GPT

THE GLOSSARY OF
PROSTHODONTIC
TERMS
A abutment analog n (2005): a replica of the superior portion of a den-tal

Abbe flap \ab#e ap\ [Robert Abbe, New York, N.Y. surgeon, 1851- implant. Usually used to provide an exact form of the dental im-
1928]: eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular, full thickness plant abutment within the dental laboratory during fabrication of a
ap from the lower lip used to ll in a decit in the upper lip. prosthesis supported in part or whole by the dental implant
Specically applied to the midportion of the upper or lower lip abutment clamp \a-but#ment klamp\ (1998): any device used for po-
called also lip switch operation sitioning a dental implant abutment upon the dental implant body
Abbe, R. A new plastic operation for the relief of deformity due to double abutment driver n (2005): any hand instrument usually specically made
harelip. Med Rec 1898;53:477. to assist in insertion and securing of a dental implant abut-
ab duct \ab dukt#\ vt (1834): to draw away from the median plane ment to the superior portion of a dental implant
comp ADDUCT abutment healing cap n (2005): any temporary cover used to provide a
ab er rant \a-ber#ant\ adj (ca. 1798) 1: a deviation from the normal or seal over the superior portion of a dental implant; most such cov-ers
usual course, form, or location 2: straying from the normal way ab frac are metallic and are intended for interim usage following expo-sure
tion \ab frak#shun\ n (1991): the pathologic loss of hard of the dental implants superior surface
tooth substance caused by biomechanical loading forces. Such loss abutment post n (2005): that component of a dental implant abut-ment
is thought to be due to exure and chemical fatigue degrada-tion of which extends into the internal structure of a dental implant and is
enamel and/or dentin at some location distant from the actual point used to provide retention and/or stability to the dental im-plant
of loadingcomp ABLATION, ABRASION, ATTRITION, and abutment
EROSION abutment screw n (1998): that component which secures the dental
ab la tion \a-bla#shun\ n (15c) 1: separation or detachment; extirpa-tion; implant abutment to the dental implant body. See also
eradication 2: removal of a part, especially by cuttingsee ATTACHMENT SCREW
ABFRACTION, EROSION
ac cel er ant \ak-sel#a-rant#\ n (1916): a substance used to accelerate a
abrade \uh-brad#\ vt (1677): to rub away the external covering or layer process (as in enhancing the speed of a chemical reaction)
of a partcomp ATTRITION, EROSION
ac cel er a tor \ak-sel#a-ra#ter\ n (1611) 1: a substance that speeds a
abra sion \a-bra #shun\ n (1656) 1: the wearing away of a substance or chemical reaction 2: in physiology, a nerve, muscle, or substance
structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or that quickens movement or response
abnormal mechanical process 2: an abnormal wearing away of the ac cre tion \a-kre#shun\ n (1615) 1: the process of enlargement or
tooth substance by causes other than masticationcomp growth by a gradual build-up 2: in periodontics, the accumulation on
ATTRITION, EROSION teeth or dental implants of foreign material such as plaque, cal-culus,
1abra sive \uh-bra # siv, -ziv\ n (1853): a substance used for abrading,
and materia alba
smoothing, or polishing acentric relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION
2abra sive \uh-bra # siv, -ziv\ adj (1875) 1: tending to abrade 2: caus-ing
ach ro mat ic \ak#ra-mat#k\ adj (1766) 1: lacking in hue and sat-
irritationabra sive ly adv, abra sive ness n
uration, therefore falling into a series of colors that varies only in
ab ra si vity \uh-bra#siv--te, -ziv--te\ v (1998): the property of one lightness or brightness 2: possessing no hue; being or in-volving
material to wear away another material by means of frictional con- black, gray or white
tact
achromatopsia \a-kro#ma-top#zhe-a\ n 1: monochromatism 2: a type of
absorbed dose \ab-sorbd#,-zorbd# dos\: the amount of energy from
monochromatism in which all colors are perceived as achro-matic,
ionizing radiation absorbed per unit mass of matter, expressed in called also achromatism, total color perception deficiency
Gray units acid etched bonded splint: see RESIN-BONDED SPLINT acid
ab sorp tance \ab-sorp#tans, -zorp#tans\ n (ca. 1931): the ratio of the etched bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
radiant energy absorbed by a body to that incident upon it acid etched fixed partial denture: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
ab sorp tion \ab-sorp#shun, -zorp#-\ n (1741) 1: the uptake of sub-
stances into or through tissues, e.g., mucosa, skin, and intestine 2: in
ac quire \a-kwr#\ vt ac quired; ac quir ing (15c) 1: to obtain as ones
radiology, the uptake of energy by matter with which the ra-diation own; to come to have as a new or additional trait, character-istic or
interactssee A. of RADIATIONcomp ADSORPTION capability 2: attained with time
absorption of radiation \ab-sorp#shun uv ra#de-a#shun\: collision-like acquired centric: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXIMAL
interactions between the individual particulate or quantum INTERCUSPAL POSITION
components of a beam of radiation and the subatomic parts of mat- acquired centric occlusal position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION,
ter that occur at random during irradiation. Each interaction may MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
result in partial or complete transfer of energy acquired centric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXIMAL
abut ment \a-but#ment\ n (1634) 1: that part of a structure that di-rectly INTERCUSPAL POSITION
receives thrust or pressure; an anchorage 2: a tooth, a portion of a acquired centric relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXIMAL
tooth, or that portion of a dental implant that serves to support INTERCUSPAL POSITION
and/or retain a prosthesisusage see ANGULATED A., HEALING
acquired eccentric relation \a-kwrd# k-sen#trk r-la#shun\: any ec-
A., DENTAL IMPLANT A., INTERMEDIATE A., ONE PIECE A.,
centric relationship position of the mandible relative to the maxilla,
PREPARATION PIECE A., STANDARD A., TWO PIECE A. whether conditioned or learned by habit, which will bring the teeth
into contact
10 VOLUME 94 NUMBER 1
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
acquired occlusal position agnosia d
acquired occlusal position \a-kwrd# a-kloo#zal pa-zish#an\: the rela- adhesive resin: any resin material with incorporated adhesive chemi-cals
tionship of teeth in maximum intercuspation regardless of jaw po- such as organophosphates, HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacry-late), or
sitionsee MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION 4-META (4 methacrylethyl trimellitic anhydride); in dentistry, it
acquired occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION describes the luting agents used with resin bonded prostheses
acrylic resin \a-krl#k rez#n\ 1: pertaining to polymers of acrylic acid,
methacrylic acid, or acrylonitrile; for example, acrylic bers or
adiadochokinesia \ad#e-a do cho kne#zha\ n : inability to perform
acrylic resins 2: any of a group of thermoplastic resins made by po-
rapid alternating movements such as opening and closing the jaws or
lymerizing esters of acrylic or methylmethacrylate acids
lips, raising and lowering the eyebrows, or tapping the n-ger
acrylic resin base \a-krl#k rez#n bas\: a denture base made of acrylic
resin adipose atrophy \ad#-pos# at#ra-fe\: reduction of fatty tissue adjustable anterior
acrylic resin veneer: usually referring to xed dental prosthesis, the ve- guidance \a-just#a#bul an-tr#e-or gd#ns\: an an-
neering or lamination of the facial and/or buccal surfaces of a crown terior guide on an articulator whose surface may be altered to pro-
or xed dental prosthesis using acrylic resin. The intention of such vide desired guidance of the articulators movement mechanism;
veneering is to provide a natural tooth color to the viewable portions the guide may be programmed (calibrated) to accept eccentric in-
of the restoration terocclusal records
activated resin obs : see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN ac ti va tor
adjustable articulator \a-just#a#bul ar-tk#ya-la#tor\: an articulator that
\ak#t-va# tor\ n : a removable orthodontic prosthesis in-
allows some limited adjustment in the sagittal and horizontal planes
tended to stimulate perioral muscles
to replicate recorded mandibular movementssee ARTICULATOR
ac tiv a tor \ak#t-va# tor\ n. (1998) 1: any chemical agent which trig-
gers an initiator chemical to begin a chemical reaction. 2: a sub- adjustable axis facebow: see FACE-BOW
stance used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an adjustable occlusal pivot \a-just#a bul a kloo#sal pv#ot\ obs : an occlu-
accelerator chemical sal pivot that may be adjusted vertically by means of a screw or
acute closed lock \a-kyoot# klozd lok\: a form of temporomandibular other device (GPT4)
joint dysfunction characterized by limitation in jaw movement ad just ment \a-just#mant\ n (1644) l: the act or process of modifying
caused by anterior displacement of the intra-articular disc and asso- physical parts 2: in dentistry, a modication made on a dental pros-
ciate with pain, limitation of jaw opening to 25 to 30 mm (as mea- thesis or natural tooth to enhance t, function, or acceptance by the
sured in the incisor area) and, with jaw opening, a deection of the patientsee OCCLUSAL A.
mandible toward the affected joint ad sorp tion \ad-sorp#shun, -zorp#-\ n (1882): the adhesion, in an
acute pain: pain having a brief and relatively severe course adaptation extremely thin layer, of molecules to the surfaces of liquids or solids
\ad#ap-ta#shun\ n (1610) 1: the act or process of adapting; with which they are in contactcomp ABSORPTIONad sorp tive
the state of being adapted 2: the act of purposefully adapting two adj
surfaces to provide intimate contact 3: the progressive adjustive adult speech aid prosthesis \a-dult# spech ad pros-the#ss\: a denitive
changes in sensitivity that regularly accompany continuous sensory maxillofacial prosthesis which can improve speech in adult cleft pal-
stimulation or lack of stimulation 4: in dentistry, (a) the degree of t ate patients either by obturating (sealing off) a palatal cleft or s-
between a prosthesis and supporting structures, (b) the degree of tula, or occasionally by assisting an incompetent soft palate. Both
proximity of a restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the mechanisms are necessary to achieve velopharyngeal competency.
adjustment of orthodontic bands to teeth Editors note: Generally this prosthesis is fabricated when no further
adaptation syndrome \ad#ap-ta#shun sn#drom#\: a syndrome charac- growth is anticipated and the objective is to achieve long term use,
terized by alterations in response as an accommodation to the en- hence, more precise materials and techniques are utilized.
vironment Occasionally such procedures are accomplished in conjunction with
adaptive occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION precision attachments in fixed dental prostheses undertaken on some
additive color mixture \ad# -tv kul#ur mks#chur\: the perceived or all maxillary teeth, to achieve improved estheticssyn
color that results when the same area of the retina of the eye is illu- PROSTHETIC SPEECH APPLIANCE, SPEECH AID, SPEECH
minated by lights of different spectral distribution such as by two BULB
colored lightscomp SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYSTEM af ter im age \af#ter m#j\ n (1874): in visual acuity, a prolongation or
ad duct \a-dukt#,-a-\ vt (1836): to draw toward the median plane or renewal of a visual sensory experience, ascribable to residual ex-
toward the axial line comp ABDUCT citation after external stimuli have ceased to operate
ad her ence \ad-hr#ens, -enz\ n (1531): the act, quality, or action of afterloading technique \af#ter-lod#ing tek-nek#\: in therapeutic radi-
adhering; persistent attachment ology, the use of applicators for brachytherapy so designed that they
ad he sion \ad-he#zhun\ n (1624) 1: the property of remaining in close may be quickly loaded with radioactive sources after place-ment
proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules within the patient
to a substance or molecular attraction existing between the surfaces agar \a#gar#, a#gar#\ n (1889): a complex sulfated polymer of galac-
of bodies in contact 2: the stable joining of parts to each other, tose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria
which may occur abnormally 3: a brous band or struc-ture by confervoides, and related red algae. It is a mucilaginous substance
which parts abnormally adherecomp CAPSULAR FIBROSIS, that melts at approximately 100L C and solidies into a gel at ap-
FIBROUS A., INTRACAPSULAR A., MYOFIBROTIC proximately 40L C. It is not digested by most bacteria and is used as
CAPSULAR CONTRACTURE a gelation agent in dental impression materials and a solid cul-ture
1
ad he sive \ad-he#siv, -ziv\ adj (1670): sticky or tenacious 2ad he sive \ad- media for microorganisms.
he#siv, -ziv\ n (1912) 1: any substance that creates age atrophy \aj at#ra-fe\: a wasting away; the normal diminution of all
close adherence to or on adjoining surfaces 2: a luting agentsee tissues due to advanced age
DENTURE A., MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETIC A. agen e sis \a-jen#-ss\ n (ca. 1879): absence, failure of formation, or
adhesive capsulitis \ad-he#siv,-ziv kap#sul-#tis\: within the temporo- imperfect development of any body partsee CONDYLAR
mandibular joint, any situation in which the disk is in normal posi- AGENESIS
tion, joint space volume is decreased, and motion is restricted ag na thia \ag-na#the-a\ n : a developmental anomaly characterized by
adhesive failure \ad-he#siv,-ziv fal#yur\ (1998): bond failure at an in- absence of the mandible
terface between two materials due to a tensile or shearing forcesee ag no sia \ag-no#zha\ n (ca. 1900): diminution or loss of the ability to
COHESIVE FAILURE recognize the import of sensory stimuli; the varieties correspond
JULY 2005 11
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS
agnosia analgesic
d
with the senses and are distinguished as auditory, gustatory, olfac- all-polymer prosthesis: a xed dental prosthesis fabricated from non-
tory, tactile, and visual metallic or ceramic components typically composed of an internal
ag o nist \ag#a-nst\ n (ca. 1626) 1: in physiology, a muscle that is glass ber-reinforced composite framework covered by a particu-
controlled by the action of an antagonist with which it is paired 2: in late composite resin
anatomy, a prime mover 3: in pharmacology, a drug that has an alpha particle \al#fa par#t-kal\ n (1903): a positively charged nuclear
afnity for and stimulates physiologic activity in cell recep-tors particle identical with the nucleus of a helium atom that consists of
normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances two protons and two neutrons and is ejected at high speed in cer-tain
air abrasion: see AIRBORNE PARTICLE ABRASION radioactive transformations
air-bone gap \ar#bon# gap\: in audiology, the difference in patient acu- altered cast \ol#terd kast\: a nal cast that is revised in part before pro-
ity to sound transmitted though air and through bone that reects cessing a denture basecalled also corrected cast, modified cast altered
hearing loss due to middle ear dysfunction or pathology cast partial denture impression \ol#terd kast par#shal
airborne-particle abrasion \ar#born# par#t-kal a-bra#zhun\: the pro- den#cher m-presh#an\: a negative likeness of a portion or portions
cess of altering the surface of a material through the use of abrasive of the edentulous denture bearing area(s) made independent of and
particles propelled by compressed air or other gases
after the initial impression of the natural teeth. This technique
air chamber: see RELIEF AREA employs an impression tray(s) attached to the removable dental
air conduction \ar kon-duk#shun\: the normal process of conducting prosthesis framework or its likeness
sound waves through the ear canal to the tympanic membrane
air dose \ar dos\: in therapeutic radiology, the amount of energy ab- aluminum oxide \a-loo#mi-num ok#sd#\ 1: a metallic oxide constitu-ent
sorbed per unit mass of tissue at a given site, in air of dental porcelain that increases hardness and viscosity 2: a high
strength ceramic crystal dispersed throughout a glassy phase to
Akers clasp \A#kerz klasp\ [Polk E. Akers, Chicago, III, dentist]: ep- increase its strength as in aluminous dental porcelain used to fab-
onym for a one piece cast partial denture with cast clasps. He is said ricate aluminous porcelain crowns 3: a nely ground ceramic par-
to have improved and standardized the one piece casting method for ticle (frequently 50 um) often used in conjunction with air-borne
fabricating gold alloy removable partial dental prostheses in the particle abrasion of metal castings before the application of porce-
early 1920ssee SUPRABULGE CLASP
lain as with metal ceramic restorations
Akers PE Partial dentures. J Amer Dent Assoc 1928;15:717-22.
aluminous porcelain \a-loo#mi-nus por#si-lin, por#-\: a ceramic mate-
ala \a#la\ n, pl alae (1738): a wing or a wing-like anatomic part or
rial composed of a glass matrix phase with 35% or more of alumi-
processalar adj
num oxide, by volume
ala nasi \a#la nas#e\ n : in anatomy, the cartilaginous processes
forming the wing-like are of each nares al ve o lar \al-ve#a-ler\ adj (1799): that part of the jaws where the teeth
arise
ala-tragus line \a#lah tra#gus ln\: a line running from the inferior bor- alveolar augmentation \al-ve#a-ler og#men-ta#shun\: any surgical
der of the ala of the nose to some dened point on the tragus of the procedure employed to alter the contour of the residual alveolar
ear, usually considered to be the tip of the tragus. It is frequently ridge
used, with a third point on the opposing tragus, for the purpose of
alveolar bone \al-ve#a-ler bon\: the bony portion of the mandible or
establishing the ala tragus plane. Ideally the ala-tragus plane is
maxillae in which the roots of the teeth are held by bers of the per-
considered to be parallel to the occlusal plane. The occlusal plane is iodontal ligamentcalled also dental alveolus
at an angle of approximately 10 degrees relative to the Frankfort
alveolar crest: see RESIDUAL RIDGE CREST
horizontal plane, when viewed in the mid-sagittal planesee
CAMPERS LINE alveolar mucosa \al-ve#a-ler myoo-ko#sa\: the xed mucosal covering
al gi nate n (ca. 1909): see IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID all- of the alveolar process, loosely attached to the bone
ceramic restoration: see CERAMIC RESTORATION al lo dynia \al o alveolar process \al-ve#a-ler pro-ses#\: the cancellous and compact
deen#ya\ n : pain resulting from a non-noxious stim- bony structure that surrounds and supports the teeth
ulus to normal skin or mucosa alveolar reconstruction \al-ve#a-ler re#kon-struk#shun\ : any surgical
procedure employed to recreate a severely resorbed residual alveo-
al lo ge ne ic \al a jn#k\ adj (1963): in transplantation biology, de- lar ridge
noting individuals (or tissues) that are of the same species however
antigenically distinctcalled also homologous alveolar resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
alveolar ridge: see RESIDUAL RIDGE
allogeneic graft: see HOMOGRAFT
al ve o lec tomy n : see OSTEOTOMY al
al lo graft \al#a-graft#\ n (1964): a graft of tissue between genetically ve o lo plasty n : see OSTEOTOMY
dissimilar members of the same speciescalled also allogeneic graft
and homograft al ve o lus n, pl al ve o li (ca. 1706): one of the cavities or sockets within
the alveolar process of the maxillae or mandible in which the
al lo plast \al#a plast#\ n 1: an inert foreign body used for implantation
within tissue 2: a material originating from a nonliving source that attachment complex held the root of a tooth after the tooths
surgically replaces missing tissue or augments that which remains removal
alloplastic graft \al#a-plas#tk graft\: a graft consisting of an inert amal gam n: 1: an alloy of mercury 2: dental amalgam is an alloy of
material mercury, silver, copper, and tin, which may also contain palladium,
alloplastic material \al#a-plas#tk ma-tr#e-al\: any non-biologic zinc, and other elements to improve handling characteristics and
mate-rial suitable for implantation as an alloplast clinical performance
al loy \al#oi#, a-loi#\ n (14c): a mixture of two or more metals or metal- am bient \AM-bee-unt\ adj: existing or present on all sides; encom-
passing
loids that are mutually soluble in the molten state; distinguished as
binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., depending on the number of met-als a mor phous \a-mor#fus\: without crystalline structure; having ran-dom
within the mixture. Alloying elements are added to alter the arrangement of atoms in space
hardness, strength, and toughness of a metallic element, thus ob- an al ge sia \an#al-je ze-a,-zha\ n (ca. 1706): absence of sensibility to
taining properties not found in a pure metal. Alloys may also be pain, designating particularly the relief of pain without loss of con-
classied on the basis of their behavior when solidied usage: see sciousness
BASE METAL, NOBLE METAL 1an al ge sic \an#al-je# zk, -sk\ adj: relieving pain
2an al ge sic \an#al-je#zk, -sk\ n : an agent that alleviates pain without
alloying element \a-loi#ng el#a-ment\ (1998): metallic or non-metal-lic
elements added to or retained by a pure metal for the purpose of causing loss of consciousnesssee A. BLOCKING AGENT, A.
giving that metal special properties DIAGNOSTIC BLOCK
analgesic blocking agent angular cheilitis

