , Mbereyaho Leopold , Pilate MOYO
beam. FRP composites have been extensively used due to
Abstract Repair and strengthening using Fiber Reinforced their advantages over steel plates such as corrosion resistance,
Polymers (FRP) have been one of worldwide methods used to lightweight and high strength. FRP plates are bonded to
improve the load carrying capacity and durability of reinforced concrete substrate by means of adhesive.
concrete structural elements such as beams, in decline mainly Such patch repaired and FRP-strengthened beams may fail in
due to corrosion of steel reinforcement resulting from the a similar way to that of unstrengthened reinforced concrete
deterioration of the concrete cover. The main objective of this
study was to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete
beams but quite often they fail by debonding in two modes
beam patch repaired and strengthened with FRP composites. [25]: (1) Intermediate crack induced debonding which
The 3D finite element analysis was conducted using Abaqus initiates around critical flexural cracks and propagates
software, while the repair consisted of varying the length of the towards the plate end, and (2) plate end debonding initiating
patch, where four patch lengths were considered. Isotropic at the plate end due to high stress concentration and critical
concrete damaged plasticity model was applied to describe the shear cracks (Figure 1). Thus, debonding is speeded up by
behavior of both concrete and repair material. Linear crack propagation particularly in the horizontal direction
elastic-perfectly plastic and linear elastic isotropic model were [25]. Cracks may also form in different locations in the
used for steel and FRP; respectively, while cohesive bond model
interface between concrete and FRP and may cause the failure
was used for the interface between concrete and FRP.
Numerical results show good agreement with experimental
of the interface inside the adhesive, at the interface between
findings in terms of load-deflection curves, crack pattern and adhesive and concrete or at the interface between adhesive
modes of failure. The study also revealed that for proper and FRP, inside the FRP or within the concrete cover [6].
structural crack distribution, it is better to use force control
while for failure mechanism, displacement control is the best
choice. Finally, once again it was proved that both patch repair
and FRP strengthening increased the load carrying capacity and
affected crack distribution.

Index Terms cracking, constitutive model, damage, a) Intermediate crack induced

debonding, Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP), finite elements,
prediction, repair, strengthening.

I. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete structural elements such as beams get
deteriorated and become structurally and functionally b) Plate end debonding
inadequate, due to corrosion of steel reinforcement resulting Figure1. Debonding failure modes
from concrete cracking and spalling, poor design and
maintenance and natural disasters such as earthquake. To Among the failure modes of reinforced concrete strengthened
upgrade the load carrying capacity and durability of such beams, debonding is quite difficult to predict. In fact, crushing
concrete elements, repair and structural strengthening have strain of concrete is known, yielding of tension steel can be
been used all over the world since last decades. While repair measured in the laboratory and hence predicted and FRP
consists of removing damaged concrete, preparation of rupture can be predicted from rupture strain provided by the
concrete substrate and application of a new layer of repair manufacturer; but debonding control is still not well
material, strengthening consists of bonding a steel plate or a understood.
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plate to the tension face of the Different approaches have been used to predict the behavior
of such beams and include analytical [14, 22, 24, 26],
Mr Mundeli Salathiel, Department of Civil, Environmental and experimental [14, 15, 18, 20], numerical [4, 8, 23] and
Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), School of Engineering, College of Science fracture mechanics [3, 10, 19]. However, such approaches
and Technology (CST), University of Rwanda (UR) , Kigali City, Rwanda. face some limitations due to complex behavior of concrete
Mobile Phone No: + 250788864091. and that of the interface between concrete and FRP. Such
Dr Mbereyaho Leopold, Department of Civil, Environmental and
Geomatic Engineering (CEGE), School of Engineering, College of Science
complexity for concrete is due to the nonlinear
and Technology (CST), University of Rwanda (UR), Kigali City, Rwanda., load-deformation response of concrete and difficulty in
Mobile Phone No: + 250788474046. forming suitable constitutive relationships under combined
Prof. Pilate MOYO, University of Cape Town, Department of Civil stresses, progressive cracking of concrete under increasing
Engineering, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Mobile Phone
No:+27721053366.
load and the complexity in the formulation of the failure

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 Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beam Patch Repaired and Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced
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behavior for various stress states, the consideration of steel surface is used to control plastic straining in compression
and its interaction with concrete and time dependent effects whereas in brittle cracking model compressive failure is not
such as creep and shrinkage of concrete [5]. important [1]. Concrete damaged plasticity; available in
Even though such approaches have been used for studying the ABAQUS; due to its capability of capturing both inelastic
behavior and failure mechanisms of patch repaired and deformation and stiffness degradation, was used in this study.
FRP-strengthened RC beams, no numerical study using finite The compressive strength was experimentally determined at
elements method has been done so far taking into the age of 28 days as 50MPa and 70MPa for concrete and
consideration the effect of patch repair. The finite element repair material, respectively. The elastic parameters
method application requires a good understanding of the necessary for the establishment of the first part of the model
mechanical behavior of various materials involved, thus the E cm
requirements of constitutive relationships for the description were the secant modulus of elasticity and mean axial
of such behavior. f ctm
tensile strength, and were calculated according to [9]
This paper presents a finite element analysis of patch repaired
as:
and FRP-strengthened RC beams with varying patch length
Ecm 22 f cm / 10 35000MPa
0.3
and loaded in four points bending. Their behavior in terms of
(1)
load-displacement response, crack pattern, failure
f ctm 0.30 f ck
2 / 3
mechanisms and strain distribution in FRP is studied and 3.5Mpa (2)
validation against experimental results obtained from the For concrete
same beams is done.
Ecm 22[( f cm ) / 10]0.3 38400MPa (3)
f ctm 2.12 ln1 f cm/ 10 4.3Mpa
II. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING (4)
The finite element analysis performed in this study consisted For repair material, the post-peak behavior in tension was
of modeling the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete represented with tension stiffening to simulate the effects of
beams patch repaired and strengthened with FRP bonded to concrete/steel effects such as bond slip and dowel action.
their tension face to investigate the behavior of such RC Tension stiffening was specified in terms of fracture energy
beams under four points bending. The commercial finite criterion. A fracture energy of 0.08N / mm and
element package ABAQUS software was used. The beam 0.15N / mm were used for concrete and repair material,
modeled in 3D is shown in Figure 2. The beam was reinforced
respectively. The tensile stress in concrete was reduced to
with 2Y20 in tension and 2Y8 in compression. Shear
reinforcement consisted of 8mm diameter stirrups at 80mm zero at a tensile strain of 0.001for both concrete and repair
c/c distributed equally over the whole length of the beam as material [1]. The nonlinear uniaxial compression stress-strain
shown in Figure 2. The FRP reinforcement was placed at a curve was constructed based on the expression proposed by
distance of 50mm from the support. While the height of the [9]:
patch repair was maintained at 105mm, the length was varied c k 2
as 450, 800, 1300 and 1800mm.
. f cm 1 ( k 2) (4)
c c1
k 1.05
Where
c1 f cm and
c1 0.7 f 0.31
cm 2.8 , f cm is the mean value of
concrete cylinder compressive strength derived from concrete

cube strength and c is the compressive stress in concrete.
The curve is shown in Figure 3 for both concrete and repair
Figure 2. Geometry, reinforcement and FRP setup of the beam
material.
(800mm patch length)

2.1. Material properties and constitutive models

2.1.1. Concrete
There are three models available in Abaqus for the analysis of
concrete at low confining pressure: Concrete smeared
cracking model in Abaqus/Standard, Brittle cracking model in
Abaqus/Explicit and Concrete damaged plasticity model in
Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus Explicit. Concrete undergoes
both inelastic deformation and stiffness degradation when
loaded. However, those two are not captured at the same time
by concrete smeared crack model and brittle cracking model.
In concrete smeared crack model, cracking is the most
important aspect of the behavior and a compression yield
(a)

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2016
Tension reinforcements were partitioned and their cross
sections were reduced by 10% over a length equal to that of
the repair to simulate the corrosion effects since corrosion
results in steel cross section reduction and hence mass loss.

2.1.3. Fiber Reinforced Polymers Material

Fiber Reinforced Polymers are made of high strength fibers of
glass, aramid or carbon embedded in a polymer resin called
matrix. Fibers may be arranged so that they are oriented in
directions of high stresses (anisotropic) or are oriented only in
one direction (isotropic). FRP material behaves in a linear
elastic manner up to failure. For flexural strengthening, the
(b) elastic modulus in fiber direction is of most importance.
Figure3. Uniaxial compressive behavior: Therefore, in this study the isotropic elastic type was used for
(a) Concrete, (b) Repair material characterization of mechanical properties of Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) since they were unidirectional
The cracking strain and inelastic strain for both concrete and with high stiffness. The elastic modulus in fiber direction was
repair material were determined by taking the total strain specified by the manufacturer as 165GPa and the Poissons
minus the elastic strain corresponding to the undamaged ratio was taken as 0.3. The minimum value of strain at break
material. On the other hand, concrete tension and in fiber direction was given by the manufacturer as 1.70%.
compression damage were defined through tensile and The width of the CFRP used was 50mm with a thickness of
compressive damage parameters defined as : 1.2mm. This thickness was reserved in order to facilitate the
installation of warp fabrics at the plate end to prevent early
f c ,t
Dc ,t 1 end plate debonding. Only one layer of CFRP used was
c ,t bonded to concrete by means of adhesive epoxy. The
(5) adhesive layer constituted the interface between concrete and
CFRP material.
Where D is the damage parameter equal to zero for
undamaged material and one for a completely damaged 2.1.4. Adhesive-Concrete/CFRP interface.
material, f is the stress on the descending branch on the The interface between concrete and FRP is critical in
uniaxial stress strain curve, is the ultimate stress and the FRP-strengthened RC beams. It ensures the transfer of both
subscripts c and t stand for compression and tension, shear and normal stresses from concrete to FRP as it resists
respectively. For plasticity parameters, except the dilatation their separation. The layer of adhesive between concrete and
angle that was taken as 370, other parameters were assigned FRP of 1mm thickness was modeled using cohesive zone
default values as suggested by [1]. model. The model is characterized by a progressive stiffness
The criterion for concrete cracking under tension was defined degradation driven by a damage process. Cohesive zone
in terms of maximum principal stress, which was taken equal model used in this study is graphically represented by a simple
to tensile strength of concrete. Since crack propagation bilinear traction separation law, i.e. linear elastic traction
requires energy consumption, the energy required to open a shown in figure 5.
unit area crack, Gf as defined by [11] was used. The same
philosophy was also applied to repair material.
2.1.2. Steel reinforcement
Since the properties of steel do not depend on environmental
conditions or time, steel exhibits the same stress-strain curve
in compression and in tension [12]. Tension, compression and
shear reinforcements were assumed to behave in an elastic
perfectly plastic manner in both compression and tension as
shown in figure 4. The modulus of elasticity of steel was taken
as 200 GPa while the yield stress was taken as 460MPa for
longitudinal reinforcement and 250MPa for shear
reinforcement. Poissons ratio was taken as 0.3.

Figure 5. Bilinear traction separation law

It was accepted that the interface was subjected to normal

stress and shear stress in two shear directions. The initiation
of damage was assumed to take place when the maximum
Figure4. Behavior of steel in tension and compression nominal stress ratios reached a value of one [1].

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tn t t increment [11]. Thus, the issue was to choose the initial

max 0 , s0 , 0t 1 increment size. In this study, the initial increment size was
t n t s tt (6)
10% of the total step time.
0 0 0
t n t s t t
where , and represent the peak values of the
nominal stress when the deformation is either purely in IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
normal or purely in the first or second shear directions. As stated earlier, the main objective of this study was to
t n0 4 MPa investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete beams patch
The values used in this study were and repaired and strengthened with FRP composites. The
t t 15MPa according to the manufacturer. Since
0
s
0
t
parameter that was varied was the length of the patch by
keeping constant its depth. Such behavior was studied in
the thickness of the adhesive layer was one mm, the ratio of terms of crack initiation and propagation, load-deflection
elastic modulus and normal stiffness, shear modulus and shear relationships, damage energy release rate, failure mechanisms
stiffness were taken equal to one. Damage evolution was and strain distribution in the FRP for strengthened beams
defined in terms of displacement at failure. only.
For validation purpose, a comparison with experimental
results obtained from the same beams is done. This section
III. METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY presents the results obtained from finite elements analysis for
In this study, different parts making up the complete model the above parameters.
were created in Abaqus/Standard in 3D modeling space. To 4.1. Cracking initiation and evolution
ensure a perfect bond between concrete and repair material; Cracking was initiated whenever the maximum principal
concrete and adhesive; concrete beam was portioned to the stress was greater than the tensile strength of concrete which
size of the adhesive and different length of repair material. was 3.5 MPa for concrete and 4.3MPa for repair material.
The thickness of the adhesive was 1mm. This may be seen from Figure 7, which shows the distribution
Two-node linear 3D (T3D2) truss elements were used for of tensile stresses for control beam where the maximum
longitudinal and shear reinforcements. The interface between averaged tensile stress was 3.7MPa for concrete but not
concrete and CFRP was modeled using 8-node averaged value was 3.6MPa which was always greater than
three-dimensional cohesive elements (COH3D8). Eight-node tensile strength. This value was found after the first
linear brick elements were used for concrete, repair material increment. For patch-repaired RC beams, for example
and CFRP. Different element shapes adopted in this study are 1800mm-Patch, an averaged tensile stress of 4.4MPa was
shown in Figure 6. Three meshing techniques were used: found at the third increment. At the same time, not averaged
structured meshing technique for concrete repair material and tensile stress of 4.4 was probed in the bottom center. This
CFRP; swept meshing technique for the adhesive and free value is greater than the tensile strength of the repair material
meshing technique for steel. Figure 6 shows a typical mesh and this involves cracking since tensile strength was
(made coarser for clarity) for reinforced concrete beam with exceeded.
800mm patch strengthened with CFRP.

Figure 6. Finite element model for patch-repaired and CFRP Figure 7. Cracking initiation for control beam [17]
strengthened RC beam (800mm-Patch) [17]
Even if cracking for control beam took place after the first
The perfect bond model between concrete and steel was increment, the cracking load was found to be higher than that
adopted. It was implemented by embedding steel of patch repaired and strengthened beams though for such
reinforcement in concrete, i.e. incorporation of one beams it took place after the third increment for 450mm,
dimensional element into a three dimensional elements 800mm and 1800mm patched beams and after the fourth
allowing reinforcing bars to pass through concrete elements in increment for 1300mm patch repaired beam. For
an arbitrary fashion [21] thus, introducing new nodes in the patch-repaired and strengthened beams cracking loads were
concrete elements. Full Newton solution technique was used lower as compared to control beam. Figure 8 compares
in this analysis. In this method, the solution to nonlinear cracking loads from both experiments and finite elements
problems is obtained by defining the load as a function of time analysis while Figure 9 compares structural crack pattern for
and breaking the simulation into a number of time increments control beam and 1800mm patched beam. For graphical
and finds the approximate equilibrium at the end of each time visualization of cracks using concrete damaged plasticity

50 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2016
model for concrete and repair material, it was assumed that not anchored as in experiment. In addition, as reported by [7],
cracking initiated at points where the tensile equivalent plastic concrete damaged plasticity overestimates the stresses in
strain was greater than zero and the maximum principal concrete and this could also be a reason of discrepancies. It is
plastic strain was positive [13]. It is important to note that in observed that for control RC beam after yielding of steel no
this study no precracking was considered. Force control was further increment in load carrying capacity was experienced
used for structural crack distribution. until failure. However, for patch repaired and FRP
strengthened beams, this was not the case. This shows that
repair and strengthening increase the load carrying capacity of
reinforced concrete beams in addition to increasing their
service life.

Figure 8: Cracking loads [17]

(a) Control beam

(b) 1800mm patched beam

Figure 9: Structural crack pattern

4.2. Load deflection relationships.

Generally, the behavior of reinforced concrete beams
subjected to bending is analyzed through load-deflection
curves. Mid-span load-deflection relationships represent
failure stages as the applied load increases. Those stages
include cracking initiation, yielding of steel reinforcement,
debonding loads for strengthened beams and ultimate load.
Load deflection curves obtained from control beam and four
patch repaired and strengthened beams are shown in Figure
10 in comparison to experimental results. As it can be seen,
there is a close agreement between numerical results and
experimental findings. This clearly, shows the ability of the
proposed model for analyzing the overall behavior of
patch-repaired beams and strengthened with FRP composites.
There are however, some differences between numerical and
experimental results, which were due to the assumptions made
in the finite elements formulation and the fact that beams were

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The figure 11 compares the load deflection curves for all the
Figure 12. Damage energy release rates
beams numerically analyzed in this study. It can be seen that
cracking for all beams initiated at nearly the same load as
4.4. Strain distribution in FRP
discussed in section 4.1 but at different load increments
Debonding of FRP plate from concrete is a special failure
mode associated with strengthened RC beams. It is caused by
high interfacial stress concentrations around flexural or
flexural-shear cracks or at the plate end. A common measure
used to control debonding is to limit the strain in the FRP
material to a usable or debonding strain which, when
exceeded at some locations, FRP will separates from the
beam. Strain in FRP is mostly a governing factor in design of
strengthened RC beams. The figure 13 shows the strain
distribution for analyzed beams from where it is observed that
as the length of the patch is becoming larger, strain
distribution was becomes uniform. This shows that the
discontinuity in the material to which FRP is bonded affects
the strain distribution in FRP which in turns affect the
Figure 11: Load deflection curves for all beams analyzed [26] debonding failure. It is clear that there is a peak strain in FRP
at which debonding is initiated.
This means that the effect of patch repair was to delay crack [2] recommends that in order to prevent debonding of the FRP
initiation. For beams repaired over a length of 450mm, laminate, a limitation should be placed on the strain level
800mm and1300mm the behavior was more or less the same developed in the laminate. ACI proposed the following
except the differences in yielding and debonding which expression for debonding or usable strain:
occurred at different loads and displacement. Beam with
fd m fu
1800mm length patch repair showed a slightly different load (7)
displacement relationship. In comparison with the behavior of fu
other beams, the behavior is relatively brittle since the where is the design rupture strain given by the
debonding load was high but at small deflection as compared
manufacturer as 1.7% and
m is the bond dependent
to other beams. The reason may probably be attributed to the
reduction in tension steel cross section and large size of repair coefficient given by
with high tensile strength.
m
4.3. Damage energy release rate.
Damage energy release rate is another parameter that can be
used to study the overall behavior of reinforced concrete
beams under bending. In fact, the four stages of failure, i.e.
cracking initiation, yielding of steel, debonding load for
strengthened beams and crushing load may be readily
identified on the load-energy relationship, as it is seen in
Figure 12. This is the energy dissipated when concrete is (8)
undergoing damage failure. From the figure, it can be
observed that after yielding, the energy release rate is highly
Ef
where is the tensile modulus of elasticity of FRP (MPa),
nonlinear indicating extensive deformation (cracking) of tf
different reinforced concrete beams. The output in terms of is the nominal thickness of one ply of FRP reinforcement
load versus energy from Abaqus clearly shows that concrete fu
starts to release energy after a number of load increments, and in mm , is the design rupture strain of FRP in
that before cracking the energy release rate is zero and then mm/ mm and n is the number of plies used.
starts to increase linearly up to yielding.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2016

Figure 13. Intermediate crack induced debonding

Figure 13: Strain distribution in FRP (a)

The table 1 compares the peak strain from our finite elements
Failure in adhesive showing debonding
analysis with ACI prediction. It is clear that there is a good
agreement between the two, hence the integrity of our model.
From our finite elements analysis, the peak strain in FRP was
in the constant bending moment or just under loading points.
That is where debonding initiated.

The Table about Comparison of debonding strain: FEM vs

ACI 440.2R-02is presented bellow.

Table 1: Comparison of debonding strain: FEM vs ACI Figure 13. Intermediate crack induced debonding
440.2R-02. (b)

Beam type FEM* ACI %

440.2R-02** difference V. CONCLUSION
450mm-Patched 0.00792 0.00765 3.4 In this study, a finite element model was developed for
beam analysis of reinforced concrete beams patch repaired and
strengthened with FRP composites by varying the length of
800mm-Patched 0.00768 0.00765 0.4 the patch. Concrete damaged plasticity model was used for
beam the behavior of both concrete and repair material; linear
elastic-perfectly plastic model for steel; cohesive zone model
1300mm-Patched 0.00775 0.00765 1.3 for the interface between concrete and FRP and elastic
beam isotropic model for CFRP.
Results from finite elements analysis were in good agreement
1800mm-Patched 0.00799 0.00765 4.3 with experimental findings in terms of load deflection
beam relationships, failure mechanism and structural crack
distribution. Cracking loads were accurately found from
*Finite Elements Method, the numerical analysis method used damage energy release rate. Also strain distribution in FRP
here from the present analysis was in good agreement with ACI
**American Concrete Institute recommendations, 2002. recommendation about the limiting strain or debonding strain
in FRP. The study confirmed the possibility and importance
This is also in accordance with findings of [23] which of structural strengthening of deficient structures, as it
stipulates that ACI accurately predicts strain in FRP for increases the load carrying capacity as long as the overall
relatively long laminates and for steel reinforcement ratios level of performance of the concerned structure is still
that exceeds 0.35%. acceptable.
The results from this study clearly show the ability of the
4.5. Failure mechanism proposed model for analyzing the overall behavior of
As discussed in section 4.4 maximum debonding strain in patch-repaired beams and strengthened with FRP composites.
FRP was in the constant bending moment region or just under Despite these good results, future researches should continue
loading points and debonding initiated at those locations. putting much effort in the energy approaches to study the
Thus, the failure mode was intermediate crack induced behavior of patch repaired and strengthened reinforced
debonding followed by concrete crushing. This is shown by concrete beams particularly the debonding failure.
Figure 13. Acknowledgment

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Authors would like to acknowledge the support from Fracture Mechanics Approach. Journal of Engineering Mechanics.
127(8):852-861.
University of Cape Town / Department of Civil Engineering,
[20] Rio, O., Andrade, C., Izquierdo, D. & Alonso, C. 2005. Behavior of
and University of Rwanda/College of Science and Patch-repaired concrete structural elements under increasing static loads
Technology/Department of Civil, Environmental and to flexural failure. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 17(2):
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