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{2016~4}
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GigaFrench / God, abortion and climate change / 2016 ~ 4

Marie de France
GigaFrench / 2016~4 God, abortion and climate change

God, abortion and climate change
GigaFrench is for dedicated students.
The free multimedia fast track
course into the heart of French and
the French people offers a
refreshingly new approach to one of
the most beautiful languages in the
world. Your enthusiasm for exploring
new worlds will finally meet
efficiency. If you consent to daily
study sessions of at least 30 minutes,
GigaFrench will be yours.
Find the free PDF, free audio files
and quick smartphone checks at
www.GigaFrench.com
Print copies of GigaFrench are
available at Amazon.
Flying PublisheR
ISBN 978-3-924774-97-4
Flying PublisheR 9 783924 774974 > Flying PublisheR

Marie de France
GigaFrench
2016~4 Edition
This PDF is the 4th edition of

GigaFrench 2016, presenting Level 17.
More levels will be published in October
2016. For future updates, please check
www.GigaFrench.com/updates.
Youll find many xxx in this manual. These

are links to future chapters.
Marie de France
GigaFrench
2016~4 Edition
Flying Publisher
4 |
Cover Design:
Oliver Barbagallo Milan
Illustration:
N. Allan New York
Copy-Editing:
N.N. Boston
Disclaimer
Language and grammar is an ever-changing field. The publishers and
the author of GigaFrench have made every effort to provide
information that is accurate and complete as of the date of
publication. However, in view of the rapid changes occurring in
language teaching, as well as the possibility of human error, this
guide may contain technical inaccuracies, typographical or other
errors. The information contained herein is provided as is and
without warranty of any kind. The contributors to this book,
including Flying Publisher and the author, cannot be held responsible
for any errors or omissions or for results obtained from the use of
information contained herein.
This work is protected by copyright both as a whole and in part.
2016 by Flying Publisher & MDF
ISBN: 978-3-924774-97-4
Published on July 14, 2016
Updated (page 44) on August 11, 2016
| 5
Welcome
GigaFrench is a free multimedia fast track into the heart of
French and the French people. The 2016 Edition offers a
refreshingly new approach to one of the most beautiful
languages in the world.
To see if you qualify for GigaFrench, please check
your past (page 6)
your present (page 8)
your future (page 9)
After successful admission, start on page 29. Most
importantly, follow the audio download instructions on page
34 you cannot study GigaFrench without the audio files
being on your smartphone! Then continue with the Turbo
Master Class on page 48, a unique and unprecedented
overview of French grammar and a central piece to
GigaFrenchs total immersion strategy.
Welcome to France, welcome to French.
Marie de France
27 Messidor 224 14 July 2016
6 | GigaFrench.com
Admission
Depending on your time and previous knowledge, you can
choose between a short overview and full immersion:
1. If you learned French earlier in life and if your time is
limited, go through the main text at the beginning of each
Level (page 29, 153, 233, 305, 349, 417, 465 and 483)
and listen to the audio until you understand every single
word.
2. If you have time for an in-depth discovery of the French
language, go through each level until the end.
Before moving ahead, please check if you qualify for
GigaFrench:
Admission: Your Past

The first condition for using GigaFrench is your past
language experience. GigaFrench will be invaluable for you
if
1. You remember French from school (go directly to
page 8).
GigaFrench will complete your knowledge with a vast
range of subjects (God, climate change, abortion, junk
food, etc.). New and powerful vocabulary will enable you
to have passionate discussions with friends, family and
colleagues.
2. You learned French many years ago but feel that you
have forgotten almost everything.
Things weve learned in the past never disappear. They
leave traces in your brain you can quickly reactivate.
GigaFrench will help you retrieve your past knowledge,
explaining everything from the beginning, though
| 7
progressing at a pace that is never boring. If you feel this

is true for you, procede to Your Present, page 8.
3. You have never learned French before but you are

Spanish, Portuguese or Italian or you are fluent in one of
these languages.
French is a Romance language that descended primarily
from Vulgar Latin as did Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
and Rumanian. The differences between these languages
are certainly important, but the similarities are more
important yet. For example, if you are familiar with
Spanish, Portuguese or Italian, you know or can guess the
meaning of more than 7,000 French words. Grammar,
too, has more similarities than differences. In other
words: GigaFrenchs fast track approach will suit your
needs and help you make quick progress. If you feel this
is true for you, procede to Your Present.
4. You have never learned French before but you have

learned English (because you are Chinese, Indian,
Russian, Indonesian, Egyptian, etc.) and you are fluent in
English.
As you have become fluent in English over the years, you
know about the time scales, difficulties and pitfalls of
learning a second or third language. With GigaFrenchs
rationale and economic approach of French words and
grammar, you will make extensive use of the language
skills you have developed throughout your life.
Dont use GigaFrench if you are a native English speaker and
have never learned another language. GigaFrenchs fast-track
grammar presentation is too fast for you. We recommend you
to use first other language manuals and come back later.
8 | GigaFrench.com
Admission: Your Present

If you sailed through Admission: Your Past, now consider if
YOUR current objectives and preferences what and how
you want to learn agree with OUR objectives and
preferences and what we want to teach you. We certainly
agree that a successful language method has to teach the four
competences reading, listening, speaking, and writing. The
only question is: Should these four skills be considered equal
when starting a new language or should we prioritize one over
the other?
If you are a pure-blood extrovert and prioritize talking and
entertaining more than anything else in the world, think twice
about following GigaFrench. Well certainly ask you one day
to start speaking, but we have good reasons to postpone oral
language production for a few weeks or months. Even worse,
over the coming months, well prescribe you a few hundred
lonely study hours with books and tablets. If you dont
appreciate solitary study, GigaFrench may not be the right
method for you. We are sorry if you have to leave us so
early
If reading doesnt scare you, let us briefly explain why
GigaFrench prioritizes reading. Of all language skills,
reading is the crucial skill because everything else springs
from that good writing is a direct result of intense reading,
listening can be outsourced to almost effortless exercises (see
page 198), and correct speaking is the consequence of intense
reading and listening. GigaFrenchs focus is therefore on
accelerating your transformation from a French illiterate to a
French scholar. Over the coming months, we want you to
start reading newspapers, essays, novels and cartoons.
Our ultimate goal is to put you into an orbit of independent
reading as quickly as possible. Whatever your favourite
subject is biology, medicine, earth sciences, literature,
economics, law, architecture, history, psychology, sociology,
| 9
or any other topic youll be able to read any text about it

within months.
In parallel to reading, well teach you power listening, an
unconventional exercise which is necessary because speech
produces 3 and more words per second (for a preview of this
topic, see page 34). Our short-time goal is nothing else than a
100% comprehension of the articles we present to you and a
perfect understanding of every single word. Only later will we
ask you to start cautiously uttering your first French words.
Please believe me, patience in speaking is paramount the
longer you wait, the Frenchier your accent will be (see page
311). Finally, we will request you one day to start writing in
French, but thats still months away.
In summary, using GigaFrench depends on your answer to the
question: To read or not to read. If you feel uncomfortable
with lots of reading, dont continue. If you agree, go ahead to
Admission 3: Your Future.
Admission: Your Future

A marked preference for reading and previous exposure to
French (or, alternatively, being Italian, Spanish or Portuguese;
or having excelled at studying other languages) are the first
two conditions for using GigaFrench. The third condition is
long-term commitment. You cannot learn any language if you
dont allocate a sufficient amount of time to your project and
if you cannot guarantee daily learning. Consider one to two
hours per day the default study time and 30 minutes the
absolute minimum. If you are young and have plenty of time,
five hours per day are manageable and, of course, our
schedule of choice. Consider 7 study days/week the default
value and 5 days/week mandatory. Depending on your
previous knowledge and on which languages you have already
learned during your life, allocate a total study time of 500 to
1000 hours (find more details on page 161).
10 | GigaFrench.com
If you are a busy professional and dont have even 30 minutes

per day, change your priorities and give up on other activities.
If you cant, dont start GigaFrench.
In summary, GigaFrench is for dedicated students. Your
enthusiasm for exploring new worlds will finally meet up with
efficiency. If you devote at least 30 to 60 minutes daily to
serious study sessions, GigaFrench will be yours in months.
| 11
Admission
Admission: Your Past 6
Admission: Your Present 8
Admission: Your Future 9
1 God 29
Words 31
1.1 Power Listening 34
1.1.1 Rule #1: 30 minutes 34
1.1.2 Rule #2: AB Player 34
1.1.3 Background 35
1.1.4 Rule #3: Cutting 36
1.1.5 Details 39
1.1.6 Rule #4: Champagne 42
1.1.7 The benefits of Power Listening 44
1.1.8 Future Research 44
1.2 Turbo Master Class (1) 48
1.2.1 Peanuts 49
1.2.2 Hardcore French 59
1.2.3 Action words 66
1.3 First steps 72
1.4 Avoir 76
1.4.1 Avoir: Prsent (present tense) 76
1.4.2 All you can have 77
1.4.3 Action word timeline 79
1.4.4 Avoir: Imparfait (imperfect tense) 80
12 | GigaFrench.com
1.4.5 Avoir: Futur (future tense) 81

1.4.6 Avoir: Prsent conditionnel (hypothetical
what if) 83
1.4.7 Avoir: Subjonctif prsent (present
subjunctive tense) 84
1.4.8 Summary 85
1.4.9 Avoir (table) 86
1.5 Toolbox 88
1.6 Intermezzo 89
1.6.1 on (1) 89
1.6.2 Stranger vs. Family (1) 90
1.7 Avoir: Composed tenses 90
1.7.1 Introduction 90
1.7.2 Faire to do/make 94
1.7.3 Expressions with faire 97
1.7.4 Past participles: how to get them 98
1.7.5 Forty-nine action words 100
1.7.6 eu 102
1.7.7 Toolbox 2 107
1.8 Full timeline 107
1.9 Prsent 108
1.10 Preview of Group 1 action words 110
1.11 Negation (I) 111
1.12 Dessert 113
1.13 Summary + Outlook 113
1.14 Word classes 115
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1.15 Adjectives and Nouns 116

1.15.1 Possessive adjectives 118
1.15.2 Adjectives 119
1.15.3 Nouns 121
1.16 Articles 122
1.16.1 Definite article 122
1.16.2 Indefinite article 124
1.16.3 Partitive article 125
1.16.4 Pronunciation Pitfalls 126
1.17 Outlook: Nouns and Adjectives 127
1.18 Jokers 127
1.18.1 Adverbs 128
1.18.2 Conjunctions 129
1.18.3 Prepositions 131
1.18.4 Jokers 1-21 133
1.19 Pronouns 135
1.19.1 Relative pronouns: Qui & Que 137
1.20 Bits and Pieces 140
1.20.1 One-word sentences 140
1.20.2 Telling the hour 140
1.20.3 Cardinals and Ordinals 141
1.20.4 dont 141
1.20.5 Silent Letters (1) 141
1.20.6 Toolbox 3 143
14 | GigaFrench.com
1.21 Reading the News 143

1.21.1 Words 145
1.22 Bonjour 146
1.23 Free-Climbing 147
2 Climate Change 153

Words 156
2.2 Preview 160
2.3 Master Class (2) 161
2.3.1 Different degress of knowing 161
2.3.2 How long does it take? 162
2.3.3 Shame or not shame 164
2.3.4 Further reading 164
2.4 tre to be (Introduction) 164
2.4.1 Prsent 166
2.4.2 Il est / Elle est 166
2.4.3 Cest / Ce sont 166
2.5 The tre Biotope 167
2.6 tre Timeline 172
2.6.1 tre: Imparfait (imperfect tense) 172
2.6.2 tre: Futur (future tense) 173
2.6.3 tre: Prsent conditionnel 175
2.6.4 tre: Subjonctif prsent 176
2.6.5 tre: Pass simple 176
2.6.6 Summary 177
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2.6.7 tre (table) 179

2.7 Composed tenses with tre 180
2.7.1 Overview 180
2.7.2 Sexual connotation 183
2.7.3 tre: Composed Tenses 184
2.8 Pass compos versus imparfait 184
2.9 Forty-nine action words (2) 186
2.10 Irregular Future Stems (1) 192
2.11 on (2) 193
2.12 Negation (2) 194
2.13 Y avoir: There is 196
2.15 Articles (2) 199
2.16 Nouns (2) 200
2.16.1 Nationalities and languages 200
2.16.2 Feminine nouns 203
2.16.3 s, x, or z 207
2.16.4 -eau, -eu, or au 207
2.17 Adjectives (2) 209
2.17.1 Adjectives ending with a consonant 209
2.17.2 Adjectives ending in -e 211
2.17.3 Irregular adjectives: Categories 212
2.17.4 Irregular plural of adjectives 212
2.18 Jokers (2) 213
2.18.1 The next 21 jokers 213
2.18.2 Adverbs (2) 214
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2.18.3 Prepositions (2) 215

2.18.4 The word de 216
2.19 Numbers 13-79 218
2.20 Asking a question 219
2.20.1 Raise the pitch 219
2.20.2 Est-ce que 220
2.20.3 Inversion 220
2.21.1 Question words 221
2.21.2 Magic Words 222
2.21.3 Silent letters (2) 223
2.21.4 Toolbox 4 223
2.21.5 Social Vocabulary 225
3 Abortion 233
Words 236
3.2 Preview 240
3.4 Faire 242
3.4.1 Expressions with faire (2) 244
3.5 Subjonctif 245
3.6 Action words, Group 1: Petting 246
3.6.1 Prsent 247
3.6.2 Imparfait 248
| 17
3.6.3 Futur 249

3.6.4 Conditionnel prsent 250
3.6.5 Subjonctif prsent 251
3.6.6 Pass simple 254
3.6.7 Subjonctif imparfait 255
3.6.8 24 Endings 261
3.6.9 Caresser: simple tenses 262
3.6.10 Caresser: composed tenses 263
3.6.11 Most frequent Group 1 action words 264
3.6.12 Mental acrobatics 264
3.9 Importance of the Prsent 269
3.10 Prsent: Ten Action Words (1) 269
3.12 Stranger vs. Family (2) 275
3.12.1 Adjectives 275
3.12.2 Past Participles 275
3.13 Possessive adjectives 276
3.13.1 Singular 276
3.13.2 Plural 278
3.13.3 Exception 278
3.14 Personal pronouns 279
3.14.1 Personal subject pronouns 279
3.14.2 Personal object pronouns 280
3.15 Nouns (3) 286
18 | GigaFrench.com
3.15.1 Masculine nouns 286

3.15.2 Plural: ou, al, ail 289
3.17 Jokers (3) 292
3.17.1 The next 21 Jokers 292
3.17.2 Adverbs (3) 293
3.18 Numbers 80-100 294
3.19.1 Days of the Week 296
3.19.2 Months of the Year 296
4 Junk Food 305

Words 307
4.2 Preview 311
4.4 Aller 313
4.5 Aller Composed tenses 314
4.6 Futur Proche 315
4.7 Subjonctif (2) 316
4.8 Action words, Group 1 316
4.9 Group 3, Type 1 317
4.9.1 Dormir 320
| 19

4.11 Imperative: Orders and advice 324
4.12 Particip prsent & Grondif 325
4.14 y & en 331
4.14.1 y 331
4.14.2 en 332
4.15 Nouns (4) 334
4.15.1 Imports 334
4.15.2 Irregulars 334
4.16.1 ain, -ein 335
4.16.2 on, -en 336
4.16.3 Vieux & beau 337
4.17 Jokers (4) 338
4.17.2 Adverbs 339
4.18.1 Indefinite pronouns 341
4.18.2 Capitalization 343
20 | GigaFrench.com
5 Aesthetic Medicine 349

Words 353
5.2 Preview 358
5.3 Venir 359
5.5 Action words, Group 2 362
5.5.1 Prsent 363
5.5.2 Imparfait 363
5.5.3 Futur 364
5.5.4 Conditionnel prsent 365
5.5.5 Subjonctif prsent 366
5.5.6 Pass simple 367
5.5.7 Agir: simple tenses 368
5.5.8 Agir: composed tenses 369
5.5.9 Group 2: Frequent action words 370
5.6 Pronominal Action Words 372
5.6.1 Se caresser 374
5.6.2 Caresser: composed tenses 375
5.6.3 Negation 376
5.6.4 Imperative 376
5.6.5 Body parts 376
5.6.6 Reflexive PAWs 377
5.6.7 Reciprocal PAWs 377
5.6.8 Idiomatic PAWs 378
5.6.9 Senvoyer en lair 379
| 21

5.8 Action Word + Action Word (1) 383
5.8.1 No preposition 384
5.8.2 de 385
5.8.3 386
5.9 Particip prsent (2) : Pitfalls 387
5.10 Sequence of Tenses 388
5.12 Ifthen 392
5.13 Double Pronouns 393
5.13.1 Give it to me 393
5.13.2 y 395
5.13.3 en 397
5.14 Pronouns and Impratif 397
5.15 dont 399
5.15.1 Action word + de + noun 399
5.15.2 Adjectif + de + noun 401
5.16.1 -eux 402
5.16.2 -eur 403
5.17 Jokers 404
5.17.1 The next 21 404
5.17.2 Adverbs (5) 405
5.18.1 Emphasis 406
22 | GigaFrench.com
5.18.2 Ordinal Numbers (1) 408

6 Tourism 417
Words 420
6.2 Preview 424
6.3 Vouloir to want 425
6.4 Group 3: Prendre 426
6.6.2 de 430
6.6.3 431
6.8 Past Participle 433
6.8.1 Past participles as adjectives 435
6.8.2 Direct object pronouns 435
6.8.3 que 437
6.9 Jokers 438
6.11 Tout 440
6.11.1 Tout: pronoun 440
| 23
6.11.2 Tout: adjective 440

6.11.3 Tout: adverb 442
6.12 Possessive pronouns 443
6.13 Quel 445
6.14 Lequel, laquelle 446
6.14.1 Lequel as an interrogative pronoun 446
6.14.2 Lequel as a relative pronoun 447
6.15 Celui celle | ceux celles 449
6.16 h muet vs. h aspir 451
6.17 Comparisons and Superlatives 454
6.18 Silent letters (6) 455
7 Nobel for Snowden 465

Words 469
7.2 Preview 472
7.3 Dire 473
7.4 Pouvoir 474
7.5 Falloir 475
7.6 Group 3: Ouvrir 476
7.9.2 de 481
24 | GigaFrench.com
7.9.3 482
8 Brexit 483
Words 485
9 The Future 489
10 Appendix 491
10.1 Savoir 493
10.2 Voir 494
10.3 Devoir 495
10.4 Group 3: Attendre 496
10.5 Group 1: Sucer 497
10.6 Sen aller 498
10.7 Mettre 499
10.8 Rire 500
10.9 Group 3: Recevoir 501
10.10 Group 1: Manger 502
10.11 Vivre 505
10.12 Mourir 506
10.13 Group 1: Mener 507
10.14 Croire 510
10.15 Courir 511
| 25
10.16 Se Taire 512

10.17 Group 1: Prfrer 513
10.18 Battre 518
10.19 Suivre 519
10.20 Group 1: Appeler 520
10.21 Boire 522
10.22 Natre 523
10.23 Group 1: Jeter 524
10.24 Connatre 526
10.25 crire 527
10.26 Group 1: Acheter 528
10.27 Lire 530
10.28 Conduire 531
10.29 Group 1: Payer 532
10.30 Valoir 535
10.31 Conclure 536
10.32 Group 1: Envoyer 537
10.33 Craindre 540
10.34 Plaire 541
10.35 Feminine nouns ending in ion 542
10.36 Masculine nouns ending in ism 546
26 | GigaFrench.com
God | 27
Pronunciation rules for word endings

{AUDIO}
1. -e -ois
or mute -oix
2. e - -oie
-s -oit
-e 12. r -eur
-es -eurs
-er (verb) 13. r -re
-ez -air
-ai (verb) -aire
3. -airs
14. -an
-ais -en
-ait -ant
-aient -ants
-aie -ent
-aies -ents
4. -u -and
-us -ands
-ue -end
-ues -ends
5. o -au 15. -on
-aux -om
-eau -ons
-eaux -ond
-ont
6. u -ou 16. j -ion
-ions
-oup
17. -un
-oups
-in
-out
-ain
-ous
-ein
7. -eu
19. j -ien
-eux
-iens
-eue
-ient
-eues
20. u -uin
8. i -ie
9. i -ui
10. or eu, u
11. wa -oi
2016~4 Edition
28 | GigaFrench.com
Print edition @ Amazon

God | 29
1 God
Copyright 2016 N. Allan Paris
2016~4 Edition
30 | GigaFrench.com
{GigaFrench.com/level01} Dieu Does God exist?

Inequality, injustice,
| Dieu existe-t-il ? Ingalits,
violence, torture, rape,
injustices, violences, tortures, murder, war, genocide,
viols, meurtres, guerres, the Holocaust, slavery..
gnocides, la shoah, Unpardonable, isnt it?
People will tell you that
lesclavage Impardonnable,
God hides to put men to
nest-ce pas ? On vous dira que the test and get them to
Dieu se planque pour mettre les choose between good and
hommes lpreuve et les evil. In any case, if I
played those tricks on
amener choisir entre le bien et
you, you would call me a
le mal. En tout cas, si moi je sadist.
vous jouais des tours pareils,
vous me traiteriez de sadique !
Regardez lhistoire de lhumanit Look at the history of
humanity and the
et les innombrables crimes
countless crimes
commis au nom de Dieu ! Et committed in the name of
regardez le prsent : des tats qui God! And look at the
perscutent au nom dun Dieu, present: States that
persecute in the name of
torturent et tuent au nom dun
a God, torture and kill in
Dieu, et refusent aux femmes le the name of a God, and
droit davorter, toujours au nom deny women the right to
dun Dieu. abortion, always in the
name of a God.
Pauvre Dieu, nom de Dieu, Poor God, bloody hell,
would he have screwed it
aurait-il tout foir ? Souhaitons-
up all? Lets wish him
lui ce petit Dieu qui ne serait this little God who would
quun pauvre diable de ne pas just be a poor devil not
exister car nous le jugerions pour to exist because we would
put him on trial for crimes
crimes contre lHumanit. Nous
against humanity. We
avons guillotin Louis XVI pour guillotined Louis XVI for
moins que cela. less than that.

God | 31
Words
{AUDIO}
le dieu god le bien the good
exister to exist et and
existe-t-il? does he exist? le mal the evil
une ingalit disparity en tout cas in any case
une injustice injustice si if
la violence violence si moi je if I (stressed)
la torture torture jouer to play
le viol rape jouer des tours to play tricks

le meurtre murder si je vous jouais if I played tricks
la guerre war des tours on you
le gnocide genocide pareil such, like that
la shoah holocaust me me
lesclavage m. slavery traiter de to call
impardonnable unpardonable vous me you would call
traiteriez de me
nest-ce pas? isnt it?
le sadique sadist
on here: people
regarder to look at
vous you
regardez ! look!
on vous dira people will tell
you une histoire history, story
que that de of
se planquer to hide lhumanit f. humanity
fam. innombrable countless
pour in order to, to le crime crime
mettre to put to the test
lpreuve commis committed
au nom de in the name of
un homme man le prsent present
les hommes here: people un tat state
les here: them qui who
amener here: to get perscuter to persecute
here: to torturer to torture
choisir to choose
entre between refuser to deny
la femme woman
2016~4 Edition
32 | GigaFrench.com
le droit right be
avorter to abort
toujours always le diable devil
pauvre poor car as, because
nom de Dieu ! bloody hell! pour for
(fam., vulg.) juger to put on trial
nous le we would put
foirer to screw up jugerions him on trial
tout everything guillotiner to guillotine,
souhaiter to wish to decapitate
souhaitons-lui lets wish him Louis XVI King of France
(1754-1793) until 1791
ce this
moins less
petit little
il ne serait que he would only moins que cela less than that
Word cloud 1.1 The most frequent words | All word clouds in this
manual have been generated with Wordle, http://www.wordle.net.

God | 33
Further reading
Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the
expansion of human sociality. Nature 2016.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v530/n7590/full/na
ture16980.html accessed 18 March 2016.
Why big societies need big gods. Science Magazine 2015.
http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2015/08/feature-
why-big-societies-need-big-gods accessed 18 March
2016.
Complex societies evolved without belief in all-powerful
deity. Nature 2015.
http://www.nature.com/news/complex-societies-evolved-
without-belief-in-all-powerful-deity-1.17040 accessed
18 March 2016
If you just want to expand your French vocabulary, read the

next section on Power Listening and go straight ahead to the
next level and find a text about climate change (see page 153).
This is GigaFrench light. If you are more serious about
learning French, go through the following pages. Again, listen
to the audios until you can discern every single word and you
know the examples and dialogues by heart. Burn the sentences
into your brain. Being at ease with hundreds of sentences will
soon make French feel strangely familiar to you
2016~4 Edition
34 | GigaFrench.com
1.1 Power Listening

Have you ever studied French in school, but never lived in
France? Then you know that 3 or 5 years of school lessons are
not enough to understand French people in real life.
We now propose a radically different experience. If you
follow our advice, youll understand the MP3 audio files (just
listening, without reading the text) of the articles about God,
climate change (page 153), abortion (233), junk food (305),
'aesthetic' medicine (349), tourisme (417), Edward Snowden
(465) and Brexit (483) in less than a month. (Download the
GigaFrench MP3 audio files from
www.gigafrench.com/download.) We will help you conquer,
perhaps for the first time in your life, a French island of total
understanding. From there on out, exploring further
territories of understanding will be smooth sailing.
If you have never studied French, follow our advice anyway.
It will take you a few more weeks, but in less than two
months, youll understand all GigaFrench texts, too.
1.1.1 Rule #1: 30 minutes

Learning a foreign language is a rigorous daily exercise, not
unlike going to the gym. You will need at least 30 minutes to
devote to GigaFrench, 30 minutes every day, five days a
week. If you dont have 30 minutes a day, it will be almost
impossible to learn French, or any other language for that
matter.
1.1.2 Rule #2: AB Player

Youll need to install on your smartphone a so-called AB
Player. With the AB Player, youll cut a GigaFrench audio
file into portions of 2, 3 or 4 seconds and listen to these
portions 5, 10 or even 15 or 20 times (examples: slow audio,
normal audio). While listening, you will read the French text
God | 35
and check constantly the English translation (see page 36 for a

detailed description).
Install one of these AB repeat player on your mobile device:
Google Android: AB Repeat Player
www.hiv.net/abandroid
Apple IOS: Simple A-B Repeat
www.hiv.net/abios
The AB Repeat Player for Android smartphones is superior
to the Simple A-B Repeat for iPhone. If you have an iPhone,
try and arrange for an Android phone (even used and old).
The Repeat Player is essential for working with the

GigaFrench audio files that youll download from
http://www.gigafrench.com/download. Without these audios
and without the Repeat Player you cant fully exploit the
potential of GigaFrench.
1.1.3 Background
Before starting GigaFrenchs Power Listening, consider a
fundamental point of language learning: Listening is harder
than reading. The reason is speed. When you listen to a
native French speaker, youll hear three or more words per
second. If there is only one key word you dont know, the
sentence will remain opaque and unintelligible forever. All
youll see are the backlights of the sentence-train, without
time for a second guess and nobody giving you additional
clues. Youll never catch that train again.
On the contrary, when you read your first French articles you
can stop the train at any time and linger on single words until
you control, guess or remember their meaning (one second,
five seconds, 10 seconds at your speed). Furthermore, after
studying a text a few times, youll also dispose of some subtle
clues to understanding, for example the number of letters in a
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word, the position on the page, the vicinity of other words,

etc. The consequence: while an approximate knowledge of
French words is sufficient for reading, it is not sufficient for
listening. Listening requires a 100% knowledge of all words.
Youll soon learn that perfect comprehension of speech
requires more than just a few listening rounds. Dont be
surprised if you need to listen to an article 10, 20 or even 50
times today, tomorrow, next week until you can
distinguish every single word! This intense repetition is
perfectly normal for anyone who wants to get the best results.
If you are curious to know more, find details on page 161.
1.1.4 Rule #3: Cutting

Power Listening consists of cutting an audio file into portions
of 2, 3 or 4 seconds and listening to these portions 5, 10 or
even 15 or 20 times (examples: slow audio, normal audio). As
you listen, read the French text and check the English
translation constantly. In this way youll be able to:
1. figure out which word corresponds to which sound;
2. learn the meanings of the words;
3. memorise the spelling of the words.
To cut your audio file, use the AB button (see figure
below). At first, you may listen to every single portion of an
audio up to 10 times the playing time of an audio of
2 minutes thus would be 20 minutes (lets call this an AB
round).

God | 37
Figure 1.1 Screenshot of the AB Repeat Player

(http://www.hiv.net/abandroid). The AB button is
inside the green circle.
The first round of 20, 25 or 30 minutes is just the beginning.

You may repeat this exercise 5, 10 or more times for every
single audio file. We advise you to repeat an audio file the
next day, two days after, and then at intervals of 3 to 5 days.
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Do not stop before reaching your goal: to understand every

single word and guess the correct spelling without reading
the text, with eyes closed. In less than a month youll do it!
Figure 1.2 Worksheet. Daily documentation of the time

dedicated to Power Listening for each lesson.

God | 39
Documenting your Power Listening times in a worksheet will

help you check your progress. In the example above (Figure
1.2), daily listening time is about 40 minutes. If you have
time, add another lesson or two until you reach 60 minutes a
day. In our personal experience, 60 minutes is easy; 120
minutes requires a certain discipline; and 180 minutes or more
is possible only if no other important activities are happening
around you.
1.1.5 Details
1.1.5.1 First approach
Download the GigaFrench MP3 audio files from
www.gigafrench.com/download. Before starting your Power
Listening program (i.e., cutting the audio into portions from 2
to 4 seconds and listening to them with the AB Repeat
Player), we advise you to listen to the entire audio once or
twice while reading the English translation. This way, youll
get familiar with the content of the text.
If you already know some French, listen to the entire audio
file once or twice while reading the French text. That will give
you a feeling of what you know and what you still have to
learn.
1.1.5.2 Slow audio, normal audio

Each GigaFrench text comes with two audio versions: slow
and normal. We recommend to start with the slow version but
as soon as you can, work only with the normal speed audio.
For the final test of total understanding you should, of
course, use the normal audio.
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1.1.5.3 Parallel learning

Are you
on public transport?
in your car?
at the beach?
Are you
going to the market?
jogging?
cooking?
In all these situations put on your headphones and listen to the

GigaFrench audios files. There are two modes:
1. Hyper-focused mode
2. Standby mode
Both methods are precious. If you are hyper-focused, youll
obviously learn faster. But also listening in stand-by, in
parallel to other activities, has many advantages. Are you
performing a complicated culinary recipe? Or are you doing a
bit of handiwork around the house? Put your headphones on!
Something will always reach your brain, for example the
sound of the words, the music of the language and, more
rarely, the meaning of a word. In any case, when you study
French (with the GigaFrench PDF or book, with other
grammars or while doing exercises), dont do it without your
headphones and the GigaFrench sound in your ears!
1.1.5.4 Close your eyes

After working several times on a text, do your first test of
understanding. Put a sentence into an AB loop, close your
eyes and listen. If you do not understand the meaning of every
God | 41
single word, open your eyes and read the sentence again.
Today it may not have gone perfectly; dont worry, in a few
days youll succeed.
1.1.5.5 Second approach

After a few AB rounds, you will know the texts by heart, at
least the English version. At this point, we advise you to
intersperse normal listening sessions. Select the Repeat a
single file mode and listen to the same audio file from start to
finish 4, 5, 6, up to 7 times. As you listen, always read the
French text.
1.1.5.6 Examination in bed

Its almost midnight, you are with your partner in bed, have
turned off the light and are starting to fall asleep. Put your
headphones on briefly and listen to a text. Can you, yes or no,
understand every single word? If you cannot, continue
studying the text until you can. As you can see from Figure
1.3, youll reach full understanding of a text after only 5/10
rounds. The discovery of your first islands of complete
understanding are marked in blue.
1.1.5.7 Better understanding of words

In our experience, you cannot understand 100% of a spoken
script if you do not know all the words. We recommend that
you check the GigaFrench word lists regularly.
1.1.5.8 Friends
It is easier to learn with friends. If you have friends or family
who want to learn French, present them with the GigaFrench
Power Listening Program and explain the benefits to them. In
particular, teach them how to use a worksheet to document
their progress. Describe the extraordinary feeling of
conquering, one after the other, these islands of total
understanding.
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Figure 1.3 The first 30 days of learning Russian. Worksheet of a

40+ year-old adult with no previous experience of Russian. Study of a
manual of 18 texts (total audio time: 43 minutes). Daily average of
Power Listening: 1 22. The discoveries of the first islands of total
understanding are marked in blue.
1.1.6 Rule #4: Champagne

The day you clearly understand all the words of an audio file
without reading the text, you will have acheived something
important: conquering your first island of total
understanding. It is a day you will remember all your life.
Celebrate with champagne!
Now copy the audio file of the chapter you are on into a
separate playlist on your smartphone. Over the coming weeks,
the playlist will start to grow. Make it a habit to listen to your
new playlist while you are in your car, on public transport,

God | 43
during other activities (cooking, jogging, etc.), even while

enjoying a siesta. We have known people who used language
audio files as sleeping pills to fall asleep faster! Give it a
try
Palais Royal Power | Copyright: Marie de France
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1.1.7 The benefits of Power Listening

The collateral benefits of Power Listening are spectacularly
surprising:
1. Power Listening is always Power Reading. The new
language is being pressed into your brain both via
your ears and via your eyes with high pressure.
("Full volume on all channels!")
2. To understand the sound of a text you have to know
all the words. Power Listening is therefore an
excellent way to quickly learn French words.
3. Listening to short portions of an audio file 50, 100 or
more times will end up giving you an intuitive
knowledge of important aspects of French grammar.
Youll certainly need to study a more complete
French grammar later, but many rules you come
across then will be very familiar. In any case,
grammar will be easier and more pleasant.
4. We recommend that you listen to the GigaFrench
audios for a month or two and that you dont speak.
Give your brain time to absorb the correct
pronunciation of single words and the characteristic
French sound of sentences. If you begin to speak
only after a few months of intense listening, youll
have a more genuine French accent.
1.1.8 Future Research

Our previous experiments with the Power Listening/Power
Reading method indicate that the time until complete
understanding of a 45-minute audio program (word for word,
freehand, without having the text in front of you) in a
language you dont know is largely language-independent.
One of our subjects, an adult German native speaker
(40+ years), needed 60 hours of Power Listening/Power
God | 45
Reading over a period of two months for languages as diverse

as Norwegian, modern Greek and Russian.
If the number of hours (60) and the learning period (two
months) are pretty constant values for different languages in
the same test person, we should examine A) whether these
results can be reproduced in other people to see if there is
truly a constant of secondary language acquisition,
B) whether this constant applies only to languages of our own
language family (here: Indo-European languages) or also to
languages of other language families such as Turkish or
Japanese, C) how large the interpersonal variation is, and
D) how age influences learning speed. In particular, the
following questions need to be answered:
1. Can other students achieve the same result
(60 hours/2 months) with just 15 hours of Power-
Listening/Power Reading in 14 days?
2. Might other students need 180 hours spread over a
period of 6 months?
3. Is an 18-year-old graduate student faster than a 62-
year-old?
4. Can 80-year-olds learn foreign languages?
People on the street who like thinking aloud about language

aptitude and language deficits are certainly inclined to accept
huge differences in language acquisition. The reality is
probably more banal and no more impressive than the natural
variation of Homo sapiens penis length when erect (see Figure
1.5 and the Wikipedia article Human penis size).
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Figure 1.5 How to measure? Scientific measurement of the erect

penis. Mean length: 13.1 cm (5.16 in). Ninety percent of all penises
were longer than 10.3 cm (4.06 in) und shorter than 15.7 cm (6.18 in).
Veale D, Miles S, Bramley S, Muir G, Hodsoll J. Am I normal? A
systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect
penis length and circumference in up to 15,521 men. BJU Int 2015;
115:978-86. Free full-text article:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.13010/full. Accessed
August 7, 2016.
See also:
Nick Evershed. What is the average penis size? Find out with this
interactive graphic. The Guardian, March 5, 2015:
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/mar/05/what-
is-the-average-penis-size-find-out-with-this-interactive-graphic.
Accessed August 7, 2016.
In spring 2017, we expect the results of further tests (Power

tests, not penis tests!). In the meantime, Id bet that the human
brain is largely hardwired to accommodate languages. Babies
nicely show that our brain is also hardwired to learn any
language; moreover, they do it in comparable time periods.
Until proven otherwise, we should therefore maintain the

God | 47
hypothesis that all humans have virtually equivalent linguistic

basic skills that usually differ as does penis length by not
more than 20%. With this assumption, the answer to
questions 1, 2 and 3 above would be No. Does one student
need 60 hours to understand a 45-minute Russian language
audio word for word? If so, their less fortunate friends will
have to study a little longer, some 70 hours, while the luckier
ones will do it in about 50 hours. With that, everyones happy!
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1.2 Turbo Master Class (1)

Learning a second or third or fourth language is a huge
construction site. It is also an immense chaos and doubly so
because you have to improve on two entirely different
competences: listening and reading. One information stream
enters your brain through your ears and the other stream
through your eyes. As youll see later, that makes an
enormous difference (see page 198).
What feeling do you have when listening to the audio
www.hiv.net/God? Phonological porridge, isnt it? And what
do you feel when you see the 8 different colours in the text
about God?
1. Action word 4. Article 7. Conjunction
2. Noun 5. Pronoun 8. Preposition
3. Adjective 6. Adverb
{AUDIO} Dieu existe-t-il ? Ingalits, injustices, violences,

tortures, viols, meurtres, guerres, gnocides, la shoah,
lesclavage Impardonnable, nest-ce pas ? On vous dira que
Dieu se planque pour mettre les hommes lpreuve et les
amener choisir entre le bien et le mal. En tout cas, si moi je
vous jouais des tours pareils, vous me traiteriez de sadique !
Regardez lhistoire de lhumanit et les innombrables crimes
commis au nom de Dieu ! Et regardez le prsent : des tats
qui perscutent au nom dun Dieu, torturent et tuent au nom
dun Dieu, et refusent aux femmes le droit davorter, toujours
au nom dun Dieu.
Pauvre Dieu, nom de Dieu, aurait-il tout foir ? Souhaitons-lui
ce petit Dieu qui ne serait quun pauvre diable de ne pas

God | 49
exister car nous le jugerions pour crimes contre lHumanit.

Nous avons guillotin Louis XVI pour moins que cela.
Dare say it: Tumultuous letter flatulence! Flatulence is mere

appearance, though. The secret is that a word is not a word, as
the colours nicely show. Words are of different types, so-
called parts of speech.
For the phonological porridge, check the instructions on page
34. As for the chaotic word salad, give me your hand, follow
me and lets put order into the chaos in less than 25 pages.
Well first distinguish between easy and tough, peanuts and
hard core.
1.2.1 Peanuts
Peanuts are the easy part of French, so easy that you should
master them in less than a month. Peanuts include
Jokers
articles
pronouns
The defining feature of peanuts is that they are content-
insensitive: youll read, hear, say and write them in
conversations and writings about ANY subject. In 10 pages
you will see that buying stocks in peanuts is your best French
lifetime investment ever.
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1.2.1.1 Jokers
Jokers comprise three parts of speech (or word classes):
adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions. If you dont know
what these words mean, thats fine; in GigaFrench, well call
them jokers. They have two favorable assets:
1. Jokers are invariable (youll appreciate this feature
when you start struggling with the first variable
words);
2. Jokers, like the article and pronoun peanuts, are few
in number (less than 250, that is, less than 0.25% of
all French words) and can be learned in a month.
Throughout this manual, well present jokers by order of
frequency. The following word cloud shows the Top 21:
Word cloud 1.2 Jokers 1-21.
Although the Top 21 represent only about 10% of all French

jokers, they account for 70% of those youll ever hear and see.
The 7 most frequent jokers are de, et, que, nepas, qui,
dans, pour. Frequent words are short.

God | 51
Check immediately the smartphone exercise

www.hiv.net/firstjokers and learn the first 7 jokers now! It
will take you only a few minutes, perhaps less. Ideally, you
would learn all 21 words between today and tomorrow at
www.GigaFrench.com/jokers01.
{AUDIO}
1 de of, from, in, about, by, etc. prep
(multiple translations)
2 to, at, from, etc. prep
3 et and conj
4 ou or conj
5 qui who, which adv
6 que whom, that; what; than adv
7 o where adv
8 avec with prep

9 sans without prep
10 nepas not adv
11 dans in, among prep
12 pour for; in order to prep
13 sur on prep
14 sous under prep
15 plus more adv

16 comme like; because, since conj
17 tout everything, anything adv
18 si yes; if; so conj, adv
19 bien well adv
20 il y a there is, there are; ago adv
21 par by, through prep
Word lists are not perfect because many words have more
than one translation. As a result, word lists have been
considered fuzzy and out of focus and have been verboten for
decades. It is certainly true that it is hard to learn words out of
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context; it is equally true, though, that it may be even harder

to decipher an article without having a clear idea of the words
used in the text. Fortunately, with smartphone technology,
word lists are being rehabilitated. Today, smartphone-powered
memory exercises are surprisingly efficient memory boosters.
Well present them to you throughout this manual.
Please find the entire joker list, the audio file and more
smartphone exercises on our web page
www.GigaFrench.com/jokers. We would like you to know the
first 42 jokers in three days and the rest in three weeks.
Without the jokers, the first colourless areas are appearing in

the God article. Lets immediately continue and take the
purple words out of the game.

au nom dun Dieu.

God | 53

1.2.1.2 Articles
{AUDIO} Articles, shown in purple, are the baby pool of the
peanuts group. There are just 9 of them and all are easy to
learn.
The English the has three French equivalents: le for boys, men
or other masculine words; la for girls, women or other
feminine words; and les for more than one boy, one girl, one
woman or one men. In summary: the = le, la | les. On page
122, well go into the details. For now, be it sufficient to
present the following number/gender scheme:
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular le la
Number
Plural les
The English a has two French equivalents: un for masculine

nouns (a boy, a men, etc.) and une for feminine nouns (a girl,
a woman, etc.). In summary: a = un, une, or:
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular un une
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Finally, see a peculiar phenomenon which affects only the

articles le and les. These two words are immediately
cannibalized and engulfed by the jokers de of, from and to,
for. In the process, the non-existing de+le becomes du, de+les
becomes des, +le becomes au and +les becomes aux.
le les
de + du (de+le) des (de+les)
Number
+ au ( +le) aux (+les)
The next word cloud demonstrates that the so-called definite

articles le, la | les are the Top 3:
Word cloud 1.3 French articles
Look at the God article without jokers and articles. Lets

tout de suite rush to eliminate the pronouns.

God | 55

au nom dun Dieu.
1.2.1.3 Pronouns
You certainly know what je taime means: I love you. In what
is undoubtedly one of the major advances in human
civilisation, you have
1. the so-called personal subject pronoun je I
and
2. the so-called personal object pronoun te you
Lets delve a few inches beneath the pronoun surface. Take,
for example, the outstanding dsirer. Of course, in France,
dsirer to want, to desire is most often used in the pretty
exclusive sexual sense of wanting to kiss, caress, suck and
make love.
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{AUDIO}
Je te dsire. I want you.
Tu me dsires. You want me.
Il la dsire. He wants her.
Elle le dsire. She wants him.
Nous vous dsirons. We want you (plural).

Vous nous dsirez. You want us.
Ils les dsirent. They (boys, men) want them
(boys, girls, men, women).
Elles les dsirent. They (girls, women) want them
The preceding table showing personal subject pronouns

(PSPs) in red and personal object pronouns (POPs) in blue is
one of the most important tables youll see in your entire
French lifetime. Listen to the audio and learn all sentences by
heart now! (Yes, please!)
The table holds another suite of gems: the bold-faced endings
of dsirer: -e, -es, -e | -ons, -ez, -ent. In English, you need to
modify the present tense of want only when associated with he
and she; in this case, you add an s: he/she wants. In French
you have different endings all over the place. Note that the six
endings -e, -es, -e | -ons, -ez, -ent are a pillar of the French
language! Again, memorize them before this day ends
youll see them later again and again and again.
Give me time for just two more words, lui and leur, shown in
green in the following table. Youll use lui (instead of le/la)
and leur (instead of les) with words like rsister to resist
that take indirect objects in French. (More about that on page
279.) The equivalents for lui in German are ihm/ihr, in Italian
gli/le and in Spanish le. The equivalents for leur in German is
ihnen, in Italian gli or loro and in Spanish les.

God | 57
{AUDIO}
Je te rsiste. I am resisting* you.
Tu me rsistes. You are resisting me.
Il lui rsiste. He is resisting her.
Elle lui rsiste. She is resisting him.
Nous vous rsistons. We are resisting you (plural).

Vous nous rsistez. You are resisting us.
Ils leur rsistent. They (boys, men) are resisting them (boys,
girls, men, women).
Elles leur rsistent. They (girls, women) are resisting them
* Note that the French language has no equivalent for

the English continuous tense. Translate the continuous
tense with the French present tense.
Word cloud 1.4 15 personal pronouns | Relative

frequency as calculated from 17 novels by mile Zola.
The news of the day: The 15 personal pronouns je, tu, il, elle,
nous, vous, ils, elles, me, te, le, la, les, lui, leur alone
represent 70% of all French pronouns youll ever hear and
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see. The remaining 40+ pronouns are sometimes tricky, but

relatively easy to master.
The God article without jokers, articles and pronouns. What

do you see?

au nom dun Dieu.
Fifty percent of the words are gone, the fog has lifted. With all
soft parts hammered out, only granite remains: nouns,
adjectives, action words. The language landscape comes into
focus.
The 50% percentage give it some points more, some points
less is a rather constant value, not only in French but in most
other European languages. In other words, around 300 French
peanuts always account for 50% of any subset of 100,000
possible French words in any given text. Do you arrive at the
same conclusion as I do? Yes, indeed, youre right: You
should know these words rather this week than next week!
Learning the peanuts as soon as possible is one of the best

God | 59
investments you can ever make in your future French skills.

Youll see that many peanuts are difficult to memorize, but
youll have to go through it now! You can! And well help
you!
1.2.2 Hardcore French

Everything you have been announced until now 200+ jokers,
a handful of articles, 60+ pronouns is manageable (i.e.,
learnable) in less than a month. But now, with nouns,
adjectives and action words, rocky times are looming over the
horizon. Your French honeymoon is over. See for yourself:
Figure 1.1 Number of words to learn
What you see is the hard truth of language learning: There are
thousands of words in your books, tablets or smartphones
but they are just there and they not in your brain. Worse:
youll have to transfer them into your brain one by one and
make stay them there for years, possibly forever.
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If you are Italian, Spanish or Portuguese, the numbers shown

in Figure 1.1 represent entirely new words you will need to
learn. (Entirely new means that you cannot infer the
meaning from similar words of your own language.) If you
dont speak any of these languages, you may probably need to
multiply the indicated numbers by 1.5 to 2. In other words,
you have on the study table in front of you 3500 and 7000
nouns, 1000 to 2000 adjectives and 500 to 1000 action words.
Well show you later how to cope with this monstrous task.
Figure 1.2 Relative importance of different word classes (parts of

speech). Nouns, adjectives and action words represent more than
98% of all French words you will know on day.Peanuts (adverbs,
conjunctions, prepositions), pronouns and articles are of minor
importance.
1.2.2.1 Nouns
Providentially, the formal management of French nouns is
straightforward. You have two forms: the singular form and
the plural form and they differ by the final s of the plural:
le soleil the sun
les soleils the suns
Thats like in English. Unlike in English, the final s of

French nouns is hardly ever pronounced. So how do French

God | 61
people know if someone talks about one apple, one condom or

one baby vs. two or more apples, condoms and babies? Its the
article that makes the difference! Youll usually hear only
from le and la if someone talks about only one person or thing
or place (singular); and from les that she is talking about more
than one person, thing or place. Well show you later how the
difference between romantic love and group sex may depend
entirely on the definite articles le and les (see page 126).
As always, exceptions govern the rule, some nouns have
irregular plurals (cheval horse chevaux horses), others have
slightly different feminine forms (boulanger baker
boulangre lady baker). However, all in all, the management
of nouns is uneventful.
The God article without jokers, articles, pronouns and

nouns:

au nom dun Dieu.
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1.2.2.2 Adjectives
Adjectives are words like seductive, excited, tired, small, big,
etc. In English, they are immutable and dont bother about
number and gender. Be it a man, a woman, two men or three
women, theyll always be seductive, excited, or tired. In
English, adjectives are carved in stone.
Not so in French! French adjectives not only want to know if
the noun it comes with is masculine (boys, men, etc.) or
feminine (girl, women, etc.), they also want to know if there is
only one (singular) or more than one (plural). Fortunately, the
recipe is simple:
add an e if the noun is feminine
add a final s if the noun is a plural
This so-called gender and number variability is a key
feature of French. Well call it the ES rule. Lets put it into a
table:
Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular e
(How many?) Plural s es
{AUDIO} When applying the ES rule to sduisant seductive,

we get:
Il est sduisant. He is seductive.
Elle est sduisante. She is seductive.
Ils sont sduisants. They are seductive (boys, men).

Elles sont sduisantes. They are seductive (girl, women).

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Put into a table:

Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Singular sduisant sduisante
Number [sediz] [sedizt]
(How many?) Plural sduisants sduisantes
[sediz] [sedizt]
In brackets you see the transcription using the IPA

(International Phonetic Alphabet). What do you notice?
1. The plural s does not change the pronunciation.
2. The feminine e does change the pronunciation if the
final letter is a consonant (here the final t in
sduisant).
Now lets apply the ES rule to adjectives ending in , excit

excited and fatigu tired:
Il est excit. He is excited.
Elle est excite. She is excited.
Ils sont excits. They are excited (boys, men).

Elles sont excites. They are excited (girl, women).
Il est fatigu. He is tired.

Elle est fatigue. She is tired.
Ils sont fatigus. They are tired (boys, men).

Elles sont fatigues. They are tired (girl, women).
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Put into tables:

Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular excit excite
(How many?) Plural excits excites
Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular fatigu fatigue
(How many?) Plural fatigus fatigues
Note that in these cases, the pronunciation of all four forms is

identical ([ksite], [fatie]).
Irregular plural or feminine forms will be presented in due
time (see pages 290, 335).
{AUDIO} A subspecies of adjectives are the so-called

possessive adjectives, in English my, your, his/her | our, your,
their. Where English has one word (for example, my), French
has three words (for example, mon, ma | mes) or two words
(for example, notre | nos).
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
my mon ma mes
your ton ta tes
his/her son sa ses
our notre notre nos
your votre votre vos
their leur leur leurs
In total, the number of French possessive adjectives is 15.

Find the details on page 276.

God | 65
Word cloud 1.5 15 possessive adjectives pronouns | Relative

frequency as calculated from 17 novels by mile Zola.
In conclusion, the management of adjectives, too, is

uneventful. The God article left with only the action words:
au nom dun Dieu.
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1.2.2.3 Action words

In the God article, the first action words are exister to exist,
tre to be, dire to say, se planquer to hide. With so few
words left, you might think that you have done it, dont you?
Nothing could be more wrong! Now French trouble begins in
earnest! The trouble is such that well start a new chapter.
1.2.3 Action words

Action words are the most important word class because they
change the world. They describe actions (lire to read, crire
to write, baiser to fuck), feelings or sensory perceptions
(sentir to feel, entendre to hear), occurrences (devenir to
become), or states of being (tre to be, exister to exist). In
grammar, they are usually known as verbs well call them
action words and include in this category the so-called
auxiliary action words avoir to have and tre to be.
Action words are denser than other words because they
convey three layers of information:
1. the action
2. the time of the action
3. the person who does it
As a result of this triple-layer, action words are true monster
words. When you see them in a word list for example as
innocuous binaries such as avoir to have, tre to be, caresser
to caress all you see is the tip of an iceberg. What you dont
see and sense, at least not during your first weeks of French
training, is the icebergs hidden part which is immense! For
example, the hidden part of avoir to have consists of 40
different forms, 34 of which are essential: eu, ayant, ai, as, a,
avons, avez, ont, avais, avait, avions, aviez, avaient, aurai,
auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront, aurais, aurait, aurions,
auriez, auraient, aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient, eus, eut,

God | 67
emes, etes, eurent, eusses, et, eussions, eussiez, eussent.

In other words, action words are masters of disguise. Your
second major challenge in French is to unmask them.
1.2.3.1 Timeline and Sextets

{AUDIO} To cast a solid fundament for your future
development of French action words, lets first talk about your
life and the people who populate it.
Qui es-tu? [ki -ty?]

Do viens-tu? [du vj- ty?]
Que fais-tu ici? [k f-ty isi?]
Who are you?

Where do you come from?
What are you doing here?
These are the questions you are likely to hear at the beginning
of your French genesis as soon as the people around you
notice that you speak some French. To answer them, you will
end up talking not only about your present, but also about past
experiences and your future projects. Past, Present, Future
your life is a timeline.
Past Present Future
Of course, life has been, is and will be a succession of

entangled and complex events, and youll need precise
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instruments to narrate them. French action words (or verbs)

have 14 time slots to describe the events of your life.
Fortunately, only 9 are used in conversational French. You
will see them all soon enough.
To populate your life timeline, you need people. Divide all the
people on Earth into three groups: In Group 1, the pole
position, there is nobody other than yourself and you refer to
yourself as I. Now divide the 7 billion other human beings
into Groups 2 and 3. In Group 2, put the person you are
currently talking to (you refer to him or her as you), whereas
in Group 3 youll put the rest of the world, the people you
may be talking about with your conversation partner (youll
refer to them as he/she).
The result is a triangle. I talks to you, you responds; and

I and you talk about he/she/it.
In these cases, only one person is involved, so we call I, you,
he/she/it singular personal subject pronouns (remember
page 55). Here they are again:

God | 69
je I
tu you
il/elle he/she (it)
A second triangle describes situations with more than one

person. We talk to you, you responds, and together, we
talk about them. In these cases, we use the so-called plural
personal subject pronouns (we, you, they). Please note that
the English they translates into ils when talking about boys,
men and other masculine words and into elles when talking
about girls, women and other feminine words:
nous we
vous you
ils/elles they
{AUDIO} Taken together, the three singular forms and the

three plural forms condense into a sextet. Later, you will meet
hundreds of these sextets, so try to become familiar with their
structure: first the three singular forms je I tu you il/elle
he/she and then the three plural forms nous we vous you
ils/elles they.
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Singular
[/]
st
1 person singular je/j* I
nd
2 person singular tu [ty] you
[il/l]
rd
3 person singular il/elle he/she (it*)
Plural
st
1 person plural nous [nu] we
nd
2 person plural vous [vu] you
ils/elles [il/l]
rd
3 person plural they
* The French language has no true equivalent for it. Animals and
inanimate objects are all either feminine or masculine.
Please note that je becomes j when the following word starts

with a vowel, for example, jaime I love. The same is true for
all French two-letter words ending in an e (je, ce, de, le, me,
ne, se, te): drop the final e and add an apostrophe (j, c, d,
l, m, n, s, t) whenever the following word starts with a
vowel (a-, e-, i-, o-, u-) or the semi-vowel y.
{AUDIO} All this sounds familiar, doesnt it? Remember the

red personal subject pronouns (PSPs) from our previous
discussion of pronouns:
st
1 person singular Je te dsire. I want you.
nd
2 person singular Tu me dsires. You want me.
rd
3 person singular Il/Elle la dsire. He/She wants her.
st
1 person plural Nous vous dsirons. We want you (plural).
nd
2 person plural Vous nous dsirez. You want us.
rd
3 person plural Ils/Elles les dsirent. They (boys, men/girls,
women) want them (boys,
girls, men, women).

God | 71
Thats it!
1. You are familiar with the mechanics of action word
sextets and
2. You know that there is more than one timeslot on
your life timeline.
These are the basics. Now start French for real! First: avoir to
have.
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I. Action Words
1.3 First steps
With action words youll discover words that change the
world, for example faire to do/to make, vouloir to wish,
savoir to know, vivre to live. In grammar, these words are
known as verbs. Well call them action words and include in
this category the so-called auxiliary action words avoir to
have and tre to be.
{AUDIO} Avoir to have is the most important word in French.
Please listen to the audio and learn the following four sextets
(the first 4 of about 100 youll need). First learn every single
form, then memorize the 6-word sequences (for example jai
tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont).
Le Louvre | Copyright: Marie de France
If you dont know (or dont remember) what jai tu as

il/elle a | nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont mean, be
patient youll discover it in a few moments. For now just
burn the sextets into your brain. If you are new to French,
God | 73
memorize the first two sextets. If you learned French before,

memorize them all.
{AUDIO}
Prsent Imparfait
j ai [e] avais [av]
tu as [a] avais [av]
il/elle a [a] avait [av]
nous avons [av] avions [avj]
vous avez [ave] aviez [avje]
ils/elles ont [] avaient [av]
Futur Conditionnel prs.

j aurai [oe] aurais [o]
tu auras [oa] aurais [o]
il/elle aura [oa] aurait [o]
nous aurons [o] aurions [oj]
vous aurez [oe] auriez [oje]
ils/elles auront [o] auraient [o]
Alternative presentation:
Prsent
jai tu as il/elle a
nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont
Imparfait
javais tu avais il/elle avait
nous avions vous aviez ils/elles avaient
Futur
jaurai tu auras il/elle aura
nous aurons vous aurez ils/elles auront
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Conditionnel prsent
jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait
nous aurions vous auriez ils/elles auraient
Action words are the most important word class. They

describe actions (lire to read, crire to write, baiser to fuck),
feelings or sensory perceptions (sentir to feel, entendre to
hear), occurrences (devenir to become), or states of being
(tre to be, exister to exist).
Remember that action words convey three layers of
information: 1) the action, 2) the time of the action and 3) the
person who does it. When you see them in a word list for
example avoir to have, tre to be, caresser to caress all you
see is the tip of an iceberg. The hidden part of avoir to have?
40 different forms, 34 of which are essential: eu, ayant, ai, as,
a, avons, avez, ont, avais, avait, avions, aviez, avaient,
aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront, aurais, aurait,
aurions, auriez, auraient, aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient,
eus, eut, emes, etes, eurent, eusses, et, eussions, eussiez,
eussent.

God | 75
Word cloud 1.6 The 14 most important French action words
In the coming hours you will learn the 34 words shown in

bold 1) because they are the heart of French action words and
2) because action words are the heart of French grammar. You
will do it step by step and
1. Discover the biotope of avoir
2. Check the simple tenses of avoir and realize the
beauty of your first summary table
3. Use avoir to build the hugely powerful composed
tenses and fuck the rabbit
4. Investigate the fabulous action word faire to do/make
5. Discover the all-important participes pass past
participles
6. Revisit your avoir biotype with the power of
composed tenses
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7. Put 12 important French tenses (time slots) on a

timeline
8. Explore in more detail the prsent present tense of a
few important French action words.
Just 40 pages of action words basics. You can!
1.4 Avoir
As all action words, avoir to have has different tenses
(dimensions of time, time slots; see below). Lets start with
the most important one, the present tense, in French prsent.
The prsent, like all other tenses youll come across later, has
three forms for the singular (when you name only one person:
I, you, she or he) and three forms for the plural (when you
talk about more than one person: we, you, they).
1.4.1 Avoir: Prsent (present tense)

Singular
j ai I have
tu as you have
il/elle a he/she has
Plural
nous avons we have
vous avez you have
ils*/elles** ont they have
* ils is masculine and used for boys, men or other masculine words
** elles is feminine and used for girls, women or other feminine words
This 2 x 3 scheme well call it a sextet is all-important

because youll have to become familiar with around 100 of
them (20 by the end of Level 1 and 40 by the end of Level 3).
If you feel uneasy with it, check page 67 again, Timeline and
Sextets.

God | 77
1.4.2 All you can have

{AUDIO} Lets briefly check the biotope of avoir. Youll use
avoir to designate family and friends, material goods, helpful
people, problems, etc. In the following examples, you will
find a lot of new words such as pnis, sur, amant,
matresse, chat, chien, etc. Try and memorize as many of
them as you can and come back later for the words that
wont enter your brain immediately. In any case, concentrate
on jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez ils/elles
ont.
1. Family, friends, pets, etc.

jai un petit pnis I have a small penis
tu as deux surs you have two sisters
il/elle a trois amants he/she has three lovers
nous avons quatre matresses we have four mistresses
vous avez cinq chats you have five cats
ils/elles ont six chiens they have six dogs
2. Material goods
jai sept voitures I have seven cars
tu as huit appartements you have eight apartments
il/elle a neuf portables he/she has nine cell phones
nous avons dix mille euros we have ten thousand euro
vous avez onze tablettes you have eleven tablets
ils/elles ont douze jeux vido they have twelve video games
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3. Helpful people
jai un boulanger I have an extraordinary
extraordinaire baker
tu as un mdecin you have a skilful doctor
comptent
il/elle a un boucher de he/she a trusted butcher
confiance has
nous un pharmacien tout we have a pharmacist
avons prs nearby
vous avez le meilleur you have the best
chocolatier du chocolate maker
monde in the world
ils/elles ont un marchand de they have a remarkable
fruits et lgumes greengrocer
exceptionnel
4. Hunger, thirst, fear, etc.

jai* faim I am* hungry
tu as soif you are thirsty
il/elle a du retard he/she is late
nous peur we are afraid
avons
vous avez raison you are right
ils/elles ont tort they are wrong
* In these expressions, French uses avoir to have while English uses
to be.

God | 79
5. Problems, etc.
jai un problme I have a problem
jai mes rgles I have my menstrual period
tu as une hpatite you have hepatitis
il/elle a le sida he/she has AIDS
nous une dpression we have a depression
avons
vous avez une nvrose you have a religious
religieuse neurosis
ils/elles ont une intoxication they have food poisoning
alimentaire
Remember that in French, inanimate objects are all either

feminine or masculine.
1.4.3 Action word timeline

Now lets do some time travel. The most fascinating aspect of
action words is their extension in time. With action words,
you time travel from things happening in the present, here and
now, back to your experiences in the past, and fast-forward to
your ideas for the future. Imparfait, prsent, futur and
conditionnel prsent (hypothesis) are the most important
time slots on your life timeline.
Imparfait Prsent Futur Hypothse
Lets make a short trip into the past, the future and the what
if (the hypothetical). All you need is brain storage capacity
for another 18 words. Are you ready? Lets travel back into
the past.
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1.4.4 Avoir: Imparfait (imperfect tense)

{AUDIO} The imparfait expresses habits, states of mind,
environmental descriptions and how people and the world
were in the past:
javais un petit pnis I had a small penis
tu avais deux surs you had two sisters
il/elle avait trois amants he/she had three lovers
nous avions quatre matresses we had four mistresses
vous aviez cinq chats you had five cats
ils/elles avaient six chiens they had six dogs
The last letters of the avoir forms appear in bold, they are
called fittingly enough endings. For the imparfait, these
endings are ais, - ais, - ait | -ions, -iez, -aient. All you need
to do is attach them to the stem av.
While reading and listening to the imparfait of avoir youll
establish the following rules:
1. The 1st person singular (javais) and the 2nd person
singular (tu avais) are identical.
2. The pronunciation of the three singular forms (avais
avaisavait) and the 3rd person plural (avaient) is
identical [av].
Please memorize the endings ais, - ais, - ait | -ions, -iez, -
aient now! The investment is worth it 1) because they are
identical for all French action words in the imparfait tense;
and 2) because youll soon use them again to build the
conditionnel prsent (the hypothetical; see below, page 83).
In synthesis:

God | 81
Singular
j avais I had
tu avais you had
il/elle avait he or she had
Plural
nous avions we had
vous aviez you had
ils/elles avaient they had
Now combine javais tu avais il/elle avait | nous avions

vous aviez ils/elles avaient with everything youve seen
above (material goods, helpful people, hunger, problems, etc.;
see page 77) and lets fast-forward into the future.
1.4.5 Avoir: Futur (future tense)

{AUDIO} The futur describes events that have not happened
yet, but are expected to happen:
jaurai sept voitures Ill have seven cars
tu auras huit appartements youll have eight apartments
il/elle aura neuf portables he/shell have nine cell phones
nous aurons dix mille euros well have ten thousand euro
vous aurez onze tablettes youll have eleven tablets
ils/elles auront douze jeux vido theyll have twelve video games
The endings of the future tense are ai, -as, -a | -ons, -ez, ont
and youll attach them to aur-, the future stem of avoir (more
about future stems later).
While reading and listening to the futur of avoir youll find
that
1. The 1st person singular (jaurai) and the 2nd person
plural (vous aurez) sound identical [oe].
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2. The 2nd person singular (tu auras) and the 3rd person
singular (il/elle aura) sound identical [oa].
3. The 1st person plural (nous aurons) and the 3rd person
plural (ils/elles auront) sound identical [o].
Memorize the 6 future endings ai, -as, -a | -ons, -ez, ont
now, because they are identical for all French action words in
the futur. In synthesis:
Singular
j aurai I will have
tu auras you will have
il/elle aura he or she will have
Plural
nous aurons we will have
vous aurez you will have
ils/elles auront they will have
Again, you can combine jaurai tu auras il/elle aura | nous

aurons vous aurez ils/elles auront with the words you
discovered earlier (family, friends, pets, helpful people,
hunger, problems, etc.; see page 77).
By the way, have you noticed the similarity between the future
endings ai, -as, -a | -ons, -ez, ont and the present tense of
avoir: jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez
ils/elles ont?

God | 83
1.4.6 Avoir: Prsent conditionnel

(hypothetical what if)
{AUDIO} Sometimes we talk about things that havent
happened and arent real but could happen or become real in
the future. The French prsent conditionnel expresses these
hypothetical situations. Si ctait vrai if it were true
jaurais un problme I would have a problem
tu aurais une hpatite you would have hepatitis
il/elle aurait le sida he/she would AIDS
have
nous une dpression we would have a depression
aurions
vous auriez une nvrose you would have a religious neurosis
religieuse
ils/elles une intoxication they would food poisoning
auraient alimentaire have
The endings of the prsent conditionnel are the same ais, -

ais, - ait | -ions, -iez, aient you used with the imparfait. The
only difference is that now youll attach them to the future
stem aur.
While reading and listening to the conditionnel prsent of
avoir youll find that
1. The 1st person singular (jaurais) and the 2nd person
singular (tu aurais) are identical.
2. The pronunciation of the three singular forms
(auraisauraisaurait) and the 3rd person plural
(auraient) is identical [o].
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In synthesis:
Singular
j aurais I would have
tu aurais you would have
il/elle aurait he/she would have
Plural
nous aurions we would have
vous auriez you would have
ils/elles auraient they would have
Combine jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait | nous aurions

vous auriez ils/elles auraient with everything you saw
earlier (family, friends, pets, material goods, helpful people,
etc.; page 77).
1.4.7 Avoir: Subjonctif prsent (present

subjunctive tense)
{AUDIO} Now take a one-minute look at the subjonctif
prsent. We cant tell you now why French needs it or what it
means. Just make sure to have seen the sextet que jaie que
tu aies quil/elle ait | que nous ayons que vous ayez
quils/elles aient.
Singular
que j aie that I have
que tu aies that you have
que il/elle ait that he/she has
Plural
que nous ayons that we have
que vous ayez that you have
que ils/elles aient that they have

God | 85
Note that the pronunciation of the three singular forms (aie

aiesait) and the 3rd person plural form (aient) is identical:
a simple [].
1.4.8 Summary
Lets summarize the first four avoir sextets. The 24 words are
a pillar of the French language, so no need to wait until
tomorrow, memorize them now! Remember also to still know
them in a week, and a month from now!
Prsent
jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont
I have, you have, he or she has | we, you, they have
Imparfait
javais tu avais il/elle avait | nous avions vous aviez
ils/elles avaient
I, you, he or she had | we, you, they had
I, you, he or she used to have | we, you, they used to have
Futur
jaurai tu auras il/elle aura | nous aurons vous aurez
ils/elles auront
I, you, he or she will have | we, you, they will have
Conditionnel prsent
jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait | nous aurions vous auriez
ils/elles auraient
I, you, he or she would have | we, you, they would have
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1.4.9 Avoir (table)

Lets put prsent, imparfait, futur and conditionnel prsent
in a table. The table shows you also the subjonctif prsent
and the pass simple, two tenses well discuss later. Just take
a quick glimpse at them. For the sake of completeness we also
include the subjonctif imparfait, which is extremely rare.
Chocolat de Paris | Copyright: Marie de France

God | 87
Infinitif avoir to have

Participe pass eu
Participe prsent ayant
Impratif aie | ayons | ayez
{AUDIO} Prsent Imparfait Pass simple

Present: I have Imperfect: Simple past:
I had, I used to I had
have
j ai avais eus
tu as avais eus
il/elle a avait eut
nous avons avions emes
vous avez aviez etes
ils/elles ont avaient eurent
Futur Conditionnel
Future: I will prs.
have Present conditional
I would have
j aurai aurais
tu auras aurais
il/elle aura aurait
nous aurons aurions
vous aurez auriez
ils/elles auront auraient
Subjonctif Subjonctif
prsent imparfait
Present Imperfect
subjunctive subjunctive:
that I have that I had
que j aie eusse
que tu aies eusses
quil/elle ait et
que nous ayons eussions
que vous ayez eussiez
quils/elles aient eussent
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1.5 Toolbox
Simple tenses
{AUDIO} You cannot continue studying French without
being familiar with these 7 technical terms:
1 Prsent Present
2 Imparfait Imperfect
3 Pass simple Simple past
4 Futur Future
5 Conditionnel prsent Present conditional
6 Subjonctif prsent Present subjunctive
7 Subjonctif imparfait Imperfect subjunctive
In a dialogue with your friends and colleagues youll hear or

use these tenses either every minute (prsent, imparfait,
futur) or at not even 5-minute intervals (conditionnel
prsent, subjonctif prsent).
The Pass simple and subjonctif imparfait are used in
writing only; the latter is rare even in writing.

God | 89
Outlook
Go briefly back to the avoir table and familiarize yourself
with the layout. Fully dressed action words are the
cornerstone of GigaFrench and require an exceptional
degree of flexibility and vivacity. To be in control of French
action words, youll have to know a few dozen tables.
Fortunately, they are only apparently hostile and forbidding.
The more you see of them, the easier it will be to memorize
the distinguishing features.
Progression will be dynamic. In Level 2, youll repeat the
time-line exercise with tre to be; in Level 3 comes caresser
to caress; in Level 5 agir to act. The earlier you are able to
sense (without thinking) the tenses (prsent imparfait
pass simple futur conditionnel prsent subjonctif
prsent), the faster will you master French. Invest now and
start harvesting in a month!
1.6 Intermezzo
Before cashing in your fresh knowledge of jai tu as il/elle
a, etc. and discover sexually promising composed tenses, lets
quickly deal with two of Frenchs important and easy
eccentricities.
1.6.1 on (1)
{AUDIO} The two-letter word on is a so-called indefinite
pronoun. Most often, it means we. Note that it is always
accompanied by the 3rd person singular (in red):
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On a faim ! We are hungry!

(children coming home)
On y va ? Shall we go?
On a eu de la chance. We were lucky.
Quest-ce quon peut faire ? What can we do?
See more uses of on on page 193.
1.6.2 Stranger vs. Family (1)

You is not only you, and if you have learned any other
language than English, youll know that. In French, when you
speak to just one person, you is tu, but when you speak to
more than one person, you becomes vous. Thus, you are
crazy translates into tu es fou [ty fu] when you talk to a
crazy man and vous tes fous [vuz-t fu] when you deal with
two or more crazy men.
In French, things are even more complicated because tu is for
family members, children or close friends only. When
speaking to a person you dont know (especially older people),
or in formal situations, you must always use vous (+ the 2nd
person plural of the action word) for both male and female,
singular or plural: vous avez [vuz-ave] you have, vous tes
[vuz-t] you are, vous caressez [vu kaese] you caress, vous
aimez [vuz-eme] you love, vous faites [vu ft] you do. Find
more on talking to strangers on page 275.
1.7 Avoir: Composed tenses

1.7.1 Introduction
Now make a giant leap forward. Combining avoir to have
with nouns and declaring that you have material goods,
family, friends, etc. (see page 77) is all well and good, but
masturbatory Trumpism has an insipid aftertaste of autism and
ennui. Fortunately, avoir has a double life. In its second and

God | 91
far more prominent garment in combination with other

action words avoir opens up a treasure grove of excitingly
interactive behaviour. The true power of avoir lies in the
combination with so-called past participles, for example fait
done/made, vu seen, pris taken, t been. The trick is
hilariously productive: take any of the forms from the avoir
table above (jai, tu as, il/elle a, etc. on page 86) and combine
them with the past participle of ANY French action words.
How powerful this procedure is can be seen from the
following table. With just 9 past participles (connu known,
embrass kissed, dshabill undressed, chatouill tickled,
bais fucked, oubli forgotten, etc.) and 7 professions you can
form 4.032 sentences or clauses.
2016~4 Edition
92 | GigaFrench.com
{AUDIO} Participe
pass
1 jai I have le lapin
tu as you have the rabbit
connu
il a he has
known la lapine
elle a she has
the lady rabbit
nous avons we have
le prof
vous avez you have embrass
the teacher m.
ils ont they have kissed
elles ont they have la prof
the teacher f.
caress
le directeur
2 javais I had caressed
the director m.
tu avais you had
il avait he had la directrice
elle avait she had dshabill the director f.
nous avions we had undressed
le journaliste
vous aviez you had the journalist m.
ils avaient they had
elles avaient they had chouchout la journaliste
pampered the journalist f.
le boulanger
3 jaurais I would the baker
tu aurais have, etc. chatouill
tickled la boulangre
il aurait
elle aurait the lady baker
nous aurions we would le boucher

aim
vous auriez have, etc. the butcher
loved
ils auraient la bouchre
elles auraient the lady butcher
bais
le fromager
fucked
4 Dommage the
cheesemonger
Its a pity that
que jaie I have oubli la fromagre
que tu aies you have forgotten the lady
quil ait he has cheesemonger
quelle ait she has
que nous ayons we have
que vous ayez you have
quils aient they have
quelles aient they have
1: Pass compos; 2: Plus-que-parfait;

3: Conditionnel pass; 4 : Subjonctif pass

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You may find it useful to open the webpage

www.hiv.net/pastparticiple, which will gradually introduce
you to the magic of the rabbit table.
To get the full power out of the remarkable composed tenses,

lets again procede step by step:
1. Explore the full picture of avoir + fait (past
participle of faire to do/make)
2. Discover frequent expressions with faire
3. Finding out how to produce past participles
4. Inspect the famous 7x7, the 49 most frequent action
words
5. Complete the picture with the composed tenses of
avoir
Attention
Please note that the past participle is the single most
important feature of French grammar. It must therefore
be as familiar to you as milk, bread and butter. So please
repeat three times:
past participle participe pass
2016~4 Edition
94 | GigaFrench.com
1.7.2 Faire to do/make

The next table shows the so-called composed tenses for the
action word faire. The past participle of faire is fait
done/made.
Concentrate on the three highlighted boxes showing the tenses
of prime importance: the pass compos, the plus-que-
parfait and the conditionnel pass.
Composed tenses consist of
1) derivatives of avoir (ai-as-a | avons-avez-ont, etc.)
or, rarely, tre (see Level 2, page 164)
+
2) a past participle participe pass.
You have previously seen the simple avoir tenses prsent,
imparfait, conditionnel prsent, etc. The corresponding
composed tenses are pass compos, plus-que-parfait and
conditionnel pass. It wont take you more than a minute to
get familiar with them.

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{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que- Pass antrieur

Perfect: parfait Preterit perfect:
I have done Past perfect: I had done
+ I did I had done (only in writing)
j ai fait avais fait eus fait
tu as fait avais fait eus fait
il/elle a fait avait fait eut fait
nous avons fait avions fait emes fait
vous avez fait aviez fait etes fait
ils/elles ont fait avaient fait eurent fait
Futur antrieur Conditionnel

Future perfect: pass
I will have done Past conditional:
I would have
done
j aurai fait aurais fait
tu auras fait aurais fait
il/elle aura fait aurait fait
nous aurons fait aurions fait
vous aurez fait auriez fait
ils/elles auront fait auraient fait
pass plus-que-parfait
Past Past perfect
subjunctive: subjunctive:
that I did that I had done
(extremely rare)
que j aie fait eusse fait
que tu aies fait eusses fait
quil/elle ait fait et fait
que nous ayons fait eussions fait
que vous ayez fait eussiez fait
quils/elles aient fait eussent fait
2016~4 Edition
96 | GigaFrench.com
In other words: As you become familiar with the prsent,

imparfait and conditionnel prsent of the auxiliary action
word avoir
jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez
ils/elles ont
javais tu avais il/elle avait | nous avions vous
aviez ils/elles avaient
jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait | nous aurions
vous auriez ils/elles auraient
you can build immediately the pass compos, the plus-que-
parfait and the conditionnel pass of faire by just adding
fait
Pass compos :
jai fait tu as fait il/elle a fait
nous avons fait vous avez fait ils/elles ont fait
I, you, he/she did/made | we, you, they did/made
+
I, you have done/made, he/she has done/made |
we, you, they have done/made
Plus-que-parfait :
javais fait tu avais fait il/elle avait fait
nous avions fait vous aviez fait ils/elles avaient
fait
I, you, he/she had done/made | we, you, they had
done/made
Conditionnel pass :
jaurais fait tu aurais fait il/elle aurait fait
nous aurions fait vous auriez fait ils/elles auraient
fait
I, you, he/she would have done/made |
we, you, they would have done/made

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1.7.3 Expressions with faire

{AUDIO} The French faire is used in a huge variety of
expressions, often in combination with love, sport,
housework. No need to say which action the French prefer.
faire lamour to make love
faire la sieste to take a nap
faire un pompier to give a blow job
faire les devoirs to do homework
faire du sport to do sports
faire du vlo to go biking
faire du bateau to go boating
faire des courses to go shopping
faire la cuisine to cook
faire la vaisselle to do the dishes
faire la lessive to do the laundry
faire le mnage to clean the house
faire le lit to make the bed
faire une promenade to go for a walk
faire la fte to party
faire le plein to refuel
Lets do a final check of the three most important composed

tenses pass compos, plus-que-parfait, conditionnel
pass in Frances preferred action:
2016~4 Edition
98 | GigaFrench.com
{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que-parfait

Perfect: I (have) Past perfect:
made love I had made love, etc.
j ai fait lamour avais fait lamour
tu as fait lamour avais fait lamour
il/elle a fait lamour avait fait lamour
nous avons fait lamour avions fait lamour
vous avez fait lamour aviez fait lamour
ils/elles ont fait lamour avaient fait lamour
Conditionnel pass
Past conditional:
I would have made
love
j aurais fait lamour
tu aurais fait lamour
il/elle aurait fait lamour
nous aurions fait lamour
vous auriez fait lamour
ils/elles auraient fait lamour
1.7.4 Past participles: how to get them

{AUDIO} As explained earlier, you will hear in a 10-minute
dialogue the single elements of the various avoir sextet
dozens of times, most often in combination with past
participles. It is therefore crucial to understand how to form
the past participles. As so often in French, you will just
change the endings. For the biggest group of action words,
those of Group 1 which end in er (there are more than 6,000
of them!), remove the er to obtain the so-called root; then
add . (Note that this does not change the pronunciation.)
Some examples:

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Infinitive Root Past participle

to love aimer aim- aim loved
to excuse excuser excus- excus excused
to hope esprer espr- espr hoped
Je lai aim. I loved him.

Elle la excus. She excused him.
Nous lavons espr. We hoped so.
For Group 2 action words (fewer than 300 words which

comprise some of the words ending in ir, see 362), cut the r.
Infinitive Past participle
to think, to reflect rflchir rflchi reflected, thought
to react ragir ragi reacted
to succeed russir russi succeeded
Jai bien rflchi. I thought well about it.

I have given it some thought.
Elle a trs mal ragi. She reacted very badly.
Nous avons russi en tout. We succeeded in everything.
Group 3 actions words are heterogeneous (see page 317) and

have many different past participles. There are about 350
words in this third group.
Infinitive Past participle
to want vouloir voulu wanted
to put mettre mis put
to open ouvrir ouvert opened
Je lai voulu et je lai eu. I wanted it and I got it.

Jai mis le pain sur la table. I put the bread on the table.
Avez-vous ouvert la fentre ? Have you opened the window?
2016~4 Edition
100 | GigaFrench.com
1.7.5 Forty-nine action words

Now for the cherry on top. If you have the power and
determination to learn the 49 most frequent French action
words, do it now because soon you must know them all (yes,
100%). The following 7x7 words represent about 10% of the
action words youll learn over the next months. The relative
importance of the Top 49 is shown in the word cloud.
Word cloud 1.7 Action words 1-49
{AUDIO} If you are tired, learn at least 2x7 words because

they represent 30% of all French action words you will hear
throughout your entire life. The percentages in the table
indicate the cumulative frequency. Group 3 and 2 participes
pass are shown in blue and green.
Open www.gigafrench.com/actionwords01 for a quick
smartphone check.

God | 101
#* Infinitive Past participle Infinitive Past

participle
1 faire* fait to do/make done/made
2 dire dit to say said
3 aller all (tre**) to go gone
4 pouvoir pu can could
5 voir vu to see seen
6 savoir su to know known
7 vouloir voulu to want wanted
20.9%
8 venir venu (tre) to come come

9 prendre pris to take taken
10 devoir d must must
11 falloir fallu to have to had to
12 passer pass (tre) to pass passed
13 parler parl to speak spoken
14 mettre mis to put put
29.5%
15 regarder regard to look looked

16 demander demand to ask asked
17 trouver trouv to find found
18 suivre suivi to follow followed
19 croire cru to believe believed
20 donner donn to give given
21 penser pens to think thought
35.9%
22 laisser laiss to leave left

23 aimer aim to love loved
24 rester rest (tre) to stay stayed
25 tenir tenu to hold held
26 arriver arriv (tre) to arrive arrived
27 entendre entendu to hear heard
28 sentir senti to feel/smell felt/smelled
41.0%
2016~4 Edition
29 attendre attendu to wait waited

30 connatre connu to know knew
31 sortir sorti (tre) to get out got out
32 comprendre compris to understand understood
33 sembler sembl to seem seemed
34 devenir devenu (tre) to become become
35 ouvrir ouvert to open opened
45.1%
36 revenir revenu (tre) to come back come back

37 partir parti (tre) to leave leaved
38 porter port to carry carried
39 rendre rendu to give back given back
40 rpondre rpondu to answer answered
41 appeler appel to call called
42 arrter arrt to stop stopped
48.3%
43 vivre vcu to live lived

44 chercher cherch to search for searched for
45 paratre paru to appear appeared
46 tomber tomb (tre) to fall fallen
47 lever lev to raise risen
48 commencer commenc to begin begun
49 finir fini to end ended
51.2%
* The Top 10 French action words are all from Group 3 although this
group comprises only around 350 words. Group 2 action words are
rare.
** These action words form the composed tenses with tre. See the
details on page 180.
1.7.6 eu
Finally, well complete our past participle exercise with jai
eu (I had, I have had). Eu is the past participle of avoir. A
quick look is sufficient. Dont spend more than a minute on
the following table:

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{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que- Pass

Perfect: I (have) parfait antrieur
had Past perfect: Preterit
I had had perfect:
I had had
j ai eu avais eu eus eu
tu as eu avais eu eus eu
il/elle a eu avait eu eut eu
nous avons eu avions eu emes eu
vous avez eu aviez eu etes eu
ils/elles ont eu avaient eu eurent eu

I will have had Past conditional:
I would have had
j aurai eu aurais eu
tu auras eu aurais eu
il/elle aura eu aurait eu
nous aurons eu aurions eu
vous aurez eu auriez eu
ils/elles auront eu auraient eu
Past Past perfect
that I had that I had had
que j aie eu eusse eu
que tu aies eu eusses eu
quil/elle ait eu et eu
que nous ayons eu eussions eu
que vous ayez eu eussiez eu
quils/elles aient eu eussent eu
2016~4 Edition
Again: having seen the simple tenses of the auxiliary action

word avoir
jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez
ils/elles ont
javais tu avais il/elle avait | nous avions vous
aviez ils/elles avaient
jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait | nous aurions
vous auriez ils/elles auraient
you can build the pass compos, the plus-que-parfait and
the conditionnel pass within seconds. Just add eu
Pass compos :
jai eu tu as eu il/elle a eu
nous avons eu vous avez eu ils/elles ont eu
I, you, he/she had | we, you, they had
or
I, you have had, he/she has had | we, you, they have
had
Plus-que-parfait :
javais eu tu avais eu il/elle avait eu
nous avions eu vous aviez eu ils/elles avaient eu
I, you, he/she had had | we, you, they had had
Conditionnel pass :
jaurais eu tu aurais eu il/elle aurait eu
nous aurions eu vous auriez eu ils/elles auraient
eu
I, you, he/she would have had | we, you, they would
have had

God | 105
{AUDIO} The following examples make it immediately clear.
1. Family, friends, pets, etc.

jai eu un petit pnis I had a small penis
tu as eu deux surs you had two sisters
il/elle a eu trois amants he/she had three lovers
nous avons eu quatre matresses we had four mistresses
vous avez eu cinq chats you had five cats
ils/elles ont eu six chiens they had six dogs
2. Hunger, thirst, fear, etc.

javais eu* faim I had been* hungry
tu avais eu soif you had been thirsty
il/elle avait eu du retard he/she had late
been
nous avions peur we had been afraid
eu
vous aviez eu raison you had been right
ils/elles tort they had been wrong
avaient eu
* In these examples, French uses avoir to have while English uses to
be.
3. Problems, etc.
jaurais eu un problme I would have a problem
had
tu aurais eu une hpatite you would have hepatitis
had
il/elle aurait eu le sida he/she would AIDS
have had
nous aurions une dpression we would have a depression
eu had
vous auriez eu une nvrose you would have a religious
religieuse had neurosis
ils/elles une intoxication they would food poisoning
auraient eu alimentaire have had
2016~4 Edition
Hold on a minute this is a watershed in your life! For the

first time ever, you have seen the complete picture of one
single French action word.
Were you prepared for that? Did anyone tell you that French
could be that complicated? Probably not. The French system
of 14 tenses is shocking, indeed. But the worst is over. From
now on, actions words will be yours!

God | 107
1.7.7 Toolbox 2
Composed tenses
{AUDIO} Please dedicate a few minutes to these 7 technical
words:
1 Pass compos Perfect
2 Plus-que-parfait Past perfect
3 Pass antrieur Preterit perfect
4 Futur antrieur Future perfect
5 Conditionnel pass Past conditional
6 Subjonctif pass Past subjunctive
7 Subjonctif plus-que-parfait Past perfect subjunctive
The pass compos (for example jai fait, in English I did

or I have done) is the most commonly used past tense in
French. It expresses an action that has been completed either
at the time you speak or at some known or unknown time in
the past.
The plus-que-parfait (for example, javais fait I had
made) and the conditionnel pass (for example, jaurais
fait I would have made) are also frequently used.
The futur antrieur (for example, jaurai fait I will have
made; see Level xxx) is less common, as is the subjonctif
pass (for example que jaie fait that I made; see Level
xxx).
The pass antrieur and the subjonctif plus-que-parfait are
rare and used almost only in literature and historical
accounts. It is enough that you know that they exist.
1.8 Full timeline

Time for a summary: The following illustration puts the 12
important French tenses (time slots) on a timeline. If you
feel confused, come back later; after a few weeks, the 12
2016~4 Edition
tenses will look familiar. Seven tenses are an absolute must

now, today, before midnight. These are the glorious prsent,
pass compos, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, futur,
conditionnel prsent and conditionnel pass.
Some of the names sound complicated, but there are only 12
of them. In comparison with the thousands of French words
you will learn in the future, thats next to nothing.
(The rare subjonctif imparfait and subjonctif plus-que-parfait
are not included in the figure).
Plus-que-parfait
Pass antrieur
Pass compos
Conditionnel Pass simple Futur antrieur Conditionnel
pass Imparfait Prsent Futur prsent
pass prsent
1.9 Prsent
Of the 7 glorious tenses, one tense stands out and will require
your constant attention: the prsent. In French grammar, the
present is more diversified than all other 13 tenses combined.
Pay particular attention to tre to be and caresser to caress.
tre is almost as important as avoir (see page 164) and
caresser is the prototype for more than 95% of all French
action words, the so-called Group 1 action words ending in
er (see page 246).

God | 109
{AUDIO} tre to be caresser to caress

I am, you are, he/he is I caress, you caress,
we, you, they are he/she caresses
we, you, they caress
je suis caresse I
tu es caresses you
il/elle est caresse he/she
nous sommes caressons we
vous tes caressez you
ils/elles sont caressent they
Part. pass t caress
Page 164 246
Faire to do/make is the third most important action word (see

page 94 and 242); agir to act is a prototype for Group 2 action
words (see page 362).
faire to do/make agir to act

I do, you do, he/she I act, you act, he/she acts
does we, you, they act
we, you, they do
je/j fais agis I
tu fais agis you
il/elle fait agit he/she
nous faisons agissons we
vous faites agissez you
ils/elles font agissent they
Part. pass fait agi
See page 242 362
2016~4 Edition
aller to go savoir to know

I go, you go, he/she I know, you know, he/she
goes knows
we, you, they go we, you, they know
je vais sais I
tu vas sais you
il/elle va sait he/she
nous allons savons we
vous allez savez you
ils/elles vont savent they
Part. pass all su
See page 180 493
1.10 Preview of Group 1 action words

From the 49er table (page 100) you have learned dozens of
Group 1 action words, those ending in er and representing
more than 90% of all action words. You certainly wonder how
the simple tenses of Group 1 look. Youll find the full
discussion in Level 3 (page 246, Petting); in the meantime,
have an hors-duvre of caressing with caresser:

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Infinitif caresser
Participe pass caress
Impratif caresse | caressons | caressez
{AUDIO} Prsent Imparfait

I caress, etc. I caressed, etc.
je caresse caressais
tu caresses caressais
il/elle caresse caressait
nous caressons caressions
vous caressez caressiez
ils/elles caressent caressaient
Futur Conditionnel
I will caress, etc. prsent
I would caress, etc.
je caresserai caresserais
tu caresseras caresserais
il/elle caressera caresserait
nous caresserons caresserions
vous caresserez caresseriez
ils/elles caresseront caresseraient
1.11 Negation (I)

{AUDIO} Finally go a tiny step further. Put n and pas
around ai-as-a | avons-avez-ont. That gives you nai pas
nas pas na pas | navons pas navez pas nont pas. By
doing so, you negate what you said earlier:
2016~4 Edition
Singular
je nai pas I do not have
tu nas pas you do not have
il/elle na pas he/she does not has
Plural
nous navons pas we do not have
vous navez pas you do not have
ils/elles nont pas they do not have
Note that whenever a French two-letter word ending in e (je, ce, de,
le, me, ne, que, se, te) comes before a vowel (a,e,i,o,u), the semi-
vowel y or a mute h (more on that later), the final e is replaced by an
apostrophe: j, c, d, l, m, n, qu, s, t. This is true also for que
which becomes qu.
Some examples:
Statement
is
Dieu existe. God exists. wrong
Dieu nexiste pas. God doesnt exist. right
Dieu a cr lhomme God created man in his own wrong
son image. image.
Dieu na pas cr God didnt create man in right
lhomme son image. his own image.
Lhomme a cr Dieu Man created God in his own right
son image. image.
Lhomme a invent Man invented love. right
lamour.
Dieu est Amour. God is Love. right
In Level 2 (page 194), well go into the details of negatives.

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1.12 Dessert
Do you want some exclusive action words? Look at this:
{AUDIO} Je lis, jcoute, jcris, je questionne, je rponds, je
narre, je nomme, je discute, jinterpelle, je prie, je pense,
japprends, jenseigne, je jouis, je ris, je vis, donc je suis.
(Stphane Zagdanski)
I read, I listen, I write, I question, I answer, I narrate, I name, I
discuss, I call out, I pray, I think, I learn, I teach, I enjoy, I
laugh, I live, therefore I am.
1.13 Summary + Outlook

Summary
Exploding an action word into 40 pieces is called
conjugation. Avoir, the tip of the iceberg, is the
unconjugated form; this unconjugated form is called the
infinitive. The 40 forms eu, ayant, ai, as, a, avons, avez,
ont, avais, avait, avions, aviez, avaient, aurai, auras,
aura, aurons, aurez, auront, aurais, aurait, aurions,
auriez, auraient, aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient, eus, eut,
emes, etes, eurent, eusses, et, eussions, eussiez, eussent
are conjugated forms of avoir. French is clearly more
complicated than English as it needs 40 words where
English needs a judicious and fine-tuned cocktail of just 12
words (have, has, having, had, will, would, am, are, is, was,
were, been).
Note that French infinitives are always single words while
English infinitives are accompanied by the word to:
aller to go, venir to come.
Outlook
The bad news: youll have to master more than 30 different
2016~4 Edition
forms for every single action word, be it faire to do/make,

aller to go, venir to come, vouloir to want, savoir to know,
pouvoir to be able to, voir to see or any other of the 500
to 1000 French action words youll learn over the coming
months. Although precise rules describe how to obtain these
30 different forms, it will take you months to interiorize
them to a point where you can build them in auto-pilot
mode, on-the-fly, without even thinking about it.
The good news: you cannot fail. Our brain is hard-wired to
accomplish these acrobatic auto-pilot grammar tasks.
Persevere and youll succeed faster than you can imagine.
Today, you have learned 20 sextets (the 7 single and the 7
composed tenses of avoir + the prsent sextets of tre,
caresser, faire, agir, aller and savoir. As the number of
entirely distinct sextets does not exceed 100, you have
already gotten 20% of all action word roadblocks out of
your way. Well keep you updated on your progress.
II. Grammar
We said earlier that learning French consists of three fairly
distinct tasks:
1. Memorizing the meaning of thousands of words. On
page xxx, well present you with more details.
2. Mastering French action words. The last 40 pages have
shown you the complete picture of avoir. At every level
well repeat the exercise with other action words.
Mastering them is the most painstaking part of French
grammar.

God | 115
3. French rest grammar. All other aspects of French

grammar taken together are less demanding than French
action words.
From left to right: Montmartre, Champs-lyses, Tour Montparnasse

Copyright: Marie de France
1.14 Word classes

Grammar is about 1) words being stitched together to form
sentences and 2) how some of the words get modified in the
process. Lets start by grouping words into classes (you may
also call them parts of speech). Almost all French words
belong to one of the following 8 classes:
2016~4 Edition
1. action words (7,000)

2. articles (10)
3. adjectives (11,000)
4. nouns (31,000)
5. adverbs (basic adverbs: 100)
6. conjunctions (50)
7. prepositions (40)
8. pronouns (70)
The numbers indicate how 50,000 words of a medium-sized
dictionary would distribute among the 8 word classes. Note
that action words, nouns and adjectives represent more than
99% of all French words. Our peanuts from page 49
adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
total less than 300.
The coming 20 pages will give you a short introduction to
each word class.
1.15 Adjectives and Nouns

First, some English examples for adjectives and nouns:
Adjectives: legal, fundamental, big, green
Nouns: abortion, right, door, apple
Remember one of the fundamental principles of French
grammar, the gender and number variability of some (not
all) nouns and adjectives (page 62): an e designates a
feminine gender and an s a plural. The table you will see
again and again:
Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular e
(How many?) Plural s es

God | 117
We called this scheme the ES rule. Lets explore it step by

step:
Mon petit chri est fatigu.
My little darling is tired.
and lets do a preliminary analysis:
1. mon my is a so-called possessive adjective which is used
to declare ownership of things. When referring to people,
possessive adjectives indicate relationship.
2. petit little is an adjective which describes qualities of
people, animals and things;
3. chri darling is a noun, a word that usually refers to a
person, place, thing, or idea;
4. est means is; and
5. fatigu tired is, again, an adjective.
Now change gender and number of your little darling and see
how the noun and the adjectives change. Note that
the final s is never pronounced
all four variations of chri (chri, chrie, chris,
chries) and fatigu (fatigu, fatigue, fatigus,
fatigues) have the same pronunciation
{AUDIO}
1. One male
Mon petit chri est fatigu.
2. One female
Ma petite chrie est fatigue.
2016~4 Edition
3. More than one male

Mes petits chris sont fatigus.
My little darlings are tired.
4. More than one female
Mes petites chries sont fatigues.
My little darlings are tired.
Depending on the situation, the tone of these sentences may

vary from sorrow to sympathy or veiled reproach. Typical
situations include hard physicial work, tough jobs, or sex.
1.15.1 Possessive adjectives

Managing possessive adjectives in French is only slightly
more tricky than in English. Where English has one word
my , French has three: mon ma for singular nouns and mes
for nouns in the plural. Youll use mon when your darling is a
boy or a man (or for other masculine nouns); ma when your
darling is a girl or a woman (or for other feminine nouns); and
mes for nouns in the plural, regardless of their gender.
Mon petit chri ! My little darling! boy or man

Ma petite chrie ! My little darling! girl or woman
Mes petits chris ! My little darlings! boys or men
Mes petites chries ! My little darlings! girls or women
Gender (Sex)
Masculine Feminine
Number Singular mon ma
(How many?) Plural mes

God | 119
You will see later (page 276)

ton, ta, tes your
and
son, sa, ses his/her.
1.15.2 Adjectives
Lets analyse the word petit little in our four sentences.
Mon petit chri ! My little darling! boy or man
Ma petite chrie ! My little darling! girl or woman
Mes petits chris ! My little darlings! boys or men
Mes petites chries ! My little darlings! girls or women
As you see, little remains unchanged throughout the four

sentences because English adjectives are invariable and
unaffected by gender or number.
Not so in French. In adjectives like petit, different endings
indicate gender (sex) and number (how many?). Youll add
e when the corresponding noun is feminine singular
(one female darling: petite)
s when the corresponding noun is masculine plural
(two or more darlings: petits)
es when the corresponding noun is feminine plural
(two or more female darlings: petites)
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular petit petite
Number
Plural petits petites
2016~4 Edition
Or just the endings:

Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular e
Number
Plural s es
Final reminder
Singular: one person, one thing, one idea, one place, etc.
Plural: more than one person, more than one thing, more than one
idea, etc.
Masculine: a boy, a man or another masculine person, thing, idea,
etc.
Feminine: a girl, a woman or another feminine person, thing, idea,
etc.
1.15.2.1 Demonstrative adjectives

{AUDIO} A sub-species of adjectives are the so-called
demonstrative adjectives, the equivalent of the English this
and these. Youll use them to emphasize one specific person,
animal, place, thing or idea.
ce petit Dieu this little God masculine singular

cette vierge this virgin feminine singular
ces petits Dieux these little Gods masculine plural
ces vierges these virgins feminine plural
cet homme, cet ange this man, this angel masculine singular

God | 121
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular ce (cet*) cette
Number
Plural ces
* Use cet before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u),

the semi-vowel y or a mute h: ange, homme, htel, hpital, etc.
1.15.3 Nouns
Finally, lets check the noun in our four sentences: chri
darling. In French, as in English, you usually add an s to
mark the plural. Some (but not all) words add an e to
distinguish the feminine form.
Mon petit chri est My little darling is tired! boy or man

fatigu !
Ma petite chrie est My little darling is tired! girl or woman
fatigue !
Mes petits chris sont My little darlings are boys or men
fatigus ! tired!
Mes petites chries sont My little darlings are girls or women
fatigues ! tired!
Again, add
e when the noun is feminine singular (one lady
darling: chrie)
s when the noun is masculine plural (two or more
darlings; in our case chris)
es when the noun is feminine plural (two or more
lady darlings: chries)
2016~4 Edition
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular chri chrie
Number
Plural chris chries
Exception. Words ending with an s dont change in the

plural:
Singular Plural
le pnis penis les pnis penises
le clitoris clitoris les clitoris clitorises
1.16 Articles
{AUDIO} English has one definite article the and the
indefinite articles a, an. French has three definite articles (le,
la | les) and three indefinite articles (un, une | des).
1.16.1 Definite article

The English definite article the has three equivalents in French.
In the plural (whenever you have more than one person, thing,
idea, or place), the definite article is les, no matter if the
gender is masculine or feminine. In the singular (when you
have only one person, thing, etc.), the definite article is le for
masculine words and la for feminine words.
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular le la
Number
Plural les
le lit the bed

la chambre the bedroom
les lits the beds
les chambres the bedrooms

God | 123
Exception. Because le and la dont like to be in front of a

vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y) or a mute h, youll use l in these cases:
lhtel m. hotel
lhistoire f. history
lamour m. love
lorgasme m. orgasm
ljaculation f. ejaculation
leau f. water
Note that every French noun is either masculine or feminine

and that you cannot guess the gender. The only reliable way
to know the gender is memorizing the article while learning a
noun:
le pied foot
la main hand
When a noun begins with a vowel or a mute h (lami, lhtel),

memorize the indefinite article un une a, an instead:
un amour love
un orgasme orgasm
une jaculation ejaculation
une histoire history
une eau water
un ami friend (male)
une amie friend (female)
un htel hotel
une htesse de lair stewardess
Remember the words le, la and les in the completely different

context of so-called personal object pronouns (page 55):
2016~4 Edition
Je le dsire. I want him.

Je la dsire. I want her.
Je les dsire. I want them.
For more details, see page 280.
1.16.2 Indefinite article

un prservatif a condom
un orgasme a orgasm
une jaculation an ejaculation
des prservatifs (some) condoms
des orgasmes (some) orgasms
des jaculations (some) ejaculations
The indefinite article (English: a, an) is un for masculine

nouns and une for feminine nouns. The plural for both
genders is des (a contraction of de+les). Des can be translated
into English as some but is often omitted.
The indefinite article is commonly used for persons or objects
that can be counted (girls, apples, boys).
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular un une
Number
Plural des

God | 125
1.16.3 Partitive article

Je veux du sexe. I want sex.
(du is not translated in English)
Je vais boire du lait. Im going to drink milk.
(du is not translated in English)
Je vais prendre de la bire. I am going to have (some) beer.
Je prendrai de leau. Ill take (some) water.
In contrast, the so-called partitive article refers to non-

countables, for example sex. You can measure sex, but you
cannot count it (Two or three sexes, please?) Other examples
for non-countables are argent (m.) money, lait milk, eau (f.)
water, sucre sugar.
The partitive article consists of two words: de + article.
Note that
1. de + le always contract to du
2. de + les always contract to des
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular du* de la
Number de l**
Plural des*
* de + le is not allowed by French grammar; instead, youll condense

it to du; for the same reason, de + les become des.
** Use always de l before nouns starting with a vowel or a mute h, be
they masculine or feminine.
2016~4 Edition
Exception: In negative constructions, the default partitive

articles (du de la de l' | des) all change to de/d. (In the
following examples, de l becomes d and des becomes de:
Affirmative Jai de lexprience. I have experience.
Negative Je nai pas dexprience. I dont have (any)
experience.
Affirmative Jai des prservatifs. I have condoms.
Negative Je nai pas de prservatifs. I have no condoms.
1.16.4 Pronunciation Pitfalls

Please note that adding an s to form a plural doesnt change
the pronunciation of the noun.
Singular Plural
lingalit f. inequality les ingalits
linjustice f. injustice les injustices
la violence violence les violences
le meurtre assassination les meutres
la guerre war les guerres
le gnocide genocide les gnocides
lhomme m. man les hommes
lhistoire history les histoires
So how do you know if a word is singular or plural? In

writing, the final s gives you the clue. In hearing, only the
article can tell you the difference, le and la indicating a
singular noun and les indicating a plural noun.
Note how crucial the correct pronunciation of le and les is.

Look at this:
Jai fait lamour avec le garon. I made love with the boy.
Jai fait lamour avec les garons. I made love with the boys.

God | 127
In English, everythings straight: you make love with one boy

or more than one boys. The final s tells it all. Not so in
French. When you hear these sentences, the difference
between romantic love and group sex depends entirely on the
definite article if it is the singular le, it could be love, if it is
the plural les, it might be more randy sexual behaviour.
Students from Italy and Spain typically have problems
differentiating le and les. Please refer to the video xxx to
percieve the difference between true love and group sex. Your
future might depend on it.
1.17 Outlook: Nouns and Adjectives

Basics solved
In the coming levels, we will present more nouns and more
adjectives. Dont expect anything fundamentally new. The
only (minor) roadblocks to the full understanding of these
word classes are plural irregularities (example: le cheval
horse | les chevaux horses) or, in the case of adjectives,
gender irregularities (cruel is cruel in the masculine and
cruelle in the feminine). Compared to the complexity of a
fully expanded action word table, these are ethereal
subtleties. Consider the problem of nouns and adjectives as
basically solved.
1.18 Jokers
You are now familiar with action words (verbs), nouns, and
adjectives. More than 99% of all French words are from these
word classes.
We shall not end Level 1 without talking about the remaining
four word classes. The approximate number of these words is
indicated in parentheses:
2016~4 Edition
Adverbs (basic adverbs: 100)

Conjunctions (50)
Prepositions (40)
Pronouns (70)
o personal (I, me, you, he, him, she)
o possessive (mine, yours, his)
o demonstrative (this, that, these, those)
o interrogative (who, what, which)
o relative (who, whom, which)
For each class, well show you a few examples. If your word
brain has some storage capacity left, learn them today;
otherwise, come back later. The important thing is that you
1) know what adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions and
pronouns are and 2) remember that their number is limited and
can be mastered in a few weeks.
1.18.1 Adverbs
{AUDIO} Adverbs are invariable words that provide
additional information for
an action word
an adjective
or another adverb
The additional information covers a wide range of
phenomena: time and space (when and where), manner (how),
quantity (how often) and degree (comparison).
Lets start with 11 common words:

God | 129
Adverb of
hier yesterday time
aujourd'hui today time
demain tomorrow time
ici here place
l there place
bien well manner
mal poorly manner
peu few, little quantity
beaucoup a lot quantity
plus more comparison
moins less comparison
1.18.2 Conjunctions
{AUDIO} Conjunctions (literally: joining together) link
similar words or groups of words. French uses two types of
conjunctions:
1. Coordinating conjunctions join elements with an equal

importance. There are only 7 of them:
et and
ou or
mais but
donc thus, therefore
car for, because
or yet
ni neither
For today, please memorize et and, ou or, mais but, and donc
thus, therefore.
2016~4 Edition
2. Subordinate conjunctions link dependent clauses to main

clauses. The most important one is que that:
Dis-lui que Dieu est un sadique.
Main clause Subordinate Dependent clause
conjunction
Tell him that God is a sadist.
There are a few dozen subordinate conjunctions. You will

easily identify them because most finish with que (parce que
because, alors que while, whereas) or incorporate que
(lorsque when, puisque since [reason]).
Here are 7 important subordinate conjunctions:

parce que because
pendant que while
ds que as soon as
si if
mme si even if
au moment o (at the moment) when
Check these sentence fragments:

parce quil est bte because hes stupid
pendant que nous faisions lamour while we made love
si tu viens tout de suite if you come right now
ds que nous aurons fini as soon as we have finished
mme si ce nest pas possible even if it isnt possible
au moment o il est rentr when he came back

God | 131
1.18.3 Prepositions
Prepositions are short words such as at, of, in, on, to, with
which link words in a sentence. They are usually used in
front of nouns (boy, girl, flower, tree) or pronouns (him, her,
them) and show, for example,
1. Where something takes place (at my friends place)
2. When something happens (before making love)
3. Descriptive information (the doctor with the pony tail)
{AUDIO} The most common French prepositions are

de of, from
at, in, to, on, from, until
dans in
avec with
sans without
entre between
pour for
The five prepositions dans, avec, sans, entre and pour are
shown below in proportion to their frequency of use. The even
more frequent de and which have multiple translations are
not shown.
Word cloud 1.8 Dans, avec, sans, etc.
2016~4 Edition
As de and have multiple functions and meanings, well

present them in more detail.
1.18.3.1 de
Youll use the preposition de/d to define possession, origin,
content, cause or other defining features. Depending on the
context, English translations include of, from, in, about and
by.
Use
Possession or belonging le palais du (de+le) the Presidents palace
prsident
le portable dOscar Oscars mobile
Origin or starting point Je suis de Paris. Im from Paris.
Material or content une assiette de riz a plate of rice
Cause or authorship mourir damour to die from love
un livre de BSK a book by BSK
about il parle de sa femme he talks about his wife
Matter une pice dor a golden coin
Price un livre de 200 a 200 book
Remember what we said about the partitive article above

(page 125):
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular du* de la
Number de l**
Plural des*
* de + le is not allowed by French grammar; instead, youll condense

it to du; for the same reason, de + les condenses to des.
** Use always de l before nouns starting with a vowel or a mute h, be
they masculine or feminine.

God | 133
1.18.3.2
The preposition , too, has many different uses.
Use
Location, Jhabite Paris. I live in Paris.
destination
Je vais Londres. Im going to London.
Distance Le Louvre est dix The Louvre is 10
minutes dici. minutes from here.
Time Il viendra midi. Hell come at noon.
Possession Cette maison est Jean- This is Jean-Claudes
Claude. house.
In some infinitive Tu nas rien dire. You have nothing to
constructions say (object).
When the preposition is followed by the definite articles le

or les, the following rules apply:
1. + le always contract to au
2. + les always contract to aux
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular au* la
Number l**
Plural aux
* au is the contraction of + le; aux is the contraction of + les.

** Use l before nouns starting with a vowel or a mute h, be they
masculine or feminine.
1.18.4 Jokers 1-21

Remember that jokers include adverbs, conjunctions and
prepositions. Remember also the Top 21 jokers from page 50.
Although they represent only about 10% of all jokers, they
2016~4 Edition
account for 75% of the French jokers you will see and hear in
your life. Time has come to learn them ALL with your
smartphone: www.gigafrench.com/jokers01. If you were
Italian Id invite you to Toglitele subito dalle palle!, take
them right out of your balls!
{AUDIO}
1 de of, from, in, about, by, etc. prep
2 to, at, from, etc. prep
3 et and conj
4 ou or conj
5 qui who, which adv
6 que whom, that; what; than adv
7 o where adv
8 avec with prep

9 sans without prep
10 nepas not adv
11 dans in, among prep
12 pour for; in order to prep
13 sur on prep
14 sous under prep
15 plus more adv

16 comme like; because, since conj
17 tout everything, anything adv
18 si yes; if; so conj, adv
19 bien well adv
20 il y a there is, there are; ago adv
21 par by, through prep
Find the next jokers on page 213.

God | 135
Word cloud 1.9 Jokers 8-21
1.19 Pronouns
Pronouns are great simplifiers of speech because they replace
nouns (Felix, Charlotte, brother, sister, tree, car) with the
simpler and shorter words he, she, it, etc. You know the
personal subject pronouns (PSPs) je tu il/elle | nous
vous ils/elles:
Singular
st
1 person singular je/j I
nd
2 person singular tu you
rd
3 person singular il/elle he/she (it*)
Plural
st
1 person plural nous we
nd
2 person plural vous you
rd
3 person plural ils/elles they
You also recall the personal object pronouns (POPs: me, te,
le/la | nous, vous, les + lui, leur). Remember the tables from
page 55 showing personal subject pronouns (PSPs) in red and
personal object pronouns (POPs) in blue. Please repeat them:
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
Tu me dsires. You want me.
Il la dsire. He wants her.
Elle le dsire. She wants him.
Nous vous dsirons. We want you (plural).

Vous nous dsirez. You want us.
Ils les dsirent. They (boys, men) want them
Elles les dsirent. They (girls, women) want them
{AUDIO}
Je te rsiste. I am resisting* you.
Tu me rsistes. You are resisting me.
Il lui rsiste. He is resisting her.
Elle lui rsiste. She is resisting him.
Nous vous rsistons. We are resisting you (plural).

Vous nous rsistez. You are resisting us.
Ils leur rsistent. They (boys, men) are resisting them (boys,
girls, men, women).
Elles leur rsistent. They (girls, women) are resisting them
{AUDIO} Note that before action words starting with a

vowel, me, te, le/la become m, t, l/l:

God | 137
Tu maimes ? Do you love me.

Je taime. I love you.
Je laime. I love him.
Je laime. I love her.
Tu nous aimes? Do you love us?

Je vous aime. I love you.
Tu les aimes? Do you love them?
We will go into more detail on page 280.
1.19.1 Relative pronouns: Qui & Que

{AUDIO} The words qui and que are ubiquitous in French.
Look at the sentence Let me present you my friend Laurent
who was president of the COP21. The sentence can be split
into two parts:
Main clause Let me present you my friend
Laurent
Relative clause who was the president of the
COP21.
Who is the so-called relative pronoun which refers to your

friend Laurent. Most importantly, who is the subject of the
following relative clause! In French, who would be translated
as qui.
Now look at the following sentence:
Main clause Let me present you my friend Laurent
Relative clause whom I met at ENA (one of the most
prestigious and elite French schools) in 1971.
As you see, the main clause is identical, but the relative clause
is radically different. Who has become whom, and the subject
of the relative clause is I. In French, whom would be
translated with que.
2016~4 Edition
In other words: relative pronouns introduce relative clauses

and link them to previously mentioned words. The difference
between qui and que is simple: qui functions as the subject
of the relative clause whereas que (qu before vowel and mute
h) functions as the direct object of the relative clause. See
first qui as subject of the relative clause:
Main clause Relative clause; qui/who is the

subject of the relative clause.
Je te prsente mon ami qui a t le prsident de la

Laurent COP21 (Conference Of
the Parties, Confrence
sur les Changements
Climatiques 2015).
Let me present you my friend who was the president of the

Laurent COP21 (Conference on
Climate Change).
Second, see que as object of the relative clause:

Main clause Relative clause; que is the object
of the relative clause because the
subject is je / I.
Je te prsente mon ami que jai connu lENA (cole

Laurent nationale dadministration)
en 1971 (mille neuf cents
soixante-onze).
Let me present you my friend whom I met at ENA (one of the

Laurent most prestigious French
elite schools) in 1971.

God | 139
Note that
qui never contracts with other words.
que becomes qu' before a word beginning with a vowel,
most frequently with the personal pronouns il/elle and
ils/elles:
quil
quelle
quils
quelles
In English, you can often omit whom in French, you cant

ever leave it out:
Je te montrerai la femme quil a Ill show you the woman (whom)
aime. he loved.
Je te montrerai lhomme quelle a Ill show you the man (whom) she
aim. loved.
Outlook
At every new level, you will discover more jokers (adverbs,
conjunctions, prepositions). Remember that their number is
limited (<300). However, it may take you substantially
longer to memorize quoique even though, de faon que in
such a way that, jusqu ce que until than simple nouns
such as le pain bread, le fromage cheese and le vin wine. In
any case, mastering adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions
is an immediate task. Remember that they are content-
insensitive and youll use them everywhere, anytime and
independent of the subject you are talking or writing about.
My advice: devote particular attention to these few hundred
words. Youll continue on page 213.
2016~4 Edition
1.20 Bits and Pieces

1.20.1 One-word sentences
One-word sentences are the easiest part of grammar. Almost
all of them are orders:
Viens ! [vj] Come! Used both in a spatial sense and figuratively
(orgasm, etc.)
Arrte ! [at] Stop! Used to stop an action (cars approaching,
children running, lovers coming)
Mange ! [m] Eat! Frequently used in stressed parent-child
relationship
Silence ! [sils] Silence!
1.20.2 Telling the hour

{AUDIO} While exploring jai tu as il/elle a | nous
avons vous tes ils/elles ont, (see page 77), you met the
numbers from 1 to 12. Now tell the time until noon.
Quelle heure est-il? What time is it?

un, une 1 Il est une heure. Its one oclock.
deux 2 Il est deux heures. Its two oclock.
trois 3 Il est trois heures et quart. Its a quarter past
three.
quatre 4 Il est quatre heures et demie. Its half past four.
cinq 5
six 6 Il est six heures moins le quart. Its a quarter to six.
sept 7
huit 8
neuf 9
dix 10
onze 11 Il est onze heures. Its eleven oclock.
douze 12 Il est midi. Its noon.
How would you say, Its four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
oclock? Right: Il est quatre | cinq | six | sept | huit | neuf |
dix | onze heures. Excellent!

God | 141
And how would you say at two, at three, at four, at five

oclock? Just combine + [number] + heures: deux | trois |
quatre | cinq | six | sept | huit | neuf | dix | onze heures.
Magnifique!
1.20.3 Cardinals and Ordinals

{AUDIO} The numbers shown above are cardinal numbers
(one, two, three, etc.), as opposed to so-called ordinal
numbers (first, second, third, etc.) In French, youll use
cardinal numbers to indicate dates, kings and queens:
French: Cardinal numbers English: Ordinal numbers
nd
le deux janvier January 2
Louix XVI (seize) Louis the Sixteenth
Henri VIII (huit) Henry the Eighth
The exception to the rule: use the ordinal number premier

(masculine) / premire (feminine) to translate first:
st
le premier janvier January 1
Franois premier Francis the First
1.20.4 dont
The French dont is an unprobably word with means whom/of
which/about whom. The functioning is too complex to be
presented here. Just remember the meaning and find the
detailed discussion on page 399.
1.20.5 Silent Letters (1)

{AUDIO} French doesnt like consonants at the end of words.
(Remember: consonants are all letters which are not the
vowels a, e, i, o, u or the semi-vowel y). The distaste is so
sincere that they almost never pronounce final consonants. In
the following examples stop reading where the bold letters
finish, and youll start pronouncing perfect French:
2016~4 Edition
les [le] the (plural)

ces petits Dieux [se pti dj] these little Gods
ils perscutent [il psekyt] they persecute
ils torturent [il tty] they torture
ils tuent [il ty] they kill
toujours [tuu] always
An exception to this rule is the famous liaison. Liaisons are

bridges between two words. The most common bridge is the
z-bridge which you build when the first word ends with an
s and the second word starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a
mute h. In these cases, the final mute s of the first word
comes to life. In the following examples, pronounce the s as
a [z]:
lestats [lez-eta] the states
cesamis [sez-ami] these friends
Finally, some letters like C, R, F, L (careful), B, K and Q are

usually pronounced at the end of a word. Lets start with the
letter C and check some exceptions:
Pronounce the final C Dont pronounce the final C

C avec with blanc white
le parc park le porc pig
donc therefore, un estomac stomach
so
le flic fam. cop le tabac tobacco
turc Turkish le banc bench

God | 143
1.20.6 Toolbox 3
Remember that you need about 60 technical words to describe
the phenomena of French grammar. Make yourself
comfortable with the following list.
Word classes and subclasses

Definite article le, la, les (the)
Indefinite article un, une (a/an)
Partitive article du, de la, des (some)
Adjective Describes qualities of people, animals,
things, etc.
Noun A word that refers to a person, place,
thing, or idea.
Adverb An invariable words which provides
additional information for
an action word
an adjective
another adverb
Conjunction Links similar words or groups of words.
Coordinating conjunction Joins elements with an equal importance.
Subordinate conjunction Links dependent clauses to main clauses
Preposition Usually used in front of nouns (boy, girl,
flower, tree) or pronouns (him, her, them)
and show, for example,
1. Where something takes place
2. When something happens
3. Descriptive information
Pronoun Simplifiers of speech:
I, you, he/she | we, you, they
me, you, him/her | us, you, them
etc.
1.21 Reading the News

Le Monde is Frances best newspaper. Read the first sentences
of an article published by Le Monde in 2008. Youll recognize
the same chaos of action words (verbs), nouns, adjectives,
2016~4 Edition
articles, pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions as

in the God article; however, the colours are now more familiar
and the chaos is less chaotic.
1. Action word 4. Article 7. Conjunction
2. Noun 5. Pronoun 8. Preposition
3. Adjective 6. Adverb
{AUDIO} C'est fait. Aprs sept Its done. After seven

months of intense debate,
mois de dbats intenses, la France
France has become, with
est devenue, avec le vote solennel the solemn vote on
du mardi 23 avril, l'Assemble Tuesday, April 23 at the
nationale, le 14e pays au monde National Assembly, the
14th country to allow
autoriser deux personnes de
people of the same sex to
mme sexe se marier. get married.
La loi sur le mariage et l'adoption The law on marriage and
adoption marks a new
marque une nouvelle tape dans
stage in the trivialization
la banalisation d'une orientation of sexual orientation,
sexuelle, autrefois juge contre- once judged against
nature, aujourd'hui reconnue nature, today recognized
as "different but normal,"
"autre mais normale", selon
in the words of
l'expression de l'anthropologue anthropologist Maurice
Maurice Godelier. Elle est Godelier. It is still
toujours rprime dans 80 pays, repressed in 80 countries,
of which 7 apply the
dont 7 la punissent de mort. La
death penalty. The
mesure restera certainement measure will certainly
comme l'une des plus marquantes remain as one of the most
du bilan de Franois Hollande. striking of Francois
Hollandes term.

God | 145
Le Monde 2013. Find the entire text at

http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/04/23/vote-historique-de-la-
loi-sur-le-mariage-pour-tous_3164513_3224.html Accessed 8 July
2016.
1.21.1 Words
{AUDIO}
cest fait ! its done! sexuel, -le sexual
aprs after autrefois in the past,
le mois month formerly
le dbat debate
elle est devenue she has juger to judge
become contre against
le vote vote la nature nature
solennel, -le solemn aujourdhui today
reconnatre to recognize
le mardi Tuesday reconnu, -e recognized
avril m. April autre other, another,
une assemble assembly different
national, -e national
le pays country normal, -e normal
le monde world selon according to
autoriser to authorize une expression expression
la personne person un anthropologist
anthropologue
rprimer to repress,
mme same
to crack down
le sexe sex, gender
dont of which, whose
se marier to get married
punir to punish
la loi law
sur on, about
la mort death
le mariage marriage
la mesure measure
une adoption adoption
rester to remain
certainement certainly
marquer to mark
comme like, as
nouveau, new
plus here:: most
nouvelle
marquant, -e striking
une tape stage
le bilan record,
la banalisation trivialization
assessment
une orientation orientation
2016~4 Edition
1.22 Bonjour
After more than 70 pages of rough grammar, it is time for
some social vocabulary.
{AUDIO}
bonjour good morning
good afternoon
bonjour When meeting a lady, a
Madame gentleman or a young woman,
bonjour add Madame, Monsieur and
Monsieur Mademoiselle when you are not
familiar with a person.
bonjour
Mademoiselle
bonsoir good evening
(Madame,
Monsieur,
Mademoiselle)
bonne nuit good night At the end of the evening; when
(Madame, going to bed
Monsieur,
Mademoiselle)
salut good morning Use salut when you are familiar
good afternoon with a person and when you
good evening call them by their first name.
Dont use salut with the family
name, and not with Monsieur,
Madame, and Mademoiselle!

God | 147
sil vous plat please When asking for something

enchant m. hello Formal situation when you are
enchante f. introduced
merci, cest thank you, very kind
gentil
au revoir goodbye
1.23 Free-Climbing
Now leave the GigaFrench track and stray out into
unchartered language territory on your own. Open
www.lemonde.fr/international and check the headlines. Of
course, you wont understand them all, but some are short and
use words similar to English.
Do you want to hear the sound of those headlines? Google
provides it. Open www.hiv.net/googletts in your Firefox
browser and install the Google Text-To-Speech add-on. The
add-on converts text to speech in natural sounding voices.
Once installed, double-click with your mouse on any word (or
triple-click on sentences) and hear it instantly. Google TTS is
not 100% perfect, but immensely helpful. Use it regularly.
Well revisit it later.
2016~4 Edition
III. Results & Preview

Thats it for Level 1. You have taken your first steps in French
with the longest grammar section of the entire manual. A
small step for a teacher, a giant leap for you. Now listen to the
audio files and read the French sentences until you know them
by heart.
{AUDIO} Lets do a short test.

1.
Can you say
jai tu as il/elle a | nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont?
javais tu avais il/elle avait | nous avions vous aviez
ils/elles avaient
jaurai tu auras il/elle aura | nous aurons vous aurez
ils/elles auront
jaurais tu aurais il/elle aurait | nous aurions vous auriez
ils/elles auraient
2.
Have you become accustomed to the layout of the action word

tables?
Prsent Imparfait
j ai avais
tu as avais
il/elle a avait
nous avons avions
vous avez aviez
ils/elles ont avaient

God | 149

j aurai aurais
tu auras aurais
il/elle aura aurait
nous aurons aurions
vous aurez auriez
ils/elles auront auraient
3.
{AUDIO} Did you appreciate mastering the three most
important composed tenses in Frances favourite action?
Pass compos Plus-que-parfait

Perfect: I (have) made Past perfect:
love I had made love, etc.
j ai fait lamour avais fait lamour
tu as fait lamour avais fait lamour
il/elle a fait lamour avait fait lamour
nous avons fait lamour avions fait lamour
vous avez fait lamour aviez fait lamour
ils/elles ont fait lamour avaient fait lamour
Conditionnel pass
Past conditional:
I would have made
love
j aurais fait lamour
tu aurais fait lamour
il/elle aurait fait lamour
nous aurions fait lamour
vous auriez fait lamour
ils/elles auraient fait lamour
4.
2016~4 Edition
Did you savour the fundamental difference between these

two sentences?
Jai fait lamour avec le garon.
Jai fait lamour avec les garons.
5.
Finally, have you integrated the all-important gender-number
ES rule?
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular e
Number
Plural s es
Well, then you have been promoted to Level 2! You know 20

out of 100 key action word sextets!
* * *
You have climbed the French Mount Everest! Congratulations!

Only looking back will you fully appreciate what you have
accomplished: conquering the fundamentals of one single
French action word, avoir. You have observed how avoir
exploded into 40 pieces (eu-ayant-ai-as-a-avons-avez-ont-
avais-avait-avions-aviez-avaient-aurai-auras-aura-aurons-
aurez-auront-aurais-aurait-aurions-auriez-auraient-aie-
aies-ait-ayons-ayez-aient-eus-eut-emes-etes-eurent-
eusse-eusses-et-eussions-eussiez-eussent). This was French
hard core in comparison, every other aspect of French
grammar will appear simple and transparent.
Congratulations also for discovering the other 7 word classes
(parts of speech) of nouns, adjectives, articles, pronouns,

God | 151
adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions. It was a rough

initiation, but like all initiation rites, you only have to do it
once!
Outlook
In Chapter 2, well present the full picture of tre to be. You
will happily discover that you can manage it in pretty much
the same way as you managed avoir. As a preview, take a
peek at the futur future:
{AUDIO}
Singular
j serai I will be
tu seras you will be
il/elle sera he/she will be
Plural
nous serons we will be
vous serez you will be
ils/elles seront they will be
2016~4 Edition
Thank you to us!

Would you help us? We have the usual social media pages for
GigaFrench (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat), but
we dont use them. Some people tell us that we are missing
out on a major contemporary experience and that we might be
lagging behind others.
Sacr-Cur, Montmartre | Copyright: Marie de France
Can we ask you a favour? If you are happy with GigaFrench,

would you be a mindful Social Media Ambassador and tell the
world about your GigaFrench experience on your channels
using @GigaFrench and #GigaFrench? Saying that
GigaFrench comes free, with free PDFs and free audios and
sharing the www.GigaFrench.com link? In exchange, we
promise you that GigaFrench will remain free for everyone,
for always. Why? The reason is simple: Whoever is willing to
spend hours and hours on studying French does not need to
pay!
Thank you! Marie

Climate Change | 153
2 Climate Change
Copyright 2016 N. Allan New York
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level02} Le Does climate change

exist? Or is 'global
changement climatique existe-t-il
warming caused by man'
? Ou le rchauffement only a hoax? Hurrican
climatique provoqu par Sally in New York in 2012
lhomme nest-il quune a small detail? 15,000
deaths in France during
mystification ? Louragan Sally
the 2003 heat wave
de New York en 2012 un dtail peanuts? Paris Plage at
? 15 000 morts en France en 2003 Christmas? What luck !
pendant la canicule peanuts ?
Paris Plage Nol ? La chance !
Et pourtant, notre Terre a des And yet our Earth has hot
flashes. Each year, the
bouffes de chaleur. Chaque
concentration of CO2 in
anne, la concentration de CO2 the atmosphere reaches
dans l'atmosphre atteint de new records. We are
nouveaux records. Nous en already at more than 400
parts per million (ppm)
sommes dj plus de 400
an unprecedented fact in
parties par million (ppm) du 800,000 years. And it all
jamais-vu depuis plus de 800 000 continues because we
ans. Et a continue, car nous burn anything we can put
our hands on, coal, oil,
brlons tout ce qui nous tombe
gas, and cars in our
sous la main, du charbon, du suburbs.
ptrole, du gaz, des voitures dans
nos banlieues.
O allons-nous ? Peut-tre vers Where are we going?
Perhaps to a venicisation
une venisation du monde.
of the world. Our
Ainsi, nos petits-enfants grandchildren will thus
pourront-ils un jour se dplacer one day be able to move
Manhattan, Bombay, Calcutta, around Manhattan,
Bombay, Calcutta, New
New Orleans ou Miami en barque
Orleans or Miami in a
comme Venise pendant lacqua boat like in Venice during
alta. Et Venise svira la the acqua alta. And
malaria. malaria will rage in
Venice.
Allons-nous droit dans le mur ? Are we going straight into

O iront, par exemple, des the wall? Where, for

example, will tens of
dizaines de millions de
millions of Bangladeshis
Bangladais chasss par la mer ? expelled by the sea go?
Tout simplement en Inde comme Just to India, the same as
les Syriens qui dbarquent en Syrians who are landing
in Germany? If at least it
Allemagne ? Si au moins, cela en
all ended there but no,
finissait l mais non, notre futur our future proposes more
propose au menu ouragans plus violent hurricanes, global
violents, famines globales et famines and emerging
infectious diseases on its
nouvelles maladies infectieuses.
menu. What a mess!
Bonjour les dgts !
Lavenir vous chappe, lair vous Does the future escape
you, is air missing? Dont
manque ? Ne vous inquitez pas,
worry, there is a remedy:
il y a un remde : les negationists! (In the US
ngationnistes ! (Aux tats-Unis there are loads of them.)
il y en a en pagaille.) En deux With two shakes of a
lambs tail they tell you
coups de cuillre pot ils vous
that none of all this will
expliquent que rien de tout a happen. Just listen to
narrivera. Il suffit de les couter them and it will
pour avoir tout de suite chaud au immediately make your
heart feel good. The world
cur. Le monde est beau, le
is beautiful, the sun is
soleil brille, les ressources sont shining, resources are
infinies et le gnie humain ne infinite and human
connat pas de limites. Quelle ingenuity knows no limits.
What a solar vitality! Long
vitalit solaire ! Vivent les
live the oil lobbies!
lobbies du ptrole !
2016~4 Edition
Words
{AUDIO}
le changement change avoir des to have hot
climatique climate adj. bouffes de flushes
chaleur
rchauffement warming
m. chaque every, each
rchauffement global warming une anne year
climatique la concentration
provoquer to cause, concentration
to bring about dans in
un homme homme, une atmosphere
mankind atmosphre
nest-il pas isnt it atteindre to reach
la mystification mystification de nouveaux new records

un ouragan hurricane records
2012 : nous en to get to the
deux mille sommes point where
douze dj already
le dtail detail plus de 400 more than 400
15 000 : (quatre cents)
quinze mille la partie part
le mort dead (person) par here: per
pendant during le million million
la canicule heatwave du jamais vu thats never

Paris Plage temporary been seen,
artificial thats unheard
beaches along of
the Seine; see depuis since
Wikipedia 800 000 : huit
Nol at Christmas cents mille
la chance luck un an year
pourtant yet, however a = cela that, this
notre our continuer to continue
la Terre Earth car because, as

brler to burn aller droit dans to be heading

tout ce qui everything le mur for disaster
(that) o iront where will go
tomber to fall par exemple for example
sous under une dizaine (around) ten
la main hand le Bangladais Bangladeshi
tomber sous la to come to chasser here : to chase
main hand away
le charbon coal la mer sea
le ptrole oil tout all, every, each

le gaz gas simple simple
la voiture car tout quite simply
la banlieue suburb simplement
peut-tre perhaps lInde f. India
vers toward le Syrien Syrian
venisation things dbarquer to land, here:
becoming like to arrive
Venice en Allemagne in Germany
le monde world si if
ainsi thus, in this au moins at least
way finir to end
le petit-enfant grandchild l there
pouvoir can, to be able mais non but no
to
le futur future
ainsi pourront- theyll thus be
proposer to propose
ils able to
un jour one day
le menu menu
se dplacer to move
plus violent more violent
la famine famine,
la barque small boat
starvation
comme like, just as
global global,
lacqua alta high water worldwide
(italian)
la maladie disease
svir to hit, to strike
infectieux, -se infectious
la malaria malaria
bonjour hello
le mur wall
droit straight, right
2016~4 Edition
bonjour les what a mess arriver to arrive, here:

dgts to happen
un avenir future suffire to be enough
chapper to escape il suffit de les just listen to
sinquiter to worry, to be couter them
anxious
ne vous dont worry! tout de suite immediately
inquitez pas ! avoir chaud au to make your
il y a there is cur heart feel good
le remde remedy, beau, belle beautiful
solution le soleil sun
briller to shine
le negationist la ressource resource
ngationniste
infini endless
aux tats-Unis in the United
States
le gnie genius
en pagaille lots of, loads of
fam. humain human
il y en a en there are loads connatre to know, to be
pagaille of them acquainted
with
en deux coups with two
de cuillre shakes of a la limite limit
pot lambs tail quel, quelle what a
le coup knock, blow la vitalit vitality
la cuillre spoon solaire solar
le pot pot vive ! sing. long live!

expliquer to explain vivent ! pl.
rien nothing le lobby lobby
rien de tout a none of all this

Word cloud 2.1 Climate change
Further reading:
DeConto RM, Pollard D. Contribution of Antarctica to past and future
sea-level rise. Nature 2016;531:591-7.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v531/n7596/full/nature17145.htm
l (accessed 7 April 2016).
Jones N. Climate change threatens Europe's living standards,
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110131/full/news.2011.60.html
(accessed 10 March 2016).
Merchants of Doubt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T4UF_Rmlio (both accessed
10 March 2016).
2.1 Power Listening

Download the MP3 audio file of the text on your smartphone
(www.gigafrench.com/download) and follow the instructions
on Power Listening on page 34.
Remember that GigaFrenchs Power Listening consists of
cutting an audio file into portions of 2, 3 or 4 seconds and
listening to these portions 5, 10 or even 15 or 20 times
(examples: slow audio, normal audio). As you listen, read the
French text and check the English translation constantly. In
this way youll be able to:
2016~4 Edition

2. learn the meaning of the words;
If a single MP3 audio file lasts 2 minutes and if you listen to
all portions 10 times, each round will last 20 minutes.
During the following weeks you will repeat this exercise
around 10 times for each audio file. In all, youll therefore
hear each portion of each audio file 100 times. Then will come
the time when youll understand, for the first time and
distinctly, every single word of the MP3 audio file you are
listening to. You'll have conquered an island of total
understanding.
The 8 audio files of the current GigaFrench edition total about
20 minutes of recording. Listening to them 100 times requires
about 30 hours. A perfect understanding word for word! of
these 8 pieces with more than 2,600 words is just around the
corner of your life. You can do it in less than two months!
You can do it!
2.2 Preview
If you just want to expand your French vocabulary, go straight
ahead to the next level and find a text about abortion (page
233). If you are more serious about learning French, go
through the following pages. On todays menu: the second
most important French word, tre to be; a new set of 7 x 7
past participles; a preview of irregular future stems; and more
nouns, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions.
Again, listen to the audios until you can discern every single
word and you know the examples and dialogues by heart.
Burn the sentences into your brain.

2.3 Master Class (2)

What is your major French challenge? The answer is: words!
***
Its 3 o'clock in the morning and youre profoundly asleep.
You dont hear me when I enter your room and slowly come
up to your bed. When I suddenly turn on the lamp and grab
your shoulder, you jump out of bed, frightened and panicked.
I show you something and bellow one single question: What
is this?
You answer A corkscrew!; or Ein Korkenzieher! if you are
German; or Un cavatappo! if you are Italian, Un
sacacorchos! if you are Spanish, Un tire-bouchon! if you
are French, and so on.
Good, I say, and you close your eyes and fall directly,
contentedly, back to sleep within seconds.
***
Why did I construct this surreal nocturnal encounter? Because
it illustrates the way we know words spontaneously, in the
most extreme of situations, and without giving a second
thought to it. And thats the way youll have to know French
words: intuitively and explosively. To achieve such smooth
perfection, you need multiple exposures. Lets see the
details.
2.3.1 Different degress of knowing

Ask a language novice if he knows this or that word and hell
answer yes or no without imagining how horrifyingly
imprecise he is. To help him getting a clearer picture ask him,
Whats your grade of knowledge of this or that word? Now
he can be more accurate and answer low, moderate, elevated,
high or perfect. The definitions:
2016~4 Edition
5 seconds Low Low probability of usefulness

3 seconds Moderate Moderate probability of usefulness
1 second Elevated Elevated probability of usefulness
0.5 seconds High High probability of usefulness
0.2 seconds Perfect Useful degree of knowledge
What ressembles the US Homeland Security Advisory System

of colour-coded terrorist alert is a lovely demonstration of the
ultimate goal of word training and the amazing improvements
you can achieve. As a novice it may take you up to 5 or 10
seconds before finding the French equivalent of corkscrew, le
tire-bouchon. Months and dozens of bottles later, youll do it
in less than 0.2 seconds. Thats a spectacular improvement of
more than one order of magnitude.
2.3.2 How long does it take?

Equally spectacular, alas!, is the time needed for a word to be
irrevocably screwed into your brain. The problem is speed. To
read at a normal adult speed of around 6 words per second or
listen to your friends who produce speech at three and more
words per second, there is little time for reflection. You need
zero-point-two-second comprehension (0.2). But how?
Youll soon find out that such intuitive knowledge of words
requires usually multiple exposures (or learning sessions).
Some words are easy, for example, man, woman, child, water,
air, big, small, go, come, do, others are not, like this potpourri
from different European languages: Gerichtsvollzieher,
jeopardy, abracadabrantesque, zanahoria, sgabuzzino,
oramentrio, Bundesverfassungsgericht. Youll need to see
these words many times before attaining 0.2. On average,
the multiple exposures add up to an average of several
minutes for a single word, depending on your age and other

factors influencing your learning speed. If we assume a

conservative estimate of 6 minutes per word (youll probably
need less), 5000 words will require 500 hours. Thats two
hours of concentrated study on every weekday during an
entire year, all vacations included.
These calculations provide precious information. Based on the
number of hours you are ready to study every day (see the left
column in Table 2.1), your total study time can be predicted
with fairly good accuracy. Are you Spanish, Italian or
Portuguese? Then take the 5,000 word column. Are you
European from Germany up northwards and down eastwards?
Take rather the 10,000 column. Do you know someone from
China or Japan who have never learned another language, not
even English? Tell them to take the 15,000 column.
Table 2.1: Total study time of French words

Number of words to learn
5,000 10,000 15,000
Hours/Day
0.5 4 years 8 years 12 years
1 2 years 4 years 6 years
1.5 1.5 years 3 years 4 years
2 1 year 2 years 3 years
3 8 months 16 months 2 years
4 6 months 1 year 1.5 years
* At five days per week; figures are rounded
The data are both good and bad news. The bad news: language
learning is a concentrated and mostly lonely effort of
hundreds of hours. The good news: language learning is not a
black hole, but predictable and manageable.
2016~4 Edition
2.3.3 Shame or not shame

Do you feel ashamed that it will take you months and years to
learn a new language? Please dont! Consider that in your own
language, you and your friends usually know between 30.000
and 60.000 words and that you didnt learn these words by
simply chatting and babbling at home with your friends and
family. Instead, you learned them at school and university, 5
days a week, 40 weeks a year, during 12 to 18 years of formal
education. The truly amazing aspect about language learning
is not month-long hardship but the fact that with discipline
and perseverance youll learn your second language faster
than your first native language! You, the bright and dynamic
adult, will learn a language faster than the three-, six- or nine-
years-olds! In other words, an efficient language course is an
awesome exercise of time-compression. Lets compress
together! (I will love compressing you )
2.3.4 Further reading

Find more information about the importance of words in
Chapter 1 of The Word Brain, page 15. Download the free 81-
page PDF from www.TheWordBrain.com.
I. Action Words
2.4 tre to be (Introduction)
{AUDIO} tre to be is the second most important word in
French. As with avoir, take all the time you need to get
familiar with it. First learn every form, then memorize the 6-
word sextets (for example, je suis tu es il/elle est | nous
sommes vous tes ils/elle sont). If you are new to French,
memorize the first two sextets. If you learned French before,
memorize them all.

Saint-Eustache | Copyright: Marie de France
Prsent Imparfait
j suis tais
tu es tais
il/elle est tait
nous sommes tions
vous tes tiez
ils/elles sont taient

j serai serais
tu seras serais
il/elle sera serait
nous serons serions
vous serez seriez
ils/elles seront seraient
2016~4 Edition
2.4.1 Prsent
{AUDIO} The prsent present tense is, as always, the most
important tense.
Singular
j suis [si] I am
tu es [] you are
il/elle est [] he/she is
Plural
nous sommes [sm] we are
vous tes [t] you are
ils/elles sont [s] they are
2.4.2 Il est / Elle est

The most important element of the sextet is il/elle est which
means he/she/it is. In any conversation, youll hear il est or
elle est at intervals of minutes, sometimes even seconds. Here
are some common words in combination with il/elle est:
Il est magnifique! Hes beautiful!
Elle est fantastique! Shes fantastic!
Il/Elle nest pas ici. He/She is not here.
Il/Elle est l. He/She is there.
Il est srieux. Hes serious.
Elle est srieuse. Shes serious.
Il est compltement fou. He is completely crazy.
Elle est compltement folle. She is completely crazy.
2.4.3 Cest / Ce sont

Equally important is cest this is or thats.
Cest insupportable! Thats unbearable!
Cest gentil. Thats kind (of you).
Cest terrible ! Thats terrible!
Cest fantastique ! Thats fantastic!
Cest vachement bien ! fam. Thats great!

When combined with nouns, use cest in the singular and ce

sont in the plural. The English translation sometimes prefers
personal subject pronouns (he, she, it, they).
Cest un garon charmant. He is a charming boy.
Ce sont des garons They are charming boys.
charmants.
2.5 The tre Biotope

After the avoir biotope of Level 1 (page 77), lets explore the
tre biotope. First, youll use tre to locate persons or things
in space (il est sur la lune he is on the moon). Second, youll
use tre in combination with nouns (for example, professions),
adjectives of appearance, personality, feelings, quantity, sound,
taste, touch, colour, nationalities, as well as in numerous
expressions.
In the following examples, learn as many words as you can
today (grand tall, petit small, beau handsome, etc.) and come
back later to repeat. In the meantime, concentrate on je suis
tu es il/elle est | nous sommes vous tes ils/elles sont.
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
1. Location in space
je suis au Louvre I am at the Louvre
tu es Montmartre you are at Montmartre
il/elle est sur la Tour Eiffel he/she is on the Eiffel Tower
nous sommes aux Champs- we are at the Champs-Elysees
lyses
vous tes aux Halles you are in the Halles
ils/elles sont au Luxembourg they are at the Luxembourg Gardens

2. Appearance
Masculine Feminine
je suis grand grande I am tall
tu es blond blonde you are blond
il est petit he is
small
elle est petite she is
nous sommes grands grandes we are tall
vous tes blonds blondes you are blond
ils sont petits
they are small
elles sont petites
P.S. Whenever tre is used with adjectives ending in a

consonant, the ES rule usually applies.
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular e
Number
Plural s es
3. Personality
Masculine
+
Feminine
je suis calme I am calm
tu es dbile you are an idiot
il/elle est egoste he/she is selfish
nous sommes calmes we are calm
vous tes dbiles you are idiots
ils/elles sont egostes they are selfish
P.S. An important group of adjectives end in e in the

singular, both for masculine and feminine words. To form the
plural, just add an s.
2016~4 Edition
4. Sex appeal
Masculine Feminine
je suis sduisant sduisante I am enticing
tu es excitant excitante you are exciting
il est attrayant he is
attractive
elle est attrayante she is
nous sommes sduisants sduisantes we are enticing
vous tes excitants excitantes you are exciting
ils sont attrayants
they are attractive
elles sont attrayantes
P.S. Words ending in ant follow again the ES rule.
5. Profession
Masculine
+
Feminine
je suis mdecin I am a physician
tu es cinaste you are a filmmaker
il/elle est professeur he/she is a teacher
nous sommes artistes we are artists
vous tes architectes you are architects
ils/elles sont ingnieurs they are engineers
Some professions continue to use the same form for both men
and women.

6. Nationalities
Note that adjectives which refer to nationalities are not
capitalized.
Masculine Feminine
je suis franais franaise I am French
tu es anglais anglaise you are English
il est allemand he is
German
elle est allemande she is
nous sommes espagnols espagnoles we are Spanish
vous tes amricains amricaines you are American
ils sont mxicains
they are Mexican
elles sont mxicaines
7. Passive voice
Youll also use tre to express the passive voice of action
words.
Prsent
I est poursuivi par la police.
He is (being) chased by the police.
Pass compos
I a t poursuivi par la police.
He was (being) chased by the police.
More about the passive voice in Level xxx.
2016~4 Edition
2.6 tre Timeline

Lets time travel again. Do you remember the simple timeline
from Level 1, when you time-travelled from things in the
present back to the past and fast-forwarded to the future?
Imparfait imperfect, prsent present, futur future and
conditionnel prsent present conditional were the most
important time slots on your life timeline.
Imparfait Prsent Futur Conditionnel

prsent
Lets explore tre in the imparfait, the futur and the

conditionnel prsent (18 words).
2.6.1 tre: Imparfait (imperfect tense)

{AUDIO} Remember: the imparfait imperfect tense
expresses habits, states of mind, environmental descriptions
and how people and the world were in the past.
Masculine Feminine
jtais grand grande I was tall
tu tais blond blonde you were blond
il tait petit he was
small
elle tait petite she was
nous tions grands grandes we were tall
vous tiez blonds blondes you were blond
ils taient petits
they were small
elles taient petites

The only new element is t to which youll add the well-

known imparfait endings ais, ais, ait | ions, iez, aient.
While reading and listening to the imparfait of tre youll see
the following rules:
1. The 1st person singular (je tais) and the 2nd person
singular (tu tais) are identical.
2. The pronunciation of the three singular forms (tais
taistait) and the 3rd plural form (taient) is
identical [et].
Remember: the imparfait endings ais, ais, ait | ions,
iez, aient are identical for all French action words! In
synthesis:
Singular
j tais I was
tu tais you were
il/elle tait he or she was
Plural
nous tions we were
vous tiez you were
ils/elles taient they were
Now combine je suis tu es il/elle est | nous sommes

vous tes ils/elles sont with everything youve learned
above (location in space, personality, sex appeal, profession,
etc.; see page 167) and lets fast-forward into the future.
2.6.2 tre: Futur (future tense)

{AUDIO} The futur describes events that have not happened
yet, but are expected to happen in the future.
2016~4 Edition
Masculine
+
Feminine
je serai mdecin I will be a physician
tu seras cinaste you will be a filmmaker
il/elle sera professeur he/she will be a teacher
nous serons artistes we will be artists
vous serez architectes you will be architects
ils/elles seront ingnieurs they will be engineers
To get the futur of tre, all you need is the future stem ser
and attach the future endings ai, as, a | ons, ez, ont.
While reading and listening to the futur of tre youll find
that
1. The 1st person singular (je serai) and the 2nd person
plural (vous serez) sound identical [se].
2. The 2nd person singular (tu seras) and the 3rd person
singular (il/elle sera) sound identical [sa].
3. The 1st person plural (nous serons) and the 3rd person
plural (ils/elles seront) sound identical [s].
Remember that the futur endings are identical for all French
action words! In synthesis:
Singular
je serai I will be
tu seras you will be
il/elle sera he or she will be
Plural
nous serons we will be
vous serez you will be
ils/elles seront they will be
Again, you can combine je serai tu seras il/elle sera | nous

serons vous serez ils/elles seront with everything you saw

above (location in space, appearance, personality, sex appeal,

etc.; see page 167)
2.6.3 tre: Prsent conditionnel

{AUDIO} The prsent conditionnel expresses hypothetical
situations and their consequences.
Masculine Feminine
je serais sduisant sduisante I would be enticing
tu serais excitant excitante you would be exciting
il serait attrayant he would be
attractive
elle serait attrayante she would be
nous serions sduisants sduisantes we would be enticing
vous seriez excitants excitantes you would be exciting
ils seraient attrayants
they would be attractive
elles seraient attrayantes
The endings of the prsent conditionnel are ais, ais, ait |

ions, -iez, aient, the same as for the imparfait. The only
difference is that you attach them to the future stem ser.

caresser youll find that
1. The 1st person singular (je serais) and the 2nd person
singular (tu serais) are identical.
(seraisseraisserait) and the 3rd plural form
(seraient) is identical [sr].
2016~4 Edition
In synthesis:
Singular
je serais I would have
tu serais you would have
serait he/she would
il/elle
have
Plural
nous serions we would have
vous seriez you would have
ils/elles seraient they would have
Now combine je serais tu serais il/elle serait | nous serions

vous seriez ils/elles seraient with with everything you saw
above (location in space, appearance, personality, profession,
etc.; see page 167).
2.6.4 tre: Subjonctif prsent

Take a quick look at the 6 following forms of the subjonctif
prsent. Youll find more information on page 245.
Singular
que je sois that I was
que tu sois that you were
quil/elle soit that he or she was
Plural
que nous soyons that we were
que vous soyez that you were
quils/elles soient that they were
2.6.5 tre: Pass simple

The Pass simple is used in writing only. It is the equivalent
of the pass compos. The most frequent forms are the 3rd
person singular and the 3rd person plural.

Singular
je fus I was
tu fus you were
il/elle fut he or she was
Plural
nous fmes we were
vous ftes you were
ils/elles furent they were
Figure 2.1 Tenses in French novels. The Top 4 imparfait, pass

simple, prsent and plus-que-parfait represent almost 90% of all
tenses used.
2.6.6 Summary
{AUDIO} Lets summarize your first four tre sextets:
Prsent
je suis tu es il/elle est | nous sommes vous tes
ils/elles sont
I am, you are, he/she is | we, you, they are
Imparfait
jtais tu tais il/elle tait | nous tions vous tiez
ils/elles taient
I was, you were, he/she was | we, you, they were
I, you, he/she used to be | we, you, they used to be
2016~4 Edition
Futur
je serai tu seras il/elle sera | nous serons vous serez
ils/elles seront
I, you, he or she will be | we, you, they will be
Conditionnel prsent
je serais tu serais il/elle serait | nous serions vous seriez
ils/elles seraient
I, you, he or she would be | we, you, they would be
Notre-Dame de Paris | Copyright: Marie de France

2.6.7 tre (table)

Infinitif tre to be
Participe pass t
Participe prsent tant
Impratif sois | soyons| soyez
{AUDIO} Prsent Imparfait Pass simple

Present: I am Imperfect: Simple past:
I was, I used to be I was
je/j suis tais fus
tu es tais fus
il/elle est tait fut
nous sommes tions fmes
vous tes tiez ftes
ils/elles sont taient furent

Future: Ill be Present conditional:
I would be
je serai serais
tu seras serais
il/elle sera serait
nous serons serions
vous serez seriez
ils/elles seront seraient
prsent imparfait
Present Imperfect
that I am that I was
(extremely rare)
que je sois fusse
que tu sois fusses
quil/elle soit ft
que nous soyons fussions
que vous soyez fussiez
quils/elles soient fussent
2016~4 Edition
2.7 Composed tenses with tre

Again, lets take a giant leap forward. Take the table above
and add all gone after each item. All is the participe pass
(past participle) of aller to go.
2.7.1 Overview
Again, we have highlighted the three composed tenses of
prime importance: the pass compos, the plus-que-parfait
and the conditionnel pass. Again, youll be able to
memorize them within a few minutes. There is only one
complication: tre wants to know if you are a boy or a girl.
Thats how it works: Having seen
ils/elles sont
jtais tu tais il/elle tait | nous tions vous
tiez ils/elles taient
je serais tu serais il/elle serait | nous serions
vous seriez ils/elles seraient
you can build the pass compos, the plus-que-parfait and
the conditionnel pass in seconds. Just add all.

{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que-parfait Pass

Perfect: I have Past perfect: antrieur
gone (+ I went) I had gone Preterit perfect:
I had gone
je/j suis all(e) tais all(e) fus all(e)
tu es all(e) tais all(e) fus all(e)
il/elle est all(e) tait all(e) fut all(e)
nous sommes all(e)s tions all(e)s fmes all(e)s
vous tes all(e)s tiez all(e)s ftes all(e)s
ils/elles sont all(e)s taient all(e)s furent all(e)s

I will have gone Past conditional:
I would have
gone
je serai all(e serais all(e)
tu seras all(e) serais all(e)
il/elle sera all(e) serait all(e)
nous serons all(e)s serions all(e)s
vous serez all(e)s seriez all(e)s
ils/elles seront all(e)s seraient all(e)s
Past Past perfect
that I went that I had gone
que je sois all(e) fusse all(e)
que tu sois all(e) fusses all(e)
quil/elle soit all(e) ft all(e)
que nous soyons all(e)s fussions all(e)s
que vous soyez all(e)s fussiez all(e)s
quils/elles soient all(e)s fussent all(e)s
2016~4 Edition
The complication mentioned above: action words building the

composed tenses with tre apply the ES rule to the participe
pass past participle. If the corresponding noun or pronoun is
feminine, add an e to the participe pass; and for all plurals
add an s.
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular all alle
Number
Plural alls alles
Pass compos :
je suis all(e) tu es all(e) il/elle est all(e)
nous sommes all(e)s vous tes all(e)s ils/elles
sont all(e)s
I, you, he/she went | we, you, they made
Plus-que-parfait :
je tais all(e) tu tais all(e) il/elle tait all(e)
nous tions all(e)s vous tiez all(e)s ils/elles
taient all(e)s
I, you, he/she had gone | we, you, they had gone
Conditionnel pass :
je serais all(e) tu serais all(e) il/elle serait all(e)
nous serions all(e)s vous seriez all(e)s ils/elles
seraient all(e)s
I, you, he/she would have gone | we, you, they would
have gone

2.7.2 Sexual connotation

{AUDIO} Only a minority of action words (<2%) use tre to
form the composed tenses. These include venir to come,
entrer to enter and arriver to arrive (see the following box)
and most indicate a movement. It may not escape your
attention that almost all these words can assume a strong
sexual connotation.
Important French action words which form the

composed tenses with tre.
Infinitif Participe pass Infinitive Past particple
aller all to go gone
venir venu to come come
entrer entr to enter entered
rentrer rentr to go back in gone back in
sortir sorti to go out, exit gone out
arriver arriv to arrive arrived
rester rest to stay stayed
partir parti to leave left
tomber tomb to fall fallen
passer pass to go through gone through
(a place)
retourner retourn to go back, return gone back
natre n to be born been born
mourir mort to die died
monter mont to go up, climb gone up,
climbed
descendre descendu to go down gone down,
(downstairs), climbed down
climb down
In all these cases, the participe pass is modified according to

gender (add e if it is a girl, a woman or another feminine noun) and
number (add s if there is more than one person or thing).
2016~4 Edition
2.7.3 tre: Composed Tenses

Finally, lets complete our tre exercise with jai t (I was, I
have been; t is the past participle of tre). A quick look is
sufficient. Dont spend more than a minute on the table below.
2.8 Pass compos versus imparfait

At this point, we must briefly talk about the fundamental
difference between imparfait and pass compos.
Sometimes, these tenses are being translated with the English
perfect and imperfect. This is misleading because the use of
the imparfait and the pass compos is different in French
(and Italian, Spanish and Portuguese) from the use of the
imperfect and perfect in English (and German, Dutch,
Norwegian and Swedish):
The French imparfait expresses habits, states of
mind, environmental descriptions and how people and
the world were in the past (continuous actions or
situations);
The French pass compos refers to completed
actions or a series of actions in the past.
Think of a theater. While the imparfait may describe the
various elements of a theater stage set or the background
action, the pass compos would describe a sudden action
occuring on the stage.
In addition to scenery descriptions and habits, youll also use

the imparfait to
tell time and age in the past
describe feelings in the past

{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que- Pass

Perfect: I was or parfait antrieur
I have been Past perfect: Preterit
I had been perfect:
I had been
j ai t avais t eus t
tu as t avais t eus t
il/elle a t avait t eut t
nous avons t avions t emes t
vous avez t aviez t etes t
ils/elles ont t avaient t eurent t

I will have been Past conditional:
I would have
been
j aurai t aurais t
tu auras t aurais t
il/elle aura t aurait t
nous aurons t aurions t
vous aurez t auriez t
ils/elles auront t auraient t
Past Past perfect
that I was that I had been
(extremely rare)
que j aie t eusse t
que tu aies t eusses t
quil/elle ait t et t
que nous ayons t eussions t
que vous ayez t eussiez t
quils/elles aient t eussent t
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
Il tait 10 heures quand il est It was 10 oclock when he finally
finalement arriv. arrived.
Javais 17 ans quand nous I was 17 years old when we met.
nous sommes rencontrs.
Jtais heureux comme un I was happy as a king.
roi.
Nous tions tous les deux We were both very happy.
trs heureux.
If you are Italian, Spanish or Portuguese, the difference

between jallais I went, I was going, I used to go and je suis
all I went, I have gone is immediately clear to you (Italian:
andavo vs. sono andato; Spanish: yo iba vs. fui; Portuguese:
eu ia vs. fui); if you are not, youll need time to understand
and digest it. Well present you more details in Level xxx.
2.9 Forty-nine action words (2)

Please check the word cloud and the table of the next 49ers.
While the first 49 words (see page 100) represent roughly
50% of all action words youll see in your life, this second set
represents another 15%.
The percentages in the table indicate the cumulative
frequency, including the 7 x 7 words of Level 1. Group 3
and 2 participes pass are shown in blue and green.
Important note. Frequent and common action words have
generally a clear and unambiguous meaning: manger to eat,
boire to drink, dormir to sleep; however, most action words
dont. Take, for example, poser to put. Depending on the
context, you can translate poser into land, fix, pose, etc.

to put money on the table

to land an aircraft
to fix your gaze upon a person
to pose for a magazine
In the 49er lists of this manual, we indicate only one
translation. Time and experience will give you the whole
picture. In the meantime, it is vital that you know that these
words exist and that you become familiar with the
pronunciation.
{Second Round} Let me introduce you to the

GigaFrench second round smiley. It means that you
can happily skip the following paragraph if this is your first
GigaFrench round. During the second or subsequent study
rounds, please make sure to know it all.
2016~4 Edition

smartphone check.
{AUDIO}
# Infinitif Participe pass Infinitive Past
participle
50 retrouver retrouv to find again found again
51 poser pos to put put
52 monter mont (tre) to go up gone up
53 entrer entr (tre) to enter entered
54 sasseoir assis (tre) to sit down sat down
55 mourir mort (tre) to die died
56 tirer tir to pull; shoot pulled; shot
53.9%
57 perdre perdu to lose lost

58 tourner tourn to turn turned
59 crire crit to write written
60 reprendre repris to take back taken back
61 jouer jou to play played
62 jeter jet to throw thrown
63 marcher march to walk walked
56.3%
64 lire lu to read read

65 rire ri to laugh laughed
66 quitter quitt to leave left
67 couter cout to listen listened
68 descendre descendu (tre) to go down gone down
69 essayer essay to try tried
70 retourner retourn (tre) to turn turned
around around
58.4%

71 pousser pouss to grow; grown;

push pushed
72 oublier oubli to forget forgotten
73 apprendre appris to learn learned
74 servir servi to serve served
75 continuer continu to continue continued
76 manger mang to eat eaten
77 rentrer rentr (tre) to go back gone back
60.3%
78 montrer montr to show shown

79 boire bu to drink drunk
80 courir couru to run run
81 sourire souri to smile smiled
82 raconter racont to tell told
83 dormir dormi to sleep slept
84 garder gard to keep kept
62.1%
85 changer chang to change changed

86 imaginer imagin to imagine imagined
87 crier cri to shout shouted
88 expliquer expliqu to explain explained
89 apercevoir aperu to notice noticed
90 glisser gliss to slip slipped
91 reconnatre reconnu to recognise recognised
63.7%
92 ajouter ajout to add added

93 recevoir reu to receive received
94 occuper occup to occupy occupied
95 agir agi to act acted
96 tendre tendu to stretch stretched
97 se souvenir souvenu to remember remembered
98 dcider dcid to decide decided
65.1%
2016~4 Edition
Lets compose the pass compos, plus-que-parfait and

conditionnel pass of vivre to live. The pass compos is
vcu lived.
{AUDIO}
vivre to live
j ai vcu I lived
tu as vcu you lived
il/elle a vcu he/she lived
nous avons vcu we lived
vous avez vcu you lived
ils/elles ont vcu they lived
Now combine jai vcu, etc. with a few possible life events:
J ai vcu une vie heureuse. I lived a happy life
Tu as vcu une priode faste. You lived a prosperous
time.
Il/Elle a vcu un terrible traumatisme. He/She lived a terrible
trauma.
Nous avons vcu une exprience We had a wonderful
formidable. experience.
Vous avez vcu une soire We had an unforgettable
inoubliable. evening.
Ils/Elles ont vcu une liaison fatale. They lived a fatal
relationship.

Of course, nothing is easier than transposing these examples

into the plus-que-parfait
J avais vcu une vie heureuse. I had had a happy life
Tu avais vcu une priode faste. You had had a prosperous
period.
Il/Elle avait vcu un terrible He/She had had a terrible
traumatisme. trauma.
Nous avions vcu une exprience We had had a wonderful
formidable. experience.
Vous aviez vcu une soire We had had an
inoubliable. unforgettable evening.
Ils/Elles avaient vcu une liaison fatale. They had had a fatal
relationship.
and the conditionnel pass.

J aurais vcu une vie heureuse. I would have had a happy
life
Tu aurais vcu une priode faste. You would have had a
prosperous time.
Il/Elle aurait vcu un terrible He/She would have had a
traumatisme. terrible trauma.
Nous aurions vcu une exprience We would have had a
formidable. wonderful experience.
Vous auriez vcu une soire We would have had an
inoubliable. unforgettable evening.
Ils/Elles auraient vcu une liaison They would have had a
fatale. fatal relationship.
Please repeat this exercise with other action words of your

choice.
2016~4 Edition
2.10 Irregular Future Stems (1)

{AUDIO} You have already seen the irregular future stems of
avoir and tre:
Infinitive Future
avoir jaurai I will have
tre je serai I will be
The following future stems are frequent and will be helpful.

Find the full picture on page 268.
Infinitive Future
faire je ferai I will do
aller jirai I will go
vouloir je voudrai I will want
pouvoir je pourrai I will be able
voir je verrai I will see
venir je viendrai I will come
savoir je saurai I will know
devoir je devrai I will have to
falloir il faudra it will be necessary
pleuvoir il pleuvra it will rain
mourir je mourrai I will die
envoyer j'enverrai I will send

Check the full picture of faire to do/make, aller to go, and

voir to see:
faire aller voir
I will do, I will go, I will see,
etc. etc. etc.
je ferai j irai je verrai
tu feras tu iras tu verras
il/elle fera il/elle ira il/elle verra
nous ferons nous irons nous verrons
vous ferez vous irez vous verrez
ils/elles feront ils/elles iront ils/elles verront
2.11 on (2)
{AUDIO} In Level 1 you saw that the indefinite pronoun on
is generally translated with nous and that it is always
accompanied by action words in the 3rd person singular:
On y va ? Shall we go?
On a faim ! We are hungry!
(children coming home)
Less frequently, on can mean them. In other cases, it is best

translated by a passive construction:
On ma dit quil tait dprim. They told me that he was
depressed.
or
I was told he was depressed.
In these cases, on replaces the general sense of les gens
people or also quelquun someone.
Finally, on can be used to profess universal truths:
Quand on est con, on est con. When you are stupid, you
are just plain stupid.
Plus on devient vieux, plus on The older you get, the
devient con. more stupid you get.
2016~4 Edition
Six more indefinite pronouns:

quelque chose something
quelqu'un someone
plusieurs several
tout everything
tout le monde everyone
un(e) autre another one
2.12 Negation (2)

{AUDIO} In Level 1 you put n and pas around the present
tense forms of avoir:
Singular
je nai pas I dont have
tu nas pas you dont have
il/elle na pas he/she doesnt have
Plural
nous navons pas we dont have
vous navez pas you dont have
ils/elles nont pas they dont have
Remember the examples:

Je nai pas sept voitures I do not have seven cars
tu nas pas huit you do not eight
appartements have appartments
il/elle na pas neuf portables he/she does nine
not have cellphones
nous navons pas dix mille euros we do not ten
have thousand
euro
vous navez pas onze tablettes you do not eleven
have tablets
ils/elles nont pas douze jeux they do not twelve video
vido have games

Now extend your knowledge of negatives to never/ever,

nothing/anything, nobody/anything and no more/anymore. The
procedure is simple: Keep the ne in front of the action word
and place jamais never/ever, rien nothing/anything, personne
nobody/anybody and plus no more/anymore after it.
Je ne taime pas. I dont love you.
Il ne travaille jamais. He/She never works.
Il/Elle ne sait rien. He/She doesnt know anything
(knows nothing).
Nous ne le ferons plus jamais. We wont do it again (never
anymore).
Vous ne voyez personne. You dont see anybody.
Ils/Elles ne maiment plus. They dont love me anymore.
In synthesis:
ne not
ne .. jamais never / ever
ne .. rien nothing / anything
ne .. personne nobody / anybody
ne .. plus no more / anymore
ne .. plus jamais never again / ever again
ne .. plus rien nothing again / anything again
ne .. plus personne nobody again / anybody again
ne .. que* only
* ne que has the structure of a negation but is translated with only.
Things are slightly more knotty with compound tenses. To

negate je tai aim I loved you, ne goes before the avoir
forms (and any optional personal pronoun me/m, te/t, le/l,
la/l, etc.):
Je ne tai pas aim. I didnt love you.

Je nai pas compris. I didnt understand.
2016~4 Edition
But where shall we place the second element (pas, jamais,

rien, plus, personne, que)? There are two rules:
1)
In the presence of a past participle, pas, jamais, rien and plus
go after the avoir forms and before the past participle:
Il/Elle na jamais travaill. He/She (has) never worked.
Il/Elle na jamais rien vu. He/She never saw anything
or
He/She has never seen anything.
Tu ne mas jamais aid. You (have) never helped me.
Nous ne lavons plus jamais fait. We never did it again.
Je naime que toi. I love only you.
2)
In the presence of a past participle, personne and que always
go after the past participle:
Je nai vu personne. I didnt see anybody.
Je nai plus vu personne. I havent seen anybody again.
Je nai aim que toi. I have loved only you.
Do these sentences sound complicated? They ARE

complicated. Give them a few weeks to crystallize in your
brain.
2.13 Y avoir: There is

{AUDIO} Lets take a quick look at a secondary function of
avoir. In combination with il y, youll use it to state the
existence of something: there is, there are, there was, there
will be, etc. The two magic formulae, one for the affirmative
and one for the negative, are il y [x] and il ny [x] pas. Here
we go:

Prsent
il y a there is / there are
il ny a pas there isnt / there arent
Imparfait
il y avait there was / there were
(there used to be)
il ny avait pas there wasnt/there werent
Pass compos
il y a eu there was / there were
there has been / there have been
il ny a pas eu there wasnt / there werent there has
not been / there have not been
Futur
il y aura there will be
il ny aura pas there will not be
Conditionnel prsent
il y aurait there would be
il ny aurait pas there would not be
Some examples:
Il y a un problme There is a problem.
Il ny a pas de pain. There is no bread.
Il y avait beaucoup de travail. There was much work (to do).
Il ny avait rien voir. There was nothing to see.
Il y a eu un grand changement. There was a big change.
Il ny a pas eu de rvolte. There was no insurrection.
Il y aura beaucoup de monde. There will be many people.
Il ny aura plus rien manger. There will be nothing left to eat.
Il y aurait une solution. There would be a solution.
Il ny aurait pas de problmes There would be no problems at all.
du tout.
2016~4 Edition

French will enter your brain via two (and only two) routes:
your eyes and your ears. Written language is for your eyes,
(this manual, newspapers, magazines, books, etc.) while
spoken language is for your ears (your friends and family
speaking about their work and life; strangers at meetings and
conferences, etc.).
Two different entry routes mean that there are two different
brain areas in charge of processing the incoming signals.
Signals from the eyes are being processed at the back of your
brain, in the occipital brain region, whereas signals from the
ear are being processed in the so-called temporal brain lobe,
located above your ears. The consequence? You have two
distinct construction sites inside your brain, one for French
writing and one for French speech, and youll need to work on
both of them. Astonishingly, training your ear demands at
least as much training as the training of your eye and your
word memory. In other words: Be prepared to spend about
1,000 hours in listening to other people before being fluent in
oral comprehension.
Thats why we recommend at the beginning of each level to
listen to the opening text 10, 20, or even up to 50 times, until
you distinguish and understand every single word. The earlier
you start training your ear brain, the earlier youll reach full
understanding of spoken French.
Does the extra schedule of 1,000 hours of brain training scare
you? Dont worry, here is a piece of fabulous news. Listening
can easily be done in parallel to other activities, for example
commuting, doing sports, cooking, etc. That means that youll
be able to dissolve the bulk of your speech recognition
programme within your daily life (like a murderer dissolving
a corpse in a bath of acid!) just put your earphones on and
sprinkle your ear brain with hours of French every day, of

course! Find detailed information about training your ear in

Chapter 2 of The Word Brain, page 23ff. Download the free
81-page PDF from www.TheWordBrain.com.
Lle Saint-Louis | Copyright: Marie de France
II. Grammar
2.15 Articles (2)
The definite articles le and la both become l when they
precede a noun that begins with a vowel or with a so-called
mute h (see details on page 451): lhomme man, lheure hour,
lil eye. The following words are the most frequent - learn
them together with the indefinite article:
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
Masculine Feminine
homme man heure hour
il eye enfant child f.
enfant child m. eau water
air air, appearance anne year
an year histoire story, history
amour love ide idea
ordre order paule shoulder
tat state envie desire, longing
esprit spirit affaire matter, affair
arbre tree ombre shade, shadow
argent money, silver odeur smell, perfume
effet effect, result oreille ear
htel hotel image image
escalier stairs impression impression
habitude habit, custom
glise church
2.16 Nouns (2)

2.16.1 Nationalities and languages
Planet Earth has around 200 countries and 7,000 languages.
As listing them all is impossible, well show the names of the
people who visit France most and those of the immediate
geographic surroundings. If your language and country
doesnt appear in this list, dont feel offended you are
always in our thoughts. For a complete list, check the Liste
des pays du monde,
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde
(accessed 2 November 2015).

While going through the following list, remember that

For nationalities, the proper noun (lAllemand the
German) and the masculine adjective (le garon
allemand the German boy) are identical. In English,
both are capitalized; in French, only the proper noun
is capitalized.
Some nationalities add e or ne in the feminine
forms (see parentheses).
The names of languages (ex: litalien [the] Italian
[language]) are always masculine and not
capitalized. They usually correspond to the
masculine adjective (italien Italian).
To say that you are from Country X, say je suis I am
+ your nationality, for example: je suisanglais I am
English. If you are a woman, use the feminine form:
je suisanglaise I am English. (Dont forget to make
the liaison whenever your nationality starts with a
vowel!) In French, nationalities are not capitalized.
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO} Nationality Language*

France France Franais(e)** le franais
Germany Allemagne Allemand(e) l'allemand
England Angleterre Anglais(e) l'anglais
Belgium Belgique Belge le flamand, le franais
Italy Italie Italien(ne) l'italien
Spain Espagne Espagnol(e) l'espagnol
Netherlands les Pays-Bas m. Nerlandais(e) le nerlandais
Switzerland Suisse Suisse l'allemand, le franais,
l'italien
United States les tats-Unis m. Amricain(e) l'anglais
China Chine Chinois(e) le chinois
Brazil le Brsil Brsilien(ne) le portugais
Canada le Canada Canadien(ne) le franais, l'anglais
Portugal le Portugal Portugais(e) le portugais
Ireland Irlande Irlandais(e) l'anglais, l'irlandais
Denmark le Danemark Danois(e) le danois
Japan le Japon Japonais(e) le japonais
Sweden Sude Sudois(e) le sudois
Norway Norvge Norvgien(ne) le norvgien (bokml et
nynorsk)
Austria Autriche Autrichien(ne) lallemand
Russia Russie Russe le russe
India Inde Indien(ne) le hindi, le bengali, le
marathi, lourdou, le
gujarati plus hundreds
of others
* In countries where multiple languages are being used, only the main languages
are listed.
** In the masculine form, a final d, n, or s is silent (Franais, Allemand,
Italien); in the feminine form, when followed by an -e, the d, n, and s are
pronounced.
Continent Nationality Language

Africa Afrique Africain(e)
America Amrique Amricain(e)
Asia Asie Asiatique
Europe Europe Europen(ne)
Australia Australie Australien(ne) langlais

2.16.2 Feminine nouns

{Second Round} {AUDIO} Remember the second
round smiley: The following paragraph is optional if
you are studying this manual for the first time; in this case,
jump ahead to page 207. Only in the second and third round
do you need to make sure to know all the words.
We advised you earlier to memorize the combination [article]
+ [noun] because the gender of French nouns is not always
predictable. Fortunately, there are some helpful rules.
Females are usually feminine: la femme the woman, la
fille the girl.
Furthermore, the endings ion, ie, t, ure, ance,
ence, ade, ise, son, ude aison, ande and ti
indicate a feminine gender. Exceptions are rare.
o ion (1800 words in a 45,000-word dictionary)
question question, impression impression,
attention attention. The extensive list on page
542 shows that you have easy access to more
than 1,500 French words. All you need is the
correct French pronunciation. Check the audio
file at xxx.
Gender exception: un avion aircraft, le million
million, le camion lorry, le lion lion, le
champion champion, un espion spy
o ie (1400 words)
vie life, envie wish, desire, partie part, section,
pluie rain, compagnie company, folie madness,
maladie disease, illness
Gender exception: le gnie genius, un incendie
fire, blaze, le parapluie umbrella
2016~4 Edition
o t (800)
vrit truth, volont will, desire, la sant health
Easy to memorize: libert, beaut, ralit,
autorit, socit, qualit, curiosit, difficult,
obscurit, unit, scurit, activit, dignit,
ternit, clart, possibilit, responsabilit
Gender exception: un t summer, le retrait
pensioner, le dput MP, Member of Parliament
o ure (400)
heure hour, voiture car, peinture painting,
allure appearance; speed, couverture cover,
coverage, chaussure shoe.
Easy to memorize: mesure, nature, figure,
aventure, lecture, littrature, culture,
crature
Gender exception: le murmure whisper, un
augure omen, soothsayer
o ance (240)
impuissance impotence, avance head start,
advance, enfance childhood, vacances (plural)
holiday, connaissance knowledge,
understanding, puissance power, naissance
birth, souffrance suffering, sance session,
ordonnance prescription; order, mfiance
suspicion, distrust, aisance ease
Easy to memorize: chance, confiance,
importance, distance, circonstance, rsistance,
assurance, esprance, indpendance, alliance,
lgance, reconnaissance, tendance, nuance,
assistance, vengeance, ignorance, insistance
o ence (200)

Most of these words are intelligible to English

native speakers : prsence, existence,
conscience, absence, exprience, violence,
apparence, diffrence, vidence, indiffrence,
intelligence, consquence, impatience,
patience, science, essence, confidence,
influence, confrence, prudence, innocence,
agence, excellence, indulgence, prfrence,
adolescence, cadence, permanence,
transparence, rsidence, insolence, audience,
licence, occurrence, rfrence, concidence,
inconscience
Gender exception: le silence silence
o ade (190)
ambassade embassy, croisade crusade, rade
harbour, rigolade laugh, joke, balade walk,
stroll, bousculade rush, crush.
Easy to memorize: promenade, faade, salade,
grenade, brigade, arcade, cascade, parade,
fusillade, barricade, esplanade, limonade
Gender exception: le camarade, le grade rank,
position, le stade stadium, stage
o ise (100)
glise church, chemise shirt, valise suitcase,
btise nonsense, silly thing, sottise stupidity,
cerise cherry, matrise control, mastery,
gourmandise love of good food, convoitise
desire, hantise obsession, fear
Easy to memorize: crise, marchandise, brise.
Gender exception: le pare-brise windscreen
o son (80)
2016~4 Edition
gurison recovery, healing, boisson drink,

chanson song, trahison treason, mousson
monsoon
Easy to memorize: prison, liaison, saison,
garnison
The following words are all masculine:
le poison poison, le poisson fish, le blouson
jacket, le buisson bush, le frisson shivers, le
saucisson, le chausson slipper, le nourrisson
infant, le hrisson hedgehog
o ude (60)
une habitude habit, custom, une tude study,
une inquitude worry, anxiety, la certitude
certainty, la lassitude tiredness
Easy to memorize: solitude, attitude, altitude,
gratitude, and servitude,
Gender exception: le coude elbow, le prlude
prelude, introduction
o aison (40)
maison house, raison reason, saison season,
liaison, combinaison, comparaison, livraison
delivery, cargaison cargo, freight, floraison
flowering, conjugaison conjugation, pendaison
hanging (punishment).
o ande (25)
amande almond, bande group, band, viande
meat, amande almond, lavande lavender,
contrebande smuggling, tlcommande remote
control
Easy to memorize: propagande, demande,
commande.

o ti (3)
la moiti half, una amiti friendship, la piti
pity
Find typical masculine endings on page 286.
2.16.3 s, x, or z
{AUDIO} When a noun (or adjective) ends in s, x, or z in
the singular, dont add a further -s in the plural.
Singular Plural
virus le virus les virus
son le fils les fils
price, prize le prix les prix
choice le choix les choix
gas le gaz les gaz
nose le nez les nez
Frenchman le Franais les Franais
an Englishman lAnglais m. les Anglais
Dutchman le Hollandais les Hollandais
Portuguese le Portugais les Portugais
2.16.4 -eau, -eu, or au

{Second Round} {AUDIO} Nouns ending in -eau, -
au, or -eu (all masculine with the exception of eau
water) take on an x in the plural. The x doesnt change the
pronunciation.
2016~4 Edition
Singular Plural
eau f. eaux water
peau peaux skin
bureau bureaux office, desk
oiseau oiseaux bird
morceau morceaux piece
tableau tableaux painting; board
chapeau chapeaux hat
rideau rideaux curtain
bateau bateaux boat, ship
chteau chteaux castle
manteau manteaux coat
plateau plateaux plateau; tray
couteau couteaux knife
cadeau cadeaux present, gift
niveau niveaux level
gteau gteaux cake
cerveau cerveaux brain
dieu dieux god

cheveu cheveux hair
lieu lieux place
milieu milieux middle, centre
feu feux fire
jeu jeux play, game
adieu adieux farewell
aveu aveux confession
tuyau tuyaux pipe, hose
Exception:
pneu pneus tyre

2.17 Adjectives (2)

{AUDIO} Remember: adjectives describe qualities of
people,
animals
things
Remember also the petit chri example and that every French
noun is either masculine or feminine and either singular or
plural; remember finally that adjectives must agree in number
and gender with their nouns.
French adjectives can be divided into three groups, two big
groups and one small. Groups 1 and 2, of roughly equal size,
represent the bulk of French adjectives.
1. Adjectives ending with a consonant (mostly d, t,
r, s, n, l)
2. Adjectives ending in e
3. Irregular adjectives
2.17.1 Adjectives ending with a consonant

For Group 1 adjectives, those ending with a consonant, lets
briefly recapitulate what we saw in Level 1. We add
e when the noun is feminine singular (one woman:
petite)
(two or more men; in the example above, petits)
(two or more women: petites)
2016~4 Edition
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular e
Number
Plural s es
Important note. In the petit chri example, ladjective came

before the noun. Thats not the rule! In French, adjectives
generally go behind the nouns. Exceptions are some short
adjectives such as grand tall, huge, petit small, jeune young,
vieux old.
In the following tables, youll pronounce the final consonants
only in the feminine forms (d, t, s shown in bold).
Remember: the French generally dont pronounce the last
letters of a word.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
warm chaud chaude chauds chaudes
cold froid froide froids froides

short court courte courts courtes
strong fort forte forts fortes
ugly laid laide laids laides

heavy lourd lourde lourds lourdes
evil mauvais mauvaise mauvais mauvaises
high haut haute hauts hautes

perfect parfait parfaite parfaits parfaites

Note that the plural s is always silent and doesnt change

pronunciation in the masculine or the feminine forms:
chaud=chauds [o] and chaude=chaudes [od].
In summary:
Final consonants (-d, -t, -n, etc.) are generally silent.
After adding the e for the femenine forms, the final
consonants are pronounced.
Both masculine forms (example: chaud and chauds)
have the same pronounciation.
Both feminine formes (example: chaude and
chaudes) have the same pronounciation.
2.17.2 Adjectives ending in -e

Adjectives of group 2, those ending in e, are both masculine
and feminine. To form the plural of both masculine and
feminine forms, just add an s: pauvres, riches, imaginaires,
etc.
Masculine or Feminine
Singular Plural
poor pauvre pauvres
rich riche riches

imaginary imaginaire imaginaires
easy facile faciles
difficult difficile difficiles

slim mince minces
ridiculous ridicule ridicules
stupid bte btes

red rouge rouges
calm calme calmes
2016~4 Edition
tiny minuscule minuscules
clean propre propres
ironic ironique ironiques
2.17.3 Irregular adjectives: Categories

Most irregular adjectives can be grouped into less than 20
categories. Lets start with the first three groups which have
an additional l in the feminine forms:
Masculine Feminine
ending ending Singular Plural
-il -ille gentil / gentille gentils / gentilles kind,

nice
-el -elle cruel / cruelle cruels / cruelles cruel
-eil -eille pareil / pareille pareils / pareilles similar
2.17.4 Irregular plural of adjectives

As we said earlier, almost all adjectives add s in the plural,
both to the masculine and the feminine forms. There are two
major exceptions:
Dont add s to masculine forms ending in x. In
these cases, the singular and plural forms are identical:
un imbcile heureux a happy idiot, deux imbciles
heureux two happy idiots.
The feminine form adds an s, though: une femme
heureuse a happy woman, deux femmes heureuses
two happy women.
Adjectives ending in al, for example international,
change to aux in the masculine plural form: un
champion international, deux champions
internationaux. The feminine forms are regular:
internationale, internationales.
2.18 Jokers (2)

2.18.1 The next 21 jokers
Open www.gigafrench.com/jokers02 for a quick smartphone
check.
{AUDIO}
22 mme even, same adv; adj
23 ici here adv
24 l there adv
25 encore again, still adv
26 trs very adv
27 toujours always adv
28 donc therefore, so conj
29 devant in front of, before prep/adv

30 derrire behind prep/adv
31 chez at, to prep
32 mais but conj
33 peu little adv; adj
34 beaucoup a lot, many adv; adj
35 quand when adv
36 aprs after, below prep; adv

37 avant before prep; adv
38 trop too, too much adv
39 puis then adv
40 jamais never adv
41 entre between prep
42 dj already adv
2016~4 Edition
2.18.2 Adverbs (2)

Remember: adverbs are invariable words that provide
additional information about
a verb
an adjective
or another adverb
The additional information covers time and space (when and
where), manner (how), quantity (how often) and degree
(comparison). This is the cloud of adverbs youll learn over
the coming weeks. As you see, mastering adverbs is a fairly
limited task.
Word cloud 2.3 Adverbs

{AUDIO} The following 14 adverbs are extremely common:

Adverb of
encore still time
aussi also comparison
toujours always time
trs very quantity
peut-tre maybe, perhaps probability
dj already time
maintenant now time
ensuite next, then time
tt early time
tard late time
partout everywhere place
vite quickly manner
assez quite, fairly quantity
trop too much quantity
2.18.3 Prepositions (2)

{AUDIO} In Level 1 we presented you the most common
French prepositions de, , dans, avec, sans, entre and pour.
Remember: Prepositions are short words such as at, of, in, on,
to, with which link words in a sentence. They are usually
used in front of nouns (boy, girl, flower, tree) or pronouns
(him, her, them) and show, for example,
2016~4 Edition
Word cloud 2.4 Prepositions
Lets briefly present chez, jusque, par and vers.

Ce soir, je dne chez mes Tonight, Ill have supper at my
parents. parents house.
On se voit chez moi ? Lets meet at my place?
Attends jusque demain ! Wait until tomorrow!
Allons plutt vers Notre-Dame. Lets go to Notre Dame (= take the
direction of).
Il arrive vers deux heures. He is coming at around two oclock.
On peut passer par la rue Saint- We can go through Saint Denis
Denis. street.
Youll see later that every single preposition has multiple uses
requiring different translations.
2.18.4 The word de

{AUDIO} The tiny preposition de is one of the most versatile
and chameleonic words of the French language. It is so
frequent that you might find it every 10 words:

Deux immenses explosions Two huge explosions

caused by a fire in a
provoques par lincendie dun
warehouse containing
entrept contenant des produits inflammable and toxic
inflammables et toxiques ont eu products took place the
lieu, mercredi 12 aot au soir, dans evening of Wednesday,
August 12, in an industrial
une zone industrielle de Tianjin,
area of Tianjin, a city in
une grande ville du nord-est de la northeastern China. More
Chine. Plus de 24 heures plus tard, than 24 hours later, the
le bilan humain est lourd : au human toll is heavy: at least
50 dead, including 12
moins 50 morts, dont 12 pompiers,
firefighters, and more than
et plus de 700 blesss, dont 71 dans 700 injured, including 71 in
un tat critique, selon un bilan critical condition, according
provisoire tabli par les mdias to a provisional toll issued by
the state media.
dEtat.
Copyright: Le Monde, http://hiv.net/kcl, accessed 14 August 2015.
Depending on the context, English translations include of,

from, in, about and by; in some cases, de isnt translated at all.
Use
Description: in lincendie dun entrept a fire in a warehouse
Partitive article des des produits inflammables flammable products
(de+les)
Geography: of zone industrielle de Tianjin industrial area of
Tianjin
Geography: of nord-est de la Chine northeastern China
Quantity: than plus de 24 heures plus tard more than 24 hours
later
Quantity: than plus de 700 blesss more than 700
injured
Possession les mdias dEtat the state media
2016~4 Edition
Final reminder
2.19 Numbers 13-79

{AUDIO} Counting from 13-79 is inconspicuous, at least in
the beginning. From 13 to 16 you have compact one-syllable
words, then ten-seven, ten-eight, ten-nine nothing truly
shocking. From 20 to 69, things turn almost unfrenchily
normal. Apart from 21, 31, 41, etc. (vingt et un, trente et un,
quarante et un), the numbers finally resemble rock-solid
British numbers. Then, suddenly, the truce ends: 60+10,
60+11, 60+12 itll take you some time to open your eyes
on such contorted math! Why the hell do French make their
life so complicated? However, if you think we have reached
the summit of French exceptionalism, wait until Level 3.
There, the nation of logic will top it all.
treize 13 vingt et un 21
quatorze 14 vingt-deux 22
quinze 15 vingt-trois 23
seize 16 trente 30
dix-sept 17 trente et un 31
dix-huit 18 trente-deux 32
dix-neuf 19 quarante 40
vingt 20 cinquante 50
soixante 60
soixante-neuf 69

soixante-dix (60+10) 70*

soixante et onze (60+11) 71
soixante-douze (60+12) 72
soxante-treize (60+13) 73
soxante-quatorze (60+14) 74
soxante-quinze (60+15) 75
soxante-seize (60+16) 76
soxante-dix-sept (60+17) 77
soxante-dix-huit (60+18) 78
soxante-dix-neuf (60+19) 79
* P.S. In Belgium, Luxemburg and Switzerland, native French

speakers use septante, septante et un, septante-deux, etc. Phew!..
2.20 Asking a question

{AUDIO} When you ask a question in English, you usually
add do/did at the beginning of the sentence: Do you see this?
Did you do that? or invert you can into can you?, you will into
will you?, etc. In French, you have three options to turn a
statement into a question:
2.20.1 Raise the pitch

Thats the simplest and most common way: Take a statement
and put a question mark at the end. In speech, just raise the
pitch of your voice at the end of the sentence:
Statement
Tu peux venir aujourdhui. You can come today.
Tu viens. You are coming.
Question
Tu peux venir aujourdhui ? Can you come today?
Tu viens ? Are you coming?
2016~4 Edition
2.20.2 Est-ce que

Another simple way is to put est-ce que at the beginning of
the sentence:
Statement
Question
Est-ce que tu peux venir Can you come today?
aujourdhui ?
Of course, before il/elle and ils/elles, youll drop the final e

and add a hyphen: est-ce quil, est-ce quelle, etc.
2.20.3 Inversion
A third way of asking a question is the inversion of pronoun
and action word:
Statement
Question
Peux-tu venir aujourdhui ? Can you come today?
This is straightforward. You just introduce a hyphen between

action word and pronoun.
Matters are more complex when you have a composed tense:

Statement
Il a achet un lapin. He bought a rabbit.
Question
A-t-il achet un lapin ? Has he bought a rabbit?
What do you see? First, make the inversion between the

pronoun il and the auxiliary a; second, add a smoothing t
because French doesnt like two vowels (i and a) clashing into
each other; third, stitch everything together with hyphens: a-t-
il.

There is yet another curiosity. Look at this:

Statement
Luc a achet un canard. Luc bought a duck.
Question
Luc a-t-il achet un canard ? Has Luc bought a duck?
If the sentence has a noun (instead of a pronoun il as in the

previous sentence), youll put the noun at the beginning of the
sentence: Luc a-t-il
Look at the following questions and give them time to settle
into your brain. Youll better understand them when you go
through this manual the second or third time.
Ne travaille-t-il jamais? Doesnt he ever work?
Ne sait-il rien? Doesnt he know anything?
Ne voyez-vous personne? Dont you see anybody?
Ne maimes-tu plus? Wont you love me anymore?
Ne le ferons-nous plus jamais? Wont we ever do it again?

2.21.1 Question words
{AUDIO} The most important question words are
qui? who, whom?
que or quest-ce que? what?
quand? when?
comment? how?
o? where?
d'o? from where?
pourquoi? why?
2016~4 Edition
Qui est l ? Who is there?

Quest-ce que tu fais ? What are you doing?
O vas-tu ? Where are you going?
Quest-ce que vous avez ? Whats wrong with you?
Pourquoi tu ne viens pas ? Why dont you come?
Comment tu me trouves ? How do you find me?
Quand veux-tu venir ? When do you want to come?
Qui es-tu ? Who are you?
Quest-ce que tu veux ? What do you want?
O tes-vous alls/alles ? Where did you go?
Do venez-vous ? Where are you coming from?
Pourquoi mas-tu embrass ? Why did you kiss me?
Comment as-tu fait a ? How did you do that?
Quand est-ce quon se voit ? When will we see each other (again)?
2.21.2 Magic Words

{AUDIO} French has two truly magic expressions: sil vous
plat literally: if it pleases you and sil te plat.
Use vous
when you speak to more than one person, no matter
if youre close friends with them or not;
with single people in formal situations.
With single friends or family, use sil te plat instead.
Pourriez-vous me passer le beurre, Could you pass me the butter,
sil vous plat ? (formal) please?
Tu me passes le beurre, sil te Pass me the butter, please?
plat ? (informal)
These formulae are evidently more dignified than a brutish

Passe-moi le beurre! Pass me the butter! In French, sil vous
plat and sil te plat are therefore as important as in English
the more often you use them, the easier life will be. When you
enter a boucherie butchers shop, a boulangerie bakers
shop, or a fromagerie cheesemongers shop, sil vous plat is
de rigueur:
une douzaine a dozen oysters

dhuitres,
deux two dozen
douzaines escargots
Je voudrais descargots, sil vous
half a dozen
I would like plat.
une demi- frogs legs
douzaine de
cuisses de
grenouille,
a juicy horse
un bifteck de steak
cheval bien
juteux,
2.21.3 Silent letters (2)

{AUDIO} Lets go back to the inconsistant way French treats
consonants at the end of a word. Remember that most of the
time, they are not pronounced, but sometimes they are. The
letters C, R, F, L (careful), B, K and Q are usually
pronounced at the end of a word. Lets look at the letter F:
Pronounce the final F Dont pronounce the final F

F uf [f] egg ufs [] eggs
chef [f] boss nerf [n] nerve
neuf [nf] new clef [kle] key
prservatif condom
[pezvatif]
juif [if] Jewish
positif positive
[pozitif]
buf [bf] beef
2.21.4 Toolbox 4
2016~4 Edition
The 14 French tenses

By now you should know the meaning of definite, indefinite
and partitive articles; adjectives and nouns; and adverbs,
conjunctions and prepositions.
Lets repeat one last time the complete set of 14 French
tenses. Remember: in a conversation with your friends and
colleagues youll hear or use these tenses either every minute
(prsent, pass compos, imparfait, futur) or at intervals of
less than 5 minutes (plus-que-parfait, conditionnel prsent,
conditionnel pass, subjonctif prsent). You cannot study
French without being familiar with these 14 technical terms:
Simple tenses
1 Prsent Present
2 Imparfait Imperfect
3 Pass simple Simple past
4 Futur Future
5 Conditionnel prsent Present conditional
6 Subjonctif prsent Present subjunctive
7 Subjonctif imparfait Imperfect subjunctive
Composed tenses
1 Pass compos Perfect
2 Plus-que-parfait Past perfect
3 Pass antrieur Preterit perfect
4 Futur antrieur Future perfect
5 Conditionnel pass Past conditional
6 Subjonctif pass Past subjunctive
7 Subjonctif plus-que-parfait Past perfect subjunctive

2.21.5 Social Vocabulary

First encounter
{AUDIO}
Pleased to meet you. Enchant(e).
Whats your name? Comment vous appelez-vous? polite
Comment tu tappelles ? familiar
My name is X. Je mappelle X.
Thank you very much. Merci beaucoup.

Youre welcome. De rien.
Good-bye. See you soon. Au revoir. bientt.
Following encounters
How are you? Comment allez-vous ? polite
Comment vas-tu ? familiar
Salut, a va ? familiar
Its going well / bad. a va bien / mal.
Fine, thanks. And you? Trs bien, merci, et vous ? polite
Trs bien, merci, et toi ? familiar

{AUDIO} It is time for your second newspaper article. Lets
cut into pieces the 130 words about Barack Obamas election
as the 44th president of the United States in 2008. We have
highlighted the three main word classes:
1. Action word 2. Noun 3. Adjective
Aprs sa victoire, Barack Obama After his victory, Barack

Obama spoke to his
sest adress son pays et au
country and the world.
monde. Barely elected the 44th
peine lu, le 44e prsident des president of the United
States, Barack Obama has
Etats-Unis, Barack Obama s'est
2016~4 Edition
hiss la hauteur de l'vnement risen to the height of the

historic event of his
historique que constitue son
election, forty years after
lection, quarante ans aprs la fin the end of racial
de la sgrgation raciale. () segregation. (..)
The first African-American
Premier prsident africain-
president in the history of
amricain de l'histoire des Etats- the United States, Barack
Unis, Barack Obama a t lu dans Obama was elected in a
un raz de mare qui a mis tout le tidal wave that put the
country into a state of
pays en liesse. Du New Hampshire
jubilation. From New
Harlem, des grilles de la Maison Hampshire to Harlem, from
Blanche au Grant Park de Chicago, the gates of the White
les Amricains ont repris sa House to Chicago's Grant
Park, Americans joined in
promesse : Yes we can! (Oui,
with his promise: Yes we
nous le pouvons !), tout est can!, everything is
possible un peuple rconcili. possible for a reconciled
Dans un pays branl par les crises people. In a country
shaken by crises
conomique, morale, identitaire
economic, moral, identity
, Barack Obama a montr le Barack Obama has shown
chemin : Nous sommes et nous the way: We are and
serons toujours les Etats-Unis always will be the United
States of America.
d'Amrique.
2008 Le Monde, Frances best newspaper. Find the entire text at

http://www.lemonde.fr/journalelectronique/donnees/libre/20081106/ind
ex.html Accessed February 23, 2016.
Read the text several times. In particular, get accustomed to

the idea of analysing a text word by word and understanding
the function of every single word.

Montmartre | Copyright: Marie de France

{AUDIO} Thats it for Level 2.
1.
Can you say
Prsent
ils/elles sont
I am, you are, he/she is | we, you, they are
2016~4 Edition
Imparfait
jtais tu tais il/elle tait | nous tions vous tiez
ils/elles taient
I was, you were, he/she was | we, you, they were
I, you, he/she used to be | we, you, they used to be
Futur
je serai tu seras il/elle sera | nous serons vous serez
ils/elles seront
I, you, he or she will be | we, you, they will be
Conditionnel prsent
je serais tu serais il/elle serait | nous serions vous seriez
ils/elles seraient
I, you, he or she would be | we, you, they would be
2.
Do you remember the strong sexual connotations of action
words using the auxiliary tre to form composed tenses (pass
compos, plus-que-parfait, conditionnel pass, etc.)?

Infinitif Participe
pass
aller all to go
venir venu to come
entrer entr to enter
rentrer rentr to go back in
sortir sorti to go out, exit
arriver arriv to arrive
rester rest to stay
partir parti to leave
tomber tomb to fall
passer pass to go through (a place)
retourner retourn to go back, return
natre n to be born
mourir mort to die
monter mont to go up, climb
descendre descendu to go down (downstairs),
climb down
Example: je suis venu(e), je suis rentr(e), je suis
sorti(e), je suis arriv(e), je suis tomb(e), je suis
parti(e).
3.
Do you know these important action words with their past
participles:
devoir jai d
vivre jai vcu
connate jai connu
boire jai bu
croire jai cru
lire jai lu
rire jai ri
venir je suis venu(e)
devenir je suis devenu(e)
2016~4 Edition
4.
Do you know the meaning of at least 2 x 7 words of the
following word cloud?
Word cloud 2.5 Action words
5.
Are you familiar with jamais, rien, personne and plus? Take
a second look:
ne not
ne .. jamais never / ever
ne .. rien nothing / anything
ne .. personne nobody / anybody
ne .. plus no more / anymore
ne .. plus jamais never again / ever again
ne .. plus rien nothing again / anything again
ne .. plus personne nobody again / anybody again
ne .. que* only

6.
Can you recite the surprising series of French numbers from
70 to 79? And do you know the meaning of maintenant,
peut-tre, aussi, dj, ensuite, tt, tard, partout, vite, assez,
trs, trop, encore?
Well then, you have been promoted to Level 3! You know 30

out of 100 key action word sextets.
Outlook
Read the tre table again (page 179). Youll appreciate the
now familiar layout and remember that the tables with
these fully-dressed action words are the cornerstone of
GigaFrench.
In Level 3, finally, comes the third most important French
word, caresser to pet/caress (a Group 1 action word), with
people petting animals and caressing each other. Youll also
find more nouns, adjectives, jokers and pronouns as
always, well present you with the most frequent French
words.
2016~4 Edition

Abortion | 233
3 Abortion
Copyright 2016 N. Allan Rio de Janeiro
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level03} Why doesnt legal abortion

exist in Nicaragua, Chile
Avortement | Pourquoi
and Malta? Why are there
lavortement lgal nexiste-t-il pas countries where a woman
au Nicaragua, au Chili et Malte ? cannot abort without the
Pourquoi y a-t-il des pays o une consent of her husband?
And why are there still
femme ne peut avorter sans le
other countries where the
consentement de son mari ? Et abomination of rape does
pourquoi y a-t-il dautres pays not count and is not a
encore o labomination dun viol sufficient reason for
aborting legally? (See
ne compte pas et nest pas une
detailed map on
raison suffisante pour avorter hiv.net/1p7.)
lgalement? (Voir carte dtaille
sur hiv.net/1p7.)
Le chemin de la libert est-il si Is the path of freedom so
difficult? Why deny the
difficile ? Pourquoi nier
obvious: women of the
lvidence : les femmes du monde entire world and of all
entier et de tous les temps ont subi times have experienced
des grossesses non dsires et se unwanted pregnancies and
found themselves forced to
sont retrouves contraintes
abortion. They did so
lavortement. Elles le faisaient hier, yesterday, they do it today
elles le font aujourdhui, et elles and will continue
continueront demain, partout, dans tomorrow, everywhere, in
all societies, under all
toutes les socits, sous toutes les
religions, even in countries
religions, y compris dans les pays where abortion is illegal.
o lavortement est illgal. Many of them have died
Beaucoup dentre elles en sont and more will die.
mortes et dautres en mourront.
Qui en est responsable ? Les Who is responsible? The
men (or males?),
hommes, dincorrigibles machistes
incorrigible machos
qui gouvernent ces pays, soutenus governing these countries,
par les religieux de tout poil ? Ou supported by the religious
bien les mres, grand-mres et of all kinds? Or the
mothers, grandmothers
belles-mres garantes, porteuses et
and mothers-in-law,
proslytes de valeurs archaques ? guarantors, carriers and

Abortion | 235
En tout cas, trop cest trop, il y en a proselytes of archaic

values? Anyway, too
marre !
much is too much, were
fed up!
Reprenons depuis le dbut : Qui Lets take it from the
beginning: Who bears
porte les enfants pendant neuf
children for nine months?
mois ? Qui accouche? Qui les Who gives birth? Who
allaite et les protge pendant les breastfeeds and protects
annes tendres de leur vie ? Et les them during the tender
years of life? And men, in
hommes, dans tout cela ? Un
all this? One sperm! (or:
spermatozode ! Quatre milliards spermatozoon?) Four
dannes dvolution, certes, mais billion years of evolution,
5 minutes de travail pour le mle. certainly, but 5 minutes of
work for the buck (or:
Nom de Dieu ! Nous sommes au
male?). Bloody hell! We
21me sicle ! are in the 21st century!
Tous les ans, plus de 40 millions de Every year, more than 40
million women have
femmes avortent, dont la moiti
abortions, half in illegal
dans des conditions illgales et and dangerous conditions.
dangereuses. LOrganisation The World Health
Mondiale de la Sant (OMS) Organization (WHO)
estimates that more than
estime que plus de 40 000 dentre
40,000 of them die of
elles meurent d'hmorragies, haemorrhages, infections
d'infections et des effets toxiques and toxic effects of
des substances utilises pour substances used to cause
abortion. Arent the lives of
provoquer lavortement. La vie de
these women more
ces femmes nest-elle pas plus important than the aborted
importante que la vie avorte dun life of a foetus?
ftus ?
2016~4 Edition
Prtres, politiciens et lobbyistes Clergymen, politicians and

anti-abortion lobbyists off
anti-avortement de toutes les
all religions, listen: at the
religions, coutez : au jugement last judgment you will
dernier vous rpondrez de ces 40 answer for these 40,000
000 mortes. Au nom de la mre, de deaths. In the name of the
mother, and the daughter,
la fille et de la Sainte Vierge, vous
and of the Holy Virgin: you
tes des assassins ! are murderers!
Words
{AUDIO}
un avortement abortion la libert liberty
lgal legal difficile difficult
le Nicaragua Nicaragua nier to negate
le Chili Chile une vidence evidence
le pays country entier whole, entire
o where le temps time, weather
la femme woman de tous les of all times
avorter to abort temps
elle ne peut she cannot subir to endure, to be

subjected to
le consent
consentement la grossesse pregnancy
le mari husband dsirer to want,
to desire
dautres pays still other
encore countries non dsir unwanted
abomination f. abomination se retrouver to find yourself
le viol rape contraint forced to
compter to count elles le faisaient they did it
la raison reason hier yesterday

suffisant sufficient elles le font they do it
lgalement legally aujourdhui today
voir to see elles theyll continue
continueront
la carte map
dtaill detailed
le chemin way, path

Abortion | 237
demain tomorrow garant, -e guarantor

partout everywhere porteur, -se supporting
toutes les all societies proslyte proselyte
socits
la valeur value
sous under archaque archaic
toutes les all religions en tout cas anyway, in any
religions case
y compris including trop too
illgal illegal trop cest trop too much is too
beaucoup many much
entre among, il y en a marre were fed up
between reprendre here: to start
beaucoup many of them again
dentre elles depuis since
le dbut beginning
elles en sont they died of it porter to bear, to carry
mortes
les enfants children
dautres others
neuf 9
elles mourront they will die
le mois month
qui ? who?
accoucher to give birth
en here: for that
responsable responsible
allaiter to breast feed
incorrigible incorrigible,
protger to protect
incurable
tendre tender, soft
la vie life
le machiste macho
de leur vie of their life
gouverner to govern
dans tout cela in all this
soutenir to support
le sperm
soutenu par supported by
spermatozode
le religieux religious,
clergyman,
priest, etc. quatre 4
le poil hair, fur le milliard billion
de tout poil of all kinds volution f. evolution
certes of course,
certainly
ou bien or else
le travail work
la mre mother
5 minutes de 5 minutes of
la grand-mre grandmother
travail work
la belle-mre mother-in-law
le mle male
2016~4 Edition
la substance substance
Nom de Dieu ! Bloody hell! utiliser to use,
le sicle century to employ
nous sommes we are in the
me st
au 21 (vingt- 21 century provoquer to cause,
et-unime) to bring about
sicle la vie life
tous les ans every year important, -e important
plus de more than plus important more important
quarante 40 million que than
millions le ftus foetus
dont of whom le prtre priest
le politicien politician
la moiti half
la condition condition le lobbyiste lobbyist
dangereux, -se dangerous la religion religion
une organisation couter to listen
organisation coutez ! listen!
mondial, -e global,
le jugement judgement
worldwide
le jugement Last Judgement
la sant health
dernier
OMS WHO
rpondre de to be
accountable for
estimer to estimate
une hmorragie haemorrhage au nom de in the name of
une infection infection la fille daughter
un effet effect, result saint holy
toxique toxic la Sainte Vierge Holy Virgin
un assassin murderer

Abortion | 239
Word cloud 3.1 Abortion
3.1 Power Listening

2016~4 Edition
understanding.
corner of your life. You can do it in less than two months! Go
for it!
3.2 Preview
If your main interest is learning contemporary vocabulary,
memorize all words (100%) and go straight ahead to Junk
Food on page 305.
For a more thorough knowledge of French, please continue
below. The highlights of Level 3 are
the detailed description of faire to make/to do;
the intimate knowledge of the third most important
French word, caresser to caress, to pet;
possessive adjectives;
and, finally, your last big intellectual challenge of
French grammar: POPs, personal object pronouns.
As always, make extensive use of the audio files and listen to
them until you can distinguish every single word.

Time is money and learning languages is time-consuming.
One way of losing your precious time-money is having the
wrong teachers. Lets first see who they are and find out later

Abortion | 241
which services the ideal teacher should provide today, in the

teens and twenties of the 21st century.
Your teacher should in no case be monoglot who speaks
only her own language French and who never went
through the rough process of mastering another language. In
front of a moniglot teacher a series of questions will come
into your mind: Does she know what it means to absorb 5,000
to 10,000 words? Can she imagine how it is to memorize 20 to
50 new words every day? Does she have the faintest idea of
how demanding it is to penetrate the dense thicket of high-
speed human speech? Does she presage the thrill of
discovering a new language? In summary, does she have an
appropriate comprehension of the complications and
implications of language learning? Probably not.
So if your language classes in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, or
Montpellier are meant to be more than meeting and mingling
opportunities with people from all over the world, double-
check that your teacher is a polyglot or would you want to
take sex lessons from Catholic nuns?*
Find more information about teachers in Chapter 4 of The
Word Brain, page 41ff. Download the free 81-page PDF from
www.TheWordBrain.com.
* Comment from our copy editor: They might know more than you
think, Marie!
I. Action Words
As some action words are more important than others, at the
beginning of each level well present one of them with the full
picture of simple tenses. Lets start with faire to make/to do:
2016~4 Edition
3.4 Faire
{AUDIO}
Infinitif faire to do, to make
Participe pass fait
Participe prsent faisant
Impratif fais | faisons | faites
Prsent Imparfait Pass

Present: I do Imperfect: I did, simple
I used to do I did
je fais faisais fis
tu fais faisais fis
il/elle fait faisait fit
nous faisons faisions fmes
vous faites faisiez ftes
ils/elles font faisaient firent

Future: I will do Present conditional:
I would do
je ferai ferais
tu feras ferais
il/elle fera ferait
nous ferons ferions
vous ferez feriez
ils/elles feront feraient
prsent imparfait
Pres.subjunctive Imperfect subjunctive
that I do that I did
que je fasse fisse
que tu fasses fisses
quil/elle fasse ft
que nous fassions fissions
que vous fassiez fissiez
quils/elles fassent fissent

Abortion | 243
La Martinique | Copyright: Marie de France
The 30 words in the five highlighted boxes present minor

challenges:
1. The prsent is irregular and requires attention.

2. The imparfait stem is easily derived from the 1st
person plural nous faisons.
3. The stem of the futur is fer. Just add the forever
identical endings of the futur (ai, as, a | ons, ez,
ont) and the conditionnel prsent (ais, ais, ait |
ions, iez, aient) to get the corresponding tenses.
4. The stem of the subjonctif prsent is fass.
a. The endings are regular: e, es, e | ions,
iez, ent.
b. The pronunciation of the singular forms and
the 3rd person plural (fasse, fasses, fasse,
fassent) is identical: [fas].
Remember the composed tenses of faire from page 94.
2016~4 Edition
Important information
In the coming levels, youll find many more action word
tables. The default mode of action words is the so-called
indicatif, which expresses facts of life that really happened,
are happening right now or will be happening in the future;
as the indicatif is the default mode, we dont specify it and
simply say prsent, imparfait and futur.
The indicatif is also called mood. Other moods are 1) the
conditionnel (conditional), 2) the subjonctif (subjunctive),
and 3) the impratif (imperative).
Finally, there are three indefinite moods which do not
indicate the person: infinitif (infinitive), participe
(participle) and grondif (gerund).
Does that sound confusing? Indeed it is, so come back
later! For now, just remember that there is a subjonctif
which youll use to express doubts, thoughts, wishes,
beliefs, and worries.
3.4.1 Expressions with faire (2)

{AUDIO} French uses faire in every conceivable
combination. In Level 1 (page 97), you have seen a few,
which described love, sport, and housework. Here are some
more:
faire des tudes to study
faire mdecine to study medicine
faire droit to study law
faire la fte to party
faire du ski to go skiing
faire du tennis to play tennis
faire du golf to golf
faire du jogging to go jogging
faire de la planche voile to go windsurfing

Abortion | 245
faire de lquitation to ride horseback

faire une remarque to make a comment
faire des achats to make purchases
faire du camping to go camping
faire un pique-nique to go on a picnic
faire du feu to make a fire
faire un gteau to bake a cake
faire bouillir to boil
faire mal quelquun to hurt someone
faire une faute to make a mistake
faire pleurer quelquun to make someone cry
faire les valises to pack ones bag
faire de la moto to ride a motorcycle
faire un voyage to take a trip
3.5 Subjonctif
Lets introduce the subjonctif prsent. Generally speaking,
youll use the subjonctif after action words (or expressions
like il est prfrable que), which express will/wanting,
doubt, emotion, possibility, necessity, or judgment. Well
go into the details later. Look at only one sentence:
Il faut que tu fasses ton lit.
You must make your bed.
[literally: It is imperative that you make your bed.]
As il faut expresses a necessity, the second part of the
sentence (introduced by que) cannot use the standard prsent
(tu fais); instead, it must use the subjonctif prsent: tu fasses.
Il faut que tu fasses ton lit.

You must make your bed.
Main clause: Conjunction, Dependent clause:
Necessity introducing the Use the subjonctif
dependent clause
2016~4 Edition
Well present more expressions requiring the subjonctif at the

beginning of each new level.
3.6 Action words, Group 1: Petting

{AUDIO} Petting covers a broad range of sexual behaviors,
including deep kissing and sexual touching of your partner.
Part of petting is caressing. Sexual touching is best translated
with caresser. Note that Group 1 action words end in er.
Le garon caresse le chat. The boy pets the cat.
La fille caresse le chien. The girl pets the dog.
Le garon caresse la fille. The boy caresses the girl.
La fille caresse le garons. The girl caresses the boy.
Ils se caressent. They caress each other.
As in Level 1 and 2, please start with the first four sextets of

caresser. Listen to the audio and learn the following
sequences. If you are new to French, memorize the first two
sextets, if you learned French before, memorize them all. Burn
the 24 words into your brain.
Prsent Imparfait
je caresse caressais
tu caresses caressais
il/elle caresse caressait
nous caressons caressions
vous caressez caressiez
ils/elles caressent caressaient

Abortion | 247

Being able to express caresser in the prsent, imparfait,

futur and conditionnel prsent is clearly a major coup in life.
(Preview the full picture on page 262). All you need are 24
endings. Most of them are identical to those you used with
avoir (see page 86) and tre (page 178).
3.6.1 Prsent
Singular
je caresse I caress
tu caresses you caress
il/elle caresse he/she caresses
Plural
nous caressons we caress
vous caressez you caress
ils/elles caressent they caress
The prsent present tense is new. Heres the recipe: cut er

from the infinitif caresser and get the stem caress; then add
e, -es, -e | -ons, -ez, -ent.
While reading and listening to caresser youll establish the
following rules:
1. The 1st person singular (je caresse) and the 3rd person
singular (il/elle caresse) are identical.
2016~4 Edition

(caressecaressescaresse) and the 3rd person plural
form (caressent) is identical [kas].
3. The final ez of the 2nd person plural form (caressez)
has the same pronunciation as the infinitive (caresser)
and the past participle (caress) [kase].
The prsent is typically used
to describe the Here and Now: je t'aime I love you, je
t'adore I adore you, tu me rends fou/folle youre
driving me mad, je ne peux pas vivre sans toi I
cannot live without you
to conduct discussions about life in general: L'amour,
c'est.. Love is.., La jalousie n'est pas.. Jealousy is
not.., Pourquoi es-tu toujours.. Why are you always..
3.6.2 Imparfait
Lets continue with the imparfait and express caressing in the
past. To get the imperfect stem
Take the 1st person plural of the prsent: nous
caressons
The imperfect stem of virtually all action words both regular and
irregular is formed in this way. An important exception: The
imperfect stem of tre is t: jtais tu tais il/elle tait, etc.
[see page 178].
Drop the ons ending and get the imperfect stem:

caress
Add the imperfect endings: je caressais, tu caressais,
il/elle caressait, etc.

Abortion | 249
Singular
je caressais I caressed
tu caressais you caressed
il/elle caressait he/she caressed
Plural
nous caressions we caressed
vous caressiez you caressed
ils/elles caressaient they caressed
While reading and listening to the imparfait of caresser

youll remember that
1. The 1st person singular (je caressais) and the 2nd
person singular (tu caressais) are identical.
(caressaiscaressaiscaressait) and the 3rd person
plural form (caressaient) is identical [kas].
3.6.3 Futur
Now say that youll do some caressing in the future (I will
caress). Take the Futur endings (ai, -as, -a | -ons, -ez, ont)
so familiar from jaurai tu auras il/elle aura | nous aurons
vous aurez ils/elles auront; I, you, he/she will have, etc.)
and attach them to the infinitive of caresser:
Singular
je caresserai I will caress
tu caresseras you will caress
il/elle caressera he/she will caress
Plural
nous caresserons we will caress
vous caresserez you will caress
ils/elles caresseront they will caress
2016~4 Edition
While reading and listening to the futur of caresser youll see

again that
1. The 1st person singular (je caresserai) and the 2nd
person plural (vous caresserez) sound identical
[kase].
2. The 2nd person singular (tu caresseras) and the 3rd
person singular (il/elle caressera) sound identical
[kasa].
3.The 1st person plural (nous caresserons) and the 3rd
person plural (ils/elles caresseront) sound identical
[kas] .
Remember: The futur endings are identical for all French
action words!
3.6.4 Conditionnel prsent

Finally, try some hypothetical caressing (I would caress) and
say that peut-tre maybe you might caress in the future. Take
the endings of the conditionnel prsent ais, -ais, -ait | -ions,
-iez, aient (which you have met in jaurais tu aurais
il/elle aurait | nous aurions vous auriez ils/elles auraient; I,
you, he/she would have, etc.) and attach them to the infinitive
of caresser:
Singular
je caresserais I would caress
tu caresserais you would caress
il/elle caresserait he/she would caress
Plural
nous caresserions we would caress
vous caresseriez you would caress
ils/elles caresseraient they would caress

Abortion | 251

caresser youll find that the pronunciation of the three
singular forms (caresseraiscaresseraiscaresserait) and the
3rd plural form (caresseraient) is identical [kas].
3.6.5 Subjonctif prsent

{AUDIO}
Singular
que je caresse that I caress
que tu caresses that you caress
que il/elle caresse that he/she caress
Plural
que nous caressions that we caress
que vous caressiez that you caress
que ils/elles caressent that they caress
The subjonctif prsent of Group 1 actions words is a

chimaera because it mixes up endings of the prsent and
only for the 1st and 2nd person plural the imparfait.
As in the prsent, youll observe that
1. The endings of the 1st person singular (je caresse) and
the 3rd person singular (il/elle caresse) are identical.
2. The three singular forms (caressecaressescaresse)
and the 3rd person plural form (caressent) sound
identical [kas].
To obtain the stem of the subjonctif prsent
Take the 3rd person plural of the prsent: ils
caressent
Drop the ent ending and obtain caress
2016~4 Edition
Add the present subjunctive endings e, es e |

ions, iez, ent (que je caresse, que tu caresses,
quil/elle caresse, etc.)
The subjonctif prsent of virtually all action words both

regular and irregular is formed like this. Important
exceptions are faire to do/make, savoir to know, pouvoir to
be able to, can, aller to go and vouloir to want.
As the endings of the subjonctif prsent are always the same,
all you need to do is learn the stems: fass, sach, puiss:
faire savoir pouvoir
Subjonctif Subjonctif Subjonctif
prsent: prsent: prsent:
that I do, etc. that I know, etc. that I am able
to, etc.
que je fasse sache puisse
que tu fasses saches puisses
quil/elle fasse sache puisse
que nous fassions sachions puissions

que vous fassiez sachiez puissiez
quils/elles fassent sachent puissent
The forms ending in red have all the same pronunciation: [fas],
[sa], [pis].
The subjonctif prsent of aller (stem: aill) and vouloir

(stem: veuill) has two exceptions: the 1st and 2nd persons
plural use the standard stem (all and voul):

Abortion | 253
aller vouloir
Subjonctif prsent: Subjonctif prsent:
that I go, etc. that I want, etc.
que j/je aille veuille
que tu ailles veuilles
quil/elle aille veuille
que nous allions voulions

que vous alliez vouliez
quils/elles aillent veuillent
Again, the forms ending in red have the same pronunciation

[aj], [vj].
Finally, two verbs are completely irregular, but you have

already seen them:
avoir tre
Subjonctif prsent: Subjonctif prsent:
that I have, etc. that I am, etc.
que j/je aie sois
que tu aies sois
quil/elle ait soit
que nous ayons soyons

que vous ayez soyez
quils/elles aient soient
While listening to the audio, youll hear that the pronunciation

of the three singular forms and the 3rd plural form is identical:
1. avoir: aieaiesait | aient []
2. tre: soissoissoit | soient [swa]
2016~4 Edition
Word cloud 3.2 Relative importance of 7 irregular action words in

the subjonctif prsent tense: ait (avoir), soit (tre) aille (aller), fasse
(faire), puisse (pouvoir), sache (savoir), veuille (vouloir).
3.6.6 Pass simple

{AUDIO} The pass simple is the literary equivalent of the
pass compos. It is almost exclusively used in literature and
historical accounts. The difference between the two tenses is
tenuous. While actions expressed with the pass simple are
finished, with a definite beginning and an end, the pass
compos may still be connected to the present or may even
still be happening. Dont get a headache over these finesses.
When writing a historical account, use the pass simple while
in spoken language and in standard journalism, use the pass
compos. Just keep in mind to never mix both tenses in the
same text because that is blasphemously bad style !

Abortion | 255
Singular
je caressai I caressed
tu caressas you caressed
il/elle caressa he/she caressed
Plural
nous caressmes we caressed
vous caresstes you caressed
ils/elles caressrent they caressed
While reading and listening to the pass simple of caresser

youll find that
1. The 2nd person singular (tu caressas) and the 3rd
person singular (il/elle caressa) sound identical
[kasa].
2. The ai of the 1st singular form (caressai) is like the
brilliant final of the infinitive (caresser), the past
participle (caress) and the 2nd form plural of the
prsent (caressez) [kase].
3. The first and second person plural have an at the
end.
3.6.7 Subjonctif imparfait

{AUDIO} Chances are excellent that it will take quite a bit of
time before you will ever come across any of the 6 following
forms of caresser. The subjonctif imparfait is almost extinct.
Remember that after main clauses, which express necessity
such as il faut que it is necessary to, the action word of the
subordinate clause must use a tense of the subjonctif, par
example:
Main clause: Subordinate clause:
Prsent Subjonctif prsent
Il faut que je le fasse. I have to do it.
2016~4 Edition
As il faut in the main clause is in the prsent, aller in the

subordinate clause has to be in the subjonctif prsent.
When the tense of the main clause is the imparfait (il
fallait), the action word in the subordinate clause should be in
the subjonctif imparfait, for example:
Imparfait Subjonctif imparfait
Il fallait que je le fisse. I had to do it.
I say should be because thats exactly what does not happen,

because the subjonctif imparfait is going extinct. Today,
everyone would say or write Il fallait que je le fasse.
Imparfait Subjonctif prsent
Il fallait que je le fasse. I had to do it.
While other Romance languages like Spanish, Portuguese and

Italian continue to use the subjonctif imparfait, France has
almost completely abolished it. Ask a French person if she can
recite que je caressasse que tu caressasses quil/elle
caresst | que nous caressassions que vous caressassiez
quils/elles caressassent and shell probably tell you that she
cant. Although the subjonctif imparfait is still being taught
to 14-year-olds, everyone seems to be eager to forget.
Fortunately, almost all French remember at least this one from
school:
Il et fallu que je susse.

I should have known.
or even better

Abortion | 257
Il et fallu que je le susse.

I should have known it.
Well explain later why these sentences are considered

obscenely ambiguous. In the meantime, you may wish to ask
close friends about potential double entendres, but in no case
should you do so at a formal reception. Either youll provoke
benevolent hilarity and be the star of the event with people
infallibly recalling you years later or youll never be invited
again.
{Second Round} To say the least, the subjonctif

imparfait is intriguing, so lets take a quick look at it.
In 17 novels by mile Zola (more than 8000 pages, around
2,300,000 words; see details on page xxx), you would find
only 3200 occurences. 90% of these are 3rd person singular
(for example, caresst), and among the rest, almost all are 3rd
person plural (for example, caressassent). The total number
of the four 1st and 2nd persons singular and plural is 8! In
other words, the odds are nil that youll ever be confronted
with je caressasse, tu caressasse, nous caressassions, vous
caressassiez at least not linguistically.
Singular
que je caressasse that I caressed
que tu caressasses that you caressed
que il/elle caresst that he/she caressed
Plural
que nous caressassions that we caressed
que vous caressassiez that you caressed
que ils/elles caressassent that they caressed
While reading and listening to the subjonctif imparfait of

caresser youll find that
2016~4 Edition
1. The 1st and 2nd person singular (que je caressasse,

que tu caressasses) and the 3rd person plural
(quils/elles caressassent) sound identical [kasas].
2. The 3rd person singular has a circumflexed vowel:
(or or for other action words).
As we said, 9 out of 10 subjonctif imparfait forms you will
ever encounter are third-person singular. Of these, 40% were
either et (avoir) or ft (tre) in Zolas novels. Another 10%
were pt (pouvoir), st (savoir), ft (faire) and restt (rester).
Take a quick look at the following word cloud and table.
Although you wont need to learn the subjonctif imparfait
forms not even the 3rd person singular youll soon need to
learn the pass simple forms shown in the second column
(find the in-depth discussion of the pass simple on page
xxx). Take a quick look today just to know that these forms
exist.
Word cloud 3.3 The innocent Subjonctif imparfait

Abortion | 259
{AUDIO} From the pass simple to the subjonctif

imparfait, it is a tiny step: just add a circumflex accent
(u , i ; for example: il eut quil et, il fut quil
ft) and an additional t for Group 1 action words (a t;
for example il resta quil restt, il alla quil allt).
2016~4 Edition
Infinitive Pass Subjonctif n* %

simple imparfait
avoir il eut he had quil et 703 23.90
tre il fut he was quil ft 433 14.72
pouvoir il put he could quil pt 163 5.54
savoir il sut he knew, quil st 50 1.70
was familiar
with
faire il fit he did quil ft 42 1.43
rester il resta he remained quil restt 36 1.22
mettre il mit he put quil mt 28 0.95
aller il alla he went quil allt 26 0.88

trouver il trouva he found quil trouvt 25 0.85
voir il vit he saw quil vt 24 0.82
paratre il parut he seemed quil part 24 0.82
laisser il laissa he left quil laisst 24 0.82
apercevoir il aperut he noticed quil apert 19 0.65
prendre il prit he took quil prt 19 0.65
donner il donna he gave quil donnt 18 0.61

vouloir il voulut he wanted quil voult 18 0.61
entrer il entra he entered quil entrt 17 0.58
achever il acheva he finished quil achevt 14 0.48
oser il osa he dared quil ost 14 0.48
parler il parla he talked quil parlt 14 0.48
passer il passa he passed quil passt 13 0.44
entendre il entendit he heard quil entendt 13 0.44

connatre il connut he knew, quil connt 12 0.41
was
acquainted
with
tomber il tomba he fell quil tombt 12 0.41
manger il mangea he ate quil manget 12 0.41
jeter il jeta he threw quil jett 12 0.41
garder il garda he kept quil gardt 11 0.37
dranger il he disturbed quil 11 0.37
drangea dranget
toucher il toucha he touched quil toucht 10 0.34
manquer il manqua he was quil manqut 10 0.34
missing
* Occurrence in 17 novels by mile Zola

Abortion | 261
3.6.8 24 Endings
Summary
The endings of 6 single tenses for the vast Group 1 of
French action words (there are more than 6000 of them in a
45,000-word dictionary!) are compressible. The endings of
two tenses prsent and subjonctif prsent are almost
identical (see below, series 1) and the endings of another
two tenses imparfait and conditionnel prsent ARE
identical (2). Add the futur (3) and the pass simple (4)
and you see that you can boil down a complete French
action word to a set of 24 endings:
1. Prsent + Subjonctif prsent

e, es, e | (i)ons, (i)ez, ont
2. Imparfait + Conditionnel prsent

ais, ais, ait | -ions, iez, aient
3. Futur
ai, as, a | ont, ez, ont
4. Pass simple
ai, as, a | mes, tes, rent
Look at them for a minute then come back tomorrow, the

day after tomorrow and so on. This endings overview is
one of the most precious keys to French grammar. Youll
love it!
2016~4 Edition
3.6.9 Caresser: simple tenses

{AUDIO}
Infinitif caresser to caress
Participe prsent caressant
Impratif caresse | caressons | caressez
Prsent Imparfait Pass

simple
je caresse caressais caressai
tu caresses caressais caressas
il/elle caresse caressait caressa
nous caressons caressions caressmes
vous caressez caressiez caresstes
ils/elles caressent caressaient caressrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
prsent imparfait
que je caresse caressasse
que tu caresses caressasses
quil/elle caresse caresst
que nous caressions caressassions
que vous caressiez caressassiez
quils/elles caressent caressassent

Abortion | 263
3.6.10 Caresser: composed tenses

{AUDIO} Pass Plus-que-parfait Pass antrieur
compos Past perfect: Preterit perfect:
Perfect: I (have) I had caressed I had caressed
caressed
j ai caress avais caress eus caress
tu as caress avais caress eus caress
il/elle a caress avait caress eut caress
nous avons caress avions caress emes caress

vous avez caress aviez caress etes caress
ils/elles ont caress avaient caress eurent caress

I will have Past conditional:
caressed I would have
caressed
j aurai caress aurais caress
tu auras caress aurais caress
il/elle aura caress aurait caress
nous aurons caress aurions caress
vous aurez caress auriez caress
ils/elles auront caress auraient caress
Past Past perfect
that I caressed that I had
caressed
que j aie caress eusse caress
que tu aies caress eusses caress
quil/elle ait caress et caress
que nous ayons caress eussions caress

que vous ayez caress eussiez caress
quils/elles aient caress eussent caress
2016~4 Edition
3.6.11 Most frequent Group 1 action words

{AUDIO} The 10 most frequent action words of Group 1 are
aimer to love
regarder to look
penser to think
parler to talk, to speak
demander to ask
laisser to let
trouver to find
donner to give
passer (tre) to pass
arriver (tre) to arrive
Is it surprising to observe that these words, again, are

exquisitely fit to describe settings of sex and love? This is
France!
3.6.12 Mental acrobatics

Whenever you see and learn the infinitive of an action word
such as caresser to caress, be extremely vigilant. Behind
EVERY SINGLE seemingly innocuous action word
infinitive lies a hidden world of some 40 variants. Please get
into the habit of expanding action words to a few sextets.
Somebody talks about aimer to love? Think jaime tu aimes
il/elle aime | nous aimons vous aimez ils/elles aiment. A
person proposes caresser to caress? Think je caresserais tu
caresserais il/elle caresserait | nous caresserions vous
caresseriez ils/elles caresseraient. What sounds terrifying is
an extremely efficient exercise doubly so, because youll
revise the endings and, on the same occasion, nail the action
words into your brain. Do it! Do it! Do it! And become
comfortable with French action words in no time!

Abortion | 265

{Second Round} Please check the word cloud and the
table of the next fortyniners. While the first 98 words
(see page 100 and 186) represent roughly 65% of all action
words youll see in your life, this third set represents 8%.
The percentages in the table indicate the cumulative

frequency, including the words of Level 1 and Level 2. Group
3 participes pass are shown in blue.
smartphone check.
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
# Infinitif Participe Infinitive Past
pass participle
99 offrir offert to offer offered
100 serrer serr to tighten tightened
101 compter compt to count counted
102 travailler travaill to work worked
103 remettre remis to put back put back
104 rappeler rappel to call back called back
105 traverser travers to cross crossed
66.5%
106 rpter rpt to repeat repeated

107 dcouvrir dcouvert to discover discovered
108 manquer manqu to be lacking been lacking
109 fermer ferm to close closed
110 coucher avec couch avec to sleep with slept with
111 approcher approch to approach approached
112 avancer avanc to move forward moved
forward
67.9%
113 toucher touch to touch touched

114 rencontrer rencontr to meet met
115 permettre permis to allow allowed
116 disparatre disparu to disappear disappeared
117 battre battu to beat beaten
118 cacher cach to hide hidden
119 gagner gagn to win; earn won; earned
69.1%

Abortion | 267
120 cesser cess to stop stopped

121 envoyer envoy to send sent
122 valoir valu to cost cost
123 importer import to import imported
124 foutre foutu to do done
125 empcher empch to prevent prevented
126 tuer tu to kill killed
70.3%
127 frapper frapp to hit hit

128 lancer lanc to throw thrown
129 rouler roul to drive driven
130 pleurer pleur to cry cried
131 installer install to place placed
132 remonter remont (tre) to go back up went back up
133 suffire suffi to be enough been enough
71.4%
134 apporter apport to bring brought

135 apparatre apparu (tre) to appear appeared
136 aider aid to help helped
137 ressembler ressembl to look like looked like
138 bouger boug to move moved
139 parvenir parvenu (tre) to reach reached
140 pencher pench to tilt tilted
72.4%
141 oser os to dare dared

142 prparer prpar to prepare prepared
143 refuser refus to refuse refused
144 payer pay to pay paid
145 acheter achet to buy bought
146 exister exist to exist existed
147 accepter accept to accept accepted
73.4%
2016~4 Edition

{AUDIO} The number of irregular future stems is limited.
Lets extend our list.
Infinitive Future
aller j'irai I will go

revoir je reverrai I will see again
revenir je reviendrai I will come back
devenir je deviendrai I will become
tenir je tiendrai I will hold
obtenir j'obtiendrai I will obtain
maintenir je maintiendrai I will keep
soutenir je soutiendrai I will support

falloir il faudra it will be necessary
courir je courrai I will run
parcourir je parcourrai I will browse,
concurir je concurrai wander
I will compete
recevoir je recevrai I will receive

valoir je vaudrai I will be worth
envoyer j'enverrai I will send
acqurir jacquerrai I will buy
conqurir je conquerrai I will conquer

Abortion | 269
3.9 Importance of the Prsent

You are now master / mistress of four fully-dressed action
words: avoir (pages 86 and 102), tre (178 and 180), faire
(242 and 94) and caresser (262). What seemed brutally
labyrinthine in Level 1 is slowly becoming comprehensible.
You have reached a threshold: the big obstacles are gone.

From now on, the remaining exploration of French action
words will essentially focus on slightly deviant present tenses
(see the vertical red ellipse) and a few irregular future stems
(small horizontal red ellipse). Your action words cruise is
reaching calm waters.
3.10 Prsent: Ten Action Words (1)

{AUDIO} Let me offer you the present tense of 10 important
action words. The investment is well worth it: 7 of them
aller to go, vouloir to want, pouvoir can/to be able to, dire to
say, venir to come, prendre to take, savoir to know are
among the 50 most frequent French words.
2016~4 Edition
penser to think aller to go

I think, etc. I go, etc.
je pense vais I
tu penses vas you
il/elle pense va he/she
nous pensons allons we
vous pensez allez you
ils/elles pensent vont they
Part. pass pens tre + all(e)(s)
See page 313
vouloir to want pouvoir can

I want, etc. I can, etc.
je veux peux I
tu veux peux you
il/elle veut peut he/she
nous voulons pouvons we
vous voulez pouvez you
ils/elles veulent peuvent they
Part. pass voulu pu
See page 425 474
dire to say lire to read

I say, etc. I read, etc.
je dis lis I
tu dis lis you
il/elle dit lit he/she
nous disons lisons we
vous dites lisez you
ils/elles disent lisent they
Part. pass dit lu
See page 473 530

Abortion | 271
voir to see savoir to know

I see, etc. I know, etc.
je vois sais I
tu vois sais you
il/elle voit sait he/she
nous voyons savons we
vous voyez savez you
ils/elles voient savent they
Part. pass pris su
See page 494 493
venir to come tenir to hold

I come, etc. I hold, etc.
je viens tiens I
tu viens tiens you
il/elle vient tient he/she
nous venons tenons we
vous venez tenez you
ils/elles viennent tiennent they
Part. pass tre + venuI(s) tenu
See page 359 359
Use venir as a template for

revenir (tre) to come back (je reviens tu reviens il/elle revient,
etc.)
devenir (tre) to become (je deviens tu deviens il/elle devient, etc.)
se souvenir (tre) to remember (je me souviens tu te souviens
il/elle se souvient, etc.)
redevenir (tre) to become again (je redeviens tu redeviens il/elle
redevient, etc.)
intervenir (tre) to intervene, to take part
prvenir (avoir) to let someone know, inform
2016~4 Edition
Use tenir as a template for

appartenir to belong (jappartiens tu appartiens il/elle appartient,
etc.)
soutenir to support (je soutiens tu soutiens il/elle soutient, etc.)
obtenir to obtain (jobtiens tu obtiens il/elle obtient, etc.)
retenir to hold back (je retiens tu retiens il/elle retient, etc.)

Times have changed and language teaching is not what it used
to be. High-speed internet has revolutionized our way of life.
Consider the traditional six core areas of language teachers
vocabulary, understanding of speech, production of speech,
reading, writing, and grammar.
1. Vocabulary training is inherently a lonely job because
nobody except yourself can transfer thousands of words
into your brain. In what is the most important single task
of language learning, teachers can do nothing for you. (See
The Word Brain, page 15ff. Download the free 81-page
PDF from www.TheWordBrain.com.)
2. The second most important task is speech recognition.
Over centuries and until less than 15 years ago, language
teachers were often the only individuals at hand to produce
human speech in other languages. In modern times, human
speech is on smartphones, tablets and computers. These
devices are supplanting teachers as prime speech sources
(See The Word Brain, page 21ff.)
3. The impact of teachers on the third, fourth and fifth tasks
speaking, reading, and writing is equally limited. Writing
comes as a bonus of reading, reading as a bonus of word
learning, and good pronunciation comes as a bonus of
hundreds of hours of listening.
4. Grammar is therefore the only domain where language
teachers will continue to play a certain role in the future.
As you have seen, grammar consists of a limited number

Abortion | 273
of rules that tell you how to modify words and how to

arrange them in sentences. Fortunately, a big chunk of
grammar action words such as avoir to have, tre to be,
caresser to caress, embrasser to kiss, baiser to fuck, etc.
can be outsourced to memory exercises on your
smartphone. Grammar per se therefore shrinks to a set of
about 30 problems to settle.
5. The first round of grammar should provide a rapid
overview of the knowledge that is needed to recognise the
most frequent grammatical structures. (Thats what we did
in Level 1). Just recognising grammar requires 10 times
less training than producing grammar.
6. The most important thing about grammar is to make sure
that you receive grammar lessons in your native
language. Reject all monoglot proposals such as being
taught French grammar in French (even worse: by a
French teacher who speaks nothing else than French).
Dont complicate your life! Your native language is by far
the best tool for grasping and understanding new concepts.
7. In todays environment, the best role for a language
teacher is probably that of a coach. Depending on your
previous exposure to your native and subsequent
languages, your coach will prepare an individual time
schedule for your project; recommend books, podcasts,
audio books, and broadcasts; provide the first round of
grammar; advise you on how to manage your daily word
quota; teach you how to check that new words have
arrived in your long-term memory; and demonstrate
common pronunciation pitfalls. For the first few weeks,
you should plan daily encounters or two or three lessons
per week. Thereafter, reduce to weekly encounters.
Finally, after the third or fourth month, one or two
meetings per month will be sufficient. During the entire
course, check the motivating power of your coach. If you
2016~4 Edition
have the feeling that she doesnt motivate you or, worse,
wants to make you feel like a donkey, fire her.
Find more information about teachers in Chapter 4 of The
Tour Eiffel | Copyright : Marie de France

Abortion | 275
II. Grammar
3.12 Stranger vs. Family (2)
Remember from page90: the English you is tu only for family
members, children or close friends; or when you and the
person you are speaking to agree on using you. In all other
cases when speaking to 1) a person you dont know or 2)
more than one person, family or strangers you must use
vous + the 2nd person plural of the action word: vous avez you
have, vous tes you are, vous caressez you caress, vous
aimez you love, vous faites you do.
In formal situations, you will need to adapt
1. adjectives and
2. past participles associated with tre (see page 180)
in gender and number to the real person.
3.12.1 Adjectives
You are crazy is translated with vous tes fou, vous tes folle,
vous tes fous, vous tes folles, depending on the gender and
how many are crazy.
One person 2 or more persons
1) Family and Tu es fou (masc.). Vous tes fous (masc.).
friends; young Tu es folle (fem.). Vous tes folles (fem.).
people
2) People you Vous tes fous (masc.). Vous tes fous (masc.).
dont know Vous tes folles (fem.). Vous tes folles (fem.).
3.12.2 Past Participles

In the sentence Have you gone to the movies?, when using the
polite form (addressing people you dont know or who are
2016~4 Edition
much older than you), youll have to change the ending of the
past participle all gone according to gender and number of
the people you are talking to. As always, use the ES rule:
Masculine Feminine
Singular tes-vous all au tes-vous alle au
cinma ? cinma ?
Plural tes-vous alls au tes-vous alles au
cinma ? cinma ?
3.13 Possessive adjectives

{AUDIO} So-called possessive adjectives indicate
ownership or possession: my, your, his/her/its | our, your, their.
French is trickier than English because my has three
translations: mon for masculine nouns, for example pied foot,
ordinateur computer, or slip pants; ma for feminine nouns,
for example chaussure shoe, voiture car, or maison house;
and mes for nouns in the plural, regardless of gender.
3.13.1 Singular
1. Masculine singular: mon
mon pied my foot
mon ordinateur my computer
mon slip my pants (which
are always singular
in French)
2. Feminine singular: ma
ma chaussure my shoe
ma voiture my car
ma maison my house

Abortion | 277
3. Masculine and feminine plural : mes

mes pieds my feet
mes ordinateurs my computers
mes slips my pants
mes chaussures my shoes
mes voitures my cars
mes maisons my houses
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular mon ma
Number
Plural mes
Your translates to ton ta | tes:

ton pied your foot
ta chaussure your shoe
tes slips your pants
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular ton ta
Number
Plural tes
Up to here, things are straightforward, because

mon, ma, mes always translate into my
ton, ta, tes always translate into your
But now come son, sa, ses which translate into his and her,
and things get ticklish:
Whereas in English, the possessive adjectives
depends on the subject (=owner), in French, the
possessive adjectives depend on the object.
2016~4 Edition
So if you talk in French about your fathers and your mothers

car, you would say in both cases sa voiture because voiture is
feminine and what counts in French is the object. In English,
you would distinguish between his car and her car.
More examples:
son ordinateur his/her computer
son pied his/her foot
sa voiture his/her car
sa maison his/her house
ses slips his/her pants
ses chaussettes his/her socks
3.13.2 Plural
The English our, your, and their have two translations each,
one for singular possessions (notre, votre, leur) and one for
plural possessions (nos, vos, leurs). Gender doesnt matter.
notre ordinateur our computer
votre voiture your car
leur maison their house
nos ordinateurs our computers
vos voitures your cars
leurs maisons their houses
The complete table:

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masc. + Fem.
my mon ma mes
your ton ta tes
his/her/its son sa ses
our notre nos
your votre vos
their leur leurs
3.13.3 Exception
Abortion | 279
The exception to the rule: as French doesnt like the clash of

vowels, ma, ta and sa cannot precede feminine words that
start with a vowel or a mute h. The solution: use mon, ton and
son instead. In the following examples, affaire, aventure and
angoisse are all feminine words.
mon affaire my affair
ton attitude your attitude
son angoisse his/her anguish
3.14 Personal pronouns

{AUDIO} Now comes the last big chunk of French grammar:
managing the French equivalents of me, you, him/her | us,
you, them. We have condensed it into just 7 pages, but they
demand a bit of acrobatics. Clench your teeth and go all the
way through! Youll probably need to come back to view the
full picture, but in a few weeks, personal pronouns will be
second nature.
3.14.1 Personal subject pronouns

Find the PSPs, the personal subject pronouns (jetuil/elle |
nousvousils/elles) in the second column of the following
table. You know them ad nauseam from multiple action words
sextets.
2016~4 Edition
PSP* POP**
Weak forms Stressed forms
st
1 sing. je/j I me me moi me
nd
2 sing. tu you te you toi you
rd
3 sing. il he le | lui se him lui soi him
elle she la | lui se her elle soi her
st
1 plural nous we nous us nous us
nd
2 plural vous you vous you vous you
rd
3 plural ils m. they les | leur se them eux them
elles f. they les | leur se them elles them
* PSP: Personal subject pronouns

** POP: Personal object pronouns; before a vowel or a mute h, drop
the e:
m, t, l, s.
Do you remember these two tables from Level 1?

and
Je te rsiste. I am resisting you.
Please check them again before you continue (see page 55).
3.14.2 Personal object pronouns

Weak personal object pronouns can be divided into two
classes:
direct object pronouns
indirect object pronouns
3.14.2.1 Direct object pronouns

What does direct object and indirect object mean? Lets start
with the direct object. The direct object is the recipient of the
action. (The bakers, butchers and cheesemongers of our
sentence generator www.hiv.net/pastparticiple are all
recipients, direct objects). The direct object answers
therefore the question whom? or what?

Abortion | 281
I love those girls. Whom do I love? The girls.

He writes a message. What does he write? A message.
In these sentences girls and message are direct objects. Action

words that take direct objects in our examples to love and to
write are called transitive action words (Action words that
CANNOT take a direct object, for example dormir to sleep,
aller to go, venir to come, are called intransitive action
words).
st
1 singular me/m Tu maimes? Do you love me?
nd
2 singular te/t Je taime. I love you.
rd
3 singular le/l Je laime. I love him.
la/l Je laime. I love her.
st
1 plural nous Tu nous aimes? Do you love us?
nd
2 plural vous Je vous aime. I love you.
(plural or polite form)
rd
3 plural les Je les aime. I love them. (masc. or fem.)
The direct weak POPs with their English translation in

synthesis:
me/m me
te/t you
le/l him
la/l her
nous us
vous you
les them
3.14.2.2 Indirect object pronouns

Some action words have indirect object nouns and pronouns.
What is an indirect object? An indirect object answers the
question to whom? or for whom? While the prepositions to
2016~4 Edition
and for are often omitted in English, in French you must use
the preposition :
Could you tell Marco Pourrais-tu raconter Indirect noun:
this story, please? cette histoire Marco, Marco
sil te plat ?
I gave the young girl Jai donn mon Indirect noun :
my mobile number. numro de portable la jeune fille
la jeune fille.
I explained the Jai expliqu la Indirect noun: les
situation to the situation aux mdecins
physicians. mdecins.
Using indirect POPs, heres what you get:

Ill tell him the story. Je lui raconterai Indirect pronoun: lui
lhistoire.
I gave her my mobile Je lui ai donn mon Indirect pronoun: lui
number. numro de portable.
I explained the Je leur ai expliqu la Indirect pronoun:
situation to them. situation. leur
More examples:
st
1 singular me/m Tu me donnes Are you giving me that
cette pomme ? apple?
nd
2 singular te/t Je ne te donne I am not giving you
rien. anything.
rd
3 singular lui Tu lui donnes un Are you giving him/her a
baiser ? kiss?
st
1 plural nous Tu nous racontera Will you tell us
tout? everything?
nd
2 plural vous Je ne vous I wont tell you anything.
raconterai rien.
rd
3 plural leur Donnez-leur une Give them (masc. + fem.)
gifle. a slap.

Abortion | 283
The indirect weak POPs with their English translation in

synthesis (in red, the pronouns which differ from the direct
POPs):
me/m me
te/t you
lui him
lui her
nous us
vous you
leur them
When you compare direct and indirect POPs, youll see that
1) me, te, nous and vous are both direct and indirect
pronouns.
2) le, la, and les are only direct pronouns.
3) lui and leur are only indirect pronouns, lui for both
genders in the singular (to him/for him + to her/for her)
and leur for both genders in the plural (to them/for them).
3.14.2.3 Reflexive object pronouns

The reflexive object pronoun is se, both for the singular and
the plural.
Prsent
Il se lave. He is washing himself.
Elle se lave. She is washing herself.
Ils/Elles se lavent. They are washing themselves.
2016~4 Edition
Pass compos
Il sest lav. He washed himself.
Elle sest lave. She washed herself.
Ils se sont lavs. They washed themselves. m.
Elles se sont laves. They washed themselves. f.
3.14.2.4 Stressed POPs

Stressed POPs are used to create emphasis. Put between cest
and que, they clarify that only one person is meant, excluding
all others; or only one group of persons, excluding all other
groups.
st
1 singular moi Cest moi que Do you love me? (and nobody
tu aimes ? else)
nd
2 singular toi Cest toi que I love you. (and nobody else)
jaime.
rd
3 singular lui Cest lui que I love him. (and nobody else)
jaime.
elle Cest elle que I love her. (and nobody else)
jaime.
st
1 plural nous Cest nous Do you love us? (and nobody
que tu aimes ? else)
nd
2 plural vous Cest vous I love you. (plural or polite form)
que jaime.
rd
3 plural eux Cest eux que I love them. (masc.+fem.)
jaime.

Abortion | 285
Stressed POPs
moi me
toi you
lui soi him
elle soi her
nous us
vous you
eux them
elles them
Youll also use stressed POPs after prepositions:

Je peux monter avec toi ? Can I come up with you?
Bien sr, viens avec moi ! Certainly, come with me.
Jai fait tout a pour vous ! Ive done all this for you.
(plural or polite form)
Ils ne pensent qu eux. They only think about
themselves.
3.14.2.5 Managing two weak POPs : me le te le le lui,

etc.
We wont go into the details of managing double POPs, for
example, I give it to you. However, you dont want to go to
bed before seeing this:
1.
Je te lexplique. Im going to explain it to you.
Tu peux me lexpliquer? Can you explain it to me?
2.
Je le lui donnerai. Ill give it to him.
Je le leur enverrai. Ill send it to them.
What do you see?

1. The Rule: First comes the indirect pronoun, then the
direct pronoun (see 1).
2016~4 Edition
2. The exception to the rule: When one of the two

pronouns is lui or leur, it comes in the second
position (see 2): le lui, le leur.
More sentences:
Je te le donne tout de suite. Ill give it to you right away.
Tu me le donnes? Can you give it to me?
Il nous la donn hier. He gave it to us yesterday.
Je vous lai dj expliqu. I already explained it to
you.
Je le lui ai donn. I gave it to him.
Je le leur ai envoy. I sent it to them.
Please find more about the use of two personal pronouns on

page 393.
3.15 Nouns (3)

3.15.1 Masculine nouns
{AUDIO} Apart from nouns referring to males, most words
ending in ment, nt, isme, in, et, eau, aire, ien, oir
and asm are usually masculine.
{Second Round}
ment (1000 words in a 45,000-word dictionary)
Some words are identical with or similar to English
words such as moment, mouvement,
gouvernement, appartement, lment,
commandement, changement, instrument,
jugement, rgiment, monument. However, most
words of this group cannot be easily guessed:
vtement item of clothing, btiment building,
tonnement amazement, astonishment.
Gender exception : la jument mare
nt (300; other than ment)

Abortion | 287
enfant child, point, vent wind, argent money, front,

pont bridge, client, prsident, amant lover,
lieutenant, restaurant, accent, accident, chant
song, singing, agent, talent
Gender exception : la dent tooth
isme (500)
Words ending with ism are identical to English
words (see page 545). The pronunciation is clearly
different. Check the audio xxx.
organisme, mcanisme, communisme, gosme,
mutisme, socialisme, capitalisme, optimisme,
cynisme, hrosme, ralisme, scepticisme,
tourisme, marxisme, romantisme, rhumatisme,
journalisme, snobisme, rotisme, nationalisme,
racisme, fanatisme, humanisme, pessimisme,
sadisme, surralisme, idalisme,
in (300)
matin morning, chemin path, track, jardin garden,
vin wine, cousin, mdecin physician, destin destiny,
fate, magasin shop, store, dessin drawing, picture,
lapin rabbit, bouquin book, mannequin model.
et (270)
No translation needed : effet, objet, intrt, projet,
cabinet, buffet, jet, pistolet
eau (200)
bureau office, desk, oiseau bird, morceau piece, bit,
tableau board, painting, chapeau hat, bateau boat,
ship, chteau castle
Gender exceptions : une eau water, la peau skin
aire (180)
2016~4 Edition
Most words are similar to English words : secrtaire

secretary, commissaire superintendent, propritaire
owner, fonctionnaire civil servant, adversaire
opponent, commentaire comment, notaire solicitor,
partenaire partner, locataire tenant, maire mayor,
salaire salary, vestiaire cloakroom, dictionnaire
dictionary, pensionnaire lodger, boarder, itinraire
route, itinerary, vocabulaire vocabulary
Gender exceptions : une affaire affair, la
grammaire grammar, la chaire chair, la molaire
molar
ien (145)
Many words are similar to English words: chien dog,
bien good, goods, lien link, connection, entretien
interview; maintenance, rien mere nothing,
chirurgien surgeon, mcanicien mechanic,
pharmacien pharmacist, historien historian,
collgien secondary-school pupil, magicien
magician, lectricien electrician, vaurien good-for-
nothing, acadmicien academician, physicien
physicist
oir (140)
soir evening, pouvoir power, couloir hallway,
espoir hope, trottoir pavement, miroir mirror,
devoir duty, dsespoir distress, despair, savoir
knowledge, mouchoir handkerchief, rasoir razor

Abortion | 289
asme (16)
Almost identical to English words (check the audio at
xxx) : enthousiasme, spasme, fantasme, sarcasme,
orgasme, phantasme, ectoplasme, plonasme,
noplasme, cytoplasme, protoplasme, chiasme
3.15.2 Plural: ou, al, ail

{AUDIO} Most nouns ending in ou (normally masculine)
take the standard s in the plural:
Singular Plural
cou cous neck
trou trous hole
sou sous ancient coin
20 sous = 1 franc
clou clous nail
voyou voyous thug
loulou loulous thug;
familiar: darling
verrou verrous bolt (lock)
Only seven nouns (all masculine) take on an x in the plural:

Singular Plural
genou genoux knee
caillou cailloux pebble
chou choux cabbage
bijou bijoux jewel
pou poux louse
hibou hiboux owl
joujou joujoux toy (childish)
Nouns ending in al or ail (all masculine) generally take on

aux in the plural.
2016~4 Edition
Singular Plural
journal journaux newspaper
hpital hpitaux hospital
animal animaux animal
cheval chevaux horse
travail travaux work, job
corail coraux coral
vitrail vitraux stained glass
mail maux enamel
Exceptions:
Singular Plural
festival festivals festival
carnaval carnavals carnival
bal bals ball, dance
3.16 Adjectives (3)

Final reminder
Adjectives describe qualities of people, animals and things;
remember also that adjectives must agree in number and
gender with their nouns (and that every French noun is
either masculine or feminine and either singular or plural).
{AUDIO} Lets take a final look at Group 1 adjectives (those

ending with a consonant). Remember the ES rule: Add
e when the noun is feminine singular (excitante)
(excitants)
(excitantes)
Gender

Abortion | 291
Masculine Feminine
Singular e
Number
Plural s es
Note that the plural s is always silent and doesnt change the
pronunciation in the masculine or the feminine:
excitant/excitants : ksit
excitante/excitantes : ksitt
In the following table, pronounce the final consonant only in

the feminine forms (here the t shown in bold).
Singular
Masculine Feminine
excitant excitante exciting
content contente content
intelligent intelligente intelligent

stimulant stimulante stimulating
amusant amusante amusing

intressant intressante interesting
mchant mchante mean
lent lente slow

puissant puissante powerful
2016~4 Edition
Some adjectives have irregular feminine forms:

Masculine Feminine
frais frache fresh
long longue long
doux douce soft
blanc blanche white
faux fausse false
public publique public

favori favorite favorite
fou folle crazy
3.17 Jokers (3)

3.17.1 The next 21 Jokers
check.
{AUDIO}
43 ainsi like this, in this way adv
44 depuis since prep, adv
45 tant so much, so much that adv, conj
46 ce que what adv
47 contre against prep, adv
48 car because, as conj
49 aussi also, too adv
50 pendant during prep

51 quelque some adv, adj
52 tandis que whereas, while conj
53 vers toward, around prep
54 oui yes adv
55 non non adv
56 prs close adv, adj

Abortion | 293
57 maintenant now adv

58 enfin finally adv
59 mal badly adv
60 seulement only adv
61 loin far adv
62 ni neithernor conj
63 moins less adv
3.17.2 Adverbs (3)

{AUDIO} Deceitful adverbs which are sometimes difficult
to memorize (for example, souvent often, parfois sometimes,
partout everywhere, dj already, etc.) are fortunately a
minority. The vast majority of adverbs can be derived from
adjectives. The recipe: take the feminine form and add the
suffix ment. In general, these adverbs correspond to English
adverbs ending with ly.
Adjective Feminine form Adverb
lent lente lentement slowly
sexuel sexuelle sexuellement sexually
heureux heureuse heureusement fortunately
simple simple simplement simply
bte bte btement foolishly
facile facile facilement easily
More about memory-friendly derivatives in Level 4, page 339.
2016~4 Edition
Final reminder
Adverbs are invariable words which provide additional
information for
a verb
an adjective
or another adverb
The additional information covers time and space (when and
where), manner (how) and quantity (how often), comparison
and frequency.
Final reminder
Prepositions are short words such as at, of, in, on, to, with
which link words in a sentence. They are usually used in
front of nouns (boy, girl, flower, tree) or pronouns (him,
her, them) and show, for example:
3.18 Numbers 80-100

{AUDIO} You are now seconds away from one of your most
invigorating French grammar chapters: the majestic 80 to 99.
Are you ready for really twisted math? Well, how would you
describe the innocent number 97? French people define it
mathematically by all means correctly as 4x20+17 and,
consequently, write and pronounce it quatre-vingt-dix-sept.
Aghast and speechless? Like generations of foreigners before
you...

Abortion | 295
The complete sequence of French quatre-vingtners:

quatre-vingts* 4*20 80
quatre-vingt-un 4*20+1 81
quatre-vingt-deux 4*20+2 82
quatre-vingt-trois 4*20+3 83
quatre-vingt-quatre 4*20+4 84
quatre-vingt-cinq 4*20+5 85
quatre-vingt-six 4*20+6 86
quatre-vingt-sept 4*20+7 87
quatre-vingt-huit 4*20+8 88
quatre-vingt-neuf 4*20+9 89
quatre-vingt-dix** 4*20+10 90
quatre-vingt-onze 4*20+11 91
quatre-vingt-douze 4*20+12 92
quatre-vingt-treize 4*20+13 93
quatre-vingt-quartorze 4*20+14 94
quatre-vingt-quinze 4*20+15 95
quatre-vingt-seize 4*20+16 96
quatre-vingt-dix-sept 4*20+17 97
quatre-vingt-dix-huit 4*20+18 98
quatre-vingt-dix-neuf 4*20+19 99
cent 100
* Note that only quatre-vingts comes with a final s:

** In Belgium, Luxemburg and Switzerland, native French speakers
use nonante, nonante et un, nonante-deux, etc.
2016~4 Edition

3.19.1 Days of the Week
{AUDIO}
lundi Monday
mardi Tuesday
mercredi Wednesday
jeudi Thursday
vendredi Friday
samedi Saturday
dimanche Sunday
Aujourdhui/Demain, cest Today/Tomorrow is Sunday.

dimanche.
Quel jour on est (sommes-nous) What day is it today?
aujourdhui ?
Nous sommes lundi. Its Monday.
Le mardi, je joue au tennis. On Tuesdays, I go to play tennis.
What do you see?

In French, days of the weeks are not capitalized.
For regular weekly activities (on Tuesdays), the
French use the definite article le (le mardi) + the
singular of the day.
3.19.2 Months of the Year

{AUDIO}
janvier January juillet July
fvrier February aot August
mars March septembre September
avril April octobre October
mai May novembre November
juin June dcembre December

Abortion | 297
Je viendrai en janvier. Ill come in January.

Je viendrai au mois de janvier.
Le premier janvier est mon The first of January is my
anniversaire. birthday.
Mais clbrons toujours le trente But we always celebrate the
et un dcembre. thirty-first of December.
What do you see?

In French, months are not capitalized.
Youll use the proposition en or au mois de for the
English in.
For the first day of the month, youll use the ordinal
number premier first. For all other days of the month
and this is different from English youll use
(simple) cardinal numbers: le quartorze juillet (the
14th of July), le huit mai (the 8th of May), le deux
septembre (the 2nd of September), le onze novembre
(the 11th of November), etc.

{AUDIO} The letters C, R, F, L (careful), B, K and Q are
usually pronounced at the end of a word. Lets continue with
the letter R:
Pronounce the final R

R jour day
air air
soir evening
amour love
cur heart
mur wall
agir to act
2016~4 Edition
Dont pronounce the final R

R Infinitives of
Group 1 action words:
caresser to caress
donner to give
Words ending in ier:

premier first
dernier last
monsieur Mr

{AUDIO} {AUDIO} Time for your third newspaper article
extract. Analyse the 55 words about the liberalization of
abortion in the world. We have highlighted the three main
word classes:
1. Action word 2. Noun 3. Adjectif
La bonne nouvelle : Dans le monde The good news:

Worldwide, the trend
entier, la tendance la libralisation
toward liberalization of
de lavortement se poursuit. Les lois abortion continues.
sur lavortement sont de plus en plus Abortion laws are more
permissives. 60% de la population and more permissive.
60% of the world
mondiale vit dans des pays o
population lives in
lavortement est lgal. Seulement countries where abortion
25% vit dans des pays encore is legal. Only 25% live in
arrirs o lavortement est still backward countries
where abortion is
gnralement interdit.
generally prohibited.

Abortion | 299
Read the text several times and analyse it word by word. For
more information about abortion in the world, check
http://www.reproductiverights.org
+
http://worldabortionlaws.com
The Worlds Abortion Laws 2016
+
http://reproductiverights.org/sites/crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/A
bortionMap2014.PDF

1.
Can you say:
Prsent
je fais tu fais il/elle fait | nous faisons vous faites
ils/elles font
I do, you do, he/she does | we, you, they do
Imparfait
je faisais tu faisais il/elle faisait | nous faisions vous
faisiez ils/elles faisaient
I, you, he/she did | we, you, they did
I, you, he/she used to do | we, you, they used to do
Conditionnel prsent
je ferais tu ferais il/elle ferait | nous ferions vous feriez
ils/elles feraient
I, you, he/she would do | we, you, they would do
2016~4 Edition
Subjonctif prsent
que je fasse que tu fasses quil/elle fasse | que nous
fassions que vous fassiez quils/elles fassent
that I, you do, he/she does | that we, you, they do
2.
Can you say :
Prsent
je caresse tu caresses il/elle caresse | nous caressons
vous caressez ils/elles caressent
I, you caress, he/she caresses | we, you, they caress
Imparfait
je caressais tu caressais il/elle caressait | nous caressions
vous caressiez ils/elles caressaient
I, you, he/she caressed | we, you, they caressed
I, you, he/she used to caress | we, you, they used to caress
Conditionnel prsent
je caresserais tu caresserais il/elle caresserait | nous
caresserions vous caresseriez ils/elles caresseraient
I, you, he/she would caress | we, you, they would caress

Abortion | 301
3.
Can you repeat the exercise with the following action words?
aimer to love
regarder to look
penser to think
parler to talk, speak
demander to ask
laisser to let
trouver to find
donner to give
passer to pass
arriver to arrive
4.
Do you remember the present tense of aller to go, vouloir to
want, pouvoir to be able to, dire to say, lire to read, voir to
see, savoir to know, venir to come, tenir to hold?
5.
Do you remember the possessive adjectives?
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masc. + Fem.
my mon ma mes
your ton ta tes
his/her/its son sa ses
our notre nos
your votre vos
their leur leurs
2016~4 Edition
6.
Do you remember the personal pronouns?
PSP* POP**
Weak forms Stressed forms
st
1 sing. je/j I me me moi me
nd
2 sing. tu you te you toi you
rd
3 sing. il he le | lui se him lui soi him
elle she la | lui se her elle soi her
st
1 plural nous we nous us nous us
nd
2 plural vous you vous you vous you
rd
3 plural ils m. they les | leur se them eux them
elles f. they les | leur se them elles them
* PSP: Personal subject pronouns

** POP: Personal object pronouns; before a vowel or a mute h, drop
the e:
m, t, l, s.
7.
{AUDIO} And finally, are you at ease with 1789 (mil sept
cents quatre-vingt-neuf), the year of the French revolution,
and the following 10 years?
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-neuf 1700+4*20+9 1789
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-dix 1700+4*20+10 1790
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-onze 1700+4*20+11 1791
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-douze 1700+4*20+12 1792
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-treize 1700+4*20+13 1793
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-quartorze 1700+4*20+14 1794
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-quinze 1700+4*20+15 1795
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-seize 1700+4*20+16 1796
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-dix-sept 1700+4*20+17 1797
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-dix-huit 1700+4*20+18 1798
mil sept cents quatre-vingt-dix-neuf 1700+4*20+19 1799
Well, then you have been promoted to Level 4! You know 40

out of 100 key action word sextets. Vive la rvolution!

Abortion | 303
Outlook
In Level 4, youll explore junk food; the first Group 3
action words and irregulars from Group 1; suck, eat, buy,
and pay; give orders; and continue your regular
explorations of the subjonctif. On the menu
Je prfre que I prefer
Jaime mieux que I prefer
Jattends que I am waiting
Jexige que I demand that
Je veux que I want
Persevere !
2016~4 Edition

Junk Food | 305
4 Junk Food
Copyright 2016 N. Allan Rome
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level04} La A sad reality: the poorer

you are, the more poorly
malbouffe | Triste ralit : plus vous
you eat. If you live on the
tes pauvres, plus vous bouffez margins of society, in a
(mangez) mal. Certes, si vous vivez poor district of New York,
aux marges de la socit, dans une London or Paris, dying of
hunger is certainly a
priphrie pauvre de New York,
rarity in affluent
London ou Paris, crever (mourir) de societies there is some
faim est une raret dans les socits food for everyone. But
riches il y a de la bouffe (nourriture) there are chances that
your supermarket will
pour tout le monde. Mais il y a des
hardly offer you fruit and
chances que votre supermarch ne vegetables (and
vous offre gure de fruits et de sometimes none at all!),
lgumes frais (parfois mme pas du and that the only food
available is.. industrial
tout !) et que la seule nourriture
rubbish. You dig your
disponible soit de la bouffe grave with your teeth,
industrielle. On creuse sa tombe the proverb says:
avec ses dents , dit le proverbe : sentenced to junk food,
youll die prematurely.
condamns la malbouffe, vous
mourrez prmaturment.
La malbouffe est ne aux tats-Unis. Junk food was born in
the United States.
Dabord exporte en Europe, elle
Exported to Europe first,
envahit aujourdhui le monde entier. today it is invading the
Cest quoi au juste ? Dabord, des entire world. What is it
aliments qui contiennent trop de exactly? Firstly, foods
that contain too many
mauvaises graisses, trop de sel,
bad fats, too much salt,
trop de sucre (hamburgers, hot-dogs, too much sugar
chips, frites, glaces, etc.) ; ensuite, la (hamburgers, hot dogs,
ribambelle des boissons industrielles chips, fries, ice cream,
etc.); then, the flock of
sucres, les sodas de toutes
industrial sweet drinks,
sortes ; et, finalement, la plupart des sodas of sorts; and,
aliments transforms par lindustrie finally, most foods
agroalimentaire, emballs et prts processed by the food
industry, packaged and
passer au micro-ondes.
ready for the microwave.

Junk Food | 307
Consquences de la malbouffe ? The consequences of

junk food? Obesity,
Lobsit, le diabte, les maladies
diabetes, cardiovascular
cardiovasculaires (infarctus, AVC disease (myocardial
[accident vasculaire crbral], infarction, stroke,
impuissance), la dpression, voire impotence), depression
and even cancer. Today,
des cancers. Aujourdhui, partout
all over the world, we are
dans le monde, nous sommes overwhelmed by junk
submergs par la malbouffe. food. Lets learn how to
Apprenons nous en dfendre (voir defend ourselves against
it (see Level 10, page
Level 10, page xxx) ! Commencez
xxx)! Start with two ultra-
par deux trucs ultrasimples : buvez simple tricks: drink
de leau et passez-vous des water and avoid
nourritures transformes et processed and pre-
packaged food. Have a
premballes. Vous avez quelques
few extra kilos? Lucky
kilos en trop ? La chance vous sourit. you! Youll melt like an
Vous allez fondre comme un sorbet industrial sorbet.
industriel.
Words
{AUDIO}
la malbouffe junk food la marge margin
triste sad la socit society
la ralit reality la priphrie periphery
plusplus the morethe
more crever (mourir) to die
pauvre poor arg.
bouffer manger la faim hunger
(manger) la raret rarity
arg. = argot = riche rich
slang
il y a there is
mal badly, poorly
la chance luck, probability
certes certainly
il y a des it is probable
si if chances que that
vivre to live le supermarch supermarket
vous vivez you live offrir to offer
2016~4 Edition
negure hardly un aliment food

il ne vous offre it offers you contenir to include, to
gure hardly contain
trop too, too much
le fruit fruit mauvais bad
le lgume vegetable
frais, frache fresh la graisse fat
parfois sometimes le sel salt
mme even le sucre sugar
pas du tout not at all le hamburger hamburger
seul only le hot-dog hot-dog
les chips f. chips, crisps
la nourriture food la frite French fry
disponible available
industriel, -le industrial la glace ice cream
creuser to dig ensuite then, next
la tombe grave la ribambelle flock, heap
la dent tooth fam.
dire to say la boisson drink
sucr sugary, sweet
le proverbe saying de toutes sortes of all kind
condamner to condemn finalement finally
mourir to die
vous mourrez youll die la plupart de most of
prmaturment prematurely transformer to transform
natre to be born par by
est ne was born une industrie industry
agroalimentaire agri-food
les tats-Unis United States emballer to pack, to
package
dabord at first
prt ready to
exporter to export
une Europe Europe
passer to pass, here: to
envahir to invade go
aujourdhui today le micro-ondes microwave
le monde world la consquence consequence
obsit f. obesity
entier, entire entire le diabte diabetes
quoi what la maladie disease
au juste precisely

Junk Food | 309
cardiovasculaire cardiovascular la page page

commencer to start, to begin
un infarctus heart attack commencez ! start!, begin!
un accident accident le truc trick, thing
vasculaire vascular ultrasimple ultra-simple
crbral cerebral buvez ! drink!
impuissance f. impotence eau f. water
voire even
le cancer cancer se passer de to do without
premball pre-packaged
partout everywhere quelques some
submerger to submerge, to le kilo kilo
flood en trop too many, too
apprendre to learn much
apprenons lets learn sourire to smile
en here: against fondre to melt
se dfendre de to defend
yourself comme like
voir to see le sorbet sorbet
Word cloud 4.1 Junk Food
2016~4 Edition
4.1 Power Listening

understanding.
What are you waiting for?

Junk Food | 311
4.2 Preview
memorize all words (100%) and go straight ahead to Aesthetic
Medicine on page 349.
For a more thorough knowledge of French, please continue
below. The highlights of Level 4:
The first Group 3 action words
Irregulars from Group 1: suck, eat, buy, pay, etc.
The grondif
Giving orders
Y & en
As always, make extensive use of the audio files and listen to
them until you distinguish and understand every single word.

Have you noticed? We told you to learn the meaning of
approximately 5,000 words and listen to audio files, TV or
radio for around 1,000 hours, but weve never asked you to
say a single word. You might be surprised to learn that this
was deliberate.
In fact, there are good reasons to confine your desire to
communicate. As you are a virgin linguistically speaking
you might prefer to stay that way for a while. My favourite
prescription is a monastic 3-month silence. Remember, you
are not at school, there are no exams on the horizon, and you
may therefore take a comfortable approach with your new
language. Concentrate on absorbing words, sounds and
sentences, and, day after day, let the sound of the new
language slowly sink in. Of course, you are too old for a baby
approach to language learning, but for now, listen passively
as young children do. Youll understand later that good
2016~4 Edition
pronunciation comes as a bonus of patient and attentive

listening.
Find more information about speaking in Chapter 5 of The

Junk Food | 313
I. Action Words
4.4 Aller
{AUDIO}
Infinitif aller to go
Participe pass all(e)(s)
Participe prsent allant
Impratif va | allons | allez
Prsent Imparfait Pass simple

je/j vais allais allai
tu vas allais allas
il/elle va allait alla
nous allons allions allmes
vous allez alliez alltes
ils/elles vont allaient allrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j irai irais
tu iras irais
il/elle ira irait
nous irons irions
vous irez iriez
ils/elles iront iraient
prsent imparfait
(irregular)
que j aille allasse
que tu ailles allasses
quil/elle aille allt
que nous allions allassions
que vous alliez allassiez
quils/elles aillent allassent
2016~4 Edition
4.5 Aller Composed tenses

{AUDIO} You should now be comfortable with composed
tenses. Please underline what you didnt know.
Pass compos Plus-que-parfait Pass

gone (+ I went) I had gone Preterit perfect:
I had gone
je/j suis all(e) tais all(e) fus all(e)
tu es all(e) tais all(e) fus all(e)
il/elle est all(e) tait all(e) fut all(e)
nous sommes all(e)s tions all(e)s fmes all(e)s
vous tes all(e)s tiez all(e)s ftes all(e)s
ils/elles sont all(e)s taient all(e)s furent all(e)s

I will have gone Past conditional:
I would have
gone
je serai all(e) serais all(e)
tu seras all(e) serais all(e)
il/elle sera all(e) serait all(e)
nous serons all(e)s serions all(e)s
vous serez all(e)s seriez all(e)s
ils/elles seront all(e)s seraient all(e)s
Past Past perfect
that I went that I had gone
que je sois all(e) fusse all(e)
que tu sois all(e) fusses all(e)
quil/elle soit all(e) ft all(e)
que nous soyons all(e)s fussions all(e)s
que vous soyez all(e)s fussiez all(e)s
quils/elles soient all(e)s fussent all(e)s

Junk Food | 315
Tuileries | Copyright: Marie de France
4.6 Futur Proche

{AUDIO} The simple tenses of aller are particularly powerful
because youll use them in combination with action words
(aller + x) to expresses the near future. Example: je vais faire
Ill do, Im going to do.
Quest-ce que tu vas faire What are you going to do now?
maintenant ?
Vous allez mourir plus tt. You are going to die earlier.
Je vais arrter dacheter des Ill stop buying sodas (sugared
sodas (des boissons gazeuses soft drinks).
sucres).
Si tu continues comme a, tu vas If you continue like that, youll
devenir obse. become obese.
Aller + aller is also possible:

Demain, je vais aller au cinma Tomorrow, Ill go to the cinema
avec mon copain. with my boyfriend.
Elle va aller faire un tour au She will go to visit the Louvre.
Louvre.
2016~4 Edition
4.7 Subjonctif (2)

{AUDIO} Remember: When expressing doubt and
uncertainty, the French language uses the subjonctif. It also
does so to express a feeling or emotion, a desire, a wish, an
order and an expectation. The subjonctif prsent usually
translates into the present tense (I have, etc.).
Lets continue the exploration of the subjonctif with a few
expressions of wishes, desires and preferences.
Je prfre que I prefer (that)

Jaime mieux que I prefer (that)
Jattends que I am waiting (that)
Jexige que I demand (that)
Je veux que I want (that)
Je prfre que tu viennes I prefer you come right now.

tout de suite.
Je veux que tu le fasses I want you to do it today.
aujourdhui.
Find more expressions requiring the subjonctif on page 362.
4.8 Action words, Group 1

A small number of Group 1 action words (example: caresser,
see page 246) have spelling changes in the prsent. These
changes consist often in the appearance of en where you
would expect a simple e or in the doubling of a consonant
(ll instead of l; tt instead of t).
Here we give you a quick overview of nine slightly different
variations. Deviations from the norm are shown in red. For a
complete discussion, see the pages indicated between
parentheses.

Junk Food | 317
{AUDI sucer manger se promener (507)

O} (page 497) (502) to go for a walk
to suck to eat
je suce mange me promne
tu suces manges te promnes
il/elle suce mange se promne
nous suons mangeons nous promenons
vous sucez mangez vous promenez
ils/elles sucent mangent se promnent
considrer sappeler jeter

(513) (520) (524)
to consider to be called to throw
je considre mappelle jette
tu considres tappelles jettes
il/elle considre sappelle jette
nous considrons nous appelons jetons
vous considrez vous appelez jetez
ils/elles considrent sappellent jettent
acheter (528) payer (532) envoyer (537)

to buy to pay to send
j/je achte paie envoie
tu achtes paies envoies
il/elle achte paie envoie
nous achetons payons envoyons
vous achetez payez envoyez
ils/elles achtent paient envoient
4.9 Group 3, Type 1

{AUDIO} Action words of Group 3 are irregular. According
to the present tense endings, most action words of Group 3
can be assigned to four different types:
2016~4 Edition
. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

je s e ds x
tu s es ds x
il/elle t e d t
nous ons ons ons ons
vous ez ez ez ez
ils/elles ent ent ent ent
This table is reassuring because

The three plural forms ons, ez and ent are familiar
and are the same across all types.
You already know two of three Type 4 words (page 269) :
vouloir to want (je veux tu veux il veut | nous
voulons vous voulez ils/elles veulent) and pouvoir to
be able to (je peux tu peux il peut | nous voulons
vous voulez ils/elles veulent).
You have only 10 important Type 3 words:
prendre (see page 426) to take
apprendre to learn
comprendre to understand
entendre to hear
attendre to wait

Junk Food | 319
rendre to give back, return

rpondre to answer
perdre to lose
descendre (tre) to go down, drive down
vendre to sell
You have even less important Type 2 words (page 476):
ouvrir to open
dcouvrir to discover
souffrir to suffer
Lets therefore start our exploration of Group 3 action words

with type 1, those ending on ir and whose stem ends with a
double consonant (shown in red):
dormir to sleep
sentir to feel
mentir to lie
partir to leave
sortir to go out
sendormir to fall asleep
servir to serve
There are two rules:

1. In the singular, the second of the two consonants is
dropped (in dormir the m) before adding the endings
s, s, t (je dors, tu dors, il/elle dort)
2. In the plural, both consonants are kept before adding the
standard plural endings ons, ez, ent.
2016~4 Edition
4.9.1 Dormir
{AUDIO}
Infinitif dormir to sleep
Participe pass dormi
Participe prsent dormant
Impratif dors | dormons | dormez

je dors dormais dormis
tu dors dormais dormis
il/elle dort dormait dormit
nous dormons dormions dormmes
vous dormez dormiez dormtes
ils/elles dorment dormaient dormirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je dormirai dormirais
tu dormiras dormirais
il/elle dormira dormirait
nous dormirons dormirions
vous dormirez dormiriez
ils/elles dormiront dormiraient
prsent imparfait
que je dorme dormisse
que tu dormes dormisses
quil/elle dorme dormt
que nous dormions dormissions
que vous dormiez dormissiez
quils/elles dorment dormissent
Find more about Group 3 Action words on page 426.

Junk Food | 321

{Second Round} Please check the word cloud and the
next 7 x 7 action words table. While the first 147
words (see page 100, 186 and 265) represent around 73% of
all action words youll see in your life, this fourth set
In this first round, learning the words is optional; however,
read them at least once because youll soon need to know
them all.
{AUDIO} The percentages in the table indicate the

cumulative frequency, including the 7 x 7 words of Level 1-3.
Group 3 and 2 participes pass are shown in blue and green.
smartphone check.
2016~4 Edition
# Infinitif Participe pass Infinitive Past

participle
148 conduire conduit to drive driven
149 retenir retenu to hold back held back
150 remarquer remarqu to notice noticed
151 fixer fix to fix fixed
152 couper coup to cut cut
153 plaire plu to please pleased
154 se taire tu (tre) to keep quiet kept quiet
74.4%
155 revoir revu to see again saw again

156 mener men to lead led
157 embrasser embrass to kiss kissed
158 saisir saisi to grasp grasped
159 prsenter prsent to present presented
160 esprer espr to hope hoped
161 rejoindre rejoint to join joined
75.3%
162 sauter saut to jump jumped

163 choisir choisi to choose chosen
164 annoncer annonc to announce announced
165 couvrir couvert to cover covered
166 prfrer prfr to prefer preferred
167 loigner loign to keep away kept away
168 chapper chapp to escape escaped
76.2%

Junk Food | 323
169 demeurer demeur to remain remained

170 abandonner abandonn to abandon abandoned
171 rver rv to dream dreamed
172 prouver prouv to feel felt
173 tenter tent to try tried
174 atteindre atteint to reach reached
175 assurer assur to assure assured
77.1%
176 appuyer appuy to lean leant

177 chanter chant to sing sung
178 rveiller rveill to wake up woken up
179 relever relev to pick up picked up
180 accompagner accompagn to accompany accompanied
181 murmurer murmur to murmur murmured
182 traner tran to drag dragged
77.9%
183 hsiter hsit to hesitate hesitated

184 charger charg to load loaded
185 russir russi to succeed succeeded
186 emporter emport to take away taken away
187 couler coul to sink sunk
188 amuser amus to amuse amused
189 proposer propos to propose proposed
78.8%
190 natre n (tre) to be born been born

191 souffrir souffert to suffer suffered
192 intresser intress to interest interested
193 surprendre surpris to surprise surprised
194 tonner tonn to astonish astonished
195 secouer secou to shake shaken
196 allumer allum to switch on switched on
79.5%
2016~4 Edition
4.11 Imperative: Orders and advice

{AUDIO} Orders and advice are part of everyday life: come
here, give me that, dont do that again, go away. While the
English system of orders and advice is as easy as one can
imagine do it! versus dont do it! , the French system is
more involved. You have two forms: 1) an informal
imperative for family members, children or close friends and 2)
a more formal one in situations when you speak to a person
you dont know, especially older people.
1. When giving an order to a family member, a child or

a close friend, use the informal singular imperative.
This is the 2nd person singular of the present tense
(Agis ! Do something!).
The exception to the rule: action words of Group 1,
those ending in er, use the 3rd person singular
(Caresse !)
2. In all other cases (in formal situations AND when
giving orders to more than one person), use the 2nd
person plural: Agissez! Caressez!
In our example, agis is the 2nd person singular of agir to act,

to do something, to take action; agissez is the 2nd person
plural. (See page 362 for the complete picture of agir.)

Junk Food | 325
Positive advice Negative advice

or order or order
Do something! Dont do anything!
Singular (1 person)
you (informal: Agis ! Nagis pas !
family and friends)
you (formal) Agissez ! Nagissez pas !
Plural (>1 person)
you (informal: Agissez ! Nagissez pas !
family and friends)
you (formal) Agissez ! Nagissez pas !
4.12 Particip prsent & Grondif

{AUDIO} French has two participles, the now familiar
participe pass (for example fait done, all gone, mang
eaten), but also a participe prsent. While the first is
frequently used, in particular to form the composed tenses of
actions words, youll see the second less often.
Infinitive Participe pass Participe prsent

Group 1 caresser to caress caress caressant
Group 2 agir to act agi agissant
Group 3 dormir to sleep dormi dormant
prendre to take pris prenant
venir to come venu venant
mettre to put mis mettant
To form a present participle

Take the 1st person plural of the present tense: nous
caressons
Drop the nous and the ons ending: caress
Add ant.
2016~4 Edition
Three exceptions:
avoir ayant
tre tant
savoir sachant
The most current use of the participe prsent is the
combination of en + participe prsent which is called
grondif gerund. The grondif expresses an action that is
related to another action, the main action:
Grondif: en partant Main action word: arriver
En partant tt, nous arriverons lheure.
By leaving early, well arrive on time.
Use the grondif to

1. Describe simultaneity (English: while, upon):
En allant faire les courses, jai rencontr M. Tartempion.
While doing the grocery shopping, I met M. Thingummy.
2. Describe how and why (English: by)

Cest en tudiant cinq heures par jour que tu apprendras vite
le franais.
Youll learn French quickly by studying 5 hours a day. (Word
by word: Its by studying five hours a day that youll learn
French quickly.)
3. Replace a relative clause (used in writing or formal speech

only):
les rfugis venant de Syrie (qui viennent de Syrie)
the refugees who come from Syria

Junk Food | 327
Important preview: In English, the present participle

generally has the form [verb]+ing and is extensively used:
going, working, driving. French, instead, uses the participe
prsent with parsimony. In particular, many common uses of
the English present participle CANNOT be translated word-
by-word into French. For details and pitfalls, see page xxx.

{AUDIO} The following action words prendre to take,
devoir to have to, must, mettre to put, suivre to follow,
croire to believe, etc. are among the 150 most frequent
French words. Learn them today.
prendre to take devoir must

I take, etc. I must, etc.
je prends dois I
tu prends dois you
il/elle prend dois he/she
nous prenons devons we
vous prenez devez you
ils/elles prennent doivent they
Part. pass pris d
See page 426 495
Use prendre as a template for

apprendre to learn (japprends tu apprends il/elle apprend, etc.)
comprendre to understand (je comprends tu comprends il/elle
comprend, etc.)
surprendre to surprise, discover (je surprends tu surprends il/elle
surprend, etc.)
2016~4 Edition
mettre to put suivre to follow

I put, etc. I follow, etc.
je mets suis I
tu mets suis you
il/elle met suit he/she
nous mettons suivons we
vous mettez suivez you
ils/elles mettent suivent they
Part. pass mis suivi
See page 499 519
Use mettre as a template for

remettre to put back ; to hand over (je remets tu remets il/elle
remet, etc.)
permettre to allow, authorize (je permets, tu permets, il/elle permet,
etc.)
promettre to promise (je promets, tu promets, il/elle promet, etc.)
admettre to admit (jadmets, tu admets, il/elle admet, etc.)
soumettre to subdue, defeat
commettre to commit, perpetrate
transmettre to transmit
compromettre to compromise, jeopardise
Use suivre as a template for

poursuivre to pursue, hunt (je poursuis tu poursuis il/elle poursuit,
etc.)

Junk Food | 329
croire to believe connatre to know

I believe, etc. I know, etc.
je crois connais I
tu crois connais you
il/elle croit connat he/she
nous croyons connaissons we
vous croyez connaissez you
ils/elles croient connaissent they
Part. pass cru connu
See page 510 526
Use connatre as a template for

reconnatre to recognise (je reconnais tu reconnais il/elle
reconnat, etc.)
mconnatre to be ignorant of (je mconnais tu mconnais il/elle
mconnat, etc.)
vivre to live mourir to die

I live, etc. I die, etc.
je vis meurs I
tu vis meurs you
il/elle vit meurt he/she
nous vivons mourons we
vous vivez mourez you
ils/elles vivent meurent they
Part. pass vcu mort (tre)
See page 505 506
Use vivre as a template for

survivre to survive (je survis tu survis il/elle survit, etc.)
revivre to relive, to go through again (je revis tu revis il/elle revit,
etc.)
2016~4 Edition
crire to write rire to laugh

I write, etc. I laugh, etc.
j/je cris ris I
tu cris ris you
il/elle crit rit he/she
nous crivons rions we
vous crivez riez you
ils/elles crivent rient they
Part. pass crit ri
See page 527 500
Use crire as a template for

dcrire to describe (je dcris tu dcris il/elle dcrit, etc.)
rcrire to write again (je rcris tu rcris il/elle rcrit, etc.)
Use rire as a template for

sourire to smile (je souris tu souris il/elle sourit, etc.)
Sainte-Anne, Martinique | Copyright: Marie de France

Junk Food | 331
II. Grammar
4.14 y & en
4.14.1 y
{AUDIO} Y is a so-called adverbial pronoun and means
there. It replaces either places or things introduced by an
action word.
1. Places
Je vais Jy vais. Im going to Paris. Im going there.
Paris.
Je travaille Jy travaille. I work in the US. I work there.
aux tats-Unis.
Jhabite Jy habite. I live in Italy. I live there.
en Italie.
As you see, a place can be introduced by any preposition of

place such as (or au | aux | l | la), en, sur, sous, etc.
2. Things introduced by , au, aux, l, and la

Je pense Jy pense. Im thinking about Im thinking
tes aventures. your adventures. about them.
Je rflchirai Jy Ill be thinking about Ill be thinking
ta rflchirai. your proposal. about it.
proposition.
Je tiens Jy tiens. I care very much I care very much
mon travail. about my job. about it.
This type of transformation ( mon travail y) is only

possbile with action words followed by .
2016~4 Edition
Note also that when an action word is followed by + a

person, you CANNOT use y! In these cases you need to use
the indirect object pronouns me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur.
Je parle Bruno. Je lui parle.
I am talking to Bruno. I am talking to him.
Jai crit Charlotte. Je lui ai crit.
I wrote to Charlotte. I wrote to her.
4.14.2 en
{AUDIO} The pronoun en replaces a quantity which is either
1. introduced by the partitive articles du, de la, de l, and
des
2. numbers (1, 7, 33, etc.)
3. adverbs or expressions of quantity such as beaucoup de,
un peu de, un litre de, un kilo de, une bouteille de, etc.
It also replaces things introduced by de, du, de la, de l, des.
1. Replacing quantities introduced by partitive articles

Je prendrai Jen prendrai. Ill take water. Ill take it.
de leau.
Ne mange pas Nen mange pas. Dont eat Dont eat it.
de gteau. cake.
Je ne mangerai Je nen mangerai I wont eat I wont eat them.
pas de pas. frogs.
grenouilles.
2. Replacing quantities introduced by numbers

Always repeat the quantity or the adverb of quantity:
Je voudrais Jen voudrais Id like two Id like two.
deux capotes. deux. condoms.
3. Replacing quantities introduced by expressions or

adverbs of quantity

Junk Food | 333
Always repeat the quantity or the adverb of quantity:

Je voudrais Jen voudrais Id like a Id like one.
une bouteille de une. bottle of wine.
vin.
Je voudrais Jen voudrais un Id like a kilo Id like one
un kilo de cerises. kilo. of cherries. kilo.
Je ne prendrai pas Je nen prendrai I wont take a I wont take a
beaucoup de pas beaucoup. lot of sugar. lot of it.
sucre.
4. Replacing things introduced by de, du, de la, de l, des

En is often used after action words intrinsically followed by
de, for example parler de or rver de:
Il parle souvent Il en parle He speaks often He speaks often
de ses souvent. about his about them.
aventures. adventures.
En is both a preposition and an adverb and can have many

different meanings.
Space or time Nous arriverons Well arrive in Marseille
Marseille en trois in three hours.
heures.
Month En novembre, le temps In November, the
Paris est curant. weather in Paris is
disgusting.
Destination Demain il va en Tomorrow he goes to
Angleterre. England.
Means of transport Nous allons faire un We will go around by
tour bicyclette. bicycle.
En is also part of idioms:
2016~4 Edition
Je nen peux plus ! Ive had enough!

Jen ai assez !
Jen ai marre ! fam. Im fed up!
Ne ten fais pas. Dont worry.
Tu ten vas? Are you leaving?
Il nen a rien foutre. He doesnt give a fuck.
4.15 Nouns (4)

4.15.1 Imports
{AUDIO} Nouns imported from other languages are usually
masculine: le smartphone, le jazz, le basket, le tennis, le
panini. Pizza remains la pizza.
4.15.2 Irregulars
Some nouns are irregular:
Singular Plural
eye lil m. les yeux
heaven le ciel les cieux
Mr. Monsieur Messieurs
Mrs. Madame Mesdames
Others have only a plural form:

Plural
les vacances f. holidays
les environs m. surroundings
les gens m. people
les murs f. customs, traditions

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Proper nouns dont take a final s.

Plural
les Obama the Obamas
les Kennedy the Kennedys
les Roosevelt the Roosevelts
4.16 Adjectives (4)

{Second Round}
4.16.1 ain, -ein

{AUDIO} In the following examples, the masculine forms are
nasal (singular: ain, ein; plural: ains,eins) while the
femine forms are not. As always, apply the ES rule to obtain
the feminine and the plural forms.
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular certain certaine
[st] [stn]
Number
Plural certains certaines
[st] [stn]
2016~4 Edition
Masc. Fem. Masculine Feminine

ending ending
-ain -aine certain certaine certain, sure
humain humaine human
lointain lointaine distant,

remote
amricain amricaine American
prochain prochaine next
vain vaine useless,

pointless
romain romaine Roman
vilain vilaine awful,

dreadful
sain saine healthy, well
mondain mondaine society
souterrain souterraine underground
africain africaine African
rpublicain rpublicaine republican
contemporain contemporaine contemporary
urbain urbaine urban
-ein -eine plein pleine full, filled
serein sereine calm, relaxed
4.16.2 on, -en

The adjectives ending in on and en double the final n
consonant. Again, the masculine forms are nasal (singular:
on, ien; plural: ons, iens) while the feminine forms are not.
Gender

Junk Food | 337
Masculine Feminine
Singular mignon mignonne
[mi] [min]
Number
Plural mignons mignonnes
[mi] [min]
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.

ending ending
-on -onne mignon mignonne cute
cochon cochonne naughty, dirty,

filthy
couillon couillonne fucking stupid,

foolish
bon bonne good
breton bretonne Breton
-ien -ienne ancien ancienne old
quotidien quotidienne daily
parisien parisienne from Paris
italien italienne Italian
arien arienne aerial, air
proltarien proltarienne proletarian
vgtarien vgtarienne vegetarian
4.16.3 Vieux & beau

A few French adjectives go before the noun, among them
beau, nouveau and vieux. These three adjectives have a
particular singular form when placed before masculine nouns
that start with a vowel or a mute h.
un beau garon an attractive boy
2016~4 Edition
un bel homme an attractive man

une belle femme an attractive women
un nouveau livre a new book

un nouvel appartement a new apartment
une nouvelle maison a new house
un vieux Monsieur an old gentleman

un vieil homme an old man
une vieille femme an old woman
Singular Plural
Masc. Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.

before
vowel or
mute h
attrattive beau bel belle beaux belles

new nouveau nouvel nouvelle nouveaux nouvelles
old vieux vieil vieille vieux vieilles
4.17 Jokers (4)

check.
{AUDIO}
64 debout standing adv
65 mieux better adv
66 tout de suite immediately adv
67 ds as soon as; starting at adv; prep
68 fort hard; strong adv; adj
69 gauche left, on the left prep
70 droite right, on the right prep

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71 davantage more adv

72 surtout above all, in particular adv
73 pourtant yet, however adv
74 autour around adv
75 dessus on it adv
76 dessous under it, below adv
77 malgr despite prep
78 assez enough adv

79 prs de near prep
80 or but, yet conj
81 alors in that case; well adv
82 tard late adv
83 tt early adv
84 dabord first adv
4.17.2 Adverbs
{Second Round} In Level 3 (page 293) you heard that
the vast majority of adverbs are derived from
adjectives (feminine form plus the suffix ment). In general,
these adverbs correspond to English adverbs ending with ly.
{AUDIO} Only a few of these adverbs are irregular:
1. Some, but not all adjectives ending in ent or ant. They
take the adverb ending emment or amment:
diffrent diffremment differently
vident videmment evidently
rcent rcemment recently
apparent apparemment apparently
conscient consciemment consciously
inconscient inconsciemment unconsciously
frquent frquemment frequently
prudent prudemment prudently, carefully
2016~4 Edition
violent violemment violently

indiffrent indiffremment indifferently
innocent innocemment innocently
patient patiemment patiently
dcent dcemment decently
constant constamment constantly

courant couramment frequently, fluently
(language)
suffisant suffisamment sufficiently
tonnant tonamment amazingly
brillant brillamment brilliantly
mchant mchamment maliciously, badly
abondant abondamment abundantly
puissant puissamment powerfully
incessant incessamment shortly, in next to no
time
2. Some words convert the final e into an :

profonde profondment profoundly
prcise prcisment precisely
norme normment enormously
commune communment commonly
uniforme uniformment uniformly
opportune opportunment opportunely
aveugle aveuglment blindly

Junk Food | 341
Final reminder
Conjunctions (literally: joining together) link similar words
or groups of words. French uses two types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating conjunctions join elements with an equal
importance. There are only 7 of them: et and, ou or, mais
but, donc thus, car for, because, or yet, ni neither.
2. Subordinating conjunctions link dependent clauses to
main clauses. The most important one is que that. There are
about 50 subordinating conjunctions. You will easily identify
them because most finish with que (parce que because, alors
que while, whereas) or incorporate que (lorsque when,
puisque since [reason]).
4.17.3 Prepositions
{AUDIO} You can classify prepositions by their use. See here
prepositions of time, ordered by frequency of use.
de de midi minuit from noon to midnight
10 heures at 10 oclock
dans dans un mois in a month (future)
en en un mois in (the course of) a month
aprs aprs ljaculation after ejaculation
depuis depuis le dbut from the beginning
avant avant lorgasme before orgasm
pendant pendant les vacances during the holidays
jusque jusqu la fin until the end
ds ds la semaine prochaine as early as next week

4.18.1 Indefinite pronouns
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO} Indefinite pronouns are, as their name implies,

unspecific and vague. Its up to you to imagine the people and
things someone is talking about. Indefinite pronouns can be
1. The subject of a sentence:
A Paris, tout le monde fait lamour In Paris, everybody makes love
au moins six fois par semaine. at least six times a week.
2. The object of a sentence:

Je te prsenterai quelquun Ill introduce someone to you
Cela ne plaira pas tout le monde. That wont please everybody.
For today, please memorize the following list:

tout le monde everybody
tout everything
plusieurs several
quelquun somebody
quelque chose something
chacun(e) each one
certain(e)s certain ones
Read these words at least twice:

dautres others
quiconque anyone (else)
soi oneself, yourself,
himself, herself, itself
chez soi at ones home, at your
home
un tel, une telle somebody
quelques-uns some, a few
Find a detailed discussion of indefinite pronouns on page xxx.

Junk Food | 343
4.18.2 Capitalization
Youll use capitalized words for people (Flix, Oscar, Colin,
lise, Franois), legal entities (Google), nations (la France,
lAllemagne, lItalie, lEspagne, lAngleterre), la gographie,
(le ple Nord), and book titles (Ltre et le Nant). Youll
further capitalize Monsieur and Madame with or without
titles.

the letter L:
Pronounce the final L Dont pronounce the final L

L ciel sky Vowel + il:
journal newspaper le soleil sun
cheval horse un il eye
htel hotel le travail work
sol ground le sommeil sleep
animal animal le dtail detail
poil (body) hair le cul ass

{AUDIO} {AUDIO} Time for your next newspaper extract.
Dissect the 100 words about the most improbable candidate of
all times to the presidency of the United States of America.
No pasar!
2016~4 Edition
Le tout-sauf-Trump The all-but-Trump is

being organized among
sorganise chez les rpublicains |
Republicans | Thursday
Jeudi, cest le candidat rpublicain the Republican presidential
la prsidentielle de 2012 [Mitt candidate in 2012 [Mitt
Romney] qui a attaqu Romney] attacked the
billionaire frontally. Donald
frontalement le milliardaire.
Trump is a charlatan, a
Donald Trump est un charlatan, fraud. His promises are no
un imposteur. Ses promesses ne better than a degree from
valent pas mieux quun diplme de Trump University. He
takes the Americans for
luniversit Trump. Il prend les
pigeons, he said, referring
Amricains pour des pigeons , a-t- to the now-defunct
il dit, en allusion linstitution institution which is at the
dsormais dfunte, au centre dune center of legal proceedings
launched by former
procdure judiciaire lance par
students. And he insisted
danciens tudiants. Et dinsister on the unstable
sur le temprament instable du temperament of the
milliardaire, indigne de la billionaire unworthy of
the presidency according
prsidence selon lui, sur sa
to him , his dishonesty,
malhonntet , sa cupidit , his greed, his misogyny
sa misogynie et sa vulgarit. and his vulgarity.
2016 Le Monde, Frances best newspaper. Find the entire text at

http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2016/03/03/le-tout-
sauf-trump-s-organise-chez-les-republicains_4876280_829254.html
Accessed March 2, 2016.
Read the text several times and get accustomed to the idea of
analysing paragraphs word by word and understand the
function of every single word.

Junk Food | 345

1.
Can you say
je vais tu vas il/elle va
nous allons vous allez ils/elles vont
I, you go, he or she goes | we, you, they go
jallais tu allais il/elle allait

nous allions vous alliez ils/elles allaient
I, you, he or she went | we, you, they went
I, you, he or she used to go | we, you, they used to go
jirai tu iras il/elle ira

nous irons vous irez ils/elles iront
I, you, he or she will go | we, you, they will go
jirais tu irais il/elle irait

nous irions vous iriez ils/elles iraient
I, you, he or she would go | we, you, they would go
2.
Can you recite the prsent of:
dormir to sleep
sentir to feel
mentir to lie
partir to leave
sortir to go out
servir to serve
2016~4 Edition
3.
Do you know how to give orders using agir to act and
caresser to caress?
4.
Have you memorized the present tense of prendre to take,
devoir to have to, must, mettre to put, suivre to follow, croire
to believe, etc.
5.
Have you enjoyed the most recent list of so enjoyably British
adverbs?
6.
And do you remember that you should avoid soda drinks and
processed foods and, instead, drink water and eat fruits and
vegetables?
Well, then you have been promoted to Level 5!

Junk Food | 347
Outlook
In Level 5, youll explore Group 2 action words ending in
ir; manage double pronouns; give orders with pronouns;
and cherry on top discover so-called pronominal
action words and caress yourself. Savour an exclusive
preview of these miraculous words:
se regarder to look at each other
se parler to talk to each other
se tlphoner to phone each other
se retrouver to meet each other
saimer to love each other
sembrasser to kiss
se caresser to caress each other
senvoyer en lair to bonk, to hump, to bang, to screw, to
shag
se disputer to argue
se dtester to hate each other
se quitter to leave each other
As so often, what seems auspicious can at times end in

dispair. In any case, pronominal action words are in the
domain of love.
2016~4 Edition

Aesthetic Medicine | 349
5 Aesthetic Medicine
Copyright 2016 N. Allan London
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level05} La Does Burqistan exist?

Unfortunately yes. Imagine
mdecine esthtique | Le
a European crossing the
Burqistan existe-t-il ? Oui, Atlantic Ocean to visit
malheureusement. Imaginez cet Ecuador, the United States
europen qui traverse lAtlantique or Brazil, what is his very
first vision? Everywhere
pour visiter lquateur, les tats-
the same little noses,
Unis ou le Brsil, quelle est sa smoothed facial
toute premire vision ? Partout les expressions, fixed smiles,
mmes petits nez, traits lisss, and wide-open eyes
womens masks, in short.
sourires figs, yeux carquills
Welcome to the world of
des masques de femme, en somme. aesthetic medicine,
Bienvenus dans le monde de la welcome to Western
mdecine esthtique , bienvenus Burqistan!
dans le Burqistan occidental !
Il ny a pas que le visage que lon Its not just the face that is
is transformed. Like in a
transforme. Comme dans un
monstrous morphing
monstrueux jeu de morphing, vous game, you can increase or
pouvez augmenter ou rduire la decrease the size of your
taille de vos seins, claircir votre breasts, clear up your skin,
have your body hair
peau, vous faire piler au laser,
removed with lasers, get
faire un lifting de la main, vous your hand lifted, get
faire liposucer ; ou, pourquoi pas, yourself liposucked; or why
faire disparatre les petites et not make the small and
large genital labia
grandes lvres de vos parties
disappear. Obviously, the
gnitales. De toute vidence, les doctors of the aesthetic
mdecins de la chirurgie surgery arent afraid of
esthtique nont peur de rien. anything. The more
appalling? The
Le plus consternant ? Les
hymenoplasty to rebuild
hymnoplasties pour vous refaire virginity.
une virginit.
Le plus inhumain dans tout a ? The most inhuman of all
this? Touching the face,
Toucher au visage, miroir spirituel
spiritual mirror of the
de la personne humaine. Les human person. The
chirurgiens esthtiques ou cosmetic surgeons or

devons-nous les appeler bouchers should we call them

butchers of appearance?
de lapparence ? le mutilent,
maim it, damage it,
labment, le frankensteinisent frankensteinize it... in
pis encore : le chosifient. Encore other words, they reify it.
une fois, leur rpertoire est vaste : Again, their repertoire is
wide: youll have botox
vous aurez des injections de botox
injections (which give you
(qui vous confrent un look de an inflatable dolls
poupe gonflable), vous vous ferez appearance), youll have
charcuter le nez (rhinoplastie) et les your nose butchered
(rhinoplasty) as well as
paupires (blpharoplastie). Vous
your eyelids
aurez des implants du menton ou (blepharoplasty). Youll
de nouvelles pommettes et, cerise have chin implants or new
sur le gteau, des lvres silicones. cheekbones and, the
cherry on top the cake,
Noublions pas le must,
siliconized lips. Lets not
lintervention de base : vous faire forget the must-have, the
faire tirer la peau en long, en large basic intervention: having
et en travers. your skin pulled in every
conceivable direction.
Qui sont les chirurgiens et Who are the surgeons
and doctors who provide
mdecins qui offrent ce genre
such services?
de services ? Des Hypochondriacs frightened
hypochondriaques effrays par les by horrible diseases that
maladies horribles qui nous font make us suffer and die?
Deflated chickens
souffrir et mourir ? Des dgonfls
terrorized by old age and
de la vieillesse et de la mort qui death who inflate lips,
gonflent lvres, seins et fesses pour breasts and buttocks to
compenser leur angoisse ? Ou, au compensate their anxiety?
Or, instead, simply and
contraire, tout simplement et trs
very positively, sensitive
positivement, des mes sensibles souls in search of artistic
en qute de perfection artistique ? perfection? Who will ever
Qui le saura jamais ! En tout cas, know! Anyway, the most
greedy may have been
les plus avides ont pu tre
corrupted by easy money
corrompus par largent facile et and the idea of exploiting
lide dexploiter la faiblesse des the weakness of women
with no self-esteem. Poor
2016~4 Edition
femmes sans estime de soi Hippocrates! If his non-

siliconized bones have not
Malheureux Hippocrate ! Si ses os
fallen into dust, he must be
non silicons ne sont pas tombs en turning in his grave!
poussire, il doit se retourner dans
sa tombe !
Qui sont les victimes de cette Who are the victims of this
infernal machinery? Beings
machinerie infernale ? Des tres
with fragile egos who get
lgo fragile qui se font arnaquer en scammed into spending
dpensant des fortunes pour fortunes on the illusion of
lillusion de rester ternellement staying young forever?
Who throw their faces into
jeunes ? Qui jettent leur visage la
the trash in a Faustian
poubelle dans un pacte faustien ? pact? Or simply sheep
Ou btement des brebis soumises subjected to the male
au diktat masculin de la mode dictates of female fashion?
Still, these poor women
fminine ? Toujours est-il que ces
are unknowingly wearing
pauvres femmes portent sans le the intolerable and ugly
savoir lintolrable et laide burqa burqa which makes our
qui nous fait tant horreur, skin crawl, the invisible but
irreversible and most
linvisible mais irrversible, la plus
insidious of all burqas.
sournoise des burqas.
Avez-vous prvu un voyage sur le Have you planned a trip to
the American continent?
continent amricain ? Prparez-
Prepare yourself: you will
vous : vous allez pntrer au be entering Western
Burqistan occidental ! Burqistan!

Words
{AUDIO}
la mdecine medicine transformer to transform
esthtique aesthetic monstrueux monstrous
malheureuse- unfortunately le jeu game
ment le morphing morphing
oui yes
ce/cet this vous pouvez you can
europen European augmenter to increase
traverser to cross rduire to reduce
la taille size
lAtlantique m. Atlantic Ocean le sein breast
visiter to visit claircir to clear up
lquateur Ecuador la peau skin
le Brsil Brazil
quelle est what is se faire piler to have your
premier, first body hair
premire removed
la vision vision le laser laser
faire un lifting to get a lifting
mme same la main hand
petit little se faire to get yourself
le nez nose liposucer liposucked
le trait feature, pourquoi pas why not
expression faire disparatre to make
liss smoothed disappear
le sourire smile
fig fixed la lvre lip, labia
les parties genitalia
les yeux eyes gnitales
carquill wide-open de toute obviously
vidence
le masque mask
le mdecin physician
en somme in short
avoir peur de to be afraid of
bienvenus welcome
ils nont peur de they arent
rien afraid of
occidental Western anything
il ny pas que its not just plus most
le visage face
2016~4 Edition
consternant appalling vous vous ferez youll have

hymnoplastie hymenoplasty charcuter yourself
f. butchered
se refaire to rebuild la rhinoplastie rhinoplasty
la virginit virginity la paupire eyelid
inhumain inhuman la blpharo- blepharoplasty
plastie
de tout a of all this
toucher to touch
un implant implant
le menton chin
le miroir mirror
spirituel spiritual nouveau, new
nouvelles
la personne person
les pommettes cheekbone
humain human f.
le chirurgien surgeon la cerise cherry
devons-nous ? should we? sur on
appeler to call le gteau cake
le boucher butcher silicon siliconized

lapparence f. appearance oublier to forget
mutiler to mutilate, to noublions pas lets not forget
maim
le must must-have
abmer to damage
une intervention intervention
frankensteiniser to franken-
de base basic
steinize
tirer to pull
pis encore even worse
chosifier to reify
(transform in se faire tirer la to have your
merchandise) peau skin pulled
en long, en in every
encore une fois (once) again large et en conceivable
travers direction
le rpertoire repertoire
offrir to offer
vaste wide
le genre type
vous aurez youll have
le service service
une injection injection
un hypochon- hypochondriac
le botox botox driaque
confrer to give effray frightened
la poupe doll la maladie disease

gonflable inflatable horrible horrible
charcuter to butcher

souffrir to suffer los, les os bone, bones

un dgonfl deflated; not non silicon non-siliconized
very tomber en to fall into dust
courageous poussire
la vieillesse old age
la mort death se retourner to be turning in
gonfler to inflate dans sa tombe his grave
la victime victim
les fesses buttocks la machinerie machinery
compenser to compensate infernal infernal
angoisse f. anxiety un tre being
au contraire instead, on the fragile fragile
contrary se faire to get scammed
tout simplement simply arnaquer
trs very
positivement positively dpenser to spend
la fortune fortune
une me soul une illusion illusion
sensible sensible rester jeune to stay young
en qute de in search of ternellement forever
la perfection perfection jeter to throw
artistique artistic la poubelle trash
qui le saura who will ever
jamais know le pacte pact
en tout cas anyway faustien Faustian
btement simply; stupidly,
avide greedy foolishly
corrompre to corrupt la brebis ewe
corrompu corrupted soumis subjected to
largent m. money sans le savoir unknowingly
facile easy le diktat dictate
lide f. idea
exploiter to exploit masculin male
la mode fashion
la faiblesse weakness fminin female
lestime f. esteem toujours est-il still (the fact
sans estime de without self- que remains that)
soi esteem
malheureux poor, unhappy
2016~4 Edition
porter to wear prvoir to plan

intolrable intolerable avez-vous have you
laid ugly prvu planned
faire horreur to make your le voyage trip

skin crawl le continent continent
invisible invisible prparez-vous prepare yourself
mais but pntrer to enter
irrversible irreversible
sournois insidious
Word cloud 5.1 Aesthetic Medicine
Further reading
L'hymnoplastie, une seconde virginit. Le Monde, 6 July 2012 :
http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/07/06/l-hymenoplastie-une-
seconde-virginite_1729088_3224.html. Accessed 6 July 2016.

5.1 Power Listening

understanding.
corner of your life. You can do it in less than two months! Go
for the prize!
2016~4 Edition
5.2 Preview
memorize all the words (100%) and then go straight on to
Tourism, page 417.
For a more intimate experience of French, please do the whole
chapter. The highlights are
Group 2 action words: agir to act
Pronominal action words: se caresser to caress
onself or to caress each other
Four simple and composed tenses of senvoyer en
lair to bonk, have a roll in the hay
Double pronouns
As always, make full use of the audio files and listen to them
until you can distinguish and understand every single word.

I. Action Words
5.3 Venir
{AUDIO}
Infinitif venir to come
Participe pass venu(e)(s)
Participe prsent venant
Impratif viens | venons | venez

je viens venais vins
tu viens venais vins
il/elle vient venait vint
nous venons venions vnmes
vous venez veniez vntes
ils/elles viennent venaient vinrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je viendrai viendrais
tu viendras viendrais
il/elle viendra viendrait
nous viendrons viendrions
vous viendrez viendriez
ils/elles viendront viendraient
prsent imparfait
que je vienne vinsse
que tu viennes vinsses
quil/elle vienne vnt
que nous venions vinssions
que vous veniez vinssiez
quils/elles viennent vinssent
2016~4 Edition
Following the same pattern:
Word cloud 6.1 Venir, tenir, devenir, etc.
{AUDIO}
devenir (composed tenses with tre) to become
intervenir (tre) to intervene
prvenir to let someone know, inform
redevenir (tre) to become again
revenir (tre) to come back
se souvenir (tre) to remember
+
tenir to keep, hold
appartenir to belong
obtenir to obtain
retenir to hold back
soutenir to support

The composed tenses of venir use tre:

{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que-parfait Pass
come (+ I came) I had come Preterit
perfect:
I had come
je/j suis venu(e) tais venu(e) fus venu(e)
tu es venu(e) tais venu(e) fus venu(e)
il/elle est venu(e) tait venu(e) fut venu(e)
nous sommes venu(e)s tions venu(e)s fmes
venu(e)s
vous tes venu(e)s tiez venu(e)s ftes venu(e)s
ils/elles sont venu(e)s taient venu(e)s furent
venu(e)s

I will have come Past conditional:
I would have come
je serai venu(e) serais venu(e)
tu seras venu(e) serais venu(e)
il/elle sera venu(e) serait venu(e)
nous serons venu(e)s serions venu(e)s
vous serez venu(e)s seriez venu(e)s
ils/elles seront venu(e)s seraient venu(e)s
Past Past perfect
that I came that I had come
que je sois venu(e) fusse venu(e)
que tu sois venu(e) fusses venu(e)
quil/elle soit venu(e) ft venu(e)
que nous soyons venu(e)s fussions venu(e)s
que vous soyez venu(e)s fussiez venu(e)s
quils/ soient venu(e)s fussent venu(e)s
quelles
2016~4 Edition
5.4 Subjonctif (3)

{AUDIO} When expressing wishes, desires and preferences,
the French language uses the subjunctive tense, the subjonctif.
It also uses the subjonctif to express a feeling or emotion, a
desire, a wish, an order and an expectation. Lets continue
with expressions of emotions:
Jai peur que Im scared that

Je crains que I fear that
Je regrette que I regret (am sorry) that
Jai peur quil vienne. I am scared that hell come.

Je crains que ce soit trop I fear that it is too late.
tard.
5.5 Action words, Group 2

Remember: French grammar divides action words into three
groups: Group 1 ending in er (representing more than 95%
of all French action words; see caresser to caress, page 246);
Group 3 with approximately 300 words (page 317, 426, 476,
etc.); and Group 2 presented here.
Group 2 French action words are uncommon (among the
1,500 most common French words, only 12 are action words
from Group 2; see below, page 370). They end in ir and their
defining feature is the plural ending in issons, issez and
issent. The most important Group 2 action words are agir to
act, do something, take action, rflchir to reflect, think, finir
to finish, end, russir to succeed, and nourrir to feed.

5.5.1 Prsent
Singular
j agis I act
tu agis you act
il/elle agit he/she acts
Plural
nous agissons we act
vous agissez you act
ils/elles agissent they act
{AUDIO} While reading and listening to the present tense of

agir youll understand that:
1. The 1st and 2nd person singular (jagis, tu agis) are
identical.
2. The pronunciation of the three singular forms (agis
agisagit) is identical [ai].
5.5.2 Imparfait
To get the imperfect forms
Take the 1st person plural of the present tense: nous
agissons
Drop the ons ending: agiss
Add the imperfect endings: jagissais, etc.
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO}
Singular
j agissais I acted
tu agissais you acted
il/elle agissait he or she acted
Plural
nous agissions we acted
vous agissiez you acted
ils/elles agissaient they acted
As with all imparfait sextets,

1. The 1st person singular (jagissais) and the 2nd person
singular (tu agissais) are identical.
(agissaisagissaisagissait) and the 3rd person plural
form (agissaient) is identical [ais].
5.5.3 Futur
Attach the Futur endings (ai, -as, -a | -ons, -ez, ont) to the
infinitive agir:
{AUDIO}
Singular
j agirai I will act
tu agiras you will act
il/elle agira he/she will act
Plural
nous agirons we will act
vous agirez you will act
ils/elles agiront they will act

While reading and listening to the futur of agir youll notice

that
1. The 1st person singular (jagirai) and the 2nd person
plural (vous agirez) sound identical [aie].
2. The 2nd person singular (tu agiras) and the 3rd person
singular (il/elle agira) sound identical [aia].
3. The 1st person plural (nous agirons) and the 3rd
person plural (ils/elles agiront) sound identical
[ai].
5.5.4 Conditionnel prsent

Attach the endings of the Prsent conditionnel (ais, -ais, -
ait | -ions, -iez, aient) to the infinitive of agir:
{AUDIO}
Singular
j agirais I would act
tu agirais you would act
il/elle agirait he/she would act
Plural
nous agirions we would act
vous agiriez you would act
ils/elles agiraient they would act

agir youll find that the pronunciation of the three singular
forms (agiraisagiraisagirait) and the 3rd person plural form
(agiraient) is identical [ai].
2016~4 Edition
5.5.5 Subjonctif prsent

{AUDIO}
To get the forms of the subjonctif prsent
Take the 3rd person plural of the present tense: ils
agissent
Drop the ent ending: agiss
Add the present subjunctive endings e, es e |
ions, iez, ent (que jagisse, que tu agisses,
quil/elle agisse, etc.)
Singular
que j agisse that I act
que tu agisses that you act
que il/elle agisse that he/she acts
Plural
que nous agissions that we act
que vous agissiez that you act
que ils/elles agissent that they act
Again:
1. The endings of the 1st person singular (que jagisse)
and the 3rd person singular (que il/elle agisse) are
identical.
(agisseagissesagisse) and the 3rd person plural
form (agissent) is identical [ais].

5.5.6 Pass simple

{AUDIO} Remember: When writing an historical account,
use the pass simple. In spoken language, always use the
pass compos. Never mix the two tenses in the same text.
Singular
j agis I acted
tu agis you acted
il/elle agit he/she acted
Plural
nous agmes we acted
vous agtes you acted
ils/elles agirent they acted
While reading and listening to the pass simple of agir youll

find that
1. The 1st and 2nd person singular (jagis, tu agis) are
identical.
2. The three singular forms (jagis, tu agis, il/elle agit)
sound identical [ai].
3. The 1st and 2nd person plural have an in their ending.
2016~4 Edition
5.5.7 Agir: simple tenses

{AUDIO}
Infinitif agir
Participe pass agi
Participe prsent agissant
Impratif agis | agissons | agissez

j agis agissais agis
tu agis agissais agis
il/elle agit agissait agit
nous agissons agissions agmes
vous agissez agissiez agtes
ils/elles agissent agissaient agirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j agirai agirais
tu agiras agirais
il/elle agira agirait
nous agirons agirions
vous agirez agiriez
ils/elles agiront agiraient
prsent imparfait
que j agisse agisse
que tu agisses agisses
quil/elle agisse agt
que nous agissions agissions
que vous agissiez agissiez
quils/ agissent agissent
quelles

5.5.8 Agir: composed tenses

{AUDIO} Pass Plus-que-parfait Pass
compos Past perfect: antrieur
Perfect: I (have) I had acted Preterit
acted perfect:
I had acted
(only in writing)
j ai agi avais agi eus agi
tu as agi avais agi eus agi
il/elle a agi avait agi eut agi
nous avons agi avions agi emes agi

vous avez agi aviez agi etes agi
ils/elles ont agi avaient agi eurent agi

I will have acted Past conditional:
I would have acted
j aurai agi aurais agi
tu auras agi aurais agi
il/elle aura agi aurait agi
nous aurons agi aurions agi
vous aurez agi auriez agi
ils/elles auront agi auraient agi
Past Past perfect
that I acted that I had acted
que j aie agi eusse agi
que tu aies agi eusses agi
quil/elle ait agi et agi
2016~4 Edition
que nous ayons agi eussions agi

que vous ayez agi eussiez agi
quils/ aient agi eussent agi
elles
5.5.9 Group 2: Frequent action words

{AUDIO} The following 12 Group 2 action words are among
the 1,500 most frequent French words. Form the single tenses
of rflchir to reflect, to think, finir to finish, to end, russir
to succeed, and nourrir to feed.
finir to finish, end

russir to succeed
rflchir to reflect, think
remplir to fill
franchir to cross, pass
nourrir to feed
tablir to set up, create
envahir to invade
runir to join, gather
fournir to supply, provide
emplir to fill
grandir to grow, get taller

Word cloud 5.2 Most frequent Group 2 action words

{Second Round} The following 14 Group 2 action
words are among the 3,000 most frequent words.
obir to obey
trahir to betray, let down
jouir to enjoy, come (sexually
speaking!)
gmir to moan
vieillir to grow old
unir to unite
ralentir to slow down
gurir to cure, heal
ragir to react
vomir to throw up, vomit
pourrir to rot, decay
punir to punish
largir to widen, increase
garantir to guarantee, secure
2016~4 Edition
5.6 Pronominal Action Words

{AUDIO} Now comes the last great challenge of the Action
Word Realm: the so-called pronominal action words (PAWs).
PAWs go with the pronouns me te se | nous vous se.
Look at a few infinitives first:
couper to cut
se couper to cut oneself
regarder to look
se regarder to look at oneself
laver to wash
se laver to wash oneself
caresser to caresse
se caresser to caresse oneself
Take a closer look at the prsent of se caresser to caress

onself or to caress each other:
je me caresse I caress myself
tu te caresses you caress yourself
il/elle se caresse he/she caresses himself/herself
nous nous caressons we caress ourselves
or
we caress eath other
vous vous caressez you caress yourselves
or
you caress eath other
ils/elles se caressent they caress themselves
or
they caress eath other

There are three classes of pronominal actions words (PAW):

1. Reflexive PAWs
They express actions the subjects perform on
themselves:
il/elle se caresse (he or she is alone in his/her bed)
2. Reciprocal PAWs
They express a reciprocal action between two or
more persons (here we/you/they are at least 2):
nous nous caressons
vous vous caressez
ils/elles se caressent
3. Idiomatic PAWs
They dont always express a reflexive action, for
example, se souvenir de to remember.
Lets first explore in detail se caresser which is used both as a

reflexive PAW (in the sense of masturbation) and a reciprocal
PAW (when two or more people participate in mutual
caressing). Find more examples for the three classes on page
377.
2016~4 Edition
5.6.1 Se caresser
{AUDIO}
Infinitive se caresser
to caresse oneself / each other
Participe prsent se caressant
Impratif caresse-toi | caressons-nous |
caressez-vous

je me caresse me caressais me caressai
tu te caresses te caressais te caressas
il/elle se caresse se caressait se caressa
nous nous caressons nous caressions nous caressmes

vous vous caressez vous caressiez vous caresstes
ils/elles se caressent se caressaient se caressrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je me caresserai me caresserais
tu te caresseras te caresserais
il/elle se caressera se caresserait
nous nous caresserons nous caresserions

vous vous caresserez vous caresseriez
ils/elles se caresseront se caresseraient
prsent imparfait
que je me caresse me caressasse
que tu te caresses te caressasses
quil/elle se caresse se caresst
que nous nous caressions nous caressassions

que vous vous caressiez vous caressassiez
quils/ se caressent se caressassent
quelles

5.6.2 Caresser: composed tenses

{AUDIO}
Perfect: I (have) caressed Past perfect:
myself, etc. I had caressed myself, etc.
je me suis caress(e) mtais caress(e)
tu tes caress(e) ttais caress(e)
il/elle sest caress(e) stait caress(e)
nous nous sommes caress(e)s nous tions caress(e)s

vous vous tes caress(e)s vous tiez caress(e)s
ils/elles se sont caress(e)s staient caress(e)s
Futur antrieur Conditionnel pass

Future perfect: Past conditional:
I will have caressed myself I would have caressed myself
je me serai caress(e) me serais caress(e)
tu te seras caress(e) te serais caress(e)
il/elle se sera caress(e) se serait caress(e)
nous nous serons caress(e)s nous serions caress(e)s

vous vous serez caress(e)s vous seriez caress(e)s
ils/elles se seront caress(e)s se seraient caress(e)s
Subjonctif
pass
Past
subjunctive:
that I caressed myself, etc.
que je me sois caress(e)
que tu te sois caress(e)
quil/elle se soit caress(e)
que nous nous soyons caress(e)s

que vous vous soyez caress(e)s
quils/ se soient caress(e)s
quelles
Important note: Pronominal action words always form the

composed tenses with tre!
2016~4 Edition
5.6.3 Negation
{AUDIO} To negate a pronominal action word, place ne
before the pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous, se) and pas,
jamais, plus, etc. behind the action word.
Elle se caresse. Elle ne se caresse pas.
Elle se caresse toujours. Elle ne se caresse jamais.
In the composed tenses, place pas, jamais, plus, etc. behind

the forms of the auxiliary tre:
Elle sest caresse. Elle ne sest pas caresse.
Elle sest toujours caresse. Elle ne sest jamais caresse.
5.6.4 Imperative
{AUDIO} To form the imperative, attach toi, nous, and
vous to the action word:
Caresse-toi! Caress yourself!
Caressons-nous! Lets caress ourselves!
or
Lets caress each other!
Caressez-vous! Caress yourselves!
or
Caress each other!
5.6.5 Body parts

{AUDIO} French pronominal verbs take the definite article
(le, la, les) when associated with parts of the body; in English,
youll use possessive adjectives instead:
Je me suis lav les cheveux. I washed my hair.
Je vais me brosser les dents. Ill brush my teeth.

5.6.6 Reflexive PAWs

{AUDIO}
s'appeler to be called
(je mappelle
= my name is)
se coucher to go to bed
se caresser to caress oneself
s'arrter to stop
s'endormir to fall asleep
se rveiller to wake up
se lever to get up
se laver to wash
se brosser to brush
shabiller to get dressed
se promener to take a walk
5.6.7 Reciprocal PAWs

{AUDIO} In English, youll often use each other to represent
the reciprocal action. The following list of the most frequent
words could also be the script for a sentimental drama:
se regarder to look at each other
se parler to talk to each other
se tlphoner to phone each other
se retrouver to meet again
saimer to love each other
sembrasser to kiss each other
se caresser to caress each other
senvoyer en lair to hump / to bonk /
to bang
se disputer to argue
se dtester to hate each other
se quitter to separate
2016~4 Edition
5.6.8 Idiomatic PAWs

{Second Round} {AUDIO} The following idiopathic
expressions are in order of frequency of use of the
basic form (aller, passer, mettre, etc.).
Meaning without Meaning with

the reflexive the reflexive
pronoun pronoun
aller to go s'en aller to go away
passer to pass se passer to happen
mettre to place, to put se mettre to begin to
demander to ask se demander to wonder
trouver to find se trouver to be located
entendre to hear s'entendre to get along
sentir to smell, to feel se sentir to feel
(a sensation
inside)
attendre to wait for s'attendre () to expect
rendre to give back se rendre to go; to surrender
rendre to account for se rendre to realize
compte de compte de
perdre to lose se perdre to get lost
amuser to amuse s'amuser to have a good
time
tromper to deceive se tromper to be mistaken
reposer to rest, to put se reposer to rest
down
endormir to put to sleep s'endormir to fall asleep
inquiter to alarm s'inquiter to worry
marier to marry se marier to get married
ennuyer to bother s'ennuyer to be bored
runir to gather, to se runir to meet, get
collect together
habituer to accustom s'habituer to get accustomed
to
dpcher to dispatch se dpcher to hurry
disputer to play (a game) se disputer to argue
fcher to enrage se fcher to get angry
dbrouiller to untangle se dbrouiller to manage

5.6.9 Senvoyer en lair

{Second Round} The following paragraph is
optional. If you dont have a lot of time, go straight
to the next round of frequent action words on page
380. If you do have time, taste senvoyer en lair to hump, to
have a roll in the hay in four simple and composed tenses.
Infinitive senvoyer en lair to bonk, have a roll in the hay
Participe pass envoy(e)(s) en lair
Participe prsent senvoyant en lair
Impratif envoie-toi en lair | envoyons-nous en lair |
envoyez-vous en lair
{AUDI Prsent Imparfait

O} Present: I am humping, etc. Imperfect: I was humping,
etc.
je menvoie en lair menvoyais
tu tenvoies en lair tenvoyais
il/elle senvoie en lair senvoyait
nous nous envoyons en lair nous envoyions
vous vous envoyez en lair vous envoyiez
ils/elles senvoient en lair senvoyaient
Futur Conditionnel prsent

I will hump, etc. I would hump, etc.
je menverrai en lair menverrais en lair
tu tenverras en lair tenverrais en lair
il/elle senverra en lair senverrait en lair
nous nous enverrons en lair nous enverrions en lair
vous vous enverrez en lair vous enverriez en lair
ils/elles senverront en lair senverraient en lair
2016~4 Edition
{AUDIO} Pass compos Plus-que-parfait

Perfect: I (have) humped, etc. Past perfect:
I had humped, etc.
je me suis envoy(e) en lair mtais envoy(e) en lair
tu tes envoy(e) en lair ttais envoy(e) en lair
il/elle sest envoy(e) en lair stait envoy(e) en lair
nous nous sommes envoy(e)s en nous tions envoy(e)s en

lair lair
vous vous tes envoy(e)s en lair vous tiez envoy(e)s en lair
ils/elles se sont envoy(e)s en lair staient envoy(e)s en lair
Futur antrieur Conditionnel pass

Future perfect: Past conditional:
I will have humped, etc. I would have humped, etc.
je me serai envoy(e) en lair me serais envoy(e) en lair
tu te seras envoy(e) en lair te serais envoy(e) en lair
il/elle se sera envoy(e) en lair se serait envoy(e) en lair
nous nous serons envoy(e)s en nous serions envoy(e)s en

lair lair
vous vous serez envoy(e)s en lair vous seriez envoy(e)s en lair
ils/elles se seront envoy(e)s en lair se seraient envoy(e)s en lair

{Second Round} Please check the word cloud and our
last table of 7 x 7 action words. While the first 196
words (see page 100, 186, 265, and 321) represent around
79% of all action words youll see in your life, this fifth set
Learning the words today is optional. However, you should
read them at least once because youll soon need to know
them all.

{AUDIO} The percentages in the table below indicate the

cumulative frequency, including the 7 x 7 words of Levels 1-
4. Group 3 participes pass are shown in blue.
# Infinitif Participe Infinitive Past

pass participle
197 observer observ to observe observed
198 baisser baiss to lower lowered
199 soulever soulev to raise raised
200 arracher arrach to tear torn
201 mler ml to mix mixed
202 habiter habit to reside resided
203 deviner devin to guess guessed
80.3%
2016~4 Edition
204 entourer entour to surround surrounded

205 tendre teint to spread spread
206 viter vit to avoid avoided
207 former form to form formed
208 sparer spar to separate separated
209 ramener ramen to bring brought
210 ignorer ignor to ignore ignored
81.1%
211 craindre craint to be afraid of been afraid of

212 obliger oblig to force forced
213 coller coll to glue glued
214 poursuivre poursuivi to pursue pursued
215 prier pri to pray prayed
216 emmener emmen to take taken
217 songer song to think of thought of
81.8%
218 enfoncer enfonc to sink sunk

219 brler brl to burn burnt
220 lever lev to bring up brought up
221 respirer respir to breathe breathed
222 placer plac to place placed
223 durer dur to last last
224 promettre promis to promise promised
82.5%
225 marquer marqu to mark marked

226 entraner entran to train trained
227 clater clat to burst burst
228 terminer termin to end ended
229 accrocher accroch to hang up hung up
230 dresser dress to tame tamed
231 risquer risqu to risk risked
83.2%

232 sauver sauv to save saved

233 maintenir maintenu to keep kept
234 retirer retir to remove removed
235 adresser adress to address addressed
236 promener promen to take for a taken for a
walk walk
237 tromper tromp to cheat cheated
238 juger jug to judge judged
83.8%
239 avouer avou to confess confessed

240 diriger dirig to guide guided
241 engager engag to commit committed
242 trembler trembl to shiver shivered
243 amener amen to bring brought
244 casser cass to break broken
245 vendre vendu to sell sold
84.4%
5.8 Action Word + Action Word (1)

In English, we chain two actions words together all the time:
I want to drink something. (want + drink)
I love eating that. (love + eat)
I know how to do it. (know + do)
The second verb appears either in the ing form or as an

infinitive attached by the preposition to.
The French system is different. First, the second verb is
ALWAYS in the infinitive form (in the examples above boire,
manger, faire; there is no such thing as an ing form in
French). Second, the first action word links to the second one
in one of three possible ways:
2016~4 Edition
1. without any preposition

2. with the preposition de
3. with the preposition
Third, there is no logic as to why some action words use de,
others , and still others no preposition at all. As a
consequence, youll have to memorize which action word
comes with de, or nothing.
{AUDIO}
1. Nothing
Je veux boire quelque chose. I want to drink something.
Jaime manger cela. I love eating that.
Je sais le faire. I know how to do it.
2. de
Je lui demanderai de venir. Ill ask him to come.
3.
Elle a commenc travailler. Shes begun to work.
5.8.1 No preposition
{AUDIO} The list below shows the 7 most important actions
words which use no preposition.
Formula: [action word] + [action word].

aller to be going to
aimer to like/enjoy
laisser to allow/let (something to be done)
devoir to have to
vouloir to want to
prfrer to prefer to
savoir to know how to
Laisse-moi dormir ! Let me sleep!

Je dois aller Paris. I have to go to Paris.
Je prfre savoir la vrit. I prefer knowing the truth.
Je vais aller faire les courses. Im going to have some
groceries.
5.8.2 de
{AUDIO} The 7 most important action words followed by the
preposition de.
Formula: [action word] + de + [action word].
dcider de to decide to
continuer de () to continue (-ing)
finir de to finish (-ing)
demander ( to ask (someone) to
quelquun) de
dire ( quelquun) de to tell (someone) to
se souvenir de to remember (-ing)
oublier de to forget to
2016~4 Edition
Jai dcid de vendre mon I have decided to sell my

appartement. apartment.
Continue de travailler ! Continue working!
Tu as fini de faire des Have you finished with your
conneries ? bullshit?
Jai oubli de lui envoyer un I forgot to send him/her an
texto. SMS.
5.8.3
{AUDIO} The 7 most important action words followed by the
preposition .
Formula: [action word] + + [action word].
russir to succeed in (-ing)

continuer / (de) to continue to
commencer to begin to
se prparer to prepare oneself to
se dcider to decide
renoncer to give up (-ing)
avoir to have to / be obliged to
Jai russi le convaincre. I succeeded in convincing

him.
Jai commenc tout Ive started preparing
prparer. everything.
Il sest finalment dcid He has finally decided to
tudier srieusement. start studying seriously.
Regarde tout ce que jai Look at everything I have to
faire ! do!

5.9 Particip prsent (2) : Pitfalls

{AUDIO} In English, action words have the present
participle in ing: going, doing, studying. In English, the ing
forms are frequently used, but not in French. As a
consequence, there are numerous cases in which an English
ing form cannot be translated with a French participe
prsent.
1.
When two French action words come together (see above), the
second action word is always an infinitive:
I love eating.
Jaime manger.
2.
The English continuous form of action words (I am working, I
am going) doesnt exist in French. In French, youll simply
use the prsent for the present continuous: je travaille, je
vais. If you want to stress that an action is ongoing now, use
tre en train de:
Je suis en train de lire.
I am reading (now!).
3.
The English present participle can be used as a noun that
indicates an activity: Reading and writing Again, in
French you must use the infinitive:
Lire et crire est un vrai plaisir.
Reading and writing is a true pleasure.
2016~4 Edition
5.10 Sequence of Tenses

{AUDIO} The sequence of tenses in French: la
concordance des temps is tricky terrain. Lets imagine two
different settings:
1. Thomas speaking now about the present, past and
future.
2. Thomas speaking yesterday about the present, past
and future.
Now imagine that both today (here and now) and yesterday,
you hear/heard him say the same three sentences:
I am in Paris (present).
Je suis Paris.
Last year, I was in London (past).
Lanne dernire, jtais Londres.
Next month, Ill be in Berlin (future).
Le mois prochain, je serai Berlin.
Now imagine that someone rings you up on your cellphone
and wants to know what Thomas is/was saying. Your answer
depends on whether Thomas is speaking at this very moment
or if he spoke yesterday:
1. Thomas speaking now

Thomas dit quil est Paris.
Thomas says that he is in Paris.
Thomas dit quil tait Londres lanne dernire.
Thomas says that he was in London last year.
Thomas dit quil sera Berlin le mois prochain.
Thomas says that hell be in Berlin next month.

Lets put these sentences in a table:
Main Dependant Tense of the

Clause: clause dependant clause
Present
quil est (simultaneous) Prsent
Il dit quil tait (before) Imparfait
quil sera (after) Futur
2. Thomas speaking yesterday

Thomas a dit quil tait Paris. (Thomas yesterday
speaking about his present).
Thomas said that he was in Paris.
Thomas a dit quil avait t Londres lanne
dernire. (Thomas yesterday speaking about his
past).
Thomas said that he had been in London last year.
Thomas a dit quil serait Berlin le mois prochain.
(Thomas yesterday speaking about his future).
Thomas said that he would be in Berlin next month.
In a table:
Main Dependant Tense of the

Clause: clause dependant clause
Past
quil tait (simultaneous) Pass compos or Imparfait
quil avait (before) Plus-que-parfait
Il a dit
t
quil serait (after) Conditionnel prsent
This is the skeleton of the rules that govern the sequence of

tenses. When fully developed, the scheme is only slightly
more complicated. Find more in Level 9, page xxx.
2016~4 Edition

{AUDIO}
boire to drink courir to run
I drink, etc. I run, etc.
je bois cours I
tu bois cours you
il/elle boit court he/she
nous buvons courons we
vous buvez courez you
ils/elles boivent courent they
Part. pass bu couru
See page 522 541
recevoir to receive battre to beat

I receive, etc. I beat, etc.
je je reois bats I
tu je reois bats you
il/elle je reoit bat he/she
nous recevons battons we
vous recevez battez you
ils/elles je reoivent battent they
Part. pass reu battu
See page 499 518

valoir to cost, conduire to drive

be worth I drove, etc.
I cost, am worth, etc.
je vaux conduis I
tu vaux conduis you
il/elle vaut conduit he/she
nous valons conduisons we
vous valez conduisez you
ils/elles valent conduisent they
Part. pass valu conduit
See page 535 526
plaire to please se taire to keep

I please somebody, etc. quiet
I keep quiet, etc.
je plais me tais I
tu plais te tais you
il/elle plat se tait he/she
nous plaisons nous taisons we
vous plaisez vous taisez you
ils/elles plaisent se taisent they
Part. pass plu tu(e)(s)
See page 541 512
craindre to be peindre to paint

scared of I paint, etc.
I am scared of, etc.
je crains peins I
tu crains peins you
il/elle craint peint he/she
nous craignons peignons we
vous craignez peignez you
ils/elles craignent peignent they
Part. pass craint peint
See page 535 xxx
2016~4 Edition
II. Grammar
5.12 Ifthen
{AUDIO} Sometimes, your life is subject to conditions,
something might happen or might not happen. To express
these situations, youll use so-called if-then clauses, or
conditional sentences. Conditional sentences are sentences
where 1) one clause states a condition or possibility, while 2)
the second clause gives the result (which, of course, is
dependent upon the preceding condition).
There are different if-then clauses with different degrees of
probability: likely, unlikely, and impossible.
1. Likely
For likely results, the action word of the if-clause uses the
prsent, whereas the action word of the main clause can be in
the prsent, futur, or the impratif.
If clause Main clause (result) Tense

Si tu veux, je te prpare un th. Prsent
If you want, Ill make you a cup of tea.
Si tu viens, nous irons au cinma. Futur
If you come, well go to the movies.
Si tu es en appelle-moi sur mon Impratif
retard, portable.
If you are late, call me on my cellphone.
2. Unlikely
For unlikely results, the action word of the if-clause uses the
imparfait, whereas the action word of the main clause uses
the conditionnel prsent.


Si tu venais nous pourrions aller au Conditionnel
avant 8 heures, cinma. prsent
If you came we could go to the movies.
before 8 oclock,
3. Impossible
For impossible results, the action word of the if-clause uses
the plus-que-parfait and the action word of the main clause
the conditionnel pass.

Si tu tais nous aurions pu aller au Conditionnel pass
venu(e) avant 8 cinma.
heures,
If you had come we could have gone to the
before 8 oclock, movies.
5.13 Double Pronouns

5.13.1 Give it to me
{AUDIO} Youll often use two pronouns with an action
word, for example in sentences like He gives it to me. The
French translations of this sentence Il me le donne or Il
me la donne are governed by three rules which make it
fairly different from English:
2016~4 Edition
1. Pronouns go before the action word

2. The indirect object pronoun (English: to me, French:
me) goes before the direct object pronoun (English:
it, French: le).
3. Depending on the gender, it must be translated with
le or la.
Indirect Direct
object pronoun object pronoun
me
te le
se* la
nous les
vous
* To be precise, se is a reflexive pronoun.
Thats the way it is as long as the indirect object pronoun is

me, te, se, nous, vous. Things flip around when you give
something to him or her (French: lui for both sexes) or them
(leur). Now the indirect object pronoun (lui vs. to him/to
her) goes behind the direct object pronoun: Il le lui donne.
He gives it to him/her.
Direct Indirect
le lui
la
les leur

To put it simply: If lui or leur is in the game, they come

second. Otherwise, le, la or les come second. The two tables
combined:
Indirect Direct
me
te le
se* la
nous les
vous
Direct Indirect
le lui
la
les leur
* To be precise, se is a reflexive pronoun.
Tu me le feras ? Will you do it to me?

Il me la fait. He did it to me.
Tu le lui as fait ? Did you do it to him?
Ils le leur ont dit. They told them so.
5.13.2 y
{AUDIO} If one of the pronouns is y or en, youll put them at
the end. Remember: y replaces a place or a thing, but never a
person (page 331). Often, it can be translated with there. With
y, the first pronoun is always a direct pronoun.
2016~4 Edition
Direct object pronoun Adverbial pronoun

m
t
l (from le or la)
y
nous
vous
les
Most often youll see double pronouns including y in

combination with the following action words:
emmener to take, drive, carry
retrouver to find, meet again
conduire to drive
laisser to leave
accompagner to accompany
voir to see
abandonner to abandon
inviter to invite
faire penser to remind
obliger to force, oblige
autoriser to authorize
contraindre to force, pressure
(someone into doing
something)
Tu nous y Will you take us there?

emmneras ?
Jaimerais ty retrouver. I would like to meet you there again.
Tu my feras penser ? Will you remind me (about it)?
Je les y I will accompany them there.
accompagnerai.
Je ne ty obligerai pas. I wont force you (to do it).

5.13.3 en
{AUDIO} With en, the first pronoun is always an indirect
pronoun. Most often youll see double pronouns with en in
combination with donner to give, parler to speak, talk, and
demander to ask.
Indirect object pronoun Adverbial pronoun
m
t
lui
en
nous
vous
leur
Il ten parlera. Hell tell you about it.

Tu men donneras ? Will you give me (some)?
Tu men demandes trop. You ask too much (of me).
The same construction is used for many colloquial

expressions:
Tu men veux ? Are you angry with me?
Il nous en a mis plein la vue. He really impressed us.
Je ten ai bouch un coin, I took the wind out of your sails,
hein ? didnt I?
Tu men diras des nouvelles ! Youll love it!
5.14 Pronouns and Impratif

{AUDIO} If affirmative commands such as donne! give!
mange! eat! come with pronouns, you need to place them
after the action word, attached by hyphens. If you have two
pronouns, put the direct pronouns first:
2016~4 Edition
Passe-moi le beurre Pass me the butter

Passe-le-moi, sil te plat. Pass it to me, please.
Raconte-lui lhistoire. Tell him/her the story.
Raconte-la-lui. Tell it to him/her.
Direct Indirect
moi
toi
le lui
la
les nous
vous
leur
Using affirmative commands with y and en is theoretically

possible, but is a slippery terrain where even French fail. You
may well hear one day a bloodcurdling Donne-moi-s-en !
Give me some (of that)! an extreme faux pas because the s-
liaison is altogether verboten in this context. Please never say
moi-s-en!
To stay clear of such unsafe ground, simply avoid affirmative
commands with y and en. Instead, use negative questions: Tu
men donnes? Will you give me some (of that)?
In negative commands the word order follows the rules
outlined in the preceding section (Double Pronouns, page
393): no inversion, no hyphens and lui and leur always in the
second position.
Ne me fais plus jamais cela. Dont ever do that to me again.
Ne me le dis pas. Je ne veux rien Dont say it to me. I dont want to
entendre. hear anything.
Ne lui raconte pas cette histoire. Dont tell him/her this story.
Ne la lui raconte pas. Dont tell it to him/her.
Ne my fais pas penser ! Dont make me think of it!

5.15 dont
{AUDIO} Remember qui & que from Level 1 (page 137):
Relative pronouns link a relative clause to a main clause.
While qui functions as the subject of the relative clause:
Main clause Relative clause
Relative pronoun
Jadmire la femme qui a dcouvert la radioactivit.
I admire the woman who discovered radioactivity.
qui is the subject of the relative clause.
que functions as the direct object of the relative clause:

Main clause Relative clause
Relative pronoun
Je connais lhomme que ta sur a pous.
I know the man (whom) your sister married.
que is the direct object of the relative

clause; the subject is ta sur.
French has three other relative pronouns: dont, lequel (see

page 447), and o. Of these, dont [d] is the most improbable
and nasty one. Lets try and unveil the dont secret step by
step.
5.15.1 Action word + de + noun

Look at the following variations:
1. Original sentences
Il ma parl dune femme. Elle est plutt curieuse.
He told me about a woman. She is rather strange.
Both sentences are correct and perfectly autonomous, and
thats how French would describe similar situations.
2016~4 Edition
If you prefer a slightly more elegant form, you might wish to

fuse both sentences into a single sentence, now with a main
clause and a relative clause:
2. New sentence
La femme dont il ma parl est plutt curieuse.
The woman he told me about is rather strange.
For this construction to come to life, there is one condition:
one of the original sentences must have an object attached by
the preposition de to an action word or an adjective (see
dune femme). In other words: no dont without a previous
de.
The elegant transformation formula is
[de + x] [x + dont]
where x is the 1) object in one of the original sentences and
2) the subject in the new sentence. The English translation of
dont is usually whom/of which/about whom, but in some
cases, it isnt translated at all.
Again:
Jai rv dune chatte. Elle doit tre celle de ma voisine.
I dreamed of a female cat. It must be that of my neighbor.
[de + x] [x + dont]
La chatte dont jai rv doit tre celle de ma voisine.
The female cat I dreamed of must be that of my neighbor.

Some action words and expressions using de to attach nouns:

rire de to laugh at
souffrir de to suffer
se servir de to use
avoir peur de to fear
avoir besoin de to need
parler de to speak of, tell about
rver de to dream of
La femme dont je rve The woman I am dreaming of

La maladie dont il souffre The illness he is suffering from
La femme dont il a peur The woman he is scared of
Lhomme dont elle a besoin The man she needs
Note that these action words use the preposition de to attach

the following nouns: rver de, parler de, avoir peur de.
Fortunately, most action words dont use the preposition de,
for example, raconter to tell, vouloir to want, faire to do,
dire to say, etc. In these cases youll use the standard relative
pronoun que which is translated with that, which or not at all.
Il a racont une histoire. Elle est plutt curieuse.
He told a story. It is rather strange.
[{nothing} + x] [x + que]
Lhistoire quil a raconte est plutt curieuse.
The story he told is rather strange.
Youll need some time to become comfortable with dont.
5.15.2 Adjectif + de + noun

Some adjectives, too, use the preposition de to attach to
nouns:
tre satisfait de to be satisfied with
tre content de to be happy with
2016~4 Edition
tre responsable de to be responsible for

tre sr de to be sure of
tre certain de to be certain of
tre fou/folle de to be crazy about
tre fier/fire de to be proud of
tre capable de to be capable of
Je suis satisfait de ce travail.

Im satisfied with my work.
[de + x] [x + dont]
Cest un travail dont je suis satisfait.
Thats work Im satisfied with.
Je suis fou de cette femme.

I'm crazy about this woman.
[de + x] [x + dont]
Cest une femme dont je suis fou.
Shes a woman Im crazy about.
Please find more about dont in Level 10.
5.16 Adjectives (5)

{AUDIO} {Second Round}
5.16.1 -eux
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular heureux heureuse
Number
Plural heureux heureuses


ending ending
-eux -euse heureux heureuse happy

silencieux silencieuse silent
curieux curieuse curious
srieux srieuse serious
nombreux nombreuse numerous
malheureux malheureuse unhappy
amoureux amoureuse in love
mystrieux mystrieuse mysterious,
impenetrable
fameux fameuse famous
dangereux dangereuse dangerous
joyeux joyeuse joyful, happy
furieux furieuse furious
merveilleux merveilleuse marvellous,
wonderful
lumineux lumineuse bright, light
affreux affreuse awful, terrible
prcieux prcieuse precious
douloureux douloureuse painful
nerveux nerveuse nervous
dlicieux dlicieuse delicious
5.16.2 -eur
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular rveur rveuse
Number
Plural rveurs rveuses
2016~4 Edition

ending ending
-eur -euse rveur rveuse dreamy

porteur porteuse supporting (wall)
trompeur trompeuse deceptive
moqueur moqueuse teasing, mocking
flatteur flatteuse flattering
menteur menteuse lying
5.17 Jokers
5.17.1 The next 21
{AUDIO}
85 ailleurs elsewhere adv
86 nulle part nowhere adv
87 longtemps a long time adv
88 dehors outside adv
89 dedans inside adv
90 pourquoi why adv
91 parce que because adv
92 ensemble together adv

93 plus que more than conj
94 moins que less than conj
95 comment how adv
96 presque almost adv
97 d'ailleurs by the way adv
98 souvent often adv
99 parfois sometimes adv

100 ensuite then, afterwards adv
101 vite fast, quickly adv
102 lentement slowly adv
103 hier yesterday adv
104 aujourd'hui today adv
105 demain tomorrow adv

5.17.2 Adverbs (5)

{AUDIO} This is the last set of irregular adverbs!
1. A few adjectives, those ending in , i and u, add ment
directly to the masculine form:
passionn passionnment passionately
spontan spontanment spontaneously
vrai vraiment really
poli poliment politely
absolu absolument absolutely
2. Other forms are irregular:

bon good bien well
mauvais bad mal badly
meilleur better mieux better
rapide fast vite quickly
bref brief brivement briefly
gentil kind gentiment kindly, gently
3. Some adverbs simply take the singular masculine form of

the adjective:
sentir bon to smell nice,
travailler dur to work hard
coter cher to cost a lot
parler bas to talk quietly
5.17.3 Prepositions
{AUDIO} See the following prepositions of space, ordered by
frequency of use.
2016~4 Edition
Paris in Paris
dans dans la maison in the house
en en Italie in Italy
chez chez mon ami(e) at my friends place
devant devant Notre-Dame in front of Notre Dame
derrire derrire la Tour Eiffel behind the Eiffel Tower
vers vers le bonheur towards happiness
sur sur le lit on the bed
sous sous le lit under the bed
par par la Rue Rivoli by Rivoli Street
prs prs du Louvre close to the Louvre
contre contre le mur against the wall
ct ct de lOpra next to the Opra
droite de droite du Sacr-Cur to the right of Sacr-Cur
gauche de gauche de lHtel de to the left of City Hall
Ville
au-dessus au-dessus du bar above the bar
au-dessous au-dessous des cartes beneath the cards
en face en face de Beaubourg opposite Beaubourg
travers travers la Seine across the Seine
hors hors des murs outside the walls
au-del au-del des Champs- beyond the Champs
lyses lyses

5.18.1 Emphasis
{AUDIO} To summarize a lengthy argument, you can make
clear-cut statements such as
I am right and you are wrong!
To emphasize I and you, all you need to do is lengthen the
vowels and slightly raise your voice.
In French, lengthening vowels and and raising voices doesnt
work for personal pronouns such as je and tu. Instead, you
need a combination of a stressed pronoun (moi, toi, lui/elle,

etc; see page 284) plus the standard subject pronouns (je, tu,
il/elle, etc):
Moi, jai raison et toi, tu as tort.
The complete picture:
Stressed
moi, je I
toi, tu you
lui, il he
elle, elle she
nous, nous we
vous, vous you
eux, ils they (m.)
elles, elles they (f.)
Nous, nous avons raison et We are right, and you are wrong!
vous, vous avez tort.
Elle, elle a toujours raison et She is always right and he is
lui, il a toujours tort. always wrong.
You can place the stressed pronouns moi, toi, lui/elle, etc.
also at the end of the sentence, separated by a comma:
Je nen veux pas, moi ! I dont want it.
=
Moi, je nen veux pas !
You can also create emphasis using the construction c'est...

qui/que (singular) and ce sont qui/que (plural). Use qui
when it refers to the subject and que when it refers to the
object.
Cest Arnaud qui est arriv le Arnaud arrived first (and not
premier. someone else).
Cest le prsident que jai I called the president (and not
appel. his assistant).
Ce sont mes filles qui ont My daughters are right (and not
raison. yours).
Ce sont Luc et Eric que tu vois You are seeing Luc and Eric
l-bas. over there (and not Cristiano and
2016~4 Edition
Fabrice).
Finally, you can emphasize a word by putting it at the

beginning or the end of a sentence, separated by a comma:
Colin, il na rien fait. Colin didnt do anything.
=
Il na rien fait, Colin.
a, a ne va pas ! Thats not right!

= or
a ne va pas, a ! It doesnt work!
5.18.2 Ordinal Numbers (1)

{Second Round} {AUDIO} Youll use so-called
ordinal numbers to order things and express position
or rank: the first, the second, the third, etc. Youll create an
ordinal number by dropping the final e (if there is any) from
the corresponding cardinal number and add ime, both for
masculine and feminine words.
There is one exception: first is translated by premier for
masculine words and premire for feminine words.
Deuxime (2nd) has also the alternative of second (masc) /
seconde (fem).
Note the irregular cinquime (cinq) and neuvime (neuf).
1er premier 1st first

1re premire
2e deuxime 2nd second
3e troisime 3rd third
4e quatrime 4th fourth
5e cinquime 5th fifth
6e sixime 6th sixth
7e septime 7th seventh
8e huitime 8th eighth
9e neuvime 9th ninth
10e dixime 10th tenth

11e onzime 11th eleventh

12e douzime 12th twelfth
13e treizime 13th thirteenth
14e quatorzime 14th fourteenth
15e quinzime 15th fifteenth
16e seizime 16th sixteenth
17e dix-septime 17th seventeenth
18e dix-huitime 18th eighteenth
19e dix-neuvime 19th nineteenth
20e vingtime 20th twentieth
21e vingt et unime 21st twenty-first

25e vingt-cinquime 25th twenty-fifth
29e vingt-neuvime 29th twenty-ninth
30e trentime 30th thirtieth

e
40 quarantime 40th fourtieth
e
50 cinquantime 50th fiftieth
e
60 soixantime 60th sixtieth
e
70 soixante-dixime 70th seventieth
e
80 quatre-vingtime 80th eightieth
e
90 quatre-vingt-dixime 90th ninetieth
e
100 centime 100th hundredth
Please also note that the definite articles le and la remain

unchanged (i.e., do not contract) before huit, huitime, onze,
or onzime:
th
le huit janvier January 8
th
la onzime place the 11 position
2016~4 Edition

the letters B, K and Q:
Pronounce the final B Dont pronounce the final B

B le snob snob le plomb lead (metal)
le club club un aplomb self-confidence
le toubib physician
(fam.)
le pub pub
le job job
le baobab baobab
Pronounce the final K

K le stock stock
le bifteck steak
le tank tank
le punk punk
le dock dock
le souk souk
le drink drink
Pronounce the final Q

Q cinq five
le coq cockerel
le Nasdaq Nasdaq

{AUDIO} Time for your next newspaper article about the
relationship between drought in India and Indian politicians.

Inde : un quart de la population India: a quarter of the

population is affected
est touch par une grave
by severe drought | The
scheresse | Les faibles low rainfall of the past
prcipitations de ces deux dernires two years is involved in
annes sont en cause dans cette this drought, but not
only. India pays for the
scheresse, mais pas seulement.
choice of an agricultural
LInde paie le choix dune politique policy based on the rise
agricole centre sur la hausse des in yields at the expense
rendements au dtriment de la of the protection of its
natural resources. This is
protection de ses ressources
the case of cotton
naturelles. Cest le cas de la culture agriculture, high water-
du coton, forte consommatrice en consuming, in Gujarat, a
eau, dans le Gujarat, un Etat pourtant very dry state, or that of
sugarcane in
trs sec, ou encore de celle de la
Maharashtra. The latter
canne sucre dans le Maharashtra. is grown on 4% of
Cette dernire est cultive sur 4 % agricultural land of the
des surfaces agricoles de lEtat et State and absorbs 75%
of its water consumption.
absorbe 75 % de sa consommation en
If Maharashtra is
eau. Si le Maharashtra est rticent reluctant to promote
promouvoir dautres cultures, cest other crops, its because
que la plupart des coopratives most of the sugar
cooperatives are owned
sucrires appartiennent des
by politicians.
hommes politiques.
Le Monde 2016. Find the entire article at

http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2016/04/22/inde-un-quart-de-la-
population-est-touche-par-une-grave-secheresse_4906970_3244.html
Accessed 12 July 2016.

1.
{AUDIO} Do you remember
2016~4 Edition
je agis tu agis il/elle agit

nous agissons vous agissez ils/elles agissent
I, you act, he or she acts | we act, you act, they act
jagissais tu agissais il/elle agissait

nous agissions vous agissiez ils/elles agissaient
I, you, he or she acted | we, you, they acted
I, you, he or she used to act | we, you, they used to act
jagirai tu agiras il/elle agira

nous agirons vous agirez ils/elles agiront
I, you, he or she will act | we, you, they will act
jagirais tu agirais il/elle agirait

nous agirions vous agiriez ils/elles agiraient
I, you, he or she would act | we, you, they would act
2.
{AUDIO} Do you remember the 12 most frequent action
words of Group 2 following the same scheme:
finir to finish, end
russir to succeed
rflchir to reflect, think
remplir to fill
franchir to cross, pass
nourrir to feed
tablir to set up, create
envahir to invade
runir to join, gather
fournir to supply, provide
emplir to fill
grandir to grow, get taller

3.
Can you say je me caresse in all imaginable variations?
4.
Have you memorized the present tense of boire to drink,
courir to run, recevoir to receive, battre to beat, conduire to
drive, etc.?
5.
Do you remember
aimer to like/enjoy
laisser to allow/let (something to be done)
aller to be going to
devoir to have to
vouloir to want to
prfrer to prefer to
savoir to know how to
6.
Do you remember the sequence of tenses and Thomas being in
Paris, London and Berlin?
Thomas a dit quil tait Paris.
Thomas said that he was in Paris.
Thomas a dit quil avait t Londres lanne
dernire.
Thomas said that he had been in London last year.
Thomas a dit quil irait Berlin le mois prochain.
Thomas said that he would go to Berlin next month.
2016~4 Edition
7.
Do you remember the double pronouns?
Tu me le feras ? Will you do it to me?
Il me la fait. He did it to me.
Tu le lui as fait ? Did you do it to him?
Ils le leur ont dit. They told them so.
Well, then you have been promoted to Level 6!

Outlook
Level 6 is common administration almost. After the usual
assortment of action words (vouloir to want, prendre to
take, comprendre to understand, apprendre to learn,
surprendre to surprise) youll suddenly realize that past
participles in composed tenses with avoir, too, may have
variable endings and that they obey, in a few specific
situations, the ES rule. Do you remember all(e)s and
venu(e)(s)? Well, youll soon see embrass(e)s kissed,
dshabill(e)s undressed and caress(e)s caressed.
The second part of Level 6 is heterogeneous. Youll
discover the multifaceted tout (all, everything, every,
whole) and learn how to say its mine and its yours. Youll
also combat the tedious and tasteless lequel laquelle |
lesquels lesquelles (interrogative and relative pronouns),
the boring celui celle | ceux celles (demonstrative
pronouns) and the ever irritating comparisons and
superlatives. We have no power to protect you from these
10 pages of taedium vitae but ask you to keep your head up
Level 6 will be your last grammar rubbish heap . In
Level 7, on the seventh day, you wont do grammar at all
and from Level 8 onward, our grammar study will evolve
into a gentlemanly conversation. Lets go for it!
2016~4 Edition

Tourism | 417
6 Tourism
Copyright 2016 N. Allan Barcelona
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level06} Le Would tourism be a

cancer, infiltrating and
tourisme serait-il un cancer,
metastasizing, destroying
infiltrant et mtastas, dtruisant everything it touches and,
tout ce quil touche, et ce avec une what is more, with a
prdilection pour le pittoresque et predilection for the
picturesque and the
lexceptionnel ?
unique?
Vous connaissiez autrefois un joli Did you once know a nice
beachfront? Concreted! A
bord de plage ? Btonne ! Un
charming historic district?
quartier historique charmant ? Mutated into an open-air
Mut en hypermarch lair libre ! hypermarket! A typical
Un restaurant typique connu depuis restaurant known for
generations? Turned into a
des gnrations ? Transform en
fast food chain. Would
fast food. Y aurait-il au monde there still beautiful places
encore de beaux endroits pargns be in the world, untouched
par le cancer du tourisme ? Rien by the tourism cancer?
Nothing is less sure. The
nest moins sr. [Ce nest pas sr
charm of countries and
du tout.] Le charme des pays et des landscapes is becoming
paysages est en voie dextinction extinct - such as tigers,
comme les tigres, les orangs- orangutans and polar
bears.
outans et les ours polaires.
Une des 10 plaies de lgypte, One of the 10 plagues of
Egypt were the locusts, for
ctaient les sauterelles : Elles
"they covered the surface
recouvrirent la surface de toute la of the whole land, so that
terre et la terre fut dans l'obscurit ; the land was darkened;
elles dvorrent toutes les plantes and they ate every plant of
the land and all the fruit of
de la terre et tous les fruits des
the trees."
arbres. (Exode 10).
Aujourdhui, les sauterelles, cest Today, locusts, that's us!
Within hours, we are
nous ! En quelques heures, nous
elsewhere - be it by plane,
sommes ailleurs que ce soit en by car or cruise ships - and
avion, en voiture ou en bateau de perhaps we even
croisire et nous dbarquons disembark at your home, in
mass, upsetting your daily
peut-tre mme chez vous, en
life. No one protests?

Tourism | 419
masse, bouleversant votre vie Inevitably, because the

whole world wants to live
quotidienne. Personne ne proteste ?
from tourism! Just as some
Forcment, puisque le monde doctors live from cancer,
entier veut vivre du tourisme ! De some countries are living
mme que certains mdecins vivent from tourists. With more
than 80 million per year,
du cancer, certains pays vivent des
France takes the cake!
touristes. Avec ses plus de 80
millions par an, la France le
pompon !
Les prix des fruits et lgumes Prices of fruit and
vegetables are rising? So
grimpent ? Tant pis pour les
much for the locals!
habitants du lieu ! Des gratte-ciel Skyscrapers overlooking
avec vue sur la plage ? Vive the beach? Long live the
l'urbanisation de notre plante ! On urbanization of our planet!
We offer girls for
offre des jeunes filles la
prostitution? Unfortunate
prostitution ? Fcheux dommage collateral damage, but men
collatral, mais les hommes veulent want to fuck cheaply.
baiser moindre frais.
Vive la globalisation ? Partout la Long live globalization?
Everywhere the same junk
mme malbouffe hamburgers,
food - burgers, kebabs and
kebabs et crpes , les mmes crepes - the same clothes
fringues et bibelots, la mme and trinkets, the same
musique ? Cest vomir dennui. music? So boring, you
want to shoot yourself in
Cela vous arrive-t-il parfois den
the face. Does it
avoir marre de la globalisation ? sometimes happen to you,
Davoir une terrible envie de being fed up with
lire des romans daventure et de globalization? To have a
terrible urge to read
vous replonger dans un monde o il
adventure novels and
fallait prendre des risques et plunge into a world where
souffrir pour franchir les longues you had to take risks and
distances (sans rservation sur suffer to cross long
distances (without internet
internet), sans avoir la certitude
booking), without the
quune fois arriv, on trouverait un certainty that once arrived
lit pour la nuit ? Existe-t-il encore one would find a bed for
2016~4 Edition
en ce monde des lieux non the night? Are there still

globalized places in this
globaliss (non amricaniss) ? En
world that are not
ce cas, gardons-nous bien den Americanized? In this
parler ! case, we must not speak
of it.
Words
{AUDIO}
le tourisme tourism depuis des for generations
le cancer cancer gnrations
infiltrant infiltrating y aurait-il would there be
mtastas metastasizing
dtruire to destroy un endroit place
tout ce que everything de beaux beautiful places
toucher to touch endroits
pargn here: untouched
avec with rien nest moins nothing is less
sr sure
la prdilection predilection
le charme charm
le pittoresque the picturesque
le pays country
lexceptionnel the unique
le paysage landscape
autrefois once
joli nice
lextinction f. extinction
le bord de plage beachfront
tre en voie to become
dextinction extinct
la plage beach
le tigre tiger
btonner to concrete
un orang-outan orangutan
le quartier district
lours m. bear
historique historic
polaire polar
charmant charming
la plaie plague
muter to mutate
lgypte f. Egypt
hypermarch m. hypermarket
la sauterelle locust,
lair libre open-air grasshopper
le restaurant restaurant recouvrir to cover
typique typical la surface surface
connu known lobscurit f. obscurity

Tourism | 421
dvorer to devour, to eat le gratte-ciel skyscraper

up avec vue sur overlooking
la plante plant une urbanisation
urbanisation
un arbre tree la jeune fille young girl
aujourdhui today la prostitution prostitution
en quelques within hours
heures fcheux unpleasant,
ailleurs elsewhere unfortunate
que ce soit be it le dommage damage
un avion plane collatral collateral
la voiture car baiser to fuck
les frais m. costs
le bateau ship moindre frais cheaply
la croisire cruise le kebab kebab
dbarquer to disembark
peut-tre maybe la crpe crepe
mme even les fringues f. clothes
chez vous at your home un bibelot trinket
en masse in mass vomir to throw up, to
vomit
bouleverser to upset lennui m. boredom
quotidien daily en avoir marre to be fed up
personne no one, nobody la globalisation globalisation
protester to protest
forcment inevitably terrible terrible
puisque because, since une envie longing, desire
vouloir to want lire to read
le roman novel
de mme que just as une aventure adventure
certains certain se replonger to plunge again
par an per year il fallait you had to
le pompon here: jackpot
le prix price prendre to take
grimper to rise le risque risk
tant pis pour so much for souffrir to suffer
long, longue long
un habitant inhabitant, local la distance distance
le lieu place sans without
2016~4 Edition
la rservation reservation un lieu place
franchir to cross amricanis Americanised

la certitude certainty en ce cas in this case
une fois arriv once arrived se garder de to hold back
trouver to find from
le lit bed parler to speak
la nuit night
Word cloud 6.1 Tourisme

Tourism | 423
6.1 Power Listening

understanding.
corner of your life. You can do it in less than two months! No
need to hesitate!
2016~4 Edition
6.2 Preview
memorize all the words (100%) and then go straight on to
Nobel for Snowden, page 465.
For a more intimate experience of French, please do the whole
chapter. The highlights are
variable past participles
tout all, everything, every, whole
le mien, le tien, etc. mine, yours, etc.
comparisons and superlatives
As always, make full use of the audio files and listen to them
until you can distinguish and understand every single word.

Tourism | 425
I. Action Words
6.3 Vouloir to want
{AUDIO}
Infinitif vouloir
Participe pass voulu
Participe prsent voulant
Impratif veuille | voulons | vueillez

je veux voulais voulus
tu veux voulais voulus
il/elle veut voulait voulut
nous voulons voulions voulmes
vous voulez vouliez voultes
ils/elles veulent voulaient voulurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je voudrai voudrais
tu voudras voudrais
il/elle voudra voudrait
nous voudrons voudrions
vous voudrez voudriez
ils/elles voudront voudraient
prsent imparfait
(irregular)
que je veuille voulusse
que tu veuilles voulusses
quil/elle veuille voult
que nous voulions voulussions
que vous vouliez voulussiez
quils/ veuillent voulussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
6.4 Group 3: Prendre

Remember the overview of Group 3 action words we
presented in Level 5 (page 362). Now Look at Type 3, words
ending on dre:
. Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

je s e ds x
tu s es ds x
il/elle t e d t
vous ez ez ez ez
{AUDIO} The most important action words of Type 3 are

prendre to take and its derivatives:
comprendre to understand
apprendre to learn
surprendre to surprise
entreprendre to start doing something
reprendre to take back

Tourism | 427
Word cloud 6.2 Prendre, comprendre, apprendre, etc.
{AUDIO}
Infinitif prendre to take
Participe pass pris
Participe prsent prenant
Impratif prends | prenons | prenez

je prends prenais pris
tu prends prenais pris
il/elle prend prenait prit
nous prenons prenions prmes
vous prenez preniez prtes
ils/elles prennent prenaient prirent
2016~4 Edition
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je prendrai prendrais
tu prendras prendrais
il/elle prendra prendrait
nous prendrons prendrions
vous prendrez prendriez
ils/elles prendront prendraient
prsent imparfait
que je prenne prisse
que tu prennes prisses
quil/elle prenne prt
que nous prenions prissions
que vous preniez prissiez
quils/ prennent prissent
quelles
Youll need to remember:

The endings of the present singular: ds, ds, d.
The past participle ending in is : prendre pris,
comprendre compris, apprendre appris,
surprendre surpris.
The present 1st person plural prenons that we use as
the template for the imparfait (prenons stem :
pren prenais, prenais, prenait | prenions,
preniez, prenaient)

Tourism | 429
The present 3rd person plural prennent that we use as

the template for 1) the three singular forms and 2) the
3rd person plural of the subjonctif prsent (prennent
stem : prenn que je prenne que tu prennes
quil/elle prenne |
quils/elles prennent
The future root prendr which gives you the
complete futur and conditionnel prsent.
6.5 Subjonctif (4)

{AUDIO} Lets continue with expresions of doubt and
uncertainty.
douter que to doubt that

Il est douteux que it is doubtful, uncertain that
Il est possible que it is possible that
Il est impossible que it is impossible that
Il est improbable que it is improbable that
Il est peu probable que it is unlikely that
Je doute que nous I doubt that well be able to leave

puissions partir demain. tomorrow.
Il est peu probable quelle Its unlikely that shell come.
vienne.
Il est peu probable quil Its unlikely that hell be
russisse dans son travail. successful in his job.
2016~4 Edition

{AUDIO}
il faut to have to
esprer to hope to
penser to think
pouvoir to be able to
aimer mieux to rather
adorer to love
sembler to seem to be
Il faut venir tout de suite. You have to come immediately.

Elle peut faire mieux. She can do better.
Jadore lui faire des choses. I love doing things to him/her.
Jespre pouvoir le faire la I hope to be able to do it next
semaine prochaine. week.
Il pense recevoir bientt une He hopes that hell soon receive
rponse. an answer.
6.6.2 de
{AUDIO}
avoir besoin de to need to
avoir envie de to feel like (-ing)
avoir lintention de to intend to
avoir raison de to be right to
avoir tort de to be wrong to
avoir lair de to seem to be (-ing)
avoir peur de to be afraid of (-ing)

Tourism | 431
Jai envie de venir tout de suite. I want to come now.

Tu as tort dattendre. You are wrong to wait.
Il a lair dtre fatigu. He seems to be tired.
Elle a raison de se mfier. She has reason to be
suspicious.
6.6.3
{AUDIO}
penser to think of (-ing)
se mettre to start (-ing)
tenir to insist on (-ing)
hsiter to hesitate to
sattendre to expect
samuser to have fun (-ing)
chercher to attempt to
Il hsite tappeler. He hesitates to call you.

Elle sest mise boire. She started drinking.
Tu tamuses le faire Are you having fun making him wait?
attendre ?
Nous cherchons faire de We are trying to do our best.
notre mieux.

{AUDIO} If you studied French when you were young,
please learn the present tense of the following 10 action
words.
If this is your first approach to French, you may skip the list.
All action words will be presented later in detail.
2016~4 Edition
fuir to flee conclure to

I flee, etc. conclude
I conclude, etc.
je fuis conclus I
tu fuis conclus you
il/elle fuit conclut he/she
nous fuyons concluons we
vous fuyez concluez you
ils/elles fuient concluent they
Part. pass fui conclu
pleuvoir to rain joindre to attach

I attach, etc.
je joins I
tu joins you
il/elle il pleut joint he/she
nous joignons we
vous joignez you
ils/elles joignent they
Part. pass plu joint
acqurir to buy vaincre to defeat

I buy, etc. I defeat, etc.
je acquiers vaincs I
tu acquiers vaincs you
il/elle acquiert vainc he/she
nous acqurons vainquons we
vous acqurez vainquez you
ils/elles acquirent vainquent they
Part. pass acquis vaincu

Tourism | 433
cuire to cook crotre to grow

I cook, etc. I grow, etc.
je cuis cros I
tu cuis cros you
il/elle cuit crot he/she
nous cuisons croissons we
vous cuisez croissez you
ils/elles cuisent croissent they
Part. pass cuit cr
coudre to sew
I sew, etc.
je couds I
tu couds you
il/elle coud he/she
nous cousons we
vous cousez you
ils/elles cousent they
Part. pass cousu
6.8 Past Participle

{AUDIO} We said that almost all French action words form
the composed tenses with avoir + participe pass and that
only a few use the auxiliary tre. We also said that action
words which use tre to form the composed tenses, change
the ending of the participe pass according to our ES rule: if
the corresponding noun is feminine, the participe pass adds
an e; and all plural forms add an s.
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular all alle
Number
Plural alls alles
2016~4 Edition
tre + participe pass

Perfect: Past perfect:
I have gone (+ I went) I had gone
je/j suis all(e) tais all(e)
tu es all(e) tais all(e)
il/elle est all(e) tait all(e)
nous sommes all(e)s tions all(e)s
vous tes all(e)s tiez all(e)s
ils/elles sont all(e)s taient all(e)s
We also said that action words that use avoir to form the
composed tenses, generally dont change the endings of the
participe pass, as you can see in the following case of voir to
see:
avoir + participe pass
Perfect: Past perfect :
I have seen (+ I saw) I had seen
j ai vu avais vu
tu as vu avais vu
il/elle a vu avait vu
nous avons vu avions vu
vous avez vu aviez vu
ils/elles ont vu avaient vu
Lets now see the exceptions to the rule.

Tourism | 435
6.8.1 Past participles as adjectives

{AUDIO} When used as an adjective, a past participle agrees
in number and gender with the noun it specifies:
un homme abandonn an abandoned man
une femme abandonne an abandoned woman
deux hommes abandonns two abandoned men

deux femmes abandonnes two abandoned women
6.8.2 Direct object pronouns

{AUDIO} Now imagine that you want to communicate to
your friends that you have kissed, undressed and caressed
her. In oral French communication, you would say je lai
[base, dezabije, kase] and if everybody knows who
you are talking about, thats fine. Note, however, that the
meaning of these spoken sentences is ambiguous because you
would use exactly the same sound to say that you kissed,
undressed and caressed a man or a woman. French writing is
more precise, both in the singular and in the plural. Look how
elegant it is:
Kissed, undressed and caressed one or more men?
1 : je lai embrass, je lai dshabill, je lai caress
2- : je les ai embrasss, je les ai dshabills, je les ai
caresss
Kissed, undressed and caressed one or more women?
1 : je lai embrasse, je lai dshabille, je lai caresse
2- : je les ai embrasses, je les ai dshabilles, je les ai
caresses
You see that whenever a direct object pronoun (here: l [short

form for le and la] or les) comes before the auxiliary avoir,
the following participe pass must agree in number and
gender with the pronoun.
2016~4 Edition
Subject Direct object Auxiliary avoir Past participle

pronoun pronoun
je l ai embrass(e)
dshabill(e)
caress(e)
je les ai embrass(e)s
dshabill(e)s
caress(e)s
In the following table, youll find three composed tenses built

with avoir + participe pass (pass compos : jai vu, etc. ;
plus-que-parfait : javais vu, etc. ; conditionnel pass :
jaurais vu, etc.). As soon as you place one of the direct
object pronouns m, t, l, nous, vous or les before one of the
avoir forms, the participe pass (past participle) takes the
feminine and/or plural endings e, s and es as needed.
Direct object Auxiliary avoir Past participle

pronoun
ai avais aurais
m / t / l as avais aurais vu or vue
a avait aurait
avons avions aurions
nous, vous, les avez aviez auriez vus or vues
ont avaient auraient

Tourism | 437
Some more examples:

Tu as vu le spectacle ? Have you seen the show?
Oui, je lai vu. Yes, Ive seen it.
As-tu vu la prof ? Have you seen the teacher?

Oui, je lai vue. Yes, Ive seen her.
Aurais-tu regard les deux Would you have watched the

films ? two movies?
Oui, je les aurais regards. Yes, I would have watched
them.
Avez-vous vu mes capotes ? Have you seen my condoms?

Non, nous ne les avons pas No, we havent seen them.
vues.
6.8.3 que
{AUDIO} Youll often use the relative pronoun que to
provide detailed information about a noun. In these cases, too,
the past participle must agree with that noun in gender and
number. Remember that in English you can often omit que:
Ouvrons le champagne quElise Shall we open the champagne
a apport ? Elise brought?
Je naime pas la capote que tu as I dont like the condom youve
choisie. chosen.
Jadore les vins que tu mas I adore the wines you

conseills. recommended me.
Je naime pas les capotes que tu I dont like the condoms you
as achetes. bought.
2016~4 Edition
II. Grammar
6.9 Jokers
check.
{AUDIO}
106 au-dessus above prep, adv
107 au-dessous underneath, under prep, adv
108 y there adv
109 bien que although conj
110 ct de next to, alongside prep
111 autrefois in the old days adv
112 doucement softly, quietly adv
113 partout everywhere adv

114 jusque until; to the point of prep; adv
115 autant as much as, as many as adv
116 vraiment really adv
117 tellement so much, so many adv
118 do from where adv
119 en bas downstairs, down adv
120 en haut upstairs, up adv

121 bientt soon adv
122 ainsi que just as conj
123 pour que in order to, to conj
124 cependant yet, nevertheless adv
125 en face de opposite prep
126 certainement certainly adv

Tourism | 439
6.10 Adjectives (6)

{Second Round} {AUDIO}

ending ending
-teur -trice protecteur protectrice protective
crateur cratrice creative
conservateur conservatrice conservative
rvlateur rvlatrice revealing
destructeur destructrice destructive
sducteur sductrice seductive,

alluring
-s -sse gros grosse big, fat
gras grasse fat, fatty
-et -ette muet muette mute
net nette clear, distinct
violet violette purple
douillet douillette cosy, snugly
coquet coquette stylish, trendy
grassouillet grassouillette pudgy, plump
simplet simplette simple-minded
-et -te secret secrte secretive
inquiet inquite worried
complet complte complete
discret discrte reserved
concret concrte tangible
2016~4 Edition
6.11 Tout
Tout is an extremely versatile French word. Youll use it, for
example, to say all the men all the women every day
everybody all the time all my children all those poor
people.
6.11.1 Tout: pronoun

{AUDIO} When used as a pronoun, the singular tout [tu] is
generally translated by all or everything.
Je veux tout. I want it all.
Cest tout. Thats all.
Tout est parfait. Everythings perfect.
avant tout above all
malgr tout nevertheless (in spite of everything)
The plural tous [tus] (masculine) et toutes [tut] (feminine)

mean everyone or all and refer usually to something
mentioned earlier:
O sont mes livres ? Ils Where are my books? They are all
sont tous dans ta valise. in your suitcase.
O sont nos femmes ? Where are our wives? They all went
Elles sont toutes alles to the beach.
la plage.
6.11.2 Tout: adjective

{AUDIO} Tout as an adjective agrees in gender and number
with the noun it modifies and has therefore four forms: tout
tous (same pronunciation) and toute toutes (same
pronunciation).
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular tout [tu] toute [tut]
Number
Plural tous [tu] toutes [tut]

Tourism | 441
The adjectif tout is used to modify

1. definite articles (le, la, l, les)
2. possessive adjectives (mon, ton, son, etc.)
3. demonstrative adjectives (ce, cette, ces)
4. nouns
The English translation is generally all, every, whole, any.
Lets see:
1. Modifying definite articles

When tout modifies definite articles, youll usually translate it
with all:
tout le temps all the time
toute lactualit all the news
tous les hommes all the men
toutes les femmes all the women
In some cases, English offers more individual translations:

tout le monde everybody
tous les jours every day
tous les deux jours every other day
2. Modifying possessive adjectives

When tout modifies possessive adjectives like mon, ton, son,
etc., youll usually translate it with all:
tout mon amour all my love
toute sa famille all his/her family
tous leurs enfants all their children
toutes vos conneries all your bullshit
2016~4 Edition
Again, in some cases, English offers individual translations:

toute sa famille his/her whole family
Prenez tout votre Take your time.
temps.
3. Modifying demonstrative adjectives

When modifying demonstrative adjectives (ce, cette, ces),
tout is generally translates by all:
tout ce bordel all this mess
toute cette misre all this misery
tous ces mdecins all these doctors
toutes ces crises all these crises
toute cette merde all this shit
4. Modifying nouns
Tout can also modify nouns. In these cases, the English
translation is more varied:
en tout cas in any case
tout rfugi qui every refugee who
tout moment at any moment
tous frais compris all expenses included
6.11.3 Tout: adverb

{AUDIO} Tout can also be an adverb and modify
1) adjectives (for example in il est tout heureux he is very
happy) or 2) other adverbs. Well present the details later
(page xxx). For today, take a look at frequent combinations of
tout + de and tout + :

Tourism | 443
tout lheure a bit earlier (past)

+
a bit later on (future)
tout de suite immediately
tout fait absolutely
tout de mme all the same, anyway
tout au contraire very much to the contrary
tout coup, all of a sudden, suddenly
tout dun coup
6.12 Possessive pronouns

{AUDIO} In the short dialogue
Is this your cellphone? Yes, its mine.
mine is the so-called possessive pronoun that replaces the

cellphone of the first sentence. In French, the corresponding
word is mien. French is slightly more complicated than
English:
1. mien comes always in combination with the appropriate
definite article: le mien. (Cest ton portable ? Oui, cest le
mien.)
2. The French possessive pronoun must agree with the noun
being replaced in number and gender:
le mien les miens | la mienne les miennes
3. When preceded by de and , the definite articles le and
les contract to du and des, and au and aux, respectively
(see details below).
2016~4 Edition
Singular Plural
le mien la mienne les miens les miennes mine

le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes yours
le sien la sienne les siens les siennes his, hers, its
le ntre la ntre les ntres les ntres ours
le vtre la vtre les vtres les vtres yours
le leur la leur les leurs les leurs theirs
Cest ta voiture ? Is that your car?

Oui, cest la mienne. Yes, its mine.
Ce nest pas notre chat, cest le Its not our cat, its yours.
vtre.
Ce ne sont pas nos croissants, ce These are not our croissants,
sont les leurs. they are theirs.
Of course, when de precedes a possessive pronoun, it

contracts with the definite article to form du (de + le) and des
(de + les).
Singular Plural
du mien de la mienne des miens des miennes of mine

du tien de la tienne des tiens des tiennes of yours
du sien de la sienne des siens des siennes of his, hers, its
du ntre de la ntre des ntres des ntres of ours
du vtre de la vtre des vtres des vtres of yours
du leur de la leur des leurs des leurs of theirs
Parles-tu de ton pre ? Are you talking about your

Non, je parle du tien. father?
No, Im talking about yours.
As-tu peur de mon chien ? Are you afraid of my dog?
Non, jai peur du leur. No, Im afraid of theirs.

Tourism | 445
When precedes the possessive pronoun, it contracts with the

definite article to form au ( + le) and aux ( + les).
Singular Plural
au mien la mienne aux miens aux miennes to mine

au tien la tienne aux tiens aux tiennes to yours
au sien la sienne aux siens aux siennes to his, hers, its
au ntre la ntre aux ntres aux ntres to ours
au vtre la vtre aux vtres aux vtres to yours
au leur la leur aux leurs aux leurs to theirs
Ce bateau est identique au mien. This boat is identical to mine.

Nos problmes sont similaires Our problems are similar to
aux leurs. theirs.
6.13 Quel
{AUDIO} Quel is an adjective that functions as an
interrogative (what? which?; sometimes also: how? who?)
and as an exclamative (what! what a!). In all cases, quel
agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies. Here,
find our usual quartet:
Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular quel quelle
Number
Plural quels quelles
Note that the pronunciation of all four forms is identical: [kl].
2016~4 Edition
When used as an interrogative, quel is followed by a noun or

by tre + a noun:
Quel ge as-tu? How old are you?
Quelle heure est-il? What time is it?
Quelle capote prfres-tu? Which condom do you prefer?
Quels sont tes chanteurs Who are your favorite singers?
prfrs ?
When used as an exclamative to express emphasis, quel is

followed by an adjective or a noun. The English translation is
what! what a !:
Quel enfoir! What a bastard!
Quelle injustice! What injustice!
Please make a liaison after the plural forms quels and quelles
if the following word begins with a vowel:
Quelsidiots! What idiots!
Quelsenfoirs! What bastards!
6.14 Lequel, laquelle

6.14.1 Lequel as an interrogative pronoun
{AUDIO} When asking Which one? youll use the
interrogative pronoun lequel:
Jai rencontr ton petit copain. I have met your boyfriend.
Lequel ? Which one?
Jai rencontr ta petite copine. I have met your girlfriend.
Laquelle ? Which one?

Tourism | 447
Lequel agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces:

Gender
Masculine Feminine
Singular lequel laquelle
[lkl] [lakl]
Number
Plural lesquels lesquelles
[lekl] [lekl]
Jai rencontr tes copains. I have met your friends (boys).

Lesquels ? Which ones?
Jai rencontr tes copines. I have met your friends (girls).
Lesquelles ? Which ones?
6.14.2 Lequel as a relative pronoun

{AUDIO} Lequel and its variants can also be a relative
pronoun. In these cases, they replace the inanimate object of a
preposition.
La maison ddition pour The publishing house for which I
laquelle jai crit ce livre a fait wrote this book went bankrupt.
faillite.
Lhpital pour lequel jai The hospital I worked for
travaill
Les projets sur lesquels je The projects Im working on
travaille
Cest un problme auquel jai Thats a problem I have been
beaucoup rflchi. thinking about a lot.
2016~4 Edition
See also the following examples:

Action word : cacher quelque to hide something from someone
chose quelquun
Un pre, auquel on cache les A father from which one hides
histoires de femme. (Zola, Nana) womens risque stories.
Action word : sadresser to address someone

quelquun
Les hommes auxquels il The men he was speaking to
sadressait
What do you see? You see that lequel and lesquels fuse with
the prepositions de and :
Singular Plural
Preposition lequel laquelle lesquels lesquelles
de duquel de laquelle desquels desquelles
auquel laquelle auxquels auxquelles
Please note that duquel, auquel, desquels, auxquels, etc. are

relatively rare. In 17 novels by mile Zola (see details on page
xxx), they occurred once every 15-20 pages (absolute
numbers shown in parentheses):
Singular Plural
lequel laquelle lesquels lesquelles
duquel (83) de laquelle (45) desquels (29) desquelles (21)
auquel (147) laquelle (88) auxquels (49) auxquelles (36)

Tourism | 449
Remember: duquel, auquel, desquels, auxquels replace the

inanimate object of a preposition. Things are easier when the
object of the preposition is a person. In these cases, just use
qui:
Le professeur pour qui je The professor I worked for is
travaillais est mort. dead.
Les amis sur qui je pouvais The friends (who) I could lean on
compter sont partis. have left.
La fille avec qui je travaille est The girl I work with is amazing.
sensationnelle.
Lhomme qui je parlais tait The man I talked to was my
mon frre. brother.
6.15 Celui celle | ceux celles

{AUDIO} You have met the demonstrative adjectives ce,
cette | ces in Level 1 (page 120). They always come directly
before a noun:
ce petit Dieu this little God masculine singular
cette vierge this virgin feminine singular
Demonstrative pronouns celui celle | ceux celles

(translated into English generally with one, for example, the
left one, the right one) are different. They stand alone and
clarify which person (or animal, thing, idea, place) you are
talking about. Of multiple persons, animals, etc. you indicate
just one or a few:
Quest-ce quil est beau, ce How beautiful is that boy!
garon !
Lequel ? Celui de gauche ou Which one? The one on the left
celui de droite ? or the one on the right?
Celui de gauche. The one on the left.
2016~4 Edition
Quest-ce quelle est belle, cette How beautiful is that girl!

fille !
Laquelle ? Celle de gauche ou Which one? The one on the left
celle de droite ? or the one on the right?
Celle de droite. The one on the right.
Youll use these so-called simple demonstrative pronouns

1) when the demonstrative pronoun is followed by the
preposition de (as in our examples: de gauche, de droite) or
2) when the demonstrative pronoun is followed by a relative
clause, for example que:
Ces filles sont celles que jai These girls are the ones I spotted
repres depuis longtemps. a long time ago.
Ces garons sont ceux que jai These boys are the ones I
reprs depuis longtemps. spotted a long time ago.
In all other cases, use the compound forms which attach ci

(here) ou l (there):
Quels beaux gteaux ! Je prendrai What beautiful cakes! Ill take this
celui-ci. one.
Ceux-l sont moins bons, par Those ones are less delicious,
contre. however.
In summary:
Demonstrative
adjectives pronouns pronouns
(simple) (compound)
masculine singular ce, cet celui celui-ci / celui-l
plural ces ceux ceux-ci / ceux-l
feminine singular cette celle celle-ci / celle-l
plural ces celles celles-ci / celles-l

Tourism | 451
6.16 h muet vs. h aspir

{AUDIO} Two rules govern the letter h in French:
1. You never pronounce it.
2. You divide words beginning with h into two groups:
Group 1 with a so-called mute h and Group 2 with a
so-called aspirated h.
The distinction between mute h and aspirated h can be
captured in two rules:
1) a mute h commands contractions:
le l: lhtel, lhpital
de lhtel, de lhpital
lhtel, lhpital
2) a mute h allows liaisons :
les les : leshtels, leshpitaux
des des : deshtels, deshpitaux
aux aux : auxhtels, auxhpitaux
On the contrary, there are neither contractions nor liaisons

before an aspirated h.
le : le hachisch [l ai]
du hachisch de bonne qualit
un th au hachisch
les : les hros [le eo]
des : des hros [de eo]
aux : aux hros [o eo]
2016~4 Edition
{Second Round} The following words always begin

with an aspirated h (no contractions, no liaisons).
From now on, well mark an aspirated h with an asterisk [*].
la *Hollande Holland
la *Hongrie Hungary
le *hippie hippie
le *hachisch hashish
le *hobby hobby
le *haricot bean
la *haine hatred
la *hauteur height
la *honte shame
le *hasard luck, chance
le *hros hero
*Hong-Kong Hong Kong
*haut high
*hurler to shriek
la *honte shame
le *hors-duvre appetiser
{Second Round} The following words all begin with

a mute h and therefore require contractions and allow
liaisons (lhomme leshommes ; lheure lesheures ;
lhistoire leshistoires ; lhabitude leshabitudes, etc.) :
homme m. man
heure f. hour
histoire f. story, history
habitude f. habit
heureux happy
hsiter to hesitate
herbe f. grass
habiter to live in
humain m. human

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hiver m. winter
honneur m. honor
hier yesterday
horreur f. horror
habiller to dress
horizon m. horizon
humeur f. mood
hpital m. hospital
humide humid
huile f. oil
honnte honest
horrible horrible
hommage m. tribute
horloge f. clock
harmonie f. harmony
honorer to honor
hommage m. tribute
horloge f. clock
harmonie f. harmony
Note also that the personal pronouns me, te, le, la, se drop the
e before action words starting with a mute h, but not before
those starting with an aspirated h.
habiller to dress har to hate

Mute h : le l | me m Aspirated h: no contraction
Je lhabille. Je le hais.
I dress him. I hate him.
Elle mhabille. Elle me hait.
She dresses me. She hates me.
2016~4 Edition
6.17 Comparisons and Superlatives

{AUDIO} Sometimes you want to say that someone is bigger
or runs faster than someone else. Or you might
enthusiastically state that he or she is the fastest, the greatest
and the best. In French, the magic words for comparisons and
superlatives are plus, moins and aussi.
In English, you say big, bigger, the biggest. French cant do
that. Instead, they always follow a pattern that is similar to the
English morethan (plusque) and the most (le plus):
Oscar est plus grand che Colin. Oscar is bigger than Colin.
Oscar est le plus grand des trois Oscar is the biggest of the three
frres. brothers.
Moinsque (lessthan) and le moins (the least)

function in the same way:
Il est moins important que toi. He is less important than you.
Il est le moins important. He is the least important.
In situations of equality, use aussique (asas):

Il est aussi important que toi. He is as important as you.
Adjectives, summary:
Comparison Superlative Equality
plus important que le plus important aussi important que
more important than the most important as important as
moins important que le moins important
less important than the least important

Tourism | 455
Comparisons and superlatives of adverbs (instead of

adjectives) follow the same pattern. Lets check vite quickly:
Comparison Superlative Equality
plus vite que le plus vite aussi vite que
more quickly than the most quickly as quickly as
moins vite que le moins vite
less quickly than the least quickly
Please note that after the comparative que only stressed

pronouns (moi, toi, lui/elles | nous, vous, eux/elles) are
allowed.
Il est plus important que toi. He is more important than you
(are).
In Level xxx, well present comparisons of nouns and verbs.
6.18 Silent letters (6)

{Second Round} {AUDIO} Letters other than C, R,
F, L (careful), B, K and Q are usually silent at the end
of a word.
Dont pronounce the final d Pronounce the final

consonant
D grand big In some proper David
nouns
le pied foot
le regard glance,
gaze
tard late
lourd heavy
chaud hot
allemand German
2016~4 Edition
Dont pronounce the final g Pronounce the final

consonant
G le sang blood le grog grog
long long
le poing fist
rang rank
faubourg suburb
hareng hering
Please note that words imported from English retain the final
ing pronunciation: parking, meeting, smoking, dancing,
building, camping, big bang.
Dont pronounce the final Pronounce the final

m consonant
M le nom name le film film
la faim hunger le forum forum
le parfum perfume un album album
le daim deer un *harem harem
le maximum maximum
le rhum rum
le minimum minimum
opium m. opium
Dont pronounce the final n Pronounce the final

consonant
N le son sound amen amen
mon my
la main hand
bon good
an year
la maison house
loin far
enfin finally
The final n is almost always silent. Note that it causes the

preceding vowel to become nasal.

Tourism | 457
Dont pronounce the final p Pronounce the final

consonant
P beaucoup a lot la cap cape
trop too, too et hop ! and there
much you have it!
le champ field le slip pants
le camp camp stop stop
le drap sheet le hold-up hold-up
le galop gallop la jeep jeep
le sirop syrup le handicap handicap
le sparadrap plaster le pick-up pick-up
In typical French words the final p is not pronounced. In

words imported from other languages, it generally is.
Dont pronounce the final s Pronounce the final

consonant
S nepas not le fils son
les os bones un os bone
dans in hlas unfortunately
sans without mars March
le temps time, murs f. customs,
weather habits
jamais never un ours bear
trs very le cyprs cypress
toujours always
2016~4 Edition
Dont pronounce the final t Pronounce the final

consonant
T et and sept 7
tout everything huit 8
petit small ouest west
dont whose, direct direct
of which
la nuit night le contact contact
enfant m./f. child compact compact
le moment moment le concept concept
maintenant now le rapt kidnapping
Dont pronounce the final x Pronounce the final

consonant
X la voix voice dix 10
vieux old six 6
mieux better un index index
heureux happy Aix-en- city in
Provence southern
France
doux soft le silex flint
faux wrong le kleenex kleenex
le prix price, prize le duplex split-level
apartment
la paix peace le latex latex
le choix choice
curieux curious

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Dont pronounce the final z Pronounce the final

consonant
Z chez at le gaz
assez enough le jazz jazz
le nez nose la merguez spicy
sausage
le riz rice le fritz German
(offensive)
le raz current le quartz quartz
un ersatz ersatz
le showbiz showbiz
le jerez sherry
le kibboutz kibbutz

1.
Prsent
je veux
tu veux
il/elle veut
nous voulons
vous voulez
ils/elles veulent
2016~4 Edition
2.
Prsent
je prends
tu prends
il/elle prend
nous prenons
vous prenez
ils/elles prennent
Futur
je prendrai
tu prendras
il/elle prendra
nous prendrons
vous prendrez
ils/elles prendront
Subjonctif
prsent
que je prenne
que tu prennes
quil/elle prenne
que nous prenions
que vous preniez
quils/ prennent
quelles

Tourism | 461
3.
{AUDIO} Do you remember at least two action words of each
group?
il faut to have to
esprer to hope to
penser to think
pouvoir to be able to
aimer mieux to rather
adorer to love
sembler to seem to be
avoir besoin de to need to

avoir envie de to feel like (-ing)
avoir lintention de to intend to
avoir raison de to be right to
avoir tort de to be wrong to
avoir lair de to seem to be (-ing)
avoir peur de to be afraid of (-ing)
penser to think of (-ing)

se mettre to start (-ing)
tenir to insist on (-ing)
hsiter to hesitate to
sattendre to expect to
samuser to have fun (-ing)
chercher to attempt to
2016~4 Edition
4.
{AUDIO} Is the difference between men and women clear to
you?
Kissed, undressed and caressed one or more men?
1 : je lai embrass, je lai dshabill, je lai
caress
2- : je les ai embrasss, je les ai dshabills, je les
ai caresss
Kissed, undressed and caressed one or more women?
1 : je lai embrasse, je lai dshabille, je lai
caresse
2- : je les ai embrasses, je les ai dshabilles, je
les ai caresses
Have you memorized the present tense of boire to drink,

courir to run, recevoir to receive, battre to beat, conduire to
drive, etc.?
5.
{AUDIO} Do you remember the condom examples?
Je naime pas la capote que tu as I dont like the condom youve
choisie. chosen.
Je naime pas les capotes que tu I dont like the condoms you
as achetes. bought.

Tourism | 463
6.
{AUDIO} Do you remember the extremely versatile tout?
Je veux tout. I want it all.
Cest tout. Thats all.
Tout est parfait. Everythings perfect.
avant tout above all
malgr tout nevertheless (in spite of everything)
7.
And finally, do you remember
Singular Plural
le mien la mienne les miens les miennes mine

le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes yours
le sien la sienne les siens les siennes his, hers, its
le ntre la ntre les ntres les ntres ours
le vtre la vtre les vtres les vtres yours
le leur la leur les leurs les leurs theirs
Well then, youve been promoted to Level 7!
2016~4 Edition
Outlook
In Level 7 you will discover the action words dire to say,
pouvoir to be able to, falloir to have to and ouvrir to open,
but as it is the seventh day, you wont do grammar. At the
end of the second grammar overview, take a breath and
look back at what youve accomplished.

Nobel for Snowden | 465
7 Nobel for Snowden
Copyright 2016 N. Allan Mosca
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level07} Will Edward Snowden win

the Nobel Peace Prize one
Edward Snowden recevra-t-il un
day? His stroke of genius
jour le Prix Nobel de la Paix ? Son would be worth it:
coup de gnie le vaudrait bien: revealing that the National
dvoiler que la National Security Security Agency (NSA)
was spying on American
Agency (NSA) amricaine
citizens, foreign nations
espionnait citoyens amricains, and companies, enemies
nations et entreprises trangres, and friends; explaining that
ennemies et amies ; dexpliquer this spying was massive
and illegal; and
que cet espionnage tait massif et
denouncing the hypocrisy
illgal ; et de dnoncer lhypocrisie of the United States, who
des tats-Unis, qui mettaient sur even eavesdropped on
coute leurs allis mmes*. La their allies. Politics
between nations wouldnt
politique entre nations ne
know friends anymore?
connatrait-elle plus damis ? (Wouldn't there be
friendship between nations
anymore?)
Edward Snowden quel courage ! Edward Snowden - what
courage! Using a tiny USB
laide dune minuscule cl USB,
stick, like a Prometheus of
tel un Promthe des temps modern times, he steals a
modernes, il drobe une quantit huge amount of ultra-
norme de documents confidential documents
(over a million at last
ultraconfidentiels (plus dun
count!), leaves the United
million aux dernires nouvelles !), States in May 2013 and
quitte les tats-Unis en mai 2013 et entrusts these documents
confie ces documents aux trois to three journalists, Laura
Poitras, Glenn Greenwald
journalistes Laura Poitras, Glenn
and Ewen MacAskill. Two
Greenwald et Ewen MacAskill. weeks later, the Guardian
Deux semaines plus tard, le and the Washington Post
Guardian et le Washington Post publish the first articles on
the system of surveillance
publient les premiers articles sur le
and espionage of the
systme de surveillance et United States. Other
despionnage des tats-Unis. newspapers (Le Monde, El
Dautres journaux (Le Monde, El Mundo, Der Spiegel, The
New York Times, and The

Mundo, Der Spiegel, le New York Intercept) follow. Edward

Snowden, meanwhile, is
Times, et The Intercept) suivront.
driven to taking refuge in
Edward Snowden, quant lui, en Russia to escape a trial
est rduit se rfugier en Russie whose impartiality we
pour chapper un procs dont on imagine... (a trial we
imagine would not be
imagine limpartialit
impartial.)
Edward Snowden quelle Edward Snowden - what
determination! By
dtermination ! En rvlant le
revealing the illegal system
systme illgal dcoute massive of mass surveillance of the
des tats-Unis, il renonce sa US, he gives up his family
famille et un salaire de 200.000 and a salary of $200,000 a
year. He sacrifices a
dollars par an. Il sacrifie une vie
comfortable life for a
confortable un bien suprieur : higher good: I am ready to
Je suis prt tout sacrifier , sacrifice everything, he
dclare-t-il, car je ne peux pas, en declares, because I can
not in conscience allow the
conscience, laisser le
US government to destroy
gouvernement amricain dtruire la the protection of privacy,
protection de la vie prive, la the freedom on the Internet
libert sur Internet et les liberts de and the basic freedoms in
the world with the
base dans le monde avec la
surveillance machine it is
machine de surveillance qu'il est en currently building.
train de construire. (Le Figaro, 5
Mars 2016)
Edward Snowden quelle force ! Edward Snowden - what a
force! The US government
Le gouvernement amricain ne
can not stifle [the matter]
pourra pas touffer [cette affaire] by jailing me or killing me.
en memprisonnant ou en me tuant. The truth is out there and
La vrit est en marche et ne can not be stopped, he
says during a live
pourra pas tre arrte , explique-
exchange with netizens on
t-il lors dun change en direct avec the Guardian website.
des internautes sur le site du
Guardian (All I can say right now
is the US Government is not going
2016~4 Edition
to be able to cover this up by

jailing or murdering me. Truth is
coming, and it cannot be stopped.
(The Guardian, cit par Libration,
5 Mars 2016)
Aux tats-Unis, certains ont In the US, some have
fantasised, publicly or
fantasm, publiquement ou en
privately, about the killing
priv, la mise mort dEdward of Edward Snowden.
Snowden. Lhistoire les oubliera. History will forget them. In
En avril 2014, le prix Pulitzer est April 2014, the Pulitzer
Prize is awarded to the
attribu au Guardian et au
Guardian and the
Washington Post pour avoir publi Washington Post for
les rvlations de Snowden sur le having published
systme de surveillance de masse Snowdens revelations
about NSA mass
de la NSA. Edward Snowden, lui,
surveillance. Edward
entrera dans lhistoire comme le Snowden will enter history
champion de la transparence. Il as the champion of
recevra un jour le Prix Nobel de la transparency. He will one
day receive the Nobel
Paix. Inclinons-nous devant son
Peace Prize. Let us bow
courage, sa dtermination et sa our heads to his courage,
force. determination and
strength.
* Des bureaux de l'Union europenne Washington et New York,

ainsi quun btiment de lUnion Europenne Bruxelles (CNN,
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/01/world/europe/eu-nsa accessed 5
March 2016).

Words
{AUDIO}
recevoir to receive tel like
un jour one day moderne modern
le prix prize drober to steal
la paix peace
le coup stroke la quantit amount,
le gnie genius quantity
valoir to be worth norme huge
le document document
il le vaudrait it would be ultraconfidentiel ultraconfidential
bien worth it aux dernires at last count (at
dvoiler to reveal nouvelles last news)
espionner to spy quitter to leave
le citoyen citizen en mai 2013 in May 2013
la nation nation
une entreprise company confier to entrust
tranger foreign le journaliste journalist
la semaine week
ennemi enemy plus tard later
ami friend publier to publish
expliquer to explain premier, first
un espionnage spying premire
massif massive un article article
illgal illegal
le systme system
dnoncer to denounce la surveillance surveillance
une hypocrisie hypocrisy dautres other
journaux newspapers
mettre sur to eavesdrop
coute suivre to follow
un alli ally quant lui meanwhile (as
far as he is
la politique politics
concerned)
en tre rduit to be driven to
entre between (to be reduced
le courage courage to)
laide de using (with the se rfugier to take refuge
help of)
une cl USB USB stick
2016~4 Edition
la Russie Russia touffer to stifle

chapper to escape une affaire matter
le procs trial emprisonner to jail
dont of which tuer to kill
imaginer to imagine la vrit truth
limpartialit f. impartiality tre en marche to be in
la dtermination determination operation
arrter to stop
renoncer to give up
la famille family lors during
le salaire salary un change exchange
par an a year en direct live
sacrifier to sacrifice un internaute netizen
confortable comfortable le site website
le bien good fantasmer to fantasise
publiquement publicly
suprieur superior
dclarer to declare en priv in private
car because la mise mort the killing
la conscience conscience lhistoire f. history
laisser to let, to allow oublier to forget
le gouverne- government attribuer to award
ment la rvlation revelation
la protection protection entrer to enter
la vie prive privacy le champion champion

la libert freedom la transparence transparency
les liberts de basic freedoms sincliner to bow your
base head
la machine machine inclinons-nous let us bow our
tre en train de to be doing heads
construire to build devant in front of
la force force

Word cloud 7.1 Edward Snowden
7.1 Power Listening

2016~4 Edition
understanding.
Don't stop now!
7.2 Preview
memorize all the words (100%) and then go on to Brexit on
page 483.
For a more intimate experience of French, please continue
here. As always, make extensive use of the audio files (listen,
listen, and listen again!).

I. Action Words
7.3 Dire
{AUDIO}
Infinitif dire to say
Participe pass dit
Participe prsent disant
Impratif dis | disons | dites

je dis disais dis
tu dis disais dis
il/elle dit disait dit
nous disons disions dmes
vous dites disiez dtes
ils/elles disent disaient dirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je dirai dirais
tu diras dirais
il/elle dira dirait
nous dirons dirions
vous direz diriez
ils/elles diront diraient
prsent imparfait
que je dise disse
que tu dises disses
quil/elle dise dt
que nous disions dissions
que vous disiez dissiez
quils/elles disent dissent
2016~4 Edition
7.4 Pouvoir
{AUDIO}
Infinitif pouvoir to be able to
Participe pass pu
Participe prsent pouvant
Impratif

je peux pouvais pus
tu peux pouvais pus
il/elle peut pouvait put
nous pouvons pouvions pmes
vous pouvez pouviez ptes
ils/elles peuvent pouvaient purent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je pourrai pourrais
tu pourras pourrais
il/elle pourra pourrait
nous pourrons pourrions
vous pourrez pourriez
ils/elles pourront pourraient
prsent imparfait
(irregular)
que je puisse pusse
que tu puisses pusses
quil/elle puisse pt
que nous puissions pussions
que vous puissiez pussiez
quils/ puissent pussent
quelles

7.5 Falloir
{AUDIO}
Infinitif falloir to have to, need to
Participe pass fallu

il faut fallait fallut
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
il faudra faudrait
prsent imparfait
quil faille fallt
Falloir is a defective action word only the 3rd person

singular exists. It is used in two different ways. In the first
variant it attaches the infinitive of a second action word:
Il faut absolument acheter We/You/They must absolutely
des capotes anglaises. buy condoms.
Il faut le faire tout de suite. It must be done immediately.
In this variant, only the context will tell you who has to
perform the imperative action. (P.S. Capote can be the hood
of a car or a military greatcoat. When stated explicitely as
being anglais English, its a condom.)
The second variant is more precise but also unwieldy: falloir
+ que + subjonctif.
Il faut que tu le fasses tout You must do it immediately.
de suite.
Encore faut-il que tu puisse But its still necessary that you
la mettre (la copote, bien can put it on.
sr).
2016~4 Edition
7.6 Group 3: Ouvrir

Remember Group 3 action words with its 4 differents types of
endings in the prsent:
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
je s e ds x
tu s es ds x
il/elle t e d t
vous ez ez ez ez
Today, well see Type 2 words.

ouvrir to open
couvrir to cover
dcouvrir to discover
souffrir to suffer
{AUDIO}
Infinitif ouvrir to open
Participe pass ouvert
Participe prsent ouvrant
Impratif ouvre | ouvrons | ouvrez

j ouvre ouvrais ouvris
tu ouvres ouvrais ouvrir
il/elle ouvre ouvrait ouvrit
nous ouvrons ouvrions ouvrmes
vous ouvrez ouvriez ouvrtes
ils/elles ouvrent ouvraient ouvrirent

Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j ouvrirai ouvrirais
tu ouvriras ouvrirais
il/elle ouvrira ouvrirait
nous ouvrirons ouvririons
vous ouvrirez ouvririez
ils/elles ouvriront ouvriraient
prsent imparfait
que j ouvre ouvrisse
que tu ouvres ouvrisses
quil/elle ouvre ouvrt
que nous ouvrions ouvrissions
que vous ouvriez ouvrissiez
quils/ ouvrent ouvrissent
quelles
Youll need to remember:

The endings of the present singular: e, es, e.
The past participle ending in ert : ouvrir ouvert,
couvrir couvert, dcouvrir dcouvert, souffrir
souffert.
The present 1st person plural ouvrons serving as a
model for the imparfait (ouvrons ouvr
jouvrais, tu ouvrais, il/elle ouvrait, etc.)
The present 3rd person plural ouvrent serving as a
model for the subjonctif prsent (ouvrent ouvr
que je ouvre que tu ouvres quil/elle ouvre,
etc.
Everything else is standard procedure.
2016~4 Edition
7.7 Subjonctif (5)

{AUDIO} Lets continue with some impersonal expressions
which require the use of the subjonctif.
cest dommage que its a pity that
il vaut mieux que its better that
il faut que one needs to
il est normal que it is normal that
il semble que it seems that
il est incroyable que it is incredible that
Il est important | necessaire | It is important | necessary |
possible | impossibile | possible | impossible | natural |
naturel | probable | probable | difficult that
difficileque
Cest dommage que tu ne Its a pity that you cannot come.

puisses pas venir.
Il faut absolument que tu Its imperative that you know
saches la verit. the truth.

{AUDIO} In Level 3 (page 268) you learned the irregular
future stems of important action words. Please take a second
look:
Infinitive Future
aller jirai I will go
revoir je reverrai I will see again


revenir je reviendrai I will come back
devenir je deviendrai I will become
tenir je tiendrai I will hold
obtenir jobtiendrai I will obtain
maintenir je maintiendrai I will keep
soutenir je soutiendrai I will support
falloir il faudra it will be
necessary
courir je courrai I will run
parcourir je parcourrai I will roam
concourir je concourrai I will compete
recevoir je recevrai I will receive
valoir je vaudrai I will be worth
envoyer jenverrai I will send
acqurir jacquerrai I will buy
conqurir je conquerrai I will conquer
Youll soon discover that some Group 1 action words also

have spelling changes in the prsent (appeler jappelle
[page 520], employer jemploie [page 537], acheter
jachte [page 528]). To obtain the future stem of these action
words, just add r to the 1st person singular. In the following
table, please memorize also the 1st person singular. More
details will be presented in Level xxx.
2016~4 Edition
st
Infinitive 1 person Future
singular
appeler jappelle jappellerai I will call
renouveler je renouvelle je renouvellerai I will renew
peler jpelle jpellerai I will spell
rappeler je rappelle je rappellerai I will call back
I will remember
jeter je jette je jetterai I will throw
projeter je projette je progetterai I will project
rejeter je rejette je rejetterai I will reject
acheter jachte jachterai I will buy
se lever je me lve je me lverai I will stand up
se promener je me je me I will go for a
promne promnerai walk
amener jamne jamnerai I will bring
emmener jemmne jemmnerai I will take, carry
achever jachve jachverai I will complete
payer je paie je paierai I will pay
essayer jessaie jessaierai I will try
balayer je balaie je balaierai I will sweep
employer jemploie jemploierai I will employ
nettoyer je nettoie je nettoierai I will clean
tutoyer je tutoie je tutoierai Ill address as tu
(Ill use the
informal)
vousvoyer je vousvoie je vousvoierai Ill address as
vous (Ill use the
formal)
noyer je noie je noierai I will drown
(someone)
appuyer jappuie jappuierai I will support,
lean
ennuyer jennuie jennuierai I will bore
essuyer jessuie jessuierai I will wipe


{AUDIO}
Find another 7 actions words that are followed by no
preposition. The formula: [action word] + [action word].
dsirer to want to
souhaiter to wish to
dtester to hate to
oser to dare to
prtendre to pretend to
compter to intend to
regarder quelquun to watch someone
7.9.2 de
Seven action words followed by the preposition de.
essayer de to try to
venir de faire quelque to have just done something
chose
choisir de to choose to
sagir de its a question of (-ing)
arrter de to stop (-ing)
rver de to dream of (-ing)
tcher de to try to
2016~4 Edition
7.9.3
Seven actions words followed by the preposition .
apprendre to learn how to
shabituer to get used to (-ing)
arriver to manage / succeed in (-ing)
obliger (quelquun) to force (someone) to
rflchir to consider (-ing)
rsister to resist (-ing)
inviter (quelquun) to invite (someone) to
II. Grammar
In an ideal world, people should not work on the seventh day
and shops should remain closed. So you shall rest and not do
grammar.
Outlook
Levels 8 to 14 represent the second GigaFrench cycle.
Although well show you more action words at the
beginning of each chapter, youll soon realize, that apart
from a few details, you already know it all! Grammar, too,
is basically over. Youll find a few construction sites here
and there, but the GigaFrench grammar study will now
evolve into a gentlemens conversation. From now on,
youll focus on what is your last huge task in French:
learning thousands of words. As always, well be there to
give you the best advice.

Brexit | 483
8 Brexit
2016 Atlantic Ocean Modified version of a picture by NASAs Earth Observatory

(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84468)
Copyright NASA 2012
2016~4 Edition
{GigaFrench.com/level08} Vous So you have decided to

leave us? Well, dear
avez donc dcid de nous quitter ?
English friends, we wish
Eh bien, chers amis anglais, nous you a good trip. Farewell!
vous souhaitons un bon voyage.
Adieu !
Certes, nos relations nont pas Admittedly, our relations
have not always been
toujours t bonnes - nous vous
good - we cultivated
tenions rancur dAzincourt, de resentment for Agincourt,
Trafalgar et de Waterloo. Mais il Trafalgar and Waterloo.
est vrai aussi quaprs la guerre de But it is also true that after
the Second World War, we
1940, nous avions pass lponge,
had passed the sponge,
car sans vous, nous aurions vcu because without you, we
plus longtemps encore sous le would have lived even
rgime nazi. Nous ne loublierons longer under the Nazi
regime. We will never
jamais ! Esprons seulement que
forget! Lets just hope your
votre dpart ne sera pas la fin du leaving will not be the end
projet dune Europe unie et of the project of a united
solidaire - et la fin de 70 ans de and cohesive Europe - and
the end of 70 years of
paix.
peace.
Seriez-vous des dserteurs ? Il y a Would you be deserters?
There is surely a right to
srement un droit la dsertion -
desert - you can (and
lon peut (et devrait !) fuir un should!) flee a Nazi
rgime nazi, un rgime fasciste regime, a secular or
laque ou religieux ou nimporte religious fascist regime or
any other totalitarian
quel autre rgime totalitaire. Mais
regime. But deserting the
dserter le plus important projet most important political
politique de lhistoire europenne project in European history
relve de la dmence. En plein is a sign of dementia. Right
in the middle of global
dsarroi global, vous vous payez le
confusion, you afford the
luxe dun splendide autisme luxury of splendid political
politique et denfermer votre pays autism and lock your
dans un isolement psychotique. country in psychotic
isolation. Must be a
Faut-il tre enfoir !
bastard!

Brexit | 485
Si vous avez vot pour le Brexit, If you voted for Brexit, let a
few years go by before
laissez passer quelques annes
returning to travel to
avant de revenir voyager en Europe. If you come back
Europe. Si vous revenez trop tt too soon to our dear
sur notre cher continent - qui ne continent - which will no
longer be yours! people
sera plus le vtre ! - on vous
will treat you as deserters,
traitera de dserteurs, de lches, de cowards, traitors, fugitives,
tratres, de fuyards, de dgonfls, deflated, disloyal,
de dloyaux, de chiffes molles et Milquetoasts and wimps.
de poules mouilles.
Votre dpart de notre Europe Your leaving our Europe
will mark the beginning of
marquera le dbut dune longue
a long drift where your little
drive o votre petite le se perdra island will get increasingly
toujours plus dans les eaux de lost in Atlantic waters. You
lAtlantique. Vous avez tourn le have turned your back on
Europe - nothing will ever
dos lEurope - rien ne sera plus
be like before! Your
comme avant ! Vos enfants et children and grandchildren
petits-enfants vous accuseront un will accuse you one day of
jour davoir t fous lier. having been raving mad.
Words
{AUDIO}
donc so, so then vrai true
dcider to decide aussi also
quitter to leave aprs after
eh bien well
cher dear la guerre war
un ami friend passer lponge to pass the
souhaiter to wish sponge
nous aurions we would have
vcu lived
bon, bonne good
plus longtemps even longer
adieu farewell
encore
la relation relation,
le rgime regime
relationship
nazi Nazi
la rancur resentment
2016~4 Edition
jamais never laisser to let

passer to go by
le dserteur deserter quelques a few years
srement surely annes
le droit right avant de before
la dsertion desertion revenir to return, to
come back
lon peut one can
lon devrait one should voyager to travel

trop tt too early
fuir to flee
le vtre yours
fasciste fascist
laque secular traiter de to treat as
lche coward
religieux religious
le tratre traitor
nimporte quel any other
totalitaire totalitarian
le fuyard fugitive
dgonfl deflated
le plus the most
important important dloyal disloyal
le projet project une chiffe molle Milquetoast
europen, European une poule wimp
europenne mouille
la dmence dementia le dpart leaving,
departure
relever de la to be a sign of
dmence dementia marquer to mark
en plein right in the
middle of le dbut beginning
le dsarroi confusion la drive drift
o where
se payer le luxe to afford the une le island
de luxury of se perdre to get lost
splendide splendid toujours plus increasingly
un autisme autism les eaux waters
enfermer to lock
un isolement isolation lAtlantique Atlantic Ocean
psychotique psychotic le dos back
faut-il tre must be tourner le dos to turn your
back to
enfoir bastard, rien nothing
asshole comme avant like before
voter to vote les enfants children

Brexit | 487
les petits- grandchildren tre fou lier to be raving

enfants mad
accuser to accuse
Word cloud 8.1 Brexit
8.1 Power Listening

2016~4 Edition

understanding.
What a triumph!

The Future | 489
9 The Future
The 5th edition of GigaFrench including Level 8, 9 and 10
(600+ pages) will be published in October 2016. The 6th
edition (700+ pages) is scheduled for publication at Christmas
2016.
For future updates, please check
www.GigaFrench.com/updates.
2016~4 Edition

Appendix | 491
10 Appendix
{Second Round} The appendix includes material that
will be published in future editions of GigaFrench.
2016~4 Edition

Appendix | 493
10.1 Savoir
Infinitif savoir to know
Participe pass su
Participe prsent sachant
Impratif sache | sachons | sachez

je sais savais sus
tu sais savais sus
il/elle sait savait sut
nous savons savions smes
vous savez saviez stes
ils/elles savent savaient surent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je saurai saurais
tu sauras saurais
il/elle saura saurait
nous saurons saurions
vous saurez sauriez
ils/elles sauront sauraient
prsent imparfait
(irregular)
que je sache susse
que tu saches susses
quil/elle sache st
que nous sachions sussions
que vous sachiez sussiez
quils/ sachent sussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.2 Voir
Infinitif voir to see
Participe pass vu
Participe prsent voyant
Impratif vois | voyons | voyez

je vois voyais vis
tu vois voyais vis
il/elle voit voyait vit
nous voyons voyions vmes
vous voyez voyiez vtes
ils/elles voient voyaient virent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je verrai verrais
tu verras verrais
il/elle verra verrait
nous verrons verrions
vous verrez verriez
ils/elles verront verraient
prsent imparfait
que je voie visse
que tu voies visses
quil/elle voie vt
que nous voyions vissions
que vous voyiez vissiez
quils/ voient vissent
quelles

Appendix | 495
10.3 Devoir
Infinitif devoir to have to, must
Participe pass d
Participe prsent devant

je dois devais dus
tu dois devais dus
il/elle doit devait dut
nous devons devions dmes
vous devez deviez dtes
ils/elles doivent devaient durent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je devrai devrais
tu devras devrais
il/elle devra devrait
nous devrons devrions
vous devrez devriez
ils/elles devront devraient
prsent imparfait
que je doive dusse
que tu doives dusses
quil/elle doive dt
que nous devions dussions
que vous deviez dussiez
quils/ doivent dussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.4 Group 3: Attendre

Infinitif attendre to wait
Participe pass attendu
Participe prsent attendant
Impratif attends | attendons | attendez

j attends attendais attendis
tu attends attendais attendis
il/elle attend attendait attendit
nous attendons attendions attendmes
vous attendez attendiez attendtes
ils/elles attendent attendaient attendirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j attendrai attendrais
tu attendras attendrais
il/elle attendra attendrait
nous attendrons attendrions
vous attendrez attendriez
ils/elles attendront attendraient
prsent imparfait
que j attende attendisse
que tu attendes attendisses
quil/elle attende attendt
que nous attendions attendissions
que vous attendiez attendissiez
quils/ attendent attendissent
quelles

Appendix | 497
10.5 Group 1: Sucer

Infinitif sucer to suck
Participe pass suc
Participe prsent suant
Impratif suce | suons | sucez
sucer Imparfait Pass simple

je suce suais suai
tu suces suais suas
il/elle suce suait sua
nous suons sucions sumes
vous sucez suciez sutes
ils/elles sucent suaient sucrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je sucerai sucerais
tu suceras sucerais
il/elle sucera sucerait
nous sucerons sucerions
vous sucerez suceriez
ils/elles suceront suceraient
prsent imparfait
que je suce suasse
que tu suces suasses
quil/elle suce sut
que nous sucions suassions
que vous suciez suassiez
quils/ sucent suassent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.6 Sen aller

Infinitif sen aller to go away
Participe pass all(e)(s)
Participe prsent sen allant
Impratif va-ten | allons-nous-en | allez-
vous-en

je men vais men allais men allai
tu ten vas ten allais ten allas
il/elle sen va sen allait sen alla
nous nous en allons nous en allions nous en allmes
vous vous en allez vous en alliez vous en alltes
ils/elles sen vont sen allaient sen allrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je men irai men irais
tu ten iras ten irais
il/elle sen ira sen irait
nous nous en irons nous en irions
vous vous en irez vous en iriez
ils/elles sen iront sen iraient
prsent imparfait
que je men aille men allasse
que tu ten ailles ten allasses
quil/elle sen aille sen allt
que nous nous en allions nous en allassions
que vous vous en alliez vous en allassiez
quils/ sen aillent sen allassent
quelles

Appendix | 499
10.7 Mettre
Infinitif mettre to put, place
Participe pass mis
Participe prsent mettant
Impratif mets | mettons | mettez

je mets mettais mis
tu mets mettais mis
il/elle met mettait mit
nous mettons mettions mmes
vous mettez mettiez mtes
ils/elles mettent mettaient mirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je mettrai mettrais
tu mettras mettrais
il/elle mettra mettrait
nous mettrons mettrions
vous mettrez mettriez
ils/elles mettront mettraient
prsent imparfait
que je mette misse
que tu mettes misses
quil/elle mette mt
que nous mettions missions
que vous mettiez missiez
quils/ mettent missent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.8 Rire
Infinitif rire to laugh
Participe pass ri
Participe prsent riant
Impratif ris | rions | riez

je ris riais ris
tu ris riais ris
il/elle rit riait rit
nous rions riions rmes
vous riez riiez rtes
ils/elles rient riaient rirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je rirai rirais
tu riras rirais
il/elle rira rirait
nous rirons ririons
vous rirez ririez
ils/elles riront riraient
prsent imparfait
que je rie risse
que tu ries risses
quil/elle rie rt
que nous riions rissions
que vous riiez rissiez
quils/ rient rissent
quelles

Appendix | 501
10.9 Group 3: Recevoir

Infinitif recevoir to receive
Participe pass reu
Participe prsent recevant
Impratif reois | recevons | recevez

je reois recevais reus
tu reois recevais reus
il/elle reoit recevait reut
nous recevons recevions remes
vous recevez receviez retes
ils/elles reoivent recevaient reurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je recevrai recevrais
tu recevras recevrais
il/elle recevra recevrait
nous recevrons recevrions
vous recevrez recevriez
ils/elles recevront recevraient
prsent imparfait
que je reoive reusse
que tu reoives reusses
quil/elle reoive ret
que nous recevions reussions
que vous receviez reussiez
quils/ reoivent reussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.10 Group 1: Manger

Infinitif manger to eat
Participe pass mang
Participe prsent mangeant
Impratif mange | mangeons | mangez

je mange mangeais mangeai
tu manges mangeais mangeas
il/elle mange mangeait mangea
nous mangeons mangions mangemes
vous mangez mangiez mangetes
ils/elles mangent mangeaient mangrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je mangerai mangerais
tu mangeras mangerais
il/elle mangera mangerait
nous mangerons mangerions
vous mangerez mangeriez
ils/elles mangeront mangeraient
prsent imparfait
que je mange mangeasse
que tu manges mangeasses
quil/elle mange manget
que nous mangions mangeassions
que vous mangiez mangeassiez
quils/ mangent mangeassent
quelles

Appendix | 503
Word cloud 6.3 Manger, changer, bouger, etc.
1
changer to change
partager to share
changer to exchange, trade
voyager to travel
protger to protect
encourager to support, encourage
dranger to disturb
2016~4 Edition
2
juger to judge
diriger to guide
exiger to demand, require
soulager to relieve, ease
prolonger to prolong, extend
envisager to contemplate, consider
bouger to move, move around
3
interroger to question, examine
charger to load, charge
obliger to force, oblige
songer to think, consider, dream
engager to commit, engage
allonger to lay down; make longer
plonger to dive, plunge
4
arranger to arrange, settle
ranger to clean, put away
dgager to clear, unblock
loger to stay, lodge
longer to go along
figer to immobilize, fix in place
merger to surface, emerge
ronger to gnaw, eat away at

Appendix | 505
10.11 Vivre
Infinitif vivre to live
Participe pass vcu
Participe prsent vivant
Impratif vis | vivons | vivez

je vis vivais vcus
tu vis vivais vcus
il/elle vit vivait vcut
nous vivons vivions vcmes
vous vivez viviez vctes
ils/elles vivent vivaient vcurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je vivrai vivrais
tu vivras vivrais
il/elle vivra vivrait
nous vivrons vivrions
vous vivrez vivriez
ils/elles vivront vivraient
prsent imparfait
que je vive vcusse
que tu vives vcusses
quil/elle vive vct
que nous vivions vcussions
que vous viviez vcussiez
quils/ vivent vcussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.12 Mourir
Infinitif mourir to die
Participe pass mort
Participe prsent mourant
Impratif meurs | mourons | mourez

je meurs mourais mourus
tu meurs mourais mourus
il/elle meurt mourait mourut
nous mourons mourions mourmes
vous mourez mouriez mourtes
ils/elles meurent mouraient moururent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je mourrai mourrais
tu mourras mourrais
il/elle mourra mourrait
nous mourrons mourrions
vous mourrez mourriez
ils/elles mourront mourraient
prsent imparfait
que je meure mourusse
que tu meures mourusses
quil/elle meure mourt
que nous mourions mourussions
que vous mouriez mourussiez
quils/ meurent mourussent
quelles

Appendix | 507
10.13 Group 1: Mener

Infinitif mener to lead
Participe pass men
Participe prsent menant
Impratif mne | menons | menez

je mne menais menai
tu mnes menais menas
il/elle mne menait mena
nous menons menions menmes
vous menez meniez mentes
ils/elles mnent menaient menrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je mnerai mnerais
tu mneras mnerais
il/elle mnera mnerait
nous mnerons mnerions
vous mnerez mneriez
ils/elles mneront mneraient
prsent imparfait
que je mne menasse
que tu mnes menasses
quil/elle mne ment
que nous menions menassions
que vous meniez menassiez
quils/ mnent menassent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
Word cloud 6.4 Mener, soulever, promener, etc.
1
se lever to stand up, get out of bed
se promener to go for a walk
crever to burst, puncture;
to die
relever to pick up
peser to weigh
soulever to lift up
2
prlever to remove, debit
ramener to take back, bring
emmener to take, drive
lever to raise, erect
amener to bring, carry

Appendix | 509
3
achever to finish, complete
enlever to remove, kidnap
semer to sow
parsemer to scatter, sprinkle
malmener to mistreat
sevrer to wean
2016~4 Edition
10.14 Croire
Infinitif croire to believe
Participe pass cru
Participe prsent croyant
Impratif crois | croyons | croyez

je crois croyais crus
tu crois croyais crus
il/elle croit croyait crut
nous croyons croyions crmes
vous croyez croyiez crtes
ils/elles croient croyaient crurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je croirai croirais
tu croiras croirais
il/elle croira croirait
nous croirons croirions
vous croirez croiriez
ils/elles croiront croiraient
prsent imparfait
que je croie crusse
que tu croies crusses
quil/elle croie crt
que nous croyions crussions
que vous croyiez crussiez
quils/ croient crussent
quelles

Appendix | 511
10.15 Courir
Infinitif courire to run
Participe pass couru
Participe prsent courant
Impratif cours | courons | courez

je cours courais courus
tu cours courais courus
il/elle court courait courut
nous courons courions courmes
vous courez couriez courtes
ils/elles courent couraient coururent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je courrai courrais
tu courras courrais
il/elle courra courrait
nous courrons courrions
vous courrez courriez
ils/elles courront courraient
prsent imparfait
que je coure courusse
que tu coures courusses
quil/elle coure court
que nous courions courussions
que vous couriez courussiez
quils/ courent courussent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.16 Se Taire
Infinitive se taire
to keep quiet
Participe pass tu
Participe prsent se taisant
Impratif tais-toi | taisons-nous | taisez-
vous

je me tais me taisais me tus
tu te tais te taisais te tus
il/elle se tait se taisait se tut
nous nous taisons nous taisions nous tmes

vous vous taisez vous taisiez vous ttes
ils/elles se taisent se taisaient se turent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je me tairai me tairais
tu te tairas te tairais
il/elle se taira se tairait
nous nous tairons nous tairions

vous vous tairez vous tairiez
ils/elles se tairont se tairaient
prsent imparfait
que je me taise me tusse
que tu te taises te tusses
quil/elle se taise se tt
que nous nous taisions nous tussions

que vous vous taisiez vous tussiez
quils/ se taisent se tussent
quelles

Appendix | 513
10.17 Group 1: Prfrer

Infinitif prefrer to prefer
Participe pass prfr
Participe prsent prfrant
Impratif prfre | prfrons | prfrez

je prfre prfrais prfrai
tu prfres prfrais prfras
il/elle prfre prfrait prfra
nous prfrons prfrions prfrmes
vous prfrez prfriez prfrtes
ils/elles prfrent prfraient prfrrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je prfrerai prfrerais
tu prfreras prfrerais
il/elle prfrera prfrerait
nous prfrerons prfrerions
vous prfrerez prfreriez
ils/elles prfreront prfreraient
prsent imparfait
que je prfre prfrasse
que tu prfres prfrasses
quil/elle prfre prfrt
que nous prfrions prfrassions
que vous prfriez prfrassiez
quils/ prfrent prfrassent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
Only four forms in the prsent and the subjonctif prsent are
irregular. Note that the second in the futur and
conditionnel prsent forms is pronounced in an open manner
[pef].
Word cloud 6.5 Rpter, esprer, prfrer, etc.
Action words following the [_]er scheme are frequent. The

following list is ordered by frequency of use.
1
rpter to repeat
esprer to hope
prfrer to prefer
considrer to consider
pntrer to penetrate
possder to possess
inquiter to trouble, disturb

Appendix | 515
2
cder to give in, collapse
rvler to reveal
rgler to adjust
librer to release, free
rgner to reign
prcder to arrive ahead of
scher to dry
3
succder to succeed, follow
rcuprer to get back, recover
reprer to notice, detect
procder to proceed
suggrer to suggest
oprer to operate
lcher to lick
4
exagrer to exaggerate
reflter to reflect
clbrer to celebrate
exasprer to exasperate
acclrer to accelerate
imprgner to impregnate
dsesprer to despair
5
pter to fart
desscher to dry out
complter to complete
tolrer to tolerate, permit
confrer to award, impart
accder to access
pcher to commit a sin
2016~4 Edition
6
interprter to interpret
dcrter to decree
modrer to moderate
transfrer to transfer
insrer to insert
prosprer to prosper
dlibrer to deliberate
7
arer to air, ventilate
adhrer to adhere, stick
grer to manage, handle
persvrer to persevere
dcder to die
dpossder to rob, strip of
dgnrer to degenerate
8
prolifrer to proliferate, multiply
diffrer to differ
excder to exceed
digrer to digest
obsder to obsess
profrer to proclaim, declare
altrer to degrade, spoil
9
numrer to enumerate, list
savrer to prove to be
intgrer to include, incorporate
dlguer to delegate
tter to suck (at)
concder to concede, allow
lguer to leave, bequeath

Appendix | 517
10
vnrer to honour, respect
rapicer to patch
relguer to relegate
lacrer to rip, tear
vocifrer to yell, shout
temprer to temper, assuage
rfrer to refer, relate
11
asscher to dry up, drain
vgter to vegetate
ritrer to reiterate, repeat
bcher to dig
crcher to live, stay
aliner to alienate
dissquer to dissect
12
obtemprer to comply, obey
sidrer to stupefy
allcher to tempt, seduce
perptrer to perpetrate, commit
blasphmer to blaspheme
dsaltrer to quench thirst
empiter to encroach upon
13
refrner to restrain
macrer to macerate
incinrer to incinerate, burn
rouspter to grumble, moan
agglomrer to aggregate, gather
2016~4 Edition
10.18 Battre
Infinitif battre to beat
Participe pass battu
Participe prsent battant
Impratif bats | battons | battez

je bats battais battis
tu bats battais battis
il/elle bat battait battit
nous battons battions battmes
vous battez battiez batttes
ils/elles battent battaient battirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je battrai battrais
tu battras battrais
il/elle battra battrait
nous battrons battrions
vous battrez battriez
ils/elles battront battraient
prsent imparfait
que je batte battisse
que tu battes battisses
quil/elle batte battt
que nous battions battissions
que vous battiez battissiez
quils/ battent battissent
quelles

Appendix | 519
10.19 Suivre
Infinitif suivre to follow
Participe pass suivi
Participe prsent suivant
Impratif suis | suivons | suivez

je suis suivais suivis
tu suis suivais suivis
il/elle suit suivait suivit
nous suivons suivions suivmes
vous suivez suiviez suivtes
ils/elles suivent suivaient suivirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je suivrai suivrais
tu suivras suivrais
il/elle suivra suivrait
nous suivrons suivrions
vous suivrez suivriez
ils/elles suivront suivraient
prsent imparfait
que je suive suivisse
que tu suives suivisses
quil/elle suive suivt
que nous suivions suivissions
que vous suiviez suivissiez
quils/ suivent suivissent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.20 Group 1: Appeler

Infinitif appeler to call
Participe pass appel
Participe prsent appelant
Impratif apple | appelons | appelez

j appelle appelais appelai
tu appelles appelais appelas
il/elle appelle appelait appela
nous appelons appelions appelmes
vous appelez appeliez appeltes
ils/elles appellent appelaient appelrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j appellerai appellerais
tu appelleras appellerais
il/elle appellera appellerait
nous appellerons appellerions
vous appellerez appelleriez
ils/elles appelleront appelleraient
prsent imparfait
que j appelle appelasse
que tu appelles appelasses
quil/elle appelle appelt
que nous appelions appelassions
que vous appeliez appelassiez
quils/ appellent appelassent
quelles

Appendix | 521

sappeler to be called
(je mappelle Marie my name is Marie)
rappeler to call back, remind
renouveler to renew
ruisseler to flow, drip
chanceler to stagger, totter
atteler to harness, yoke
peler to spell (out)
2016~4 Edition
10.21 Boire
Infinitif boire to drink
Participe pass bu
Participe prsent buvant
Impratif bois | buvons | buvez

je bois buvais bus
tu bois buvais bus
il/elle boit buvait but
nous buvons buvions bmes
vous buvez buviez btes
ils/elles boivent buvaient burent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je boirai boirais
tu boiras boirais
il/elle boira boirait
nous boirons boirions
vous boirez boiriez
ils/elles boiront boiraient
prsent imparfait
que je boive busse
que tu boives busses
quil/elle boive bt
que nous buvions bussions
que vous buviez bussiez
quils/ boivent bussent
quelles

Appendix | 523
10.22 Natre
Infinitif natre to be born
Participe pass n
Participe prsent naissant
Impratif nais | naissons | naissez

je nais naissais naquis
tu nais naissais naquis
il/elle nat naissait naquit
nous naissons naissions naqumes
vous naissez naissiez naqutes
ils/elles naissent naissaient naquirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je natrai natrais
tu natras natrais
il/elle natra natrait
nous natrons natrions
vous natrez natriez
ils/elles natront natraient
prsent imparfait
que je naisse naquisse
que tu naisses naquisses
quil/elle naisse naqut
que nous naissions naquissions
que vous naissiez naquissiez
quils/ naissent naquissent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.23 Group 1: Jeter

Infinitif jeter to throw
Participe pass jet
Participe prsent jetant
Impratif jte | jetons | jetez

je jette jetais jetai
tu jettes jetais jetas
il/elle jette jetait jeta
nous jetons jetions jetmes
vous jetez jetiez jettes
ils/elles jettent jetaient jetrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je jetterai jetterais
tu jetteras jetterais
il/elle jettera jetterait
nous jetterons jetterions
vous jetterez jetteriez
ils/elles jetteront jetteraient
prsent imparfait
que je jette jetasse
que tu jettes jetasses
quil/elle jette jett
que nous jetions jetassions
que vous jetiez jetassiez
quils/ jettent jetassent
quelles

Appendix | 525

rejeter to reject, throw back
projeter to project, launch
feuilleter to leaf through
2016~4 Edition
10.24 Connatre
Infinitif connatre to know
Participe pass connu
Participe prsent connaissant
Impratif connais | connaissons |
connaissez

je connais connaissais connus
tu connais connaissais connus
il/elle connat connaissait connut
nous connaissons connaissions connmes
vous connaissez connaissiez conntes
ils/elles connaissent connaissaient connurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je connatrai connatrais
tu connatras connatrais
il/elle connatra connatrait
nous connatrons connatrions
vous connatrez connatriez
ils/elles connatront connatraient
prsent imparfait
que je connaisse connusse
que tu connaisses connusses
quil/elle connaisse connt
que nous connaissions connussions
que vous connaissiez connussiez
quils/ connaissent connussent
quelles

Appendix | 527
10.25 crire
Infinitif crire to write
Participe pass crit
Participe prsent crivant
Impratif cris | crivons| crivez

j cris crivais crivis
tu cris crivais crivis
il/elle crit crivait crivit
nous crivons crivions crivmes
vous crivez criviez crivtes
ils/elles crivent crivaient crivicrivent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j crirai crirais
tu criras crirais
il/elle crira crirait
nous crirons cririons
vous crirez cririez
ils/elles criront criraient
prsent imparfait
que j crive crivisse
que tu crives crivisses
quil/elle crive crivt
que nous crivions crivissions
que vous criviez crivissiez
quils/ crivent crivissent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.26 Group 1: Acheter

Infinitif acheter to buy
Participe pass achet
Participe prsent achetant
Impratif achte | achetons | achetez

j achte achetais achetai
tu achtes achetais achetas
il/elle achte achetait acheta
nous achetons achetions achetmes
vous achetez achetiez achettes
ils/elles achtent achetaient achetrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j achterai achterais
tu achteras achterais
il/elle achtera achterait
nous achterons achterions
vous achterez achteriez
ils/elles achteront achteraient
prsent imparfait
que j achte achetasse
que tu achtes achetasses
quil/elle achte achett
que nous achetions achetassions
que vous achetiez achetassiez
quils/ achtent achetassent
quelles

Appendix | 529
Word cloud 6.6 Acheter, geler, etc.
racheter to buy (more)

geler to freeze, be freezing
marteler to hammer, pound
dceler to detect, discover
tinceler to sparkle, shine
harceler to harass
modeler to model
peler to peel, strip
carteler to quarter
2016~4 Edition
10.27 Lire
Infinitif lire to read
Participe pass lu
Participe prsent lisant
Impratif lis | lisons | lisez

je lis lisais lus
tu lis lisais lus
il/elle lit lisait lut
nous lisons lisions lmes
vous lisez lisiez ltes
ils/elles lisent lisaient lurent
Futur Conlitionnel
prsent
je lirai lirais
tu liras lirais
il/elle lira lirait
nous lirons lirions
vous lirez liriez
ils/elles liront liraient
prsent imparfait
que je lise lusse
que tu lises lusses
quil/elle lise lt
que nous lisions lussions
que vous lisiez lussiez
quils/elles lisent lussent

Appendix | 531
10.28 Conduire
Infinitif conduire to drive
Participe pass conduit
Participe prsent conduisant
Impratif conduis | conduisons |
conduisez

je conduis conduisais conduisis
tu conduis conduisais conduisis
il/elle conduit conduisait conduisit
nous conduisons conduisions conduismes
vous conduisez conduisiez conduistes
ils/elles conduisent conduisaient conduisirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je conduirai conduirais
tu conduiras conduirais
il/elle conduira conduirait
nous conduirons conduirions
vous conduirez conduiriez
ils/elles conduiront conduiraient
prsent imparfait
que je conduise conduisisse
que tu conduises conduisisses
quil/elle conduise conduist
que nous conduisions conduisissions
que vous conduisiez conduisissiez
quils/ conduisent conduisissent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
10.29 Group 1: Payer

Infinitif payer to pay
Participe pass pay
Participe prsent payant
Impratif paie | payons | payez

je paie payais payai
tu paies payais payas
il/elle paie payait paya
nous payons payions paymes
vous payez payiez paytes
ils/elles paient payaient payrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je paierai paierais
tu paieras paierais
il/elle paiera paierait
nous paierons paierions
vous paierez paieriez
ils/elles paieront paieraient
prsent imparfait
que je paie payasse
que tu paies payasses
quil/elle paie payt
que nous payions payassions
que vous payiez payassiez
quils/ paient payassent
quelles

Appendix | 533
Word cloud 6.7 Payer, essayer, balayer, etc.
1
essayer to try
monnayer to make money out of
effrayer to frighten, terrify
balayer to sweep
rayer to eliminate, draw lines
bgayer to stutter
gayer to amuse, brighten up
2
relayer to take over from
dblayer to clear up, out
dlayer to mix, dilute
embrayer to put in gear
enrayer to jam, stop
2016~4 Edition
3
frayer to clear, open up
dfrayer to be subject of gossip
to depress the clutch
dbrayer
pedal
pagayer to paddle
zzayer to lisp, have a lisp

Appendix | 535
10.30 Valoir
Infinitif valoir to be worth, to cost
Participe pass valu
Participe prsent valant
Impratif vaux | valons | valez

je vaux valais valus
tu vaux valais valus
il/elle vaut valait valut
nous valons valions valmes
vous valez valiez valtes
ils/elles valent valaient valurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je vaudrai vaudrais
tu vaudras vaudrais
il/elle vaudra vaudrait
nous vaudrons vaudrions
vous vaudrez vaudriez
ils/elles vaudront vaudraient
prsent imparfait
que je vaille valusse
que tu vailles valusses
quil/elle vaille valt
que nous valions valussions
que vous valiez valussiez
quils/elles vaillent valussent
2016~4 Edition
10.31 Conclure
Infinitif conclure to conclude; to bring to a close
Participe pass conclu
Participe prsent concluant
Impratif conclus | concluons | concluez

je conclus concluais conclus
tu conclus concluais conclus
il/elle conclut concluait conclut
nous concluons concluions conclmes
vous concluez concluiez concltes
ils/elles concluent concluaient conclurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je conclurai conclurais
tu concluras conclurais
il/elle conclura conclurait
nous conclurons conclurions
vous conclurez concluriez
ils/elles concluront concluraient
prsent imparfait
que je conclue conclusse
que tu conclues conclusses
quil/elle conclue conclt
que nous concluions conclussions
que vous concluiez conclussiez
quils/elles concluent conclussent

Appendix | 537
10.32 Group 1: Envoyer

Infinitif envoyer to send
Participe pass envoy
Participe prsent envoyant
Impratif envoie | envoyons | envoyez

j envoie envoyais envoyai
tu envoies envoyais envoyas
il/elle envoie envoyait envoya
nous envoyons envoyions envoymes
vous envoyez envoyiez envoytes
ils/elles envoient envoyaient envoyrent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
j enverrai enverrais
tu enverras enverrais
il/elle enverra enverrait
nous enverrons enverrions
vous enverrez enverriez
ils/elles enverront enverraient
prsent imparfait
que j envoie envoyasse
que tu envoies envoyasses
quil/elle envoie envoyt
que nous envoyions envoyassions
que vous envoyiez envoyassiez
quils/ envoient envoyassent
quelles
2016~4 Edition
Word cloud 6.8 Envoyer, employer, renvoyer, etc.
1
employer to employ, use
renvoyer to send again, back
noyer to drown
dployer to deploy, roll out
nettoyer to clean
aboyer to bark
tutoyer to be on first-name terms
2
vouvoyer to use vous with
tournoyer to swirl, whirl
foudroyer to strike
broyer to grind, crush
ctoyer to mix, rub shoulders with
ployer to bow, bend
sapitoyer to feel pity

Appendix | 539
3
octroyer to grant
rougeoyer to glow (fire)
flamboyer to flame
louvoyer to hedge, equivocate
ondoyer to undulate, ripple
fourvoyer to mislead, misguide
choyer to pamper, cosset
convoyer to escort
4
larmoyer to cry, snivel
rudoyer to mistreat
guerroyer to make war
soudoyer to bribe
festoyer to feast, celebrate
coudoyer to rub shoulder with
2016~4 Edition
10.33 Craindre
Infinitif craindre to fear
Participe pass craint
Participe prsent craignant
Impratif crains | craignons | craignez

je crains craignais craignis
tu crains craignais craignis
il/elle craint craignait craignit
nous craignons craignions craignmes
vous craignez craigniez craigntes
ils/elles craignent craignaient craignirent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je craindrai craindrais
tu craindras craindrais
il/elle craindra craindrait
nous craindrons craindrions
vous craindrez craindriez
ils/elles craindront craindraient
prsent imparfait
que je craigne craignisse
que tu craignes craignisses
quil/elle craigne craignt
que nous craignions craignissions
que vous craigniez craignissiez
quils/ craignent craignissent
quelles

Appendix | 541
10.34 Plaire
Infinitif plaire to please
Participe pass plu
Participe prsent plaisant
Impratif plais | plaisons | plaisez

je plais plaisais plus
tu plais plaisais plus
il/elle plat plaisait plut
nous plaisons plaisions plmes
vous plaisez plaisiez pltes
ils/elles plaisent plaisaient plurent
Futur Conditionnel
prsent
je plairai plairais
tu plairas plairais
il/elle plaira plairait
nous plairons plairions
vous plairez plairiez
ils/elles plairont plairaient
prsent imparfait
que je plaise plusse
que tu plaises plusses
quil/elle plaise plt
que nous plaisions plussions
que vous plaisiez plussiez
quils/elles plaisent plussent
2016~4 Edition
10.35 Feminine nouns ending in ion

Words in bold are masculine (un avion, le million, le camion,
le lion, le champion, un espion).
1-100
question, impression, attention, conversation, direction,
occasion, situation, condition, passion, action, avion,
expression, opration, intention, position, dcision, motion,
million, rgion, relation, camion, imagination, mission,
illusion, nation, sensation, explication, rvolution, disposition,
libration, opinion, division, solution, vision, satisfaction,
organisation, fonction, gnration, conviction, rflexion,
information, prcaution, religion, tradition, population,
discussion, lion, admiration, apparition, respiration, affection,
allusion, raction, occupation, ambition, instruction, union,
runion, possession, ducation, communication,
administration, collection, explosion, hsitation, exception,
tlvision, prcision, station, construction, excution,
disparition, dimension, vocation, rputation, section,
dclaration, pression, agitation, discrtion, conclusion,
tentation, confusion, rvlation, considration, proposition,
inscription, civilisation, pension, permission, reprsentation,
cration, invitation, inspiration, provision, protection,
composition, commission, institution, manifestation
101-200
dception, perfection, rception, signification, excitation,
dition, lgion, indignation, exaltation, intervention,
application, profession, obligation, invention, tension,
destruction, observation, expdition, champion, production,
circulation, sparation, rsolution, volution, concession,
lection, distraction, notion, exposition, aviation, humiliation,

Appendix | 543
protestation, communion, contradiction, version, rptition,

dlgation, proportion, convention, vibration, installation,
collaboration, indication, rdaction, obstination,
dmonstration, formation, proccupation, dcoration,
exclamation, irruption, conception, description, opposition,
succession, espion, ngociation, invasion, traduction,
obsession, intuition, provocation, soumission, mission,
fraction, consolation, prtention, association, prparation,
mditation, concentration, arrestation, apprhension,
procession, destination, distinction, vasion, autorisation,
intonation, comprhension, confession, rsignation,
approbation, consommation, contemplation, addition,
vgtation, punition, maldiction, inspection, irritation,
sduction, dtonation, constitution, interrogation, accusation,
recommandation, distribution, condamnation, transition
201-300
vocation, attribution, participation, drision, munition,
impulsion, prsentation, complication, dpression, traction,
animation, consultation, bndiction, ration, citation,
rsurrection, dvotion, ascension, stupfaction, objection,
reproduction, rparation, fabrication, suspension, illustration,
suggestion, capitulation, interprtation, attraction, promotion,
fondation, portion, fascination, compassion, imitation,
publication, dfinition, prvision, coopration, orientation,
oppression, exploitation, dsolation, constellation,
justification, interdiction, restriction, projection, progression,
transmission, jubilation, adhsion, pion, effusion, affirmation,
plantation, prcipitation, variation, diversion, transformation,
aspiration, agression, correction, articulation, ondulation,
mention, superstition, fusion, partition, domination,
compensation, frquentation, indiscrtion, interruption,
hallucination, habitation, convulsion, dmission,
rconciliation, navigation, location, supposition, contribution,
affectation, confirmation, rpulsion, rprobation, restauration,
2016~4 Edition
incarnation, fiction, flicitation, adoration, inflexion,

constatation, sanction, dtermination, comptition,
supplication, embarcation, lamentation
301-400
profusion, faction, adaptation, acclamation, inquisition,
perscution, incomprhension, excursion, cohsion,
exploration, abomination, consternation, privation, aberration,
exaspration, acceptation, initiation, mobilisation, mutation,
injonction, incursion, utilisation, modification, reconstruction,
pulsation, illumination, alimentation, proclamation,
ralisation, dispersion, allocution, rpression, rection,
lampion, apprciation, augmentation, spculation, crispation,
damnation, exclusion, conversion, rbellion, frustration,
accumulation, acquisition, revendication, rvision, inondation,
intrusion, improvisation, perception, insurrection, contagion,
extinction, inversion, ngation, convocation, rnovation,
palpitation, abngation, corruption, rotation, fanion,
confection, dcomposition, coalition, vrification,
confrontation, pntration, vacuation, ostentation,
dlectation, imprcation, appellation, conservation,
contestation, reddition, prdiction, sommation, transpiration,
rduction, talion, prdilection, lvation, nomination, torsion,
rpartition, liquidation, rcrimination, acclration,
manation, dissertation, rclusion, introduction, abstraction,
prostitution, digestion, contraction, potion, agrgation
401-500
lgation, exprimentation, conspiration, dgradation,
rcitation, adoption, vnration, dtention, rudition, quation,
rmission, infusion, extension, inauguration, rquisition,
exhibition, corporation, affliction, bastion, circonspection,
prospection, aversion, fion, scorpion, migration, audition,

Appendix | 545
clbration, prmonition, slection, reconstitution,

investigation, figuration, inclination, mutilation, suspicion,
prvention, incantation, dngation, dissolution, ovation,
expansion, dnonciation, absolution, prescription, procuration,
commisration, dformation, narration, conjonction,
documentation, dsertion, amlioration, dposition, friction,
exagration, multiplication, fdration, modration, inaction,
salutation, dmolition, modulation, filiation, perdition,
fortification, djection, dissimulation, sollicitation, prestation,
session, abjection, mulation, perquisition, inflation,
substitution, circoncision, gestion, inattention, dportation,
contorsion, anticipation, caution, collision, dsillusion,
divagation, importation, manipulation, dduction, indcision,
rumination, numration, coordination, machination,
agglomration, closion, omission, option, ruption,
suppression, persuasion
2016~4 Edition
10.36 Masculine nouns ending in ism

organisme, mcanisme, communisme, gosme, mutisme,
socialisme, capitalisme, fascisme, optimisme, cynisme,
hrosme, ralisme, scepticisme, catchisme, tourisme,
christianisme, marxisme, romantisme, rhumatisme,
patriotisme, journalisme, snobisme, rotisme, conformisme,
nationalisme, lyrisme, racisme, fanatisme, exotisme,
catholicisme, humanisme, pessimisme, national-socialisme,
sadisme, surralisme, idalisme, mysticisme, bouddhisme,
dynamisme, exorcisme, fatalisme, athisme, nazisme,
antismitisme, vandalisme, antagonisme, mimtisme,
euphmisme, libralisme, gaullisme, matrialisme, prisme,
imprialisme, paludisme, individualisme, puritanisme, sisme,
atavisme, nihilisme, terrorisme, automatisme, judasme,
narcissisme, psychisme, loyalisme, modernisme, ostracisme,
esthtisme, traumatisme, bolchevisme, cyclisme, stalinisme,
masochisme, gtisme, alcoolisme, strabisme, totalitarisme,
syndicalisme, banditisme, aphorisme, anticommunisme,
anachronisme, attentisme, schisme, exhibitionnisme,
despotisme, symbolisme, protestantisme, obscurantisme,
altruisme, militantisme, asctisme, paternalisme,
somnambulisme, infantilisme, colonialisme, chauvinisme,
machinisme, parasitisme, marxisme-lninisme

Appendix | 547
Index
demonstrative 120
49ers 100, 186, 265, 321, ending in -e 211
380 irregular 212
on, -en 336
AB Player 34 possessive 64, 118, 276
Abortion 233 Adverbs 128, 214, 293,
Acheter 317, 528 339
Acrobatics 264 Advice 324
Action Word + Action Agir 362
Word 383, 430, 481 composed tenses 369
Action words 66, 72 prsent 109
148-196 321 simple tenses 368
1-49 100 Aller 270, 313
197-245 380 composed tenses 181,
314
50-98 186
prsent 110
99-147 265
group 1 246, 316 sen 498
subjonctif 253
group 1 preview 110
group 1, frequent 264 Appartenir 360
group 2 362 Appeler 317, 520
group 3 317 Apprendre 426
important 390, 431 Articles 53, 199
prsent 269, 327 definite 122
timeline 79 indefinite 124

partitive 125
Adjectives 62, 116, 290,
402, 439 Attendre 496
ain, -ein 335 Avoir 76
consonant 209 biotope 77
2016~4 Edition
composed tenses 90, 102 avoir 95, 102

future 81 tre 184
imperfect tense 80 faire l'amour 98, 149
present conditional 83 Comprendre 426
present subjunctive 84 Conclure 536
present tense 76 Conduire 531
simple tenses 86 Conjunctions 129
subjonctif 253 Connatre 329, 526
Considrer 317
Barack Obama 225 Contraction 132, 133, 139
Battre 518 Corkscrew 161
Beau 337 Courir 511
Boire 522 Couvrir 476
Bonjour 146 Craindre 540
Brexit 483 Croire 329, 510
Cest 166 Days of the week 296

Capitalization 343 de 216
Caresser 111, 246 Dcouvrir 476
composed tenses 263 Dsirer 56
prsent 109 Devenir 360
simple tenses 262 Devoir 327, 495
Catholic nuns 241 future stem 192
Celui celle 449 Dire 270, 473
Champagne 42 dont 399
Climate Change 153 Dormir 320
Coach 273 Double Pronouns 393
Comparisons 454
Composed tenses 95, 103, crire 330, 527
185 Emphasis 406

Index | 549
en 332, 397 Formal you 275

Endings adjectives 275
group 1 261 past participles 275
Endormir, s 319 Free-Climbing 147
Entreprendre 426 Fuck the rabbit 90
Envoyer 317, 537 Futur proche 315
future stem 192 Future 224
ES rule 62 irregular stems 192
tre 164 Future perfect 224, 361,
action words 183 369, 375, 380
biotope 167 Future Stems 268
composed tenses 184 irregular 478
future 173
imperfect tense 172 Grondif 325
present 109 Gerund 325
present conditional 175, God 29
176
simple tenses 179
h
subjonctif 253
aspirated 451
timeline 172
mute 451
Hardcore 59
Faire 94, 242
expressions with 97, 244
Ifthen 392
l'amour 98
il y a 197
prsent 109
il y a eu 197
subjonctif 252
il y aura 197
Falloir 475
il y aurait 197
future stem 192
il y avait 197
fare 432
Imparfait
Finir 362
2016~4 Edition
versus pass compos Nouns 60, 121, 200, 286,

184 334
Imperative 324 -eau, -eu, -au 207
Imperfect 224 feminine 203
Imperfect subjunctive 224 feminine, -ion 542
Intervenir 360 masculine 286
masculine, -ism 546
Jeter 317, 524 nationalities 200
Jokers 50, 127, 213, 292, ou, al, ail 289
338, 404, 438 -s, -x, -z 207
Junk Food 305 Nourrir 362
Numbers
Lequel, laquelle 446 1-12 140
Lire 270, 530 13-79 218
80-100 294
cardinal 140
Manger 317, 502
Master Class 48, 161,
198, 240, 272, 311 Obtenir 360
Medicine on 89, 193
"aesthetic" 349 Orders 324
Mener 507 Ordinal Numbers 408
Mentir 319 Ouvrir 476
Mettre 328, 499
Months of the year 296 Particip prsent 325
Mourir 329, 506 pitfalls 387
future stem 192 Partir 319
Pass compos
Natre 523 versus imparfait 184
Negation 111, 194 Past conditional 224
Newspaper article 410

Index | 551
Past participles 91, 98, Prepositions 131, 215,

433 341
Past perfect 224 133
Past perfect subjunctive de 132
224 Present 224
Past subjunctive 224 importance 269
Payer 317, 532 Present conditional 224
Peanuts 49 Present participle 325
Perfect 224, 361, 369, Preterit perfect 224
375, 380, 434
Prvenir 360
Personal object pronouns
Promener 317
280
direct 280
Pronominal Action Words
372
indirect 281
Pronouns 55, 135
Personal pronouns 279 double 393
Personal subject pronouns impratif 397
279
indefinite 341
Petting 246
object pronouns 135, 280
Plaire 541
personal 279
Pleuvoir
personal object 56
future stem 192
personal subject 56
Politeness 90
possessive 443
POPs 56
reflexive pronouns 283
Possessive adjectives 276
relative 137
Possessive pronouns 443
subject pronouns 135,
Pouvoir 270, 474 279
future stem 192
two pronouns 285
subjonctif 252
Pronunciation 27
Power-Listening 34 pitfalls 126
Prfrer 513 PSPs 56
Prendre 327, 426
2016~4 Edition
future stem 192

que 137, 437 prsent 110
Quel 445 subjonctif 252
Quelquun 342 Se caresser 372
Quelque chose 342 Sentir 319
Question words 221 Sequence of Tenses 388
Questions 219 Servir 319
est-ce que 220 Sextets 67
inversion 220 Sexual connotation 183
qui 137 S'il te plat 222
S'il vous plat 222
Reading the News 143, Silent letters
225, 298, 343 b 410
Recevoir 501 c 141
Redevenir 360 d 455
Rflchir 362 f 223
Reflexive object pronouns g 456
283 k 410
Relative clause 137 l 343
Reprendre 426 m 456
Rsister 56 p 457
Results & Preview 148, q 410
227, 299, 345 r 297
Retenir 360 s 457
Russir 362 t 458
Revenir 360 x 458
Rire 330, 500 z 459
Simple past 224
Senvoyer en lair 379 Snowden 465
Savoir 271, 493 Sortir 319

Index | 553
Souffrir 476 Turbo Master Class 48

Soutenir 360
Souvenir, se 360 Valoir 535
Subjonctif 316, 362, 429, Venir 271, 359
478 future stem 192
Subjunctive 245 Vieux 337
Sucer 256, 317, 497 Virgin 311
Suivre 328, 519 Vivre 329, 505
Superlatives 454 Voir 271, 494
Surprendre 426 future stem 192
Vouloir 270, 425
Taire, se 512 future stem 192
Teacher 240 subjonctif 253
Tenir 271, 360
Time Word classes 115
telling 140
Words 31, 145, 236, 307,
Timeline 67, 107 353, 420, 469, 485
Toolbox 88, 107, 143, Worksheet 38
223
Tourism 417
y 331, 395
Tout 440
Y avoir 196
Tout le monde 342
2016~4 Edition

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GigaFrench
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GigaFrench / God, abortion and climate change / 2016 ~ 4

Marie de France
GigaFrench / 2016~4 God, abortion and climate change

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GigaFrench / God, abortion and climate change / 2016 ~ 4

GigaFrench / 2016~4 God, abortion and climate change

Flying PublisheR 9 783924 774974 > Flying PublisheR

This PDF is the 4th edition of

Youll find many xxx in this manual. These

Welcome to France, welcome to French.

Admission: Your Past

progressing at a pace that is never boring. If you feel this

3. You have never learned French before but you are

4. You have never learned French before but you have

Admission: Your Present

or any other topic youll be able to read any text about it

Admission: Your Future

If you are a busy professional and dont have even 30 minutes

1.4.5 Avoir: Futur (future tense) 81

1.15 Adjectives and Nouns 116

1.21 Reading the News 143

2 Climate Change 153

2.6.7 tre (table) 179

2.18.3 Prepositions (2) 215

3.6.3 Futur 249

3.15.1 Masculine nouns 286

4 Junk Food 305

4.10 Forty-nine action words (4) 321

5 Aesthetic Medicine 349

5.7 Forty-nine action words (5) 380

5.18.2 Ordinal Numbers (1) 408

6.11.2 Tout: adjective 440

7 Nobel for Snowden 465

9 The Future 489

10.16 Se Taire 512

Pronunciation rules for word endings

Print edition @ Amazon

Copyright 2016 N. Allan Paris

{GigaFrench.com/level01} Dieu Does God exist?

Print edition @ Amazon

le viol rape jouer des tours to play tricks

Print edition @ Amazon

If you just want to expand your French vocabulary, read the

1.1 Power Listening

1.1.1 Rule #1: 30 minutes

1.1.2 Rule #2: AB Player

and check constantly the English translation (see page 36 for a

The Repeat Player is essential for working with the

word, the position on the page, the vicinity of other words,

1.1.4 Rule #3: Cutting

Print edition @ Amazon

Figure 1.1 Screenshot of the AB Repeat Player

The first round of 20, 25 or 30 minutes is just the beginning.

Do not stop before reaching your goal: to understand every

Figure 1.2 Worksheet. Daily documentation of the time

Print edition @ Amazon

Documenting your Power Listening times in a worksheet will

1.1.5.2 Slow audio, normal audio

1.1.5.3 Parallel learning

In all these situations put on your headphones and listen to the

1.1.5.4 Close your eyes

1.1.5.5 Second approach