Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016) xxx, xxxxxx

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Comparative susceptibility of two developmental

stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer,
1774) to ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe)
essential oil
Samuel Adelani Babarinde a,*, Monica Onyeche Sunnie-Ododo b,
Wasiu Babatunde Akanbi b, Oyebamiji Oyewole Oyegoke c, Rasaq Tijani a,
Soji Felix Olaobaju a

a
Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
b
Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
c
Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Received 14 January 2016; revised 30 August 2016; accepted 18 September 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract The pesticidal effect of ginger (Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) against
Ginger; two developmental stages (adult and larva) of Dermestes maculatus De Geer, a key pest of African
Essential oil; catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated under laboratory condition (32 2 C temperature and
Dermestes species; 70 3% relative humidity). At 6 h after exposure (HAE), 25.80 and 36.23% mortality in
African catfish; 0.99 and 1.33 ll/ml air respectively was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 9.2% mortality
Lethal dose observed in 0.33 ll/ml air. Percentage mortality observed in 0.991.33 ll/ml air at 12 and 18 HAE
was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than mortality observed in other lower doses of GEO. The
results of the larval bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay except that higher
percentage mortality was observed in larva than in adult. At 618 HAE, 28.2590.00% larval mor-
tality at application doses of 0.331.33 ll/ml air was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 4.60%
mortality observed in the control. The LD50 of GEO against larva at 6 HAE {2.74 (2.173.81)
ll/ml air} was different from 1.69 (1.322.03) ll/ml air and 1.36 (1.051.63) ll/ml air LD50 for
12 and 18 HAE respectively. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.503.19) ll/ml air was significantly higher

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sababarinde@lautech.edu.ng, samdelani@yahoo.com (S.A. Babarinde).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Production and hosting by Elsevier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
1658-077X 2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
2 S.A. Babarinde et al.

than 1.85 (1.492.21) ll/ml air being LD50 for 12 and 18 HAE. The study reveals that D. maculatus
larva was more susceptible to GEO than adult.
2016 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is
an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction ginger rhizome as protectant of smoke fish against the genus

Dermestes. The fact that ginger is locally available will make
The African catfish {Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Pisces: it easily adoptable by consumers who store dried catfish at
Claridae)} is the most popular, wide reared and consumed fish small quantity. From the literature, majority of studies on
species in Nigeria and it is being used increasingly to correct bioactivity of botanicals against D. maculatus were through
protein deficiency in human diet in the tropics. It is one of the use of powder (Okorie et al., 1990; Fasakin and Aberejo,
the cheapest animal protein sources which is rich in vitamins 2002; Owoade, 2008; Akinwumi and Fesobi, 2010; Obiakor
and minerals (FAO, 2004); hence, it is increasing commercial et al., 2013; Nwogor et al., 2015) or extracts (Akinwumi
importance in fisheries and aquaculture. In order to ensure its et al., 2007; Akinwumi and Fesobi, 2010; Mufutau, 2012;
all seasons availability and meet diversified consumers taste, Akpotu and Adebote, 2013). Where essential oil was used,
C. gariepinus is being processed into different forms and the the studies did not compare susceptibility of different develop-
commonest low technology form is smoke-drying. Despite its mental stages of the pest to essential oils. A major advantage
several nutritional importances, C. gariepinus is being infested of essential oils which promote their application in pest control
by various pests, especially after harvest. A number of authors is their efficacy at low doses even without a direct contact with
(Awoyemi, 1991; Fasakin and Aberejo, 2002; Ugwu et al., the pest (Babarinde et al., 2014). There is a high tendency that
2005; Ajayi et al., 2006; Babarinde et al., 2012; Zakka et al., the oil would constitute no health threat to human who feed on
2013) had reported the menace of insect pest infestation on the treated food substances, especially when the oil is obtained
stored smoked fish. Members of the genus Dermestes species from consumable species such as spices. Therefore, the aim of
are major pests of smoke-dried fish in Africa, Asia and some this research was to evaluate the comparative susceptibility of
parts of Europe (Haines, 1991; Lale, 2002). two developmental stages (larva and adult) of Dermestes mac-
Stored products insects are known in different agricultural ulatus to ginger essential oil.
products including smoked fish products. These insects, if not
controlled, can lead to several losses as they feed on fish flesh, 2. Materials and methods
leave behind bones and release their excretory products, which
ultimately render infested fish unfit for human consumption. 2.1. Research site
Dermestes maculatus adult and larvae are pestiferous against
C. gariepinus. Therefore, the control of this pest is of para-
The study was conducted in Crop and Environmental Protec-
mount importance; health or ecological problems posed by
tion (CEP) Laboratory, Ladoke Akintola University of Tech-
the use of synthetic pesticides should be considered before
nology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
the choice of appropriate control strategies. Several attempts
to screen plant materials for insecticidal properties have been
2.2. Procurement of experimental materials
made by scientists in the developing countries in recent time.
The potentials of botanicals as alternatives to overdependence
on synthetic pesticide in the control of storage pests have been Uninfested C. gariepinus was purchased from an open market
demonstrated by many scientists (Isman, 2006; Shaaya and (Araada Market), Ora-Gada, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. D. macula-
Kostjukovsky, 2006; Babarinde et al., 2011, 2014, 2015). Due tus was collected from a culture maintained in the CEP Labo-
to some negative health and ecological effects of synthetic pes- ratory, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, previously sourced from
ticides in the environment, there is the need to replace overuse heavily infested C. gariepinus obtained from smoked fish mar-
of these pesticides with more eco-friendly pest control strate- kets in Ogbomoso. The culture was maintained at tropical
gies. Because botanicals are readily available and are eco- storage conditions of 32 2 C temperature and 70 3% rel-
friendly, they are receiving recent attention by scientists as ative humidity. Rhizome of a white variety of ginger was
alternative to over-dependence on synthetic pesticides. Since obtained from Department of Crop Production and Soil
fish are directly consumed by human or incorporated into live- Science, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Light yellow coloured
stock feeds, care must be taken to ensure that botanicals used GEO was obtained using hydro distillation method in a Cle-
for the control of its key pest like D. maculatus are non-toxic to venger type apparatus (British Pharmacopoeia, 1988).
human and livestock.
Ginger, Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe, belongs to the family 2.3. Bioassays of ginger essential oil (GEO) with Dermestes
Zingiberaceae. It is one of the earliest spices to be known in maculatus
the east, but it is now extensively cultivated in India, China,
Africa, Jamaica, Mexico and Hawaii (Evans, 1989; Singh Four treatments (10, 20, 30 and 40 ll GEO) were separately
et al., 2008). The ginger essential oil extracted from ginger rhi- applied into 33 ml fumigation chamber using the method pre-
zomes is used in many food and drink items and for medicinal viously described by Babarinde et al. (2014). A Control exper-
purposes (Singh et al., 2008). In their earlier studies, Owoade iment without GEO was also included. Two developmental
(2008) and Obiakor et al. (2013) reported the use of pulverized stages of D. maculatus (13 day old adult and 5th7th instar

Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
Susceptibility of D. maculatus to ginger essential oil 3

larva) were exposed to the treatments. The experimental set-up significantly (p < 0.05) higher than mortality observed in
was observed at 6, 12 and 18 h after exposure for physiological other lower doses of GEO (Table 1). The results of the larval
responses of the insects to GEO. Data were collected on mor- bioassay follow the same trend as observed in adult bioassay
tality and recorded appropriately. Insects were adjudged dead except that higher percentage mortality was observed in larva
when they failed to respond to pin probe. Mortality was than what was observed in adult. At 618 HAE, 28.2590.00%
expressed in percentage proportion of the introduced insects; mortality at application doses of 0.331.33 ll/ml air was signif-
thus, icantly (p < 0.05) higher than 4.60% mortality observed in the
Number of dead insects control (Table 1).
Percentage mortality  100 The result of probit analysis followed similar trend with
Total number of insects
that of analysis of variance with the larva been more suscepti-
2.4. Experimental design and data analysis ble to GEO than the adult. The LD50 of GEO against larva at
6 HAE {2.74 (2.173.81) ll/ml air} was different from 1.69
(1.322.03) ll/ml air and 1.36 (1.051.63) ll/ml air LD50 for
The experiment was set up in completely randomized design
12 and 18 HAE respectively, since there was no overlap on
(CRD). Data were subjected to arcsine transformation to nor-
the fiducial limits. For adult bioassay, 2.80 (2.503.19) ll/ml
malize the variance, after which they were subjected to analysis
air was significantly higher than 1.85 (1.492.21 ll/ml air being
of variance and probit analysis to determine lethal doses of
LD50 for 12 and 18 HAE respectively (Table 2).
GEO. All analyses were done using SPSS Version 16 (SPSS,
Studies on the identification of bioactive constituents of
2006).
GEO reveal b-sesquiphellandrene, cis-caryophyllene (or
caryophyllene), zingiberene, a-farnesene and ar-curcumine
3. Results and discussion and geranial as major constituents (Singh et al., 2008; El-
Baroty et al., 2010; Nampoothiri et al., 2012; Abdurahman
For both developmental stages, it was observed that insects et al., 2013). Although the scope of the present work does
became weak with reduced locomotion in the fumigation not cover characterization of the GEO, earlier studies on pes-
chamber, as exposure period progressed, prior to their death ticidal potentials of GEO indicated that the identified bioactiv-
where mortality occurred. For adult bioassay at 6 h after expo- ities were linked to the constituents of the essential oil (Singh
sure (HAE), 25.8036.23% mortality in 0.99 and 1.33 ll/ml air et al., 2008; El-Baroty et al., 2010). The fumigant toxicity of
respectively was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 9.2% the GEO against the D. maculatus larva and the adult was
mortality observed in 0.33 ll/ml air. At 12 and 18 HAE, therefore due to the additive or synergistic effect of the differ-
percentage mortality observed in 0.991.33 ll/ml air was ent bioactive compounds present in the GEO.

Table 1 Fumigant toxicity of ginger essential oil against Dermestes maculatus larva and adult.
Conc. (ll/ml air) Developmental stage/time of exposure (h)
Adult Larva
6 12 18 6 12 18
0 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 4.60 + 4.60 a 4.60 4.60 a 4.60 4.60 a
0.33 9.20 5.31a b 18.40 0.00 b 18.40 0.00 b 28.25 + 1.65 b 34.55 3.00 b 37.70 1.50 b
0.66 18.40 0.00 b c 20.45 2.05 b 24.15 3.58 b 35.95 5.19 b c 43.55 2.78 b 50.90 4.15 b
0.99 25.80 4.27 c 36.00 3.95 c 50.85 2.41 c 46.50 3.70 c d 58.60 3.03 C 77.10 8.04 c
1.33 36.20 1.73 d 46.45 1.45 d 58.45 1.65 d 54.05 5.19 d 77.10 8.04 d 90.00 0.00 c
Data within the columns followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% probability level.

Table 2 LD50 and LD90 (ll/ml air) of ginger essential oil against two developmental stages of Dermestes maculatus.
ToE LD50 (FL) LD90 (FL) Regression equation X2 df p
Larva
6 2.74 (2.173.81) 12.92 (7.2359.40) Y = 0.83  13.17X 105.924 14 <0.0001
12 1.69 (1.322.03) 5.14 (3.868.44) Y = 0.61  10.04X 118.516 14 <0.0001
18 1.36 (1.051.63) 3.06 (2.504.34) Y = 0.49  8.12X 156.207 14 <0.0001
Adult
6 2.80 (2.53.19) 6.52 (5.239.30) Y = 1.57  19.46X 74.782 14 <0.0001
12 1.85 (1.492.21) 4.64 (3.597.53) Y = 0.86  13.59X 152.054 14 <0.0001
18 1.85 (1.492.21) 4.64 (3.597.53) Y = 0.86  13.59X 152.054 14 <0.0001
ToE: Time of exposure; FL: Fiducial limit.

Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
4 S.A. Babarinde et al.

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skin absorbed by insects (Regnault-Roger, 1997). The results Dermestidae). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 44 (3), 298306.
Babarinde, S.A., Pitan, O.O.R., Olatunde, G.O., Ajala, M.O., 2015.
of this study show that the larval stage of D. maculatus was
First report of toxicity of Xylopia parviora (A. Rich.) Benth
more susceptible to GEO than the adult stage. This observa- (Annonaceae) root barks essential oil against cowpea seed bruchid,
tion could be due to the fact that the larva lacks heavy cutic- Callososbruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae:
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the higher susceptibility of the larva than the adult. In an ear- Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of
lier study, Babarinde et al. (2011) reported that adult of Trogo- cinnamon and ginger essential oils. Afr. J. Biochem. Res. 4 (6),
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Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003
Susceptibility of D. maculatus to ginger essential oil 5

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Please cite this article in press as: Babarinde, S.A. et al., Comparative susceptibility of two developmental stages of hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus Degeer, 1774) to
ginger (Zingiber ocinale Roscoe) essential oil. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.09.003