d
analgesic blocking agent \an#al-je#zk blok#ing a#jent\: any analgesic for the removable component. First attributed to James Andrews,
that blocks or prohibits sensory perception DDS, Amite, LA
analgesic diagnostic block \an#al-je#zk d#ag-nos#tk blok\: the selec- Everhart, RJ and Cavazos, E. Jr. Evaluation of a xed removable partial den-
tive use of a local anesthetic injection or application of a topical an- ture: Andrews Bridge System. J Prosthet Dent 1983;50(2):180-4 an es the sia
esthetic to identify a pain source \an#s-the#zha\ n (ca. 1721): loss of feeling or sensation;
an a log \an#a-log, -log\ n (1826) 1: in dentistry, something that is also spelled anaesthesia
analogous in part or whole to something else; i.e., a replica of a por- anesthesia dolorosa \an#s-the#zha do#la-ro#sa\: pain within an area or
tion of an implant abutment made of brass, aluminum, steel, or region that is anesthetic or anesthetized
plastic 2: an organ similar in function to an organ of another animal 1
an es thet ic \an#s-thet#k\ adj (1846) 1: capable of producing anes-
or plant but with different structure and originspelled also ana- thesia 2: lacking awareness or sensitivity
logue 2an es thet ic \an#s-thet#k\ n (1848) 1: a substance that produces
anesthesia 2: something that brings relief
an am ne sis \an#am-ne#ss\ n, pl -ne ses (ca. 1593) 1: a recalling to
mind; a reminiscence 2: the past history of disease or injury based angle of gingival convergence \ang#gl uv jn#ji-val, -jn-j#- kun-
on the patients memory or recall at the time of interview and vur#jens\ 1: according to Schneider, the angle of gingival conver-
exam-ination 3: a preliminary past medical history of a medical or gence is located apical to the height of contour on the abutment
psychi-atric patient tooth. It can be identied by viewing the angle formed by the tooth
anatomic crown \an#a-tom#k kroun\: the portion of a natural tooth that surface gingival to the survey line and the analyzing rod or undercut
extends coronal from the cementoenamel junctioncalled also gauge in a surveyor as it contacts the height of contour 2: the angle
anatomical crown formed by any surface of the tooth below the survey line of the
anatomic landmark \an#a-tom#k land#mark\: a recognizable ana- height of contour, with the selected path of insertion of a prosthesis
tomic structure used as a point of reference 3: the angle formed by the tooth surface below the height of con-tour
anatomic occlusion \an#a-tom#k a-kloo#zhun\: an occlusal arrange- with the vertical plane, when the occlusal surface of the tooth is
ment for dental prostheses wherein the posterior articial teeth have oriented parallel to the horizontal plane
masticatory surfaces that closely resemble those of the natural Schneider RL. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:194-6.
healthy dentition and articulate with similar natural or articial sur- angle of incidence \ang#gl uv n#s-dens\: the angle formed between
facescalled also anatomical occlusion the axis of a light beam and a perpendicular to the objects surface
anatomic teeth \an#a-tom#k teth\ 1: articial teeth that duplicate the angle of reflection \ang#gl uv r-ek#shun\: the angle formed between
the axis of a reected light beam and a perpendicular to the objects
anatomic forms of natural teeth 2: teeth that have prominent cusps
surface
on the masticating surfaces and that are designed to articulate with
the teeth of the opposing natural or prosthetic dentition 3: ana-tomic Angles classification of occlusion \ang#gulz klas#a-f-ka#shun uv a-
teeth with cuspal inclinations greater than 0 degrees that tend to kloo#shun\ [Edward Harley Angle, American orthodontist, 1855-
replica natural tooth anatomyusage cusp teeth (30 to 45 degrees) 1930]: eponym for a classication system of occlusion based on the
are considered anatomic teeth. Modied occlusal forms are those interdigitation of the rst molar teeth originally described by Angle
with a 20-degree cusp incline or lesscalled also anatomical teeth as four major groups depending on the anteroposterior jaw
relationship. Class IV is no longer in use. Class I (normal occlu-sion
Boucher CO. J PROSTHET DENT 1953;3:633-56.
or neutrooclusion): the dental relationship in which there is normal
anatomy \a-nat#a-me\ n, pl -mies (14c) 1: a branch of morphology that anteroposterior relationship of the jaws, as indicated by correct
involves the structures of organs 2: the structural makeup esp. of an interdigitation of maxillary and mandibular molars, but with
organ or any of its parts 3: separating or dividing into parts for crowding and rotation of teeth elsewhere, i.e., a dental dys-plasia or
examinationan a tom ic or an a tom i cal adj arch length deciency. Class II (distoclusion): the dental relationship
ANB angle \A N B ang#gl\: in cephalometric analysis, the angle formed in which the mandibular dental arch is posterior to the maxillary
between the nasion point A line and the nasion point B line anchorage dental arch in one or both lateral segments; the mandibular rst
area \ang#ker-j ar#e-a\ : that area which, by its situation, molar is distal to the maxillary rst molar. Class II can be further
conguration and/or preparation, is suitable for the retention of
subdivided into two divisions. Division 1: bilateral distal retrusion
a prosthesis
with a narrow maxillary arch and pro-truding maxillary incisors.
anchorage component: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT BODY Subdivisions include right or left (uni-laterally distal with other
characteristics being the same). Division 2: bilateral distal with a
anchorage element: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT normal or square-shaped max-illary arch, retruded maxillary central
ABUTMENT ELEMENT(S)
incisors, labially malposed maxillary lateral incisors, and an
ancillary prostheses: one of the three main categories of dental pros- excessive vertical overlap. Subdivisions include right or left
theses made by those in the eld of prosthodontics; any prosthesis (unilaterally distal with other characteristics the same). Class III
not able to be described as either a dental prosthesis or a maxillofa- (mesioocclusion): the dental re-lationship in which the mandibular
cial prosthesis. Examples may include guides, stents, splints, con- arch is anterior to the max-illary arch in one or both lateral
formers, carriers and the like. Most such prostheses are intended for segments; the mandibular rst molar is mesial to the maxillary rst
short term or special usage molar. The mandibular in-cisors are usually in anterior cross bite.
Anderson splint [Roger Anderson, American orthopedic surgeon, 1891- Subdivisions include right or left (unilaterally mesial with other
1971]: eponym for a skeletal traction splint with pins in-serted into characteristics the same). Class IV: the dental relationship in which
proximal and distal ends of a fractured bone. Reduction is obtained the occlusal re-lations of the dental arches present the peculiar
by an external plate attached to the pinscalled also BYPHASIC condition of be-ing in distal occlusion in one lateral half and in
SPLINT mesial occlusion in the other (no longer used).
Anderson R. Ambulatory method of treating fractures of the shaft of the fe-
mur. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936;62:865. Angle EM. Classication of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos 1899;41:248-64,
Andrews bridge \an#droos brj\: the combination of a xed dental 350-7.
prosthesis incorporating a bar with a removable dental prosthesis angular cheilitis \ang#gya-ler k-l#ts\: inammation of the angles of
that replaces teeth within the bar area, usually used for edentulous the mouth causing redness and the production of ssurescalled
anterior spaces. The vertical walls of the bar may provide retention also perleche
JULY 2005 13
angulated abutment anti-rotation

d
angulated abutment \ang#gya-lat#d a-but#ment\ (1998): any endos-teal ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE 3: the fabrication of a relationship of
dental implant abutment which alters the long axis angulation the anterior teeth preventing posterior tooth contact in all ec-centric
between the dental implant and the angulated dental implant abut- mandibular movementssee ANTERIOR PROTECTED
mentsyn ANGLED ABUTMENT ARTICULA-TION, GROUP FUNCTION, MUTUALLY
an ky lo glos sia \ang#k-lo-glos#e-ah, -glo-sha\ n : the binding of the PROTECTED ARTICULATION
tip of the tongue to the oor of the mouth or the alveolar ridge due to anterior guide: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
abnormal attachment of the lingual frenum. This often restricts anterior guide pin \an-tr#e-or gd pn\: that component of an articu-
movement of the tongue, often due to the position of the lingual lator, generally a rigid rod attached to one member, contacting the
frenulum, resulting in speech impediments; may be complete or anterior guide table on the opposing member. It is used for the pur-
partialcalled also adherent tongue, lingua frenata, and tongue-tie pose of maintaining the established vertical separation. The ante-rior
ankylosis \ang#ki-lo#ss\ n, pl -lo ses (1713): immobility and consol- guide pin and table, together with the condylar elements, direct the
idation of a joint or tooth due to injury, disease, or a surgical pro- movements of the articulators separate members
cedure see BONY A., EXTRACAPSULAR A., FIBROUS A.,
INTRACAPSULAR A.; spelled also anchylosis anterior guide table \an-tr#e-or gd ta#bl\: that component of an ar-
ticulator on which the anterior guide pin rests to maintain the oc-
an neal \a-nel#\ vt (1580) 1: to heat a material, such as metal or glass, clusal vertical dimension and inuence articulator movements. The
followed by controlled cooling to remove internal stresses and cre- guide table inuences the degree of separation of the casts in all re-
ate a desired degree of toughness, temper, or softness to a material 2: lationshipssee also ANTERIOR PROGRAMMING DEVICE
to heat a material, such as gold foil, to volatilize and drive off im-
anterior nasal spine \an-tr#e-or na#zal spn\: a sharp median bony
purities from its surface, thus increasing its cohesive properties. This
process, adjacent to the inferior margin of the anterior aperture of
process is termed degassing 3: to homogenize an amalgam al-loy by
the nose, formed by the forward prolongation of the two maxil-lae
heating in an oven
an nu lar \an#ya-ler\ n (1571): a term used to describe a ring like an- anterior open bite (obs): see ANTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL
atomic structure RELATIONSHIP
an o don tia \an#o-don#she-a\ n : a rare dental condition character-ized anterior open occlusal relationship \an-tr#e-or o#pen a-kloo#zal r-
by congenital absence of all teeth (both deciduous and perma- la#shen-shp#\: the lack of anterior tooth contact in any occluding
nent)comp HYPODONTIA, OLIGODONTIA position of the posterior teeth
an o don tism n : see ANODONTIA
anterior programming device \an-tr#e-or pro#gram ng d-vs#\: an
anomalous trichromatic vision \a-nom#a-lus tr#kro-mat#k vzh#un\: a individually fabricated anterior guide table that allows mandibular
form of defective color vision in which three stimuli are required for motion without the inuence of tooth contacts and facilitates the
color matching, but the proportions in which they are matched differ recording of maxillomandibular relationships; also used for depro-
signicantly from those required by the normal trichromat. There are grammingsee also deprogrammer
three forms of anomalous trichro-matic vision: protanomalous, anterior protected articulation \an-tr#e-or pro-tek#td ar-tk#ya-
deuteranomalous, and tritanomalous la#shun\: a form of mutually protected articulation in which the
a nom a ly \a-nom#a-le\ n, pl a nom a lies (1664) 1: something dif- vertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth disengages the
ferent, abnormal, peculiar, or not easily classied 2: an aberration or posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive movementssee
deviation from normal anatomic growth, development, or func-tion CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
3: marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result anterior reference point \an-tr#e-or ref#er-ens, ref#rens point\: any
of congenital defects point located on the midface that, together with two posterior ref-
ANS: Acronym for Anterior Nasal Spine. The outline of the anterior erence points, establishes a reference plane
nasal spine as seen on the lateral cephalometric radiograph. It is used anterior teeth \an-tr#e-or teth\: the maxillary and mandibular incisors
as a cephalometric landmark and canines
an tag on ist \an-tag#a-nst\ n (1599) 1: a tooth in one jaw that ar- anterior tooth arrangement \an-tr#e-or tooth a-ranj#ment\: the po-
sitioning of the anterior teeth for esthetics and phonetics
ticulates with a tooth in the other jawcalled also dental an-tagonist
2: a substance that tends to nullify the actions of another, as a drug anterior tooth form \an-tr#e-or tooth form\: the outline form as
that binds to cell receptors without eliciting a biologic response 3: a viewed in any selected plane or/and other contours of an anterior
tooth
muscle whose action is the direct op-posite of another muscle
anteroposterior curve \an-ter-o-po-str#e-or kurv\: the anatomic
Antes Law [Irwin H: Ante, Toronto, Ontario Canada, dentist]: epo- curve established by the occlusal alignment of the teeth, as pro-
nym, in xed dental prosthodontics, for the observation that the jected onto the median plane, beginning with the cusp tip of the
combined pericemental area of all abutment teeth supporting a xed mandibular canine and following the buccal cusp tips of the premo-
dental prosthesis should be equal to or greater in pericemental area lar and molar teeth, continuing through the anterior border of the
than the tooth or teeth to be replaced; as formulated for re-movable mandibular ramus, ending with the anterior most portion of the
dental prosthodontics, the combined pericemental area of the mandibular condyle. First described by Ferdinand Graf Spee,
abutment teeth plus the mucosa area of the denture base should be German anatomist, in 1890see CURVE OF SPEE
equal to or greater than the pericemental area of the missing teeth antiflux \an#te-uks#\ n : materials that prevent or connes solder at-
tachment or ow
Ante IH. The fundamental principles, design and construction of crown and an ti me tab o lite \an#te-ma-tab#a-lt\ n (1945): a substance that
competes with, replaces, or antagonizes a particular metabolite
bridge prosthesis. Dent Item Int 1928;50:215-32.
anti-Monson curve: see REVERSE CURVE
an te ri or \an-tr#e-or\ adj (1541) 1: in front of or the front part; sit- an ti neo plas tic \an#te-ne#a-plas#tk\ adj (1969) 1: inhibiting or
uated in front of 2: the forward or ventral position 3: a term used to preventing the development of neoplasms; inhibiting the matura-tion
denote the incisor or canine teeth or the forward region of the mouth and proliferation of malignant cells 2: an agent having such
properties
anterior disk displacement: see DISK DISPLACEMENT
antineoplastic drug \an#te-ne#a-plas#tk drug\: an agent used in treat-
anterior guidance \an-tr#e-or gd#ns\ 1: the inuence of the contact- ment or palliation of the symptoms of cancer
ing surfaces of anterior teeth on tooth limiting mandibular move- anti-rotation \an#te-ro-ta#shun\ (1998): a structural feature of some
ments 2: the inuence of the contacting surfaces of the guide pin and endosteal dental implant components that prevents relative
anterior guide table on articulator movementsusage see
anti-rotation articulator
d
rotation of fastened parts. This feature may exist between a dental arcon articulator \ar#kon ar-tk#ya-la#tor\: an articulator that applies
implant body and the dental implant abutment, and/or the dental the arcon design; this instrument maintains anatomic guidelines by
implant abutment and dental implant abutment element(s) the use of condylar analogs in the mandibular element and fossae
assemblies within the maxillary element
an ti tra gus \an#t-tra#gus\ n, pl an ti tra gi: a projection of the car-
tilage of the auricle in front of the cauda helicis, just above the lob- arrow point tracer \ar#o point tra#ser\ 1: a mechanical device used to
ule and posterior to the tragus, from which it is separated by the inter trace a pattern of mandibular movement in a selected planeusu-ally
tragal notch parallel to the occlusal plane 2: a mechanical device with a marking
ap at ite \ap#a-tt#\ n (1803): calcium phosphate of the composition point attached to one jaw and a graph plate or tracing plane attached
Ca5(PO4)3OH; one of the mineral constituents of teeth and bones to the other jaw. It is used to record the direction and range of
(with Ca CO3) movements of the mandiblesee GOTHIC ARCH TRACER
apertognathia: a condition in which the anterior or posterior teeth are not
in contact. See OPEN BITE; OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP arrow point tracing: see STYLUS TRACING
ar thral gia \ar-thral#ja, -je-a\ n (ca. 1848): pain in a joint or joints ar thri tis
ap er ture \ap#er-chur\ n (15c): an opening or open space; a hole apex \a#peks#\ n, \ar-thr#tis\ n (14c): inammation of a joint or joints arthrodial joint \ar-
pl apex es or api ces (1601) 1: the uppermost point; thro#de al joint\: a joint that allows gliding motion
of the surfaces
the vertex 2: in dentistry, the anatomic end of a tooth root apha gia \a
fa#je-a, -ja\ n : inability to swallow; abstention from eating apha sia \a- arthrodial movement \ar-thro#de al moov#ment\: gliding joint move-
fa#zha\ n (1867): defect or loss of the power of expression ment
by writing, speech or signs, or of comprehending written or spoken ar throg ra phy \ar-throp#a-the\ n 1: roentgenography of a joint after
language due to disease of or injury to the brain injection of an opaque contrast material 2: in dentistry, a diagnostic
apho nia \a-fo#ne-a\ n. (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result of the technique that entails lling the lower, upper, or both joint spaces of
failure of the vocal cords to vibrate properly the temporomandibular joint with a contrast agent to enable ra-
diographic evaluation of the joint and surrounding structures; used
api cal \ap#-kal, -a#p-\ adj (1828): of, relating to or pertaining to the to diagnose or conrm disk displacements and perforations
top or apexapi cal ly adv
ar throp a thy n (ca. 1860): a disease of a joint
a plastic \a-plas#tk\ adj : devoid of form; without development apho
nia \a-fo#ne-a\ n (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result of the ar thro plas ty \ar-thro#plas-te\ n : the surgical formation or reforma-
tion of a joint
failure of the vocal cords to vibrate properly
apla sia \a-pla#zha, -zhe-\ n : defective development or congenital ab- ar thro sis \ar-thro#ss\ n (1634) 1: a joint or articulation 2: a disease of
a joint
sence of an organ or tissue
ar tic u lar \ar tk#ya-ler\ adj (15c): of or relating to a joint articular capsule \ar tk#ya-
ap pli ance n, slang, obs (1561): see DEVICE, RESTORATION, ler kap#sel\: the brous ligament that enc-
PROSTHESIS
loses a joint and limits its motion. It is lined with the synovial mem-
ap posi tion \ap#a-zsh#un\ n (15c): the condition of being placed or brane
tted together; in juxtaposition or coadaptation
articular cartilage \ar tk#ya-ler kar#tl-j\: a thin layer of hyaline
ap prox i ma tion \a-prok#si-ma#shun\ n (15c) 1: the process of drawing carti-lage located on the joint surfaces of some bones not found on
together 2: the quality of being close or near ap prox i ma tive adj the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joints which is cov-
ered with an avascular brous tissue
aprax ia \a-prak#se-a\ n (1888): the loss of ability to carry out familiar, articular disc: a ring of brocartilage that separates the articular surfa-
purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or other sensory ces of a joint
or motor impairment, especially the inability to make proper use of articular temporomandibular joint disk: see DISK
an object 1ar tic u late \ar-tk#ya-lat#\ vb (1691) 1: to join together as a joint 2:
apron n, obs : see LINGUAL PLATE the relating of contacting surfaces of the teeth or their articial rep-
arc of closure \ark uv klo#zhur\: the circular or elliptic arc created by licas in the maxillae to those in the mandible
closure of the mandible, most often viewed in the mid-sagittal plane, 2ar tic u late \ar-tk#ya-lat#, -lt\ adj (1586): in speech, to enunciate
using a reference point on the mandible (frequently either clearly or be clearly spoken
mandibular central incisors mesial incisal edge) articulating paper \ar-tk#ya-lat#ing pa#per\: ink-coated paper strips
arc therapy \ark ther#a-pe\: in therapeutic radiology, external beam ra- used to locate and mark occlusal contacts
diation in which the source of radiation is moved about the patient ar tic u la tion \ar-tk#ya-la#shun\ n (15c) 1: the place of union or
on an arc during treatment. Multiple arcs may be used. In some junction between two or more bones of the skeletonsee
cases the beam is stationary and the patient is rotated in a vertical CRANIOMANDIBULAR A., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR A. 2: in
plane speech, the enunciation of words and sentencessee SPEECH A. 3:
arch bars \arch barz\: a rigid bar or/and wire used for intermaxillary in dentistry, the static and dynamic contact rela-tionship between the
xation in treatment of fractures of the maxillae and mandible occlusal surfaces of the teeth during func-tionsee ANTERIOR
and/or stabilization of injured teeth, generally attached to the re- PROTECTED A., BALANCED A., DENTAL A., FUNCTIONAL
maining natural dentition and/or occlusal splints A., MONO-PLANE A., MUTUALLY PROTECTED A.
arch form \arch form\: the geometric shape of the dental arch when
viewed in the horizontal plane (square, tapering, ovoid, etc.) ar tic u la tor \ar-tk#ya-la#tor\ n : a mechanical instrument that rep-
arch length discrepancy \arch lengkth d-skrep#ens-se\: the abnormal resents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary
relationship between the size of the mandible and/or maxilla and and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all man-
their component teeth, especially as viewed and analyzed in the oc- dibular movementsusage: articulators are divisible into four clas-
clusal plane ses. Class I articulator: a simple holding instrument capable of
arch wire \arch-wr\ n : an orthodontic wire placed intraorally for the accepting a single static registration; vertical motion is possible
application of force see NONADJUSTABLE A. Class II articulator: an instrument that
ar con \ar#kon\ n : a contraction of the words ARTICULATOR permits horizontal as well as vertical motion but does not orient the
and CONDYLE, used to describe an articulator containing motion to the temporomandibular joints. Class III articulator: an
the con-dylar path elements within its upper member and the instrument that simulates condylar pathways by using averages or
condylar ele-ments within the lower member mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion; these instru-
JULY 2005 15
articulator autopolymer
d
ments allow for orientation of the casts relative to the joints and may atypical facial pain \a-tp#-kul fa#shul pan\: a painful syndrome char-
be arcon or nonarcon instrumentssee SEMI-ADJUST-ABLE A. acterized by dull aching or throbbing, rather than paroxysms of pain,
Class IV articulator: an instrument that will accept three dimensional such as seen in trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, or postherpetic
dynamic registrations; these instruments allow for or-ientation of the neuralgia, occurring in areas supplied by various nerve groups, in-
casts to the temporomandibular joints and simula-tion of mandibular cluding the fth and ninth cranial nerves and the second and third
movementssee FULLY ADJUSTABLE A., FULLY cervical nerves. The distribution of atypical facial pain does not fol-
ADJUSTABLE GNATHOLOGIC A. low the established pathways of innervation of the major sensory
ar ti fact \ar#ti-fakt#\ n (1821) 1: any characteristic product of human nerves, however (i.e., trigeminal neuralgia). Attacks last from a few
activity, i.e., any hand-made object that could represent a particular days to several months and often occur after dental care or sinus
culture or stage in its technologic development 2: a product of an manipulation, but examination of the teeth, nose, sinuses, ears, and
articial character due to extraneous agencyused in medicine to temporomandibular joints seldom reveals any abnormalities. A psy-
signify details or conditions that are misleading or unnatural due to chogenic or vascular etiology has been suggested. This is believed
imperfect materials or techniques by some to not be a specic disease entity but rather a symptom, the
artificial crown \ar#ti-sh#al kroun\: a metal, plastic, or ceramic resto- etiology of which has not been determinedcalled also atypical
ration that covers three or more axial surfaces and the occlusal sur- facial neuralgia and facial causalgia
face or incisal edge of a tooth au dio gram \o#de-o-gram\ n (1927): a record of the thresholds of
hearing of an individual over various sound frequencies
artificial denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE
artificial stone: see DENTAL STONE au di ol o gy \o#de-ol-a-je\ n (1946): the study of the entire eld of
asep sis \a-sep#ss, a-\ n (1892) 1: free from infection 2: the prevention hearing, including the anatomy and function of the ear, impair-ment
of contact with microorganisms of hearing, and the education or reeducation of the person with
hearing loss
asep tic \a-sep#tk, a-\ adj (ca 1859): free of infection or septic mate- au di om e ter \o#de-om#-ter\ n (1879): an instrument used to assess
rial; sterile; free from pathogenic microorganismsasep ti cal ly adv hearing at various intensity levels and frequencies
au di tion \o-dsh#un\ n (1599): the power or sense of hearing auditory discrimination
asym met ri cal \a#s-met#r-kal\ adj (1690): characterized by or per- \o#d-tor#e, -tor#e- d-skrm#a-na#shun\:
taining to asymmetry
ability to discriminate between sounds of different frequency, in-
asym me try \a-sm#-tre\ n (1690): absence or lack of symmetry or tensity, and pressure pattern components; ability to distinguish one
balance; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite
sides of the body speech sound from another
aug ment \og-ment#\ vb (15c): to make greater, more numerous, larger,
asymmetry of movement \a-sm#-tre uv moov#mant\: the condition or more intense
observed when mandibular movement has a lateral component on
opening and closing, especially when viewed in the frontal plane aug men ta tion \og#men-ta#shun\ n (14c): to increase in size beyond
the existing size. In alveolar ridge augmentation, bone grafts or al-
asymmetry of the mandible \a-sm#-tre uv the man#di-bul\: the con-
loplastic materials are used to increase the size of an atrophic alve-
dition that exists when the right and left sides of the mandible are
olar ridge
not mirror images of one another
auricular defect \o-rk#ya-lar de#fekt#, d-fekt#\: absence or partial
atrophic fracture \atrof#k frak#cher\: spontaneous fracture due to at- ab-sence of the external ear
rophy
auricular prosthesis \o-rk#ya-ler pros-the#ss\: a removable maxillofa-
at ro phy \at#ra-fe\ n, pl -phies (1601) 1: a wasting away 2: a diminu- cial prosthesis that articially restores part or the entire natural
tion in size of a cell, tissue, organ or partatro phic adj atro phy earcalled also artificial ear, ear prosthesis
vbsee ADIPOSE A., AGE A., BONE A., DISUSE A.,
MUSCULAR A., POSTMENOPAUSAL A., SENILE A. auriculotemporal syndrome \o-r-ku-lo-tem#pral sn#drom\: sweat-ing
and ushing in the preauricular and temporal areas when cer-tain
attached gingival \a-tachd# jn#ja-va, jn#j-\: the portion of the gin- foods are eaten
giva that is rm, dense, stippled, and tightly bound to the underly- aus cul ta tion \o#skal-ta#shun\ n (ca. 1828): the process of determin-
ing periosteum, bone, and tooth ing the condition of various parts of the body by listening to the
attachment \a-tach#ment\ n (15c) 1: a mechanical device for the xa- sounds they emit
tion, retention, and stabilization of a prosthesis 2: a retainer con- au tog e nous \o-toj#a-nus\ adj (1846): originating or derived from
sisting of a metal receptacle and a closely tting part; the former (the sources within the same individual; self-produced; self-generated;
female {matrix} component) is usually contained within the normal autologous
or expanded contours of the crown of the abutment tooth and the autogenous graft \o-toj#a-nus graft\: a graft taken from the patients
latter (the male {patrix} component), is attached to a pon-tic or the own bodycalled also autograft
denture frameworksee FRICTIONAL A., INTERNAL A., KEY auto glaze v: the production of a glazed surface by raising the temper-
and KEYWAY A., PARALLEL A., PRECISION A., RESILIENT ature of a ceramic to create surface owcomp OVERGLAZE au to
A., SLOTTED A. graft \o#ta-graft\ n (ca.1913): a graft of tissue derived from an-
attachment apparatus \a-tach#ment ap#a-ra#tus, -rat#us\: in perio- other site in or on the body of the organism receiving itcalled also
dontics, a general term used to designate the cementum, periodon-tal autochthonous graft, autologous graft, and autoplast
ligament and alveolar bone au tol o gous \o-tol#o-gus\ (ca. 1921) 1: related to self; designating
attachment screw (1998): any component used to secure a xed den-tal products or components of the same individual organism 2: autog-
prosthesis to the dental implant abutment(s). See also ABUTMENT enous
SCREW autonomic nervous system \o#ta-nom#k nur#vus ss#tam\: the part
attenuation of radiation \a-ten#yoo-a#shun uv ra#de-a#shun\: the re- of the nervous system that enervates the cardiovascular, digestive,
duction in intensity of radiation as a result of scattering and absorp- re-productive, and respiratory organs. It operates outside of con-
tion of radiation. Attenuation of electron beams always lowers the sciousness and controls basic life-sustaining functions such as heart
average beam energy rate, digestion, and breathing. It includes the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system
attrition \a-trsh#un\ n (14c) 1: the act of wearing or grinding down by
friction 2: the mechanical wear resulting from mastication or par- au to poly mer \o#to-pol#a-mer\ n : a material that polymerizes by
afunction, limited to contacting surfaces of the teethcomp chemical reaction without external heat as a result of the addition of
ABRASION, EROSION an activator and a catalystau to poly mer i za tion vb
auto polymerizing resin Beilby layer

d
auto polymerizing resin \o#to-pol-a-mer-#zing rez#n\: a resin whose riorly or laterally) that are developed for the purpose of stabilizing
polymerization is initiated by a chemical activator dentures (GPT-4)
average axis facebow \av#er-j, av#rj ak#ss fas bo\: a device used to balancing side obs : see NONWORKING SIDE
re-late the maxillary cast to the condylar elements of an articulator bar \bar\ n (12c): a straight or curvolinear piece of metal or wood that
us-ing average anatomic landmarks to estimate the position of the is longer than it is wide. It may have several uses including a lever,
transverse horizontal axis on the face. barrier, fastener, handle, or support. In prosthodontics, it serves to
average value articulator \av#rj val#yoo ar-tk#ya-la#ter\: an articula- connect two or more parts of a removable dental prosthesis or xed
tor that is fabricated to permit motion based on mean mandibular dental prosthesisusage see B. CONNECTOR
movementscalled also Class III articulator
bar clasp \bar klasp\: a clasp retainer whose body extends from a major
avul sion \a-vul#shun\ n (1622): a forcible separation or detachment, as connector or denture base, passing adjacent to the soft tissues and
in a tearing away of a body part surgically or accidentally approaching the tooth from a gingivo-occlusal direction
avulsion fracture \a-vul#shun frak#cher\: a tearing away or traumatic bar clasp arm: see BAR CLASP
separation of a part of a bone
bar connector \bar ka-nek#tor\: a metal component of greater length
axial contour: the shape of a body that is in its long axis
than width that serves to connect the parts of a removable partial
axial inclination \ak#se-al n#kla na#shun\ 1: the relationship of the dentureusage see LABIAL B.C., LINGUAL B.C., PALATAL
long axis of a body to a designated plane 2: in dentistry, the align- B.C.
ment of the long axis of a tooth to a selected plane, often the hor- bar retainer \bar r-ta#ner\ obs : a metal bar usually resting on lingual
izontal plane surfaces of teeth to aid in their stabilization and to act as indirect
axial loading \ak#se-al lo#dng\: the force directed down the long axis retainers (GPT-4)see BAR CONNECTOR
of a body Editorial noteUsually used to describe the force of basal \ba#sal, -zal\ adj (1828): pertaining to or situated near the base
occlusal contact upon a natural tooth, dental implant or other object, basal bone \ba#sak bon\: the osseous tissue of the mandible and max-
axial loading is best described as the force down the long axis of the illae exclusive of the alveolar process
tooth or whatever body is being described. Loading the axis is an basal seat: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
error in syntax basal surface: see DENTURE BASE
axial reduction: the amount of tooth removal (alteration, prepara-tion) 1base \bas\ vt (1587): the act of placing a lining material under a dental
along its long axiscomp INCISAL REDUCTION, OCCLUSAL restoration
REDUCTION 2base \bas\ n (14c): any substance placed under a restoration that blocks
axial surface: the exterior of a body that is oriented in its long axis axial out undercuts in the preparation, acts as a thermal or chem-ical
wall: 1: the side of a body that is in its long axis 2: in dentistry, the barrier to the pulp, and/or controls the thickness of the over-lying
surface of a tooth preparation that is in its long axis restorationcalled also base materialusage: adjectives such as
ax is \ak#ss\ n, pl ax es (14c): a line around which a body may rotate or insulating b., therapeutic b. may also be used
about which a structure would turn if it could revolvesee 3base \bas\ n (19c): the portion of a denture that supports the articial
CONDYLAR A., SAGITTAL A., TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL dentition and replaces the alveolar structures and gingival tis-
A., VERTICAL A. suessee DENTURE B.
axis of preparation \ak#ss uv prep#a-ra#shun\: the planned line or path base material \bas ma-tr#e-al\ obs : any substance of which a denture
of placement and removal for a dental restoration base may be made, such as acrylic resin, vulcanite, polystyrene, or
axis orbital plane \ak#ss or#btal plan\: the horizontal plane estab- metal (GPT-4)
lished by the transverse horizontal axis of the mandible with a point base metal \bas met#l\ : any metallic element that does not resist tarnish
on the inferior border of the right or left bony orbit (orbitale). This and corrosionsee NOBLE METAL
plane can be used as a horizontal reference point base metal alloy \bas met#l al#oi#\: an alloy composed of metals that
ax le \ak#sul\ n (14c): a rigid shaft or rod that directs rotary motion are not noble
baseplate \bas#plat\ n : a rigid, relatively thin layer of wax, shellac, or
B thermoplastic (heat, chemical, photo activated) polymer adapted
over edentulous surfaces of a denitive cast to form a base which,
back pressure porosity \bak presh#er pa-ros#-te\: porosity produced in together with an attached occlusion rim made of wax or similar ma-
dental castings thought to be due to the inability of gases in the mold
to escape during the casting procedure terial, serves as the record base see RECORD BASE
back ing \bak#ng\ n (1793): a metal support that attaches a veneer to a baseplate wax \bas#plat waks\: a hard wax used for making occlusion
prosthesis rims, waxing dentures, and other dental procedures
back scat ter or back scat ter ing n (1940): see SCATTERED basket endosteal dental implant \bas#kt en#da-stel# den#tl m-plant\: a
RADIATION perforated, cylindric, endosteal dental implant, the im-plant body of
which is designed in the form of single, double, and/or triple
balanced articulation \bal ansd ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: the bilateral, simul- contiguous cylinder(s)
taneous, anterior, and posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric
and eccentric positionssee CROSS ARCH B.A., CROSS TOOTH bead-brush technique: a method of applying an auto polymerizing resin
B.A. mix to a surface whereby a brush tip is rst dipped in liquid
balanced bite: see BALANCED ARTICULATION monomer and then polymer powder forming a small bead that is
incrementally applied to form the desired shape
balanced occlusal contact: see NONWORKING SIDE OCCLUSAL
CONTACTS beading \be#dng\: creating an irregular surface by means of stipples,
dots, speckles, or the like
balanced occlusion: see BALANCED ARTICULATION balancing
condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE balancing contact: see beam \bem\ n, obs : a term once used instead of bar with specic refer-
BALANCING OCCLUSAL CONTACT balancing interference ence to the bar connectorusage included cantilever beam, con-
\bal#ans ng n#ter-fear#ans\: undesirable continuous beam, simple beam (GPT-4)
tact(s) of opposing occlusal surfaces on the nonworking side bees wax n (1676): a low-melting wax obtained from honeycomb and
balancing occlusal contact: see NONWORKING SIDE used as an ingredient of many dental impression waxes
OCCLUSAL CONTACTS Beilby layer [Sir George Thomas Beilby, British chemist, 1850-1924]:
eponym for the molecular disorganized surface layer of a highly
balancing occlusal surfaces \bal#ans ng a kloo#zal sur#fas es\ obs : the
occluding surfaces of dentures on the balancing side (antero poste- polished metal. A relatively scratch-free microcrystalline surface
produced by a series of abrasives of decreasing coarseness.
JULY 2005 17
Beilby layer bolusd
Beilby GT. Aggregation and ow of solids, 1921. bio in te gra tion \b#o-in#t-gra#shun\ n (1998): the benign accep-tance
bench set \bench set\: a stage of resin processing that allows a chemical of a foreign substance by living tissue see OSSEOUS
reaction to occur under the conditions present in the ambient en- INTEGRATION
vironment; also used to describe the continuing polymerization of biologic width \b#a-loj#-kal\ (1998): the combined width of connec-
impression materials beyond the manufactures stated set time tive tissue and junctional epithelial attachment formed adjacent to a
Bennett angle \Ben#et ang#gal\ obs : the angle formed between the sag- tooth and superior to the crestal bone
ittal plane and the average path of the advancing condyle as viewed Gargiulo, AW et al J Periodontology 1961; 32:261-267
in the horizontal plane during lateral mandibular movements (GPT- Cohen, DW. Lecture at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, June 3, 1962 bio ma
4)
te ri al \b#o-ma-tr#e-al\ n (1966): any substance other than a drug that can
Bennetts movement [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental be used for any period of time as part of a system that treats, augments, or
surgeon, 1870-1947]: see LATEROTRUSION replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the
Bennett NG. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible. body
Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section) bio me chan ics \b#o-m-kan#iks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr
Bennetts side shift [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental (1933) 1: the application of mechanical laws to living structures,
surgeon, 1870-1947]: see MANDIBULAR LATERAL specically the locomotor systems of the body 2: the study of
TRANSLATION biology from the functional viewpoint 3: an application of the
Bennett NG A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible.
principles of engineering design as implemented in living organ-
Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
1 ismssee also DENTAL B
bevel \bev#al\ n (1611): a slanting edge bi om e try n (1831): the science of the application of statistical methods to
2bevel \bev#al\ vt : the process of slanting the nish line and curve of a
biologic facts, as the mathematical analysis of biologic data
tooth preparation
bi op sy n, pl -sies (1895): the removal of tissue for histologic exam-
Bezold-Brucke effect [Helmholtz, 1867]: the apparent change in hue
ination and diagnosis
that accompanies a change in luminance
B.I.D.: acronym for L. Bis In Die, twice a day bio sta tis tics \b#o-sta-ts#tks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1950): the
bifid condyle \b#fd kon#dl#, -dl#\: a condylar anomaly where an ex- science of the application of statistical methods to biologic facts, as
aggerated central depression exists the mathematical analysis of biologic datasee BIOMETRY
bi fur ca tion \b#fur-ka#shu\ n (1615) 1: division into two branches 2: biphasic pin fixation \b#o-faz#k pn fk-sa#shun\: the use of external
the site where a single structure divides into two parts, as in two pin xation in the treatment of bone fractures
roots of a tooth Bis-GMA: acronym for BISPHENOL-A GLYCIDYL DIMETHA-
bilaminar zone: see RETRODISCAL TISSUE CRYLATE
bi lat er al \b-lat#er-al\ adj (1775): having or pertaining to two sides Bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate: a high molecular weight resin
bilateral balanced articulation: also termed balanced articulation, the constituent of most dental composite resins
bilateral, simultaneous anterior and posterior occlusal contact biscuit bite slang : see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
of teeth in centric and excentric positions RECORD
bilateral distal extension removable partial denture \b-lat#er-al ds#tal bisque bake \bsk bak\ : a series of stages of maturation in the ring of
k-sten#shun r-moo#va-bal par#shal den#chur\: a removable ceramic materials relating to the degree of pyro chemical reaction
dental prosthesis replacing the distal most tooth or teeth on each side and sintering shrinkage occurring before vitrication (glazing)
of one arch of the mouthsee KENNEDY CLASSIFICA-TION OF called also biscuit bake
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES bite \bt\ vb, obs : the act of incising or crushing between the teethsee
bimanual manipulation technique: a method for placement of the OCCLUSION RECORD
mandible using both thumbs on the chin and the ngers on the in- bite analysis: see OCCLUSAL ANALYSIS
ferior border of the mandible to guide the jaw into centric relation. bite block: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
First described by Peter Dawson, DDS, St. Petersburg, FL bite closing: see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMEN-
Dawson PE Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction problems can be SION
solved. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29: 100-12 bite guard: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bimaxillary protrusion \b-mak#sa-ler#e pro-troo#zhen\: a simulta-neous bite opening: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION bite
dental or skeletal protrusion of both the maxillary and man-dibular plane: see OCCLUSAL PLANE
jaws and/or teeth bite plate: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bi meter \b-me#ter\ n (20c): a gnathodynamometer equipped with a bite raising: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION bite
central bearing plate of adjustable heightsee rim: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM biting force:
GNATHODYNAMOMETER see OCCLUSAL FORCE
bio ac cept ability \b#o-ak-sep#ta-bl#-te#\ (1998): the quality of biting pressure: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
compatibility in a living environment in spite of adverse or un- biting strength: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
wanted side effects black triangle: see INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL VOID
bio com pat i ble \b#o-kom-pat#a-bal\ adj : capable of existing in blade endosteal dental implant \blad en-dos-te#al den#tl m-plant\: a
harmony with the surrounding biologic environment
faciolingual narrowed, wedge-shaped dental implant body with
bio feed back \b#o-fed#bak#\ n (1971) 1: the process of furnishing an openings or vents through which tissue may grow
individual information, usually in an auditory or visual mode, on the blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT block
state of one or more physiologic variables such as blood pres-sure, out \blok out\ adj : 1: elimination of undesirable undercuts on a
skin temperature muscle tonus or heart rate; this procedure often cast, 2: the process of applying wax or another similar temporary
enables an individual to gain some voluntary control over the substance to undercut portions of a cast so as to leave only those
variable being sampled 2: the instrumental process or tech-nique of undercuts essential to the planned construction of a prosthesis. A
learning voluntary control over automatically regulated body blocked out cast may also include other surface modications
functions
needed relative to the construction of the prosthesis
bio functional orthopedics: see FUNCTIONAL JAW ORTHOPEDICS bo lus \bo#lus\ n (1562): a rounded mass, as a large pill or soft mass of
chewed food
blowout fracture bulb d
blowout fracture \blo#out frak#chur\: coll expression for a fracture of Bonwill WGA. Scientic articulation of the human teeth as founded on geo-
the orbital oor caused by a sudden increase in intraorbital pressure metrical, mathematical and mechanical laws. Dental Items Int 1899;21:617-
due to traumatic force 56, 873-80.
board-certified prosthodontist \bord-sur#ta-fd pros#tha-don#tst\: in bony ankylosis \bo#ne ang#ka-lo#ss\: the bony union of the compo-
the United States, as dened by the American Board of Prosthodontics, nents of a joint resulting in complete immobility
a prosthodontist who has passed the certifying ex-amination bor der \bor#der\ n (14c): the circumferential margin, edge or surface;
administered by the American Board of Prosthodontics board-eligible a bounding line, edge, or surfacesee DENTURE BORDER border
prosthodontist \bord-el#-ja-bal pros#tha-don#tst\: in the United molding \bor#der mol#ding\ 1: the shaping of the border areas
States, as dened by the American Board of Prosthodontics, a of an impression material by functional or manual manipulation of
prosthodontist whose application for examina-tion for certication is the soft tissue adjacent to the borders to duplicate the contour and
current and has been accepted for examina- size of the vestibule 2: determining the extension of a prosthesis by
tion by the American Board of Prosthodontics using tissue function or manual manipulation of the tissues to shape
body porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the bulk of a ceramic restor- the border areas of an impression material
ationcomp INCISAL PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL PORCELAIN border movement \bor#der moov#ment\: mandibular movement at the
boil out: see WAX ELIMINATION limits dictated by anatomic structures, as viewed in a given plane
Boley gauge: a caliper-type sliding gauge used for measuring thickness
and linear dimension border position: see POSTERIOR B. P.
bond \bond\ n (12c) 1: the linkage between two atoms or radicals of a border seal \bor#der sel\: the contact of the denture border with the
chemical compound 2: the force that holds two or more units of underlying or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air or other
matter togethersee SECONDARY BONDS, VANDERWALLS substances
BOND
border tissue movements: the action of the muscles and other tissues
bond strength \bond strengkth, strength\: the force required to break a adjacent to the borders of a denture
bonded assembly with failure occurring in or near the adhesive/
adherens interface boxing an impression \bok#sing an m-presh#an\: the enclosure (box)
of an impression to produce the desired size and form of the base of
bonded bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS the cast and to preserve desired details
bond ing \bon#dng\ n (1976) 1: joining together securely with an ad- boxing wax \bok#sing waks\: wax used for boxing an impression brac ing \bra#sng\ adj
hesive substance such as cement or glue 2: the procedure of using an : the resistance to horizontal components of
adhesive, cementing material or fusible ingredient to combine, unite, masticatory force
or strengthen 3: an adhesive technique in dentistry involving brack et \brak#t\ n : an orthodontic device attached to an individual
conditioning of enamel and/or dentin so as to create tags in the tooth tooth to hold arch wires
structure for mechanical retention of restorative material
brazing investment \bra#zing n-vest#ment\ : an investment having a
bonding agent \bon#dng a#jent\: a material used to promote adhe-sion binding system consisting of acidic phosphate such as monoammo-
or cohesion between two different substances, or between a material nium phosphate and a basic oxide such as magnesium oxide
and natural tooth structures brazing material \bra#zing ma-tr#e-al\: an alloy suitable for use as a
bone \bon\ n (bef. 12c): the hard portion of the connective tissue which ller material in operations with which dental alloy(s) is/are joined
constitutes the majority of the skeleton; it consists of an inorganic or to form a dental restoration
mineral component and an organic component (the matrix and braze \braz\ vt (1677): to join with a nonferrous alloy that melts at a
cells); the matrix is composed of collagenous -bers and is lower temperature than that of the metals being joined
impregnated with minerals, chiey calcium phosphate (approx.
breakdown potential \brak#doun# pa-ten#shul\: the last noble poten-tia
85%) and calcium carbonate (approx. 10%), thus im-parting the
where pitting and/or crevice corrosion will initiate and propa-gate
quality of rigiditycalled also osseous tissuesee ALVEOLAR B.
BASAL B. CANCELLOUS B. COMPACT B., CORTICAL B. bridge n, slang : see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS bridge
work slang : see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
bone atrophy \bon a-tro#fe\: bone resorption noted internally by a de- brittle \brt#l\ 1: easily broken or shattered; fragile or crisp, 2: prone to
crease in density and externally by a reduction in form fracture or failure; the fracture that occurs when the proportional
bone augmentation: see AUGMENTATION limit of a material is exceeded
bone conduction \bon kun-duk#shun\: the conduction of sound to the brux ism \bruk-sz#em\ n (ca. 1940) 1: the parafunctional grinding of
inner ear through the bones of the skullcalled also cranial teeth 2: an oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spas-
conduction, osteotympanic conduction and tissue conduction modic nonfunctional gnashing, grinding, or clenching of teeth, in
bone curettage \bon kyoor#-tazh\: the surgical shaving or smoothing of other than chewing movements of the mandible, which may lead to
the bones external surface occlusal traumacalled also tooth grinding, occlusal neurosis
bone expansion \bon ik-span#shun\: manipulation of a bony ridge by brux o ma nia \bruks-o-ma#ne-a, -man#ya\ vb, obs : the grinding of
placement of an osteotome to split the cortical ridge and hence en- teeth occurring as a neurotic habit during the waking state (GPT-4)
hance bone width
bone factor \bon fak#tor\: relative response of alveolar bone to stimu- buc cal \buk#al\ adj (ca. 1771): pertaining to or adjacent to the cheek buccal flange
lation or irritation; the ratio of osteogenesis to osteolysis \buk#al anj\: the portion of the ange of a denture that
bone marrow \bon mar#o\: the soft vascular tissue that lls bone cav- occupies the buccal vestibule of the mouth
ities and cancellous bone spaces which consists primarily of fat buccal vestibule \buk#al ves#ti-byool\: the portion of the oral cavity that
cells, hematopoietic cells, and osteogenetic reticular cells
is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge (in
Bonwill triangle \Bon#wl tr#ang#gl\ [William Gibson Arlington the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the lateral side by
Bonwill, American dentist, 1833-1899]: eponym for a 4 inch equi- the cheek posterior to the buccal frenula
lateral triangle bounded by lines connecting the contact points of the buccolingual relationship \buk#o-lng#gwal r-la#shun-shp\: any po-
mandibular central incisors incisal edge (or the mid-line of the sition of reference relative to the tongue and cheeks
mandibular residual ridge) to each condyle (usually its mid point) buc co ver sion \buk#ko-vur#shun\ n : a deviation toward the cheek bulb \bulb\
and from one condyle to the other, rst described by Bonwill in n, slang, chiefly dialectic : see OBTURATOR, SPEECH
1858 while introducing his Anatomical Articulator AID PROSTHESIS
JULY 2005 19
BULL cartilage
d
BULL: acronym for Buccal of the Upper, Lingual of the Lower (cusps); cam phoro quin one n: a visible-light-sensitive chemical responsible for
applies to Clyde H. Schuylers rules for occlusal adjustment of a initiating free-radical polymerization
normally related dentition in which those cusps contacting in max- can cel lous bone \kan-sel#us, kan#se-lus bon\ (1836): the reticular,
imum intercuspation (mandibular buccal and maxillary lingual) are spongy or lattice-like portion of the bone; the spongy bone tissue
favored by adjustment of those cusps that are not in occlusal con- located in the medulla of the bone; this bone is composed of a var-
tact in maximum intercuspation (maxillary buccal and mandibular iable trabecular network containing interstitial tissue that may be
lingual)called also the BULL RULE hematopoietic
bur \bur\ n (14c): a steel or tungsten carbide rotary cutting instrument bur can dle \kan#dl\ n (12c): a unit of luminous intensity, equal to 1/60 of
head \bur hed\ n (2005): the cutting portion of a dental bur bur head length
the luminous intensity of a square centimeter of a black body heated
\bur hed lengkth, length\ (2005): the axial dimension to the temperature of the solidication of platinum (1773L C)
of the bur head
bur head shape \bur hed shap\ (2005): the geometrical outline form of candle power \kan#dl pou#er\: luminous intensity expressed in candles
the cutting surface edges, usually described successively by proxim- canine eminence \ka#nn# em#i-nans\: the labial prominence on the
ity from the shank to the tip end maxillary alveolar process corresponding to the position of the
bur shank \bur shangk\ n (2005): that component of a dental bur which root of the canine tooth
ts into the hand piece; the shaft section of the dental bur that may canine guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION canine
be friction gripping or latch-type in form protected articulation \ka#nn pra-tek#tid ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: a
bur nish \bur#nsh\ vt (14c): to make shiny or lustrous by rubbing; also form of mutually protected articulation in which the vertical and
to facilitate marginal adaptation of restorations by rubbing the horizontal overlap of the canine teeth disengage the posterior teeth
margin with an instrument in the excursive movements of the mandiblecomp ANTERIOR
bur nish ibil i ty \bur#nsh-a-bl#-te\ n : the ease with which a mate- PROTECTED ARTICULATION
rial can be burnished canine protection: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION can ti
burn out \burn out\ adj : see WAX ELIMINATION lever \kan#tl-e#ver\ n (1667): a projecting beam or member
butt \but\ v (14c): to bring any two at-ended surfaces into contact supported on one end
without overlapping, as in a butt joint cantilever bridge: slang, see CANTILEVER FIXED DENTAL
butt margin: see SHOULDER FINISH LINE PROSTHESIS
button implant obs : see MUCOSAL IMPLANT
cantilever fixed dental prosthesis \kan#tl-e#ver fkst den#tl pros-the#sis
\: a xed dental prosthesis in which the pontic is cantilev-ered, i.e.,
C is retained and supported only on one end by one or more abutments
Ca: acronym for CArcinoma or CAncer cap splint \kap splnt\: a plastic or metallic device used in the treatment
CAD-CAM: acronym for Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided of maxillary or mandibular fractures and designed to cover the clin-
Manufacturer (or Computer Assisted Machining) ical crowns of the teeth and usually luted to them
calcium hydroxide \kal#se-um h-drok#sd\: an odorless white powder capillary attraction \kap#a-ler#e a-trak#shun\: that quality or state
that is very slightly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. which, because of surface tension, causes elevation or depression of
Aqueous and non-aqueous suspensions of calcium hydroxide are the surface of a liquid that is in contact with the solid walls of a
often employed as cavity liners to protect the dental pulp from the vessel
irritant action of restorative materials; also used in pulp capping, cap su lar \kap#su-ler\ adj (ca. 1730): pertaining to a capsule
pulpotomy and apexication procedures capsular contracture: see CAPSULAR FIBROSIS
calcium sulfate \kal#se-um sul#fat#\: a product obtained by calcination capsular fibrosis \kap#su-ler f-bro#ss\: brotic contracture of the
capsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint
of gypsum under steam pressure. The alpha form is composed of
regularly shaped grains, with low porosity, and requiring little water capsular ligament \kap#su-ler lg#a-ment\: as it relates to the tempo-
for a satisfactory mix. Forms include alpha, alpha-modified and romandibular joint, a brous structure that separately encapsulates
beta. the superior and inferior synovial cavities of the temporomandibu-
lar articulation
calcium sulfate plaster \ka#se-um sul#fat# plas#ter\: compounds oc-
curring in anhydrous form as anhydrite and in the natural form as cap sule \kap#sal,-sool\ n (1693): a brous sac or ligament that enclo-
ses a joint and limits its motion. It is lined with synovial membrane
gypsum or gypsum dehydrate. The term plaster also applies
to a mixture consisting of water and calcium sulfate hemihydrate capsulitis \kap#sa-l#ts\ n : the inammation of a capsule, as that of the
(CaSo4. H2O) joint, lens, liver, or labyrinth
cal cu lus n: in dentistry, a chalky or dark deposit attached to tooth car at \kar#at\ n (15c): a standard of gold neness. The percentage of
structure, essentially made of mineralized microbial plaque. Found gold in an alloy, stated in parts per 24. Pure gold is designated 24
on tooth structure in a supragingival and/or a subgingival location carat
carbide bur: a rotary cutting instrument made from tungsten carbide
carbon fiber: laments made by high temperature carbonizing of acrylic
cameo surface \kam#e-o sur#fas\ obs : the viewable portion of a ber. Used in the production of high strength com-
remov-able denture prosthesis; the portion of the surface of a posites
denture that extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the
Cartesian coordinates: [Rene Descartes, French philosopher and
denture and includes the facial, lingual, and palatal surface. It is the
part of the denture base that is usually polished, and includes the mathematician, 1596-1650]: eponym, one of two coordinates
buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT-7)see POLISHED relative to intersecting axes that locate a point on a plane or one of
DENTURE SURFACE three coordinates that locate a point in space
Campers line: see ALA-TRAGUS LINE car ies n singular: a dental disease causing the destruction of enamel,
dentin and/or cementum. The etiology is generally ascribed to acid-
Campers plane \kam#perz plan\ l: a plane established by the inferior producing bacteria
border of the ala of the nose (or the average between the two) and
the superior border of the tragus of each ear 2: a plane passing from car ti lage \kar#tl-j\ n (15c): a derivative of connective tissue arising
the acanthion to the center of each bony external auditory meatus; from the mesenchyme. Typical hyaline cartilage is a exible, rather
called also acanthion-external auditory meatus planesee also ALA- elastic material with a semitransparent glasslike appearance. Its
TRAGUS LINE
cartilage centric relation

d
ground substance is a complex protein through which there is dis- cel lu li tis \sel#ya-l#ts\ n (1861): diffuse and especially subcutaneous
tributed a large network of connective tissue bers inammation of connective tissue
case \kas\ n, substand, chiefly dialect (13c): 1: the dental patient 2: a 1
ce ment \s-ment\ n (14c) 1: a binding element or agent used as a
particular instance of a disease, as a case of diphtheria; sometimes used substance to make objects adhere to each other, or something
incorrectly to designate the patient with the disease process case series serving to rmly unite 2: a material that, on hardening, will ll a
substand : a collection of common diagnostic ndings or/ treatment space or bind adjacent objects- syn luting agent
2
modalities within a group of patients, best termed a ce ment \s-ment\ vt (15c): to unite or make rm by or as if by cement;
patient series to lute
case study substand : presentation of the diagnostic ndings and treat- ce men ta tion \se#men-ta#shun\ : 1: the process of attaching parts by
ment for a patient, usually termed a patient study means of cement 2: attaching a restoration to natural teeth by means
of a cement (GPT-4)
case history substand : the collected data about an individual, family,
environmental factors (including medical/dental history) and any cemented pin \s-men#td\: a metal rod luted into a hole drilled in dentin
to enhance retention
other information that may be useful in analyzing and diagnosing
conditions or for instructional purposes; best termed the patient cemento-dentinal junction \se#men-to den#t-nal jungk#shun\: the area
of union of the dentin and cementum
history
1 cemento-enamel junction \se#men-to -nam#al jungk#shun\: that area
cast \kast\ vb (13c): to produce a shape by thrusting a molten liquid or where the enamel and cementum meet at the cervical region of a
plastic material into a mold possessing the desired shape tooth
2
cast \kast\ n (14c): a life-size likeness of some desired form. It is ce me ntoid \s-men#toid#\ n : the uncalcied surface layer of
formed within or is a material poured into a matrix or impression of cementum including incorporated connective tissue bers
the desired formsee DENTAL C., DIAGNOSTIC C., FINAL C., ce men tum \s-men#tum\ n (1842): the thin calcied tissue of
PRELIMINARY C., REFRACTORY C., REMOUNT C. ectomesenchymal origin that covers the root of a tooth
cementum fracture \s-men#tum frak#chur\: the tearing of fragments of
cast clasp: a removable dental prosthesis clasp fabricated by the lost- the cementum from the tooth root
wax casting process
center of the ridge \sen#ter uv the rj\: the faciolingual or buccolingual
cast connector: a cast metal union between the retainer(s) and pontic(s) mid-line of the residual ridge
in a xed dental prosthesis center of rotation: see ROTATION CENTER
cast metal core: the foundation restoration made for a xed dental
prosthesis formed indirectly by lost-wax casting central bearing \sen#tral bar#ng\ obs : the application of forces be-
tween the maxilla and mandible (by means of a central bearing trac-
cast post-and-core: a one-piece foundation restoration for an ing device) at a single point that is located as near as possible to the
endodontically treated tooth that comprises a post within the root center of the supporting areas of the maxillary and mandibular jaws.
canal and a core replacing missing coronal structure to form the It is used for the purpose of distributing closing forces evenly
tooth preparation throughout the areas of the supporting structures during the
cast relator \kast r-la#tor\: a mechanical device that orients opposing registration and recording of maxillomandibular relations and during
casts to each other without reference to anatomic landmarkssee the correction of occlusal errors (GPT-4)
ARTICULATOR central bearing point \sen#tral bar#ing point\ obs : the contact point of
castable \kast#a-bl\ n (1998): any refractory material that has a bond-ing a central bearing device (GPT-4)
agent added and can be mixed with water or other liquid agents and central bearing tracing \sen#tral bar#ing tras#ing\: the pattern ob-tained
poured in a mold to set
on the horizontal plate used with a central bearing tracing device
castable ceramic \kast#a-bl se-ram#ik\: for dental applications, a glass-
ceramic material that combines the properties of a restorative ma- central bearing tracing device \sen#tral bar#ing tras#ing d-vs\: a
terial for function with the capability to be cast using the lost wax
device that provides a central point of bearing or support between
process
1cast ing \kas#tng\ n (14c): something that has been cast in a mold; an
the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It consists of a
contacting point that is attached to one dental arch and a plate
object formed by the solidication of a uid that has been poured or attached to the opposing dental arch. The plate provides the surface
injected into a mold
2cast ing \kas#tng\ vt : the act of forming an object in a moldsee on which the bearing point rests or moves and on which the tracing
of the mandibular movement is recorded. It may be used to
VACUUM C.
distribute occlusal forces evenly during the recording of
casting flask \kas#tng ask\: see CASTING RING
maxillomandibular relationships and/or for the correction of
casting ring \kas#tng rng\: a metal tube in which a refractory mold is disharmonious occlusal contacts. First attributed to Alfred Gysi,
made for casting dental restorations Swiss prosthodontist, in 1910
casting wax \kas#tng waks\: a composition containing various waxes cen tric \sen#trk\ adj (1590) 1: located in or at a center; central 2:
with desired properties for making wax patterns to be formed into concentrated about or directed toward a center
metal castings
centric check bite: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
cat a lyst \kat#l-st\ n (1902): a substance that accelerates a chemical
reaction without affecting the properties of the materials involved centric interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
cath ode \kath#od\ n (1834): the negative pole in electrolysis centric jaw record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
CAT: acronym for Computerized Axial Tomography centric jaw relation: see CENTRIC RELATION
cau tery \ko#te-re\ n, pl -ter ies (15c): the application of a caustic sub- centric occlusion \sen#trk a-kloo#zhen\: the occlusion of opposing
stance, hot instrument, electric current, or other agent used to burn, teeth when the mandible is in centric relation. This may or may not
scar, or destroy tissue coincide with the maximal intercuspal positioncomp MAXIMAL
INTERCUSPAL POSITION
cavity varnish \kav#-te\ : a combination of copal resin or other
synthetic resins dissolved in an organic solvent such as chloroform centric position \sen#trk pa-zish#en\ obs : the position of the mandible
when the jaws are in centric relation (GPT-1)
or ether
CD: acronym for Complete Denture centric range: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
centric record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
CDA: acronym for Certified Dental Assistant
CDL: acronym for Certified Dental Laboratory centric relation \sen#trk r-la#shun\ 1: the maxillomandibular
relationship in which the condyles articulate with the thinnest
CDT: acronym for Certified Dental Technician
JULY 2005 21
centric relation chewing cycle

d
avascular portion of their respective disks with the complex in the ceph a lo stat \sef#a-lo-stat\ n : an instrument used to position the head
anterior-superior position against the shapes of the articular em- to produce spatially oriented, reproducible, radiographs or
inencies. This position is independent of tooth contact. This po- photographs
sition is clinically discernible when the mandible is directed superior ce ram \sa-ram\ n : a heat treatment process that converts a specially
and anteriorly. It is restricted to a purely rotary move-ment about the formulated glass into a ne grained glass-ceramic material
1
transverse horizontal axis (GPT-5) 2: the most retruded physiologic ce ram ic \sa-ram#ik\ adj (1850): of or relating to the manufacture of
relation of the mandible to the maxillae to and from which the any product made essentially from a nonmetallic mineral (as clay)
individual can make lateral movements. It is a condition that can by ring at a high temperature
2
exist at various degrees of jaw separation. It occurs around the ce ram ic \sa-ram#ik\ n (1859): the product of ceramic manufacture
terminal hinge axis (GPT-3) 3: the most ret-ruded relation of the ceramic crown \sa-ram#ik kroun\: a ceramic xed dental prosthesis that
restores a clinical crown without a supporting metal frame-
mandible to the maxillae when the condyles are in the most posterior
work
unstrained position in the glenoid fossae from which lateral
ceramic inlay: a ceramic intracoronal restoration
movement can be made at any given degree of jaw separation (GPT-
1) 4: The most posterior relation of the lower to the upper jaw from ceramic flux \sa-ram#k uks\: a glass modier; metallic ions such as
calcium, potassium or sodium, usually as carbonates, which inter-
which lateral movements can be made at a given vertical dimension rupt the oxygen/silica bond, thus enhancing uidity
(Boucher) 5: a maxilla to man-dible relationship in which the
condyles and disks are thought to be in the midmost, uppermost ce ram ics \sa-ram#iks\ n 1: compounds of one or more metals with a
position. The position has been difcult to dene anatomically but is nonmetallic element, usually oxygen. They are formed of chemical
and biochemical stable substances that are strong, hard, brittle, and
determined clinically by assessing when the jaw can hinge on a xed inert nonconductors of thermal and electrical energy 2: the art of
terminal axis (up to 25 mm). It is a clinically determined relationship making porcelain dental restorations
of the man-dible to the maxilla when the condyle disk assemblies
ce ram ist \sa-ram#ist\ or cer am i cist \sa-ram#-sist#\ n (1855): one
are posi-tioned in their most superior position in the mandibular who engages in ceramics
fossae and against the distal slope of the articular eminence (Ash) 6: ceramometal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC RESTORATION
the relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the condyles are in cermet \sur#met\ (1998): fused glass powder with silver particles
the uppermost and rearmost position in the glenoid fossae. This formed through high temperature sintering of a mixture of the
position may not be able to be recorded in the presence of two minerals
dysfunction of the masticatory system 7: a clinically determined Certified Dental Laboratory: in the United States, a dental labora-tory
position of the mandible placing both condyles into their anterior that has met established specic standards for personnel skills,
uppermost position. This can be determined in patients without pain laboratory facilities and infection control and is certied by The
or derangement in the TMJ (Ramsfjord) National Board for Certication of Dental Laboratories
Certified Dental Technician: in the United States, a dental technician
Boucher CO. Occlusion in prosthodontics. J PROSTHET DENT 1953; 3:633- who has met established specic standards and is certied by The
56. Ash MM. Personal communication, July 1993. National Board for Certication of Dental Laboratories
Lang BR, Kelsey CC. International prosthodontic workshop on complete cervical \sur#v-kel\ adj (1681) 1: in anatomy, pertaining to the cervix
denture occlusion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan School of or neck 2: in dentistry, pertaining to the region at or near the
Dentistry, 1973. cementoenamel junction
Ramsfjord SP. Personal communication, July 1993. cer vix \sur#viks\ n, pl cer vi ces \sur#v-sis\ (15c) 1: the neck 2: a
centric relation interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION constricted portion of a part or organ
RECORD 1cham fer \cham#fer\ n 1: a nish line design for tooth preparation in
centric relation occlusion: see CENTRIC OCCLUSION which the gingival aspect meets the external axial surface at an
centric relation position: see CENTRIC RELATION obtuse angle 2: a small groove or furrow 3: the surface found by
cutting away the angle of intersection of two faces of a piece of
centric relation record \sen#trk r-la#shun r-kord\: a registration of the
material (i.e., stone, metal, wood): a beveled edge
relationship of the maxilla to the mandible when the mandible is in
centric relation. The registration may be obtained either intraorally 2cham fer \cham#fer\ vt cham fer ed; cham fer ing; cham fers 1: to cut a
or extraorally furrow in 2: to make a chamfer on; to cut or reduce to a chamfer;
centric slide \sen#trk sld\ obs : the movement of the mandible while in bevel 3: generally thought of as producing a curve from the axial
centric relation, from the initial occlusal contact into maximum wall to the cavosurface
intercuspation (GPT-4) chamfer angle \cham#fer ang#gel\ n : the angle between a chamfered
centric stop \sen#trk stop\: opposing cuspal/fossae contacts that surface and one of the original surfaces from which the chamfer is
maintain the occlusal vertical dimension between the opposing cut
arches characterization: to alter by application of unique markings, indenta-
ceph a lo gram n : see CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH ceph a lo m tions, coloration and similar custom means of delineation on a tooth
e ter \sef#a-lom#a-ter\ n : an instrument for measuring or dental prosthesis thus enhancing natural appearance
the head or skull; an orienting device for positioning the head for char ac ter ize \kar#ak-ta-rz\: to distinguish, individualize, mark,
radiographic examination and measurement qualify, singularize, or differentiate something
cephalometric radiograph \sef#a-lo-met#rk ra#de-o-graf#\: a stan- characterized denture base \kar#ak-ter#zd den#chur bas\: a denture
dardized radiograph of the skull base with coloring that simulates the color and shading of natural
cephalometric tracing \sef#a-lo-met#rk tra#sing\: a line drawing of oral tissues
structural outlines of craniofacial landmarks and facial bones, made check bite slang : see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
directly from a cephalometric radiograph che ili tis \k-l#ts\: inammation of the lip cheiloplasty:
plastic surgery of the lip
cephalometry \sef#a-lam#a tre#\ n, cephalometric \sef#a-lo-met#rk\
cheilorrhaphy: surgical correction of the cleft lip deformity che ilo sis
adj 1: the science of measurement of the dimensions of the head 2:
\k-lo#ss\: a ssured condition of the lips and angles of the
in dentistry, certain combinations of angular and linear measure-
ments developed from tracing frontal and lateral radiographic head mouth; often associated with riboavin deciency
lms used to assess craniofacial growth and development on a chew-in record: see STEREOGRAPHIC RECORD
longitudinal basis and to determine the nature of orthodontic chewing cycle: see MASTICATORY CYCLE
treatment response
chewing force closed bite d
chewing force: see MASTICATORY FORCE angles, and which generally contacts the tooth throughout the ex-tent
Christensens phenomenon \Krs#chen-senz f-nom#a-non#, -nen\ [Carl of the clasp, with at least one terminal located in an undercut area
Christensen, Danish dentist and educator]: eponym for the space that
occurs between opposing occlusal surfaces during mandibular circumferential clasp arm: see CIRCUMFERENTIAL CLASP clamping
protrusion force: the compressive force which a fastener exerts on a
Christensen C. The problem of the bite. D Cosmos 1905;47:1184-95. chroma bolted joint. The stability of a bolted joint depends upon the
\kro#ma\ n (1889) 1. the purity of a color, or its departure maintenance of the clamping force
from white or gray 2. the intensity of a distinctive hue; saturation of
a hue 3. chrome describes the strength or saturation of the hue clasp \klasp\ n (14c): the component of the clasp assembly that engages
(color)see also SATURATION a portion of the tooth surface and either enters an undercut for
retention or remains entirely above the height of contour to act as a
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc. 1975:14-7.
reciprocating element. Generally it is used to stabilize and re-tain a
chromatic stimulus \kro-mat#ik stm#ya-lus\: a stimulus that under removable dental prosthesissee BAR C, CIRCUMFER-ENTIAL
prevailing conditions of adaptation gives rise to a perceived C., COMBINATION C., CONTINUOUS C.
chromatic color clasp arm: see CLASP
chromaticity coordinates \kro#ma-ts#-te ko-or#d-ntz\: the two clasp assembly \klasp a-sem#ble\: the part of a removable dental pros-
dimensions of any color order system that exclude the lightness thesis that acts as a direct retainer and/or stabilizer for a prosthesis
dimension and describe the chromaticity. Unless otherwise by partially encompassing or contacting an abutment tooth usage:
specied, the term refers to the CIE coordinates x, y, and z for
components of the clasp assembly include the clasp, the reciprocal
Illuminant C and 2 degrees (1931) Standard Observercalled also
clasp, the cingulum, incisal or occlusal rest, and the minor connector
color coordinates
chromaticity diagram \kro#ma-ts#-te d#a-gram\: a plane diagram in clasp bridge slang : see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE DENTAL
which each point represents a different combination of dominant PROSTHESIS
wavelength and purity and which is usually constructed in some clasp guideline: see SURVEY LINE
form of a triangle with colorimetric primaries represented at the classification system: see PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX
corners. The CIE standard chromaticity diagram is essentially a right
angle triangle representing hypothetical primaries and the complete
clear ance \klr#ens\ n (1563) obs : a condition in which bodies may
chromaticity gamut of the CIE standard observer
pass each other without hindrance. Also, the distance between
chro mat ic ness \kro#mat#k-nes\ n : the intensity of hue as expressed
in the Natural Color System bodies (GPT-4)
1cleft \kleft\ n 1: a space or opening made through splitting 2: a hollow
chro ma top sia \kro#ma-top#zha\ n : an abnormal state of vision in between ridges or protuberances
which colorless objects appear colored; a visual defect in which 2cleft \kleft\ adj : partially split or divided
colored objects appear unnaturally colored and colorless objects
appear color tinged cleft palate \kleft pal#t\ n (1841) 1: a congenital ssure or elongated
chron ic \kron#ik\ adj (1601): marked by long duration or frequent opening in the soft and/or hard palate 2: an opening in the hard
recurrence; not acute; always presentchron ical ly adjchro nic i ty and/or soft palate due to improper union of the maxillary process
n and the median nasal process during the second month of intrau-
terine developmentsyn PALATAL CLEFTsee COMPLETE
chronic closed lock \kron#ik klozd lok\: with respect to the temporo- C.P., OCCULT C.P.
mandibular joint, a restriction in motion of the joint caused by an
anteriorly displaced intraarticular disk and usually characterized by cleft palate prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
pain, especially during function cleft palate speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
chronic pain \kron#ik pan\ : pain marked by long duration or frequent clench ing \klen#chng\ vt (13c): the pressing and clamping of the jaws
recurrence and teeth together frequently associated with acute nervous
CIE: acronym for Commission Internationale dEclairage tension or physical effort
CIE LAB system \C I E Lab ss#tem\: CIE LAB relates the tristimulus click \klk\ n (1611): a brief sharp sound; with reference to the tempo-
values to a color space. This scale accounts for the illuminant and romandibular joint, any bright or sharp sound emanating from the
the observer. By establishing a uniform color scale, color measure- jointsee CLICKING, EARLY CLOSING C., EARLY OPENING
ments can be compared and movements in color space dened C., LATE CLOSING C., LATE OPENING C., MID OPENING C.
CIE standard illuminant \C I E stan#dard -loo#ma-nent\: the illumi- RECIPROCAL C.
click ing \kl#kng\ n (611): a series of clicks, such as the snapping,
nants A, B, C, D65 and other illuminants, dened by the CIE in
terms of relative spectral power distributions; A = Planckion radia- cracking, or noise evident on excursions of the mandible; a
tion (a theoretical body that absorbs all incident optical radiant en- distinct snapping sound or sensation, usually audible (or by
ergy) a temperature of about 2856L K; B = Direct solar radiation stethoscope) or on palpation, which emanates from the
48,000L K; C = Average daylight; D65 = Daylight including the temporomandibular joint(s) during jaw movement. It may
ultraviolet region: 6500L K or may not be associated with internal derangements of the
cin e flu o ros co py \sn e#o rah ska#ko pe\ n : dynamic uoroscopic temporomandibular joint
images recorded on motion picture lm cin e ra di og ra phy \sn# a- clin i cal \kln#-kel\ adj (ca. 1755) 1: of or related to or conducted in or
ra#de-o-gra#fe\ n : the making of a motion picture record of succes-sive as if within a clinic 2: analytical or detachedclin i cal ly adv clinical
images appearing on a uoroscopic screen
crown \kln#-kel kroun\: the portion of a tooth that extends from the
cin gu lum \sng#gya-lum\ n, pl -la (1845) 1: an anatomical band or occlusal table or incisal edge to the free gingival margin
encircling ridgecin gu late \sng#gya-lat\ adj 2: the lingual lobe of clinical remount: see REMOUNT PROCEDURE
many anterior teeth; a convex protuberance at the lingual cervical clin om e ter n (1811): a device for measuring angles of elevation,
one third of the anatomic crown inclination or declinationcli no met ric adjcli nom etry n
cingulum rest \sng#gya-lum rest\: a portion of a removable dental
prosthesis that contacts the prepared or natural cingulum of the clip \klp\ n (15c) slang 1: any of numerous devices used to grip, clasp,
tooth, termed the cingulum rest seat or hook 2: a device used to retain a removable dental prosthesis in-
traorally to a xed abutment; i.e., a bar, crown, or other retainer
circumferential clasp \ser-kum-fa-ren#shal klasp\: a retainer that
encircles a tooth by more than 180 degrees, including opposite closed bite slang : see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL
DIMENSION
JULY 2005 23
closed lock combination clasp

d
closed lock \klozd lok\: an internal derangement of the temporoman- col or \kul#or\ n (13c) 1: a phenomenon of light or visual perception
dibular joint in which the disk is dislocated anteriorly and usually that enables one to differentiate otherwise identical objects 2: the
medial to the condyle; displacement or dislocation of the disk with- quality of an object or substance with respect to light reected or
out spontaneous reduction on mouth openingsee ACUTE transmitted by it. Color is usually determined visually by measure-
CLOSED LOCK, CHRONIC CLOSED LOCK, DISK ment of hue, saturation, and luminous reectance of the reected
DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION light 3: a visual response to light consisting of the three dimensions
closed reduction of a fracture \klozd r-duk#shun uv a frak#chur\: re- of hue, value, and saturationsee PERCEIVED C.,
duction (repositioning) and xation of fractured bones without PSYCHOPHYSICAL C.
making a surgical opening to the fracture site color blindness \kul#or blnd#ns\: abnormal color vision or the inability
closest speaking space \klo#sest spe#king spas\: the space between the to discriminate certain colors, most commonly along the red-green
anterior teeth that, according to Dr. Earl Pound, should not be more axis
or less than 1 to 2 mm of clearance between the incisal edges of the color constancy \kul#or kon#stan-se\: relative independence of
teeth when the patient is unconsciously repeating the letter S. perceived color to changes in color of the light source
Dr. Meyer M. Silverman termed this speaking centric, which was color deficiency \kul#or d-fsh#en-se\: a general term for all forms of
dened as the closest relationship of the occlusal surfaces and incisal color vision that yield chromaticity discrimination below normal
edges of the mandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth during function limits, such as monochromatism, dichromatism, and anomalous
and rapid speech. This was later called closest speaking level by Dr. trichromatism
Silverman and nally the closest speaking space color difference \kul#or df#er-ens\: magnitude and character of the
Silverman MM. Speaking centric. Dent Digest 1950;55:106-11. Silverman difference between two colors under specied conditions; referred to
MM. Accurate measurement of vertical dimension by phonetics and speaking as delta E
centric space. Dent Digest 1951;57:261-5. color difference equations \kul#or df#er-ens -kwa#zhanz, -shanz\:
Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J equations that transform CIE (Commission Internationals
PROSTET DENT 1953;3:193-9. dEclairage) coordinates into a more uniform matrix such that a
Pound E. Esthetics and phonetics in full denture construction. J Calif Dent specied distance between two colors is more nearly proportional to
Assoc 1950;20:179-85. the magnitude of an observed difference between them regard-less
of their hue
Pound E. The mandibular movements of speech and their seven related val-
ues. J PROSTHET DENT 1966;16:835-43. color notation \kul#or no-ta#shun\: the use of symbols in some orderly
Pound E. The vertical dimension of speech, the pilot of occlusion. J Calif Dent fashion by which the attributes of color may be dened or may be
Assoc 1975;6:42-7.
set down in written formula
Pound E. Let /s/ be your guide. J PROSTHET DENT 1977;38:482-9. clutch color rendering index \kul#or ren#der-ing n#deks\: a number from 1 to
\kluch\ coll n : a device placed in both the maxillary and 100 given to a light source to indicate its relative equivalence to pure
mandibular arches for the purpose of supporting components used to white light which has a color rendering index (CRI) of 100. The
record mandibular movement closer the number is to 100, the more it resembles pure white light
co ada pt ed \ko-a-dap#td\ adj (1836) 1: mutually adapted, espe-cially
by natural selection 2: in medicine, the proper realignment of color scale \kul#or skal\: an orderly arrangement of colors showing
displaced partsco ad ap ta tion n graduated change in some attribute or attributes of color as a value
scale
Coble balancer \Ko#bel bal#an-ser\ [Lucian G. Coble, North Carolina,
U.S. dentist] 1: an intraoral balancing device used to de-termine color solid \kul#or sol#d\: a symbolic gure in three dimensions that
centric relation and the centric relation record 2: used to equilibrate represents the relations of all possible colors with respect to their
complete removable dental prostheses intraorallysee CENTRAL primary attributes of hue, lightness, and saturation. Usually, value
BEARING TRACING DEVICE (lightness) appears as the vertical axis of the gure with hue and sat-
Coble LG. Correct centric position must be established for good denture t uration represented in polar coordinates about the lightness axis,
and function. Dent Survey 1951;27:1391-3. saturation being radial. The boundaries of the solid are actually
irregular, but it is sometimes represented as a cylinder, a sphere, or a
Coble LG. A complete denture technique for selecting and setting up teeth. J
cube
PROSTHET DENT 1960;10:455-8.
co he sion \ko-he#zhun\ n (1660) 1: the act or state of sticking together color standard \kul#or stan#dard\: a color whose psychophysical di-
tightly 2: the force whereby molecules of matter adhere to one another; mensions have been accurately measured and specied
the attraction of aggregation 3: molecular attraction by which the color stimulus \kul#or stm#yu-lus\ : visible radiation entering the eye
particles of a body are united throughout their mass cohesive failure \ko- and producing a sensation of color, either chromatic or achromatic color
he#sv fal#yur\ : bond failure within a dental material due to a tensile or temperature \kul#or tem#per-a-choor#, tem#pra-\: the tempera-ture in
shearing force see ADHESIVE degrees Kelvin (Celsius plus 273L) of a totally absorbing or black body
FAILURE (object) that produces colors as the temperature changes. The range is
cold curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN from a dull red to yellow to white to blue. This term is sometimes used
incorrectly to describe the color of white light sources. The
collarless metal ceramic restoration \kol#er-les me#l sa-ram#k res#ta- correct term to describe the color of
ra#shun\: a metal ceramic restoration whose cervical metal portion light sources is correlated color temperature
has been eliminated. Porcelain is placed directly in contact with the
prepared nish line col or im e ter \kul#a-rm#-ter\ n (ca. 1863): a device that analyzes
color by measuring it in terms of a standard color, scale of colors, or
collateral ligaments \ka-lat#er-al\: two or more ligaments paired to a certain primary colors; an instrument used to measure light reected
single joint for the specic purpose of restricting extension and or transmitted by a specimen
exion within one plane only
col or ing \kul#or-ng\ n (14c) 1: the act of applying colors 2: some-
colloid \kol#oid\: a material in which is suspended a constituent in a
nely divided state that is invisible to the eye but capable of thing that produces color or color effects 3: the effect produced by
scattering light applying or combining colorssee EXTRINSIC C., INTRINSIC C.
colloidal silica: submicroscopic fumed silica frequently used as a
suspension in liquid; contained in the liquid mixed with many combination clasp \kom#bi-na#shun klasp\: a circumferential retainer
for a removable dental prosthesis that has a cast reciprocal arm and a
phosphate-bonded casting investments to improve casting wrought wire retentive clasp
smoothness and control expansion
combination syndrome condylar articulator

d
complete denture prosthetics \kom-plet den#chur pros-thet#iks\: obs

combination syndrome \kom#bi-na#shun sn#drom\: the characteris-tic
1: the replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and their
features that occur when an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural
mandibular anterior teeth, including loss of bone from the anterior associated parts by articial substitutes 2: the art and science of the
portion of the maxillary ridge, overgrowth of the tuberosities, restoration of an edentulous mouth (GPT-4)see COM-PLETE
papillary hyperplasia of the hard palates mucosa, extrusion of the DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
lower anterior teeth, and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height complete denture prosthodontics \kom-plet den#chur pros#tho-
beneath the mandibular removable dental prosthesis basesalso don#tks\: that body of knowledge and skills pertaining to the res-
called anterior hyperfunction syndrome toration of the edentulous arch with a removable dental prosthesis
Kelly, E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture oppos- complete facial moulage \kom-plet fa#shal moo-lazh\: an impression
ing a maxillary complete denture. J Prosthet Dent 1972;27:140-150. procedure used to record the soft tissue contours of the whole face
comminuted fracture \kom#a-noo#td frak#chur\: a fracture in which complicated fracture \kom#pl-ka#td frak#chur\: a fracture with sig-
the bone is broken in several places in the same region; a fracture in nicant injury to adjacent soft tissues (i.e., neurovascular injury)
components of mastication: those factors of food manipulation
which the bone is crushed and splintered
and comminution that follow ingestion and precede deglutition com
com mi nu te \kom#a-noot\ vt -nut ed; -nut ing (1626) obs : the po mer \kom#po-mer\ n (1998): a poly-acid modied composite
reduction of food into small parts (GPT-4)com mi nu tion \kom#a-
noo#shun\ n resin, composed of glass ller, acid-modied dimethacrylate resin,
and a photo initiator
com mis sure \kom#a-shoor\ n (15c): a point of union or junction es-
pecially between two anatomic parts i.e., corner of the mouth com components of occlusion \kom-po#nentz uv a-kloo#zhun\: the various
mis sur al \kom#z-ur#l\ adj elements that are involved in occlusion, such as the
temporomandibular joints, the associated musculature, the teeth,
commissure splint \kom#a-shoor splnt\: 1. a ancillary prosthesis placed their contacting surfaces and investing tissues, and/or the dental
between the lips that assist in achieving increased opening between supporting structuressee also DETERMINANTS OF
the lips 2. a device placed between the lips which assists in MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
achieving increased opening between the lips. Use of such devices
composite resin: a highly cross-linked polymeric material reinforced by
enhances opening where surgical, chemical or electrical alterations
a dispersion of amorphous silica, glass, crystalline, or organic resin
of the lips has resulted in severe restriction or contractures called
also lip splint ller particles and/or short bers bonded to the matrix by a coupling
agent
compact bone \kom#pakt# bon\: any osseous substance that is dense or com pound n, slang (19c): see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION
hard
COMPOUND
compaction composite resin \kon-dens-a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\ : a
highly lled composite resin in which the ller particles have been compound joint \kom-pound# joint\: a joint involving three or more
bones
altered so that the material is compacted in a layered, compression
technique compression molding \kom-presh#on mol#ding\: the act of pressing or
squeezing together to form a shape within a mold; the adapta-tion,
compensating curve \kom#pen-sat#ng kurv\ 1: the anteroposterior under pressure, of a plastic material into a mold
curving (in the median plane) and the mediolateral curving (in the compression of tissue: see TISSUE DISPLACEMENT compressive
frontal plane) within the alignment of the occluding surfaces and stress \kom-pres#v stres\: the internal induced force that
incisal edges of articial teeth that is used to develop balanced opposes the shortening of a material in a direction parallel to the di-
occlusion 2: the arc introduced in the construction of complete re- rection of the stresses; any induced force per unit area that resists de-
movable dental prostheses to compensate for the opening inuen-ces formation caused by a load that tends to compress or shorten a body
produced by the condylar and incisal guidances during lateral and
computerized tomography \kom-pyoo#ta-rzd to-mog#ra-fe\: (CT) the
protrusive mandibular excursive movementscalled also com-
technique by which multidirectional x-ray transmission data through
pensating curvature, compensating curve
a body is mathematically reconstructed by a computer to form an
complementary colors \kom#pla-men#ta-re, -tre kul#orz\ : 1. two col- electrical cross-sectional representation of a patients anatomy. CT is
ors that, when mixed together in proper proportions, result in a used as an acronym to designate
neutral color. Colored lights that are complementary when mixed in any technical eld associated with these techniques con cres cen ce
an additive manner form white light and follow the laws of addi-tive \kon-kres#ens\ n : the union of roots of approximating
color mixture. Colorants that are complementary when mixed teeth via deposition of cementum
together form black or gray and follow the laws of subtractive con cre tion \kon-kre#shun\ n : any inorganic mass in a natural cavity or
colorant mixture 2. colors located in directly opposite positions on organ
the color wheel. Colorants that are complementary when mixed
compaction composite resin \kon-dens-a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\: a
together form black or gray and follow the laws of subtractive color highly lled composite resin in which the ller particles have been
complete arch subperiosteal implant \kom-plet# arch sub-per#e-os-tel altered so that the material is compacted in a layered, compression
technique
m-plant\: a device placed under the periosteum on the residual con den sa tion n : 1: the compaction of dental amalgam using force to
ridge to provide abutments for supporting a removable or xed remove excess mercury and ensure continuity of the matrix phase 2:
dental prosthesis in a fully edentulous archusage of such implants
should be described by means of their relationship to their bases of the process of increasing the density of dental porcelains during
support, the alveolar bone. As such, at placement, the implant is de- processing by removing excess water with vibration and blotting
scribed as an eposteal dental implantsee EPOSTEAL DENTAL condensation reaction \kon#den-sa#shun re-ak#shun\: any chemical
IMPLANT reaction between two molecules to form a larger molecule, with the
complete cleft palate \kom-plet# kleft pal#t \: an opening extending elimination of a smaller molecule
through the anterior alveolar ridge, and primary and secondary conditional color match \kon-dsh#a-nal kul#or mach\: a pair of col-ors
palatessee PALATAL CLEFT that appear to match only under limited conditions, such as a particular
complete crown \kom-plet kroun\: a restoration that covers all the cor-onal light source and a particular observer; a metameric match condylar
tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, facial, lingual, and occlusal) complete denture agenesis \kon#da-lar a-jen#-ss\: a developmental abnormal-
\kom-plet den#chur\: a removable dental prosthesis ity characterized by the absence of the condyle
that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the condylar articulator \kon#da-lar ar-tk#ya-la-tor\: an articulator
maxillae or mandible; called a complete removable dental prosthesis whose condylar path components are part of the lower member
JULY 2005 25
condylar articulator continuous spectrum

d
and whose condylar replica components are part of the upper 1con nec tor \ka-nek#tor\ n (15c): in removable dental prosthodon-tics,
membercalled also nonarcon articulator the portion of a removable dental prosthesis that unites its
condylar axis \kon#da-lar ak#ss\: a hypothetical line through the componentsusage: see BAR C., CONTINUOUS BAR C., MAJOR
mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate condylar C., MINOR C.
dislocation \kon#da-lar ds#lo-ka#shun\: a non self-reducing 2
con nec tor \ka-nek#tor\ n: in xed dental prosthodontics, the portion
displacement of the mandibular condyle usually forward of the of a xed dental prosthesis that unites the retainer(s) and
articular eminence pontic(s)usage: see INTERNAL C., NONRIGID C., RIGID C.,
condylar displacement: positioning of the condyle out of its normal SUBOCCLUSAL C.
location in the glenoid fossa connector bar: see BAR CONNECTOR
1 con sul ta tion \kon-sul#ta#shun\ n (15c): a deliberation between those
condylar guidance \kon#da-lar gd#ns\ vt : mandibular guidance
generated by the condyle and articular disc traversing the contour of who render health care regarding a patients diagnosis and/or their
the glenoid fossae treatment
2 1
condylar guidance \kon#da-lar gd#ns\ n : the mechanical form lo-cated con tact \kon#takt\ n (1626): the union or junction of surfaces; the
in the upper posterior region of an articulator that controls apparent touching or tangency of bodiesusage: see PROXIMAL
movement of its mobile member CONTACT
2
condylar guide assembly \kon#da-lar gd a-sem#ble\: the components of con tact \kon#takt\ vi (1834): to make contact; to bring into contact; to
an articulator that guide movement of the condylar analogues condylar enter or be in contact withusage: see BALANCING OCCLUSAL
guide inclination \kon#da-lar gd n#kla-na#shun\: the angle formed by C., DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL C., INITIAL OCCLUSAL C.,
the inclination of a condylar guide control surface of an articulator and OCCLUSAL C.
a specied reference planesee LATERAL contact surface \kon#takt sur#fas\: the region on the proximal surface
CONDYLAR INCLINATION of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth
condylar hinge position \kon#da-lar hnj pa-zsh#an\ obs : the position continuous bar connector \kon-tn#yoo-us bar ka-nek#tor\: a metal bar
of the condyles of the mandible in the glenoid fossae at which hinge usually resting on the lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth to
axis movement is possible (GPT-4) aid in their stabilization and act as an indirect retainer in extension
condylar inclination \kon#da-lar n#kla-na#shun\: the direction of the base partial removable dental prostheses
lateral condyle path (GPT-4) continuous bar indirect retainer: see CONTINUOUS BAR
condylar path \kon#da-lar path\: that path traveled by the mandibular CONNECTOR
condyle in the temporomandibular joint during various mandibu-lar continuous bar retainer: see CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR,
movements INDIRECT RETAINER
condylar path element \kon#da-lar path el#a-ment\: the member of a continuous beam \kon-tn#yoo-us bem\ obs : a beam that continues over
dental articulator that controls the direction of condylar movement several supports, with those supports not at the beam end bearing
condylar path tracing \kon#da-lar path tra#sng\: a graphic registra-tion equally free supports (GPT-4)
of the movement of the condylesee MANDIBULAR
continuous clasp \kon-tn#yoo-us klasp\ 1: in removable dental pros-
TRACING
thodontics, a circumferential retainer (clasp) whose body emanates
condylar slant: see CONDYLAR PATH, LATERAL CONDYLAR from an occlusal rest and extends across the buccal or lingual sur-
PATH face of more than one tooth (hence, continuing on) before engag-ing
condylar subluxation \kon#da-lar sub#luk-sa#shun\: a self-reducing an undercut on the proximal wall farthest from the occlusal rest 2:
incomplete or partial dislocation of the condyle any one of several early 20th century designs for clasping natural
con dy lar throsis \kon#da-lar-thro#ss\ n : an ellipsoidal articulation; a teeth to retain a partial removable dental prosthesis; terms for such
modication of the ball/socket type of synovial joint in which the clasps included wrought continuous interdental clasp, wrought
articular surfaces are ellipsoid rather than spheroid. Owing to the continuous interdental support.
arrangement of the muscles and ligaments around the joint, all Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
movements are permitted except rotation about a vertical axis Publishing, 1928:377-90.
called also articulation ellipsoidea, condylar articulation, condylar
joint, condyloid joint, or ellipsoidal joint continuous gum denture \kon-tn#yoo-us gum den#chur\ obs 1: an ar-
ticial denture consisting of porcelain teeth and tinted porcelain
con dyle \kon#dl, -dl\ n (1634): an articular prominence of a bone, i.e., denture base material fused to a platinum base (GPT-4) 2: accord-
in the mandible, an ellipsoidal projection of bone that articu-lates ing to Joseph Richardson, plain single teeth, made for the pur-
with the glenoid fossacon dy lar adjsee CONDYLAR PATH, pose, are arranged and soldered to a plate properly tted to the
LATERAL CONDYLAR PATH, MANDIBULAR CONDYLE,
mouth, after which different mineral compounds, made to repre-sent
NECK OF THE CONDYLE
the natural gums, roof, etc., are applied to the plate and teeth in a
condyle chord: see CONDYLAR AXIS plastic state, then carved and trimmed in proper form, and by means
condyle head: see CONDYLE condyle of a strong furnace heat these compounds, which are called the body
path: see CONDYLAR PATH and the gum enamel, are fused, thus producing a continuous gum,
condylectomy: surgical removal of the condyle root, and rugae of the mouth, without seam or crevice. The
condylotomy: surgical cut through the neck of the condyloid process. technique is attributed to Dr. John Allen (American)
Also refers to surgical removal of a portion of the articulating Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia:
surface of the mandibular condyle (called a condylar shave) Lindsay & Blakiston, 1880:307-35.
cone \kon\ n (1562): one of the receptors of color vision found in the
retinal layer of the eye and concentrated in the macula lutea con gen i tal continuous loop wire clasp \kon-tn#yoo-us loop wr klasp\ obs :
\kon-jen#-tl\ adj (1796): existing at, and usually before, attributed to J. Wright Beach, DDS, this clasp assembly was used to
completely encircle a tooth, particularly a straight sided
birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, irrespective of tooth, by means of one wire. If the retained was not continuous, it
their causation was described as an open loop wire clasp
connecting bar: see MAJOR CONNECTOR Roach FE. Partial dentures. The Dental Summary 1915:35:203-10.
connective tissue \ka-nek#tv tsh#oo\: a tissue of mesodermal origin continuous spectrum \kon-tn#yoo-us spek#trum\: a spectrum or
rich in interlacing processes that supports or binds together other section of the spectrum in which radiations of all wavelengths are
tissues present; opposed to line spectra or band spectra
contour creep
d
1 co ro no plas ty \kor#a-no-plas#te\ n (20c): alteration or change in

con tour \kon#toor\ n (1662): an outline, especially of a curving or
irregular gure: the line representing this outline; the general form morphology of the coronal portion of natural teeth by the use of
or structure of somethingusage: see HEIGHT OF CONTOUR, abrasive instruments
TRANSITIONAL CONTOUR corrected cast: see ALTERED CAST
2
con tour \kon#toor\ adj (1844): following contour lines or forming furrows corrective wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
or ridges along them; made to t the contour of something 3con tour
correlated color temperature \kor#a-la#tid kul#er tem#per-a-choor\:
\kon#toor\ vt (1871): to shape the contour of; to shape so as
to t contours; to construct in conformity to a contour con tra be vel the term describing the color of white light sources. Specically, it is
\kon#tra-bev#el\ n (20c) 1: an external bevel arising the temperature of the Planckion (black body) radiator that produces
the chromaticity most similar to that produced by the light source
from the occlusal surface or edge of a tooth preparation and placed expressed in degrees Kelvin or in mired; it is measured in degrees
at an angle that opposes or contrasts the angle of the surface it arises Kelvin, to which a black body must be raised to provide the closest
from 2: an external bevel arising from the occlusal surface or edge match, in chromaticity, to a particular light source
of a preparationsee BEVEL cor rode \ka-rod\ vt (15c) 1: deterioration of a metal due to an electro-
con trac tion \kon-trak#shun\ n (15c): in muscle physiology, the de- chemical reaction within its environment 2: to eat away by degrees
velopment of tension in a muscle in response to a stimulususage: as if by gnawing 3: to wear away gradually usually by chemical
see ISOMETRIC C., ISOTONIC C., POSTURAL C.
action
con trac ture \kon-trak#chur\ n (1658): a permanent shortening of a cor ro sion \ka-ro#zhen\ n (15c): the action, process, or effect of
musclesee MUSCLE C., MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULAR C.,
MYOSTATIC C. corroding; a product of corroding; the loss of elemental constitu-ents
to the adjacent environment
con tra lat er al \kon#tra-lat#er-al\ adj (1882): occurring on or acting in
conjunction with similar parts on an opposite side cor ro sive \ka-ro#sv\ adj (14c): tending or having the power to corrode
contralateral condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
convergence angle \kon-vur#jens ang#gel\ 1. the taper of a crown cortical bone \kor#t-kal\: the peripheral layer of compact osseous
preparation 2. the angle, measured in degrees, formed between tissue
opposing axial walls when a tooth or teeth are prepared for crowns Costens syndrome [James Bray Costen, American otolaryngologist,
or xed dental prostheses. Usage- this term is best described as the 1895-1962]: eponym for TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DIS-
total occlusal convergence ORDERS
co or di na tion \ko-or#dn-a#shun\ n (1643): smooth, controlled Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon dis-turbed
symmetrical movement functions of the temporomandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol,
1cope \kop\ n (bef.12c): the upper half of any ask used in casting; the 1934;43:1-15.
upper or cavity side of a denture ask used in conjunction with the coun ter die \koun#ter-d\ n, obs : the reverse image of a die; usually
drag or lower half of the asksee DRAG made of a softer and lower fusing metal than the die (GPT-1) coup ling
2cope \kop\ v: to dress, cover, or furnish with a cope; to cover, as if with \kup#lng\ n : a device that serves to link or connect the ends
a cope or coping of adjacent parts or objects
1cop ing \ko#png\ n 1: a long, enveloping ecclesiastical vestment 2a: coupling lug \kup#lng lug\: a small projecting part of a larger member;
something resembling a cope (as by concealing or covering) 2b: coping a projection or a casting to which a bolt or other part may be
2cop ing \ko#png\ n (ca. 1909): a thin covering or crownusage: see attached
C. IMPRESSION, TRANSFER C. covalent bond \ko-va#lent bond\ n (1939): a chemical bond between
coping impression \ko#png m-presh#an\: an impression, usually two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond),
encompassing an entire dental arch, that uses metal or resin copings two pairs (double bond), or three pairs (triple bond) of electrons
placed on prepared teeth. The copings are repositioned before the called also primary bond
pouring of a working cast cover screw: see HEALING SCREW
coping pick-up impression: see COPING IMPRESSION cranial base \kra#ne-al bas\: the inferior part of the skull that is thought
coping prosthesis obs : see OVERDENTURE to be relatively stable throughout life and is used in cephalometrics
copolymer resin \ko-pol#a-mer\: polymers formed from more than one as a landmark from which to measure changes due to growth, time,
type of molecular repeat unit or treatment
copper band \kop#er band\ : a copper cylinder employed as a matrix for cranial prosthesis \kra#ne-al pros-the-ss\: a biocompatible, permanently
making an impression
implanted replacement (maxillofacial prosthesis) for a portion of the
cor al i form \kor#al-#form\ adj : having the form of coral; branched skull bones; an articial replacement for a portion of the skull
like a coral; often with reference to certain types of hydroxylapatite bonescalled also cranial implant, cranioplasty prosthesis, skull
implant materials plate
core \kor, kor\ n (14c): the center or base of a structure
craniofacial defects \kra#ne-o-fa#shal de#fekts, d#fekts\: malforma-
co ro nal \kor#a-nal, kor#-, ka-ro#nal\ adj (15c) 1: of or relating to a
tions associated with the head and face craniofacial dysjunction
corona or crown 2: or relating to any longitudinal plane or section fracture: see LE FORT III FRACTURE
that passes through a body at right angles to the median plane 3:
pertaining to the crown of a tooth craniomandibular articulation \kra#ne-o-man-db#ya-lar ar-tk#ya-
la#shun\: both temporomandibular joints functioning together as a
coronal plane \ka-ro-nal plan\: lying in the direction of the coronal su- bilateral sliding hinge joint connecting the mandible to the
ture, of or relating to the frontal plane that passes through the long craniumsyn TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS
axis of a body cra ter n : in periodontics, a saucer shaped defect of soft tissue or bone
1craze \kraz\ vb. craz ed \krazd\; craz ing \kra#zng\ vt (14c): to produce
coronoid maxillary space \kor#a-noid#, kor#- mak#sa-ler#e spas\: the
region between the medial aspect of the coronoid process of the minute cracks on the surface or glaze of; to develop a
mandible and the buccal aspect of the tuberosity of the maxilla, mesh of ne cracks
bounded anteriorly by the zygomatic arch 2craze \kraz\ n (1534): a crack in a surface or coating (as of glaze or
coronoid process \kor#a-noid#, kor#- pro-ses\: the thin triangular enamel)
rounded eminence originating from the anterosuperior surface of the 1creep \krep\ vi crept \krept\; creep ing \krep#ng\ (12c): to slip or
ramus of the mandiblesee HYPERPLASIA OF THE C.P.
gradually shift position; to change shape permanently due to
coronoidectomy: surgical removal of the coronoid process prolonged stress or exposure to high temperature
JULY 2005 27
creep curve of Wilson

d
2 crown-root ratio \kroun-root ra#sho, ra#she-o#\: the physical

creep \krep\ n (1818): the slow change in dimensions of an object due
to prolonged exposure to high temperature or stress relationship between the portion of the tooth within alveolar bone
crep i ta tion \krep#-ta#shun\ n : a crackling or grating noise in a joint compared with the portion not within the alveolar bone, as
during movement, liken to the throwing of ne salt into a re or determined by radiograph
rubbing hair between the ngers; the noise made by rubbing together crown slitter \kroun slt#er\ obs : a mechanical device used to slit the
the ends of a fracture axial surface of a swayed articial crown to facilitate its removal
crep i tus n : see CREPITATION, JOINT C. [GPT-4]
crest \krest\ n (14c): a ridge or prominence on a part of a body; in dentistry, cru ci ble \kroo#sa-bal\ n (15c): a vessel or container made of any
the most coronal portion of the alveolar process refractory material (frequently porcelain) used for melting or
calcining any substance that requires a high degree of heat
crest of the ridge \krest uv tha rj\: the highest continuous surface of the
residual ridgenot necessarily coincident with the center of the crucible former \kroo#sa-bal for#mer\: the base to which a sprue for-
ridge mer is attached while the wax pattern is being invested in refractory
crevicular epithelium \kre#v-kyoo#lar ep#a-the#le-um\: the non- investment; a convex rubber, plastic, or metal base that forms a
keratinized epithelium of the gingival crevice concave depression or crucible in the refractory investment
crevicular fluid \kre#v-cyoo#lar oo#id\: the uid that seeps through CT: acronym for Computerized Tomography
the crevicular epithelium; this is usually increased in the presence of crypt \krpt\ n (1789) 1: a chamber wholly or partly underground 2: in
inammation anatomy, a pit, depression or simple tubular gland
cribriform plate \krb#ra-form\ obs : in dentistry, the alveolar bone cuff \kuf\ n (14c): something that encircles; a band about any body cul-de-sac \kul-d-
proper sak\ n (1738): a blind pouch or tubular cavity closed
crist o bal ite \krs#to-ba#lt\ n : an allotropic form of crystalline silica at one end
used in dental casting investments
cumulative dose \kyoom#ya-la#tv, -ya-la-tv dos\: the total accumu-
cross arch balance: see C.A.B. ARTICULATION lated dose resulting from a single or repeated exposure to radiation
cross arch balanced articulation \kros, kros arch bal#ansd ar-tk# of the same region or of the whole body; if used in area monitoring,
ya-la#shun\: the simultaneous contact of the buccal and lingual it represents the accumulated radiation exposure over a given period
cusps of the working side maxillary teeth with the opposing buccal of time
and lingual cusps of the mandibular teeth, concurrent with contact of cure vb (14c): see POLYMERIZE
1curve \kurv\ adj (15c): bent or formed into a curve
the nonworking side maxillary lingual cusps with the mandibular
buccal cusps 2curve \kurv\ vb curved \kurvd\; curv ing \kurv#ing\ vi (1594): to
cross arch stabilization \kros, kros arch sta#ba-l#za-shun\: resistance take a turn, change, or deviation from a straight line or plane surface
against dislodging or rotational forces obtained by using a partial without angularity or sharp breaks; a non-angular deviation from a
removable dental prosthesis design that uses natural teeth on the straight line or surfacesee REVERSE C.
opposite side of the dental arch from the edentulous space to assist curve of Monson \kurv uv Mon-son\ [George S. Monson, St. Paul,
in stabilization Minnesota, U.S. dentist, 1869-1933]: eponym for a proposed ideal
cross bite: see REVERSE ARTICULATION curve of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches or
cross bite teeth: see REVERSE ARTICULATION TEETH conforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in
cross bite occlusion: see REVERSE ARTICULATION diameter with its center in the region of the glabella
cross pinning \kros, kros pn#ing\: the augmentation achieved in Monson GS. Occlusion as applied to crown and bridgework. J Nat Dent Assoc
retention of a cast restoration by the placement of a pin through the 1920;7:399-417.
axial wall of a dental casting into tooth dentin Monson GS. Some important factors which inuence occlusion. J Nat Dent
cross tooth balance: see BALANCED ARTICULATION, CROSS Assoc 1922;9:498-503.
TOOTH BALANCED ARTICULATION curve of occlusion \kurv uv a-kloo#shun\: the average curve estab-
cross tooth balanced articulation \kros, kros tooth bal#ansd ar-tk#ya- lished by the incisal edges and occlusal surfaces of the anterior and
la#shun\: the harmonious contact of opposing working side buccal posterior teeth in either arch
and lingual cusps curve of Pleasure \kurv uv Plezh#er\ [Max A. Pleasure, New York,
1crown \kroun\ n (12c) 1: the highest part, as the topmost part of the
U.S. dentist, 1903-1965] 1: eponym for a helicoid curve of occlusion
skull, head or tooth; the summit; that portion of a tooth occlusal to that, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a curve that is
the dentinoenamel junction or an articial substitute for this 2: an convex from the superior view, except for the last molars which
articial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by sur- reverse that pattern 2: in excessive wear of the teeth, the oblitera-
rounding part or all of the remaining structure with a material such tion of the cusps and formation of either at or cupped-out occlusal
as cast metal, porcelain, or a combination of materials such as metal surfaces, associated with reversal of the occlusal plane of the premo-
and porcelain lar, rst and second molar teeth (the third molars being generally
2crown \kroun\ vt (12c): to place on the head, as to place a crown on a unaffected), whereby the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular teeth
slope facially instead of lingually and those of the maxillary teeth in-
tooth, dental implant or tooth substituteusage : implies fabrica-tion
cline linguallysyn ANTIMONSON CURVE, FREQUENCY
of a restoration for a tooth on a natural tooth, dental implant and/or
CURVE, PROBABILITY CURVE, REVERSE CURVE
dental implant abutment
Pleasure MA. Prosthetic occlusiona problem in mechanics. J Am Dent
crown flask \kroun ask\: a sectional, box like case in which a sectional Assoc and Dent Cosmos 1937;24:1330-8.
mold is made of articial stone or plaster of parts for the purpose of
Pleasure MA. Practical full denture occlusion. J Am Dent Assoc Dent Cosmos
processing dentures or other resinous restorations
1938;25:1606-17.
crown fracture \kroun frak#chur\: micro or macroscopic cleavage in the
coronal portion of a tooth curve of Spee [Ferdinand Graf Spee, Prosector of Anatomy, Kiel,
Germany, 1855-1937]: eponym for ANTEROPOSTERIOR CURVE
crown-implant ratio: the physical relationship between the portion of the
implant-supported restoration within alveolar bone compared with
Spee FG. Die Verschiebrangsbahn des Unterkiefers am Schadell. Arch Anat
the portion not within the alveolar bone, frequently deter-mined by
Physiol (Leipz) 1890;16:285-94.
radiographic examination
curve of Wilson [George H. Wilson, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. dentist,
crown lengthening slang : see LENGTHENING OF THE CLINICAL
1855-1922] 1: eponym for the MEDIOLATERAL CURVE 2: in the
CROWN
theory that occlusion should be spherical, the curvature of
curve of Wilson delayed dentition

d
the cusps as projected on the frontal plane expressed in both arches; Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C V
the curve in the lower arch being concave and the one in the upper Mosby Co., 1916.
arch being convex. The curvature in the lower arch is affected by an de bride ment \da#bred-maN#, d-bred#ment\ n (ca. 1842): the
equal lingual inclination of the right and left molars so that the tip removal of inamed, devitalized, contaminated tissue or foreign
points of the corresponding cross-aligned cusps can be placed into material from or adjacent to a lesion
the circumferences of a circle. The transverse cuspal curvature of the deciduous dentition: see PRIMARY DENTITION de cor ti ca tion \de-
upper teeth is affected by the equal buccal inclinations of their long kor#t-ka#shun\ n (ca. 1623) 1: a process of re-
axes moving the outer covering (as in enamel, bark, husks, etc.) from
something 2: surgical removal of the cortex of an organ, an
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia Lea & Febiger,
enveloping membrane or brinous coveringde cor ti cate \de-
1911:22-37.
kor#t-kat\ vtde cor ti cat or \de-kor#t-ka#tor\ n
cur vi lin ear \kur#va-ln#e-er\ adj (1710): consisting of or bounded by
curved lines; represented by a curved line decreased occlusal vertical dimension \d-kresd a-kloo#sal vur#t-kal d-
cusp n : cone-shaped protuberance on the crown of a tooth that forms men#shun\: a reduction in the distance measured between two anatomic
points when the teeth are in occlusal contact
the occlusal surface
deep bite: see VERTICAL OVERLAP
cusp angle \kusp ang#gal\: the angle made by the average slope of a deep heat therapy: see DIATHERMY
cusp with the cusp plane measured mesiodistal or buccolingually cusp-
fossa articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement where the maxillary defective color vision \d-f ek#tv kul#er vzh#un\: the condition in
and mandibular centric cusps articulate with the opposing which color discrimination is signicantly reduced in comparison
fossae in maximum intercuspation with the normal trichromat. The forms of color defective vision can
be divided into three main groupsdichromatic vision, anom-alous
cusp height \kusp ht\: the perpendicular distance between the tip of a trichromatic vision, and monochromatic visionsee COLOR
cusp and its base plane
BLINDNESS, COLOR DEFICIENCY
cusp-marginal ridge articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement where
the mandibular second premolar buccal cusp and mandibu-lar molar definitive cast: \d-f n#-tv kast\: a replica of the tooth surfaces, resid-
ual ridge areas, and/or other parts of the dental arch and/or facial
mesiobuccal cusps articulate with the opposing occlusal embrasures
structures used to fabricate a dental restoration or prosthesis; called
in maximum intercuspation also final cast
cusp plane \kusp plan\: the plane determined by the two buccal cusp tips
and the highest lingual cusp of a molar defective occlusal contact \d-fek#tv a-kloo#sal kon#takt#\ obs :
contact that is capable of guiding the mandible from its original path of
cusp plane angle \kusp plan ang#gal\: the incline of the cusp plane in ac-tion into a different path of motion or capable of disturbing the re-
relation to the plane of occlusion
lation between a denture base and its supporting tissues (GPT-1)
cuspal interference: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT cuspid
guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION cuspid guided definitive obturator \d-fn#-tv ob#ta-ra#ter\: a maxillofacial prosthe-
sis that replaces part or all of the maxilla and associated teeth lost due to
articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED
surgery or trauma Editorial note: a definitive obturator is made when it
ARTICULATION is deemed that further tissue changes or recurrence of tumor are unlikely
cuspid lift: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION and a more permanent prosthetic rehabilitation
cuspid lifted articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICU- can be achieved; it is intended for long- term use
LATION definitive palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
cuspid protected occlusion: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICU- definitive prosthesis \d-fn#-tv pros-the#ss\: any dental or maxillo-
LATION facial prosthesis designed for long-term use
cuspid rise: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION cuspid rise definitive speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS de
articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULA- flec tion \d-ek#shun\ n (1605) 1: a turning aside or off course 2: a
TION continuing eccentric displacement of the mandibular midline
cuspless teeth \kusp#les teth\: teeth designed without cuspal promi- incisal path symptomatic of restriction in movement
nence on the occlusal surfacesee NONANATOMIC TEETH, deflective occlusal contact \d-ek#tv a-kloo#sal kon#takt\: a contact
ZERO-DEGREE TEETH
that displaces a tooth, diverts the mandible from its intended move-
custom anterior guide table: used for transferring to an articulator the ment, or displaces a removable denture from its basal seatusage :
contacts of anterior teeth when determining their inuence on border see OCCLUSAL DISHARMONY, OCCLUSAL PREMATURITY
movements of the mandible. Acrylic resin is molded by the
articulator pin to record and preserve this information comp de for ma tion \de#for-ma#shun, def#-er-\ n (15c): the change of form
MECHANICAL ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE see also ANTERIOR or shape of an object
GUIDE TABLE de gas \de-gas#\ vt; de gassed \de-gasd#\ pt., pp; de gassing \de-gas#-
custom tray \kus#tum tra\: an individualized impression tray made from ing\ ppr (1920) 1: to remove gas from an object or substance 2: the
a cast recovered from a preliminary impression. It is used in making name commonly used to denote the rst heat cycle (oxidation cycle)
a nal impression in fabrication of a metal ceramic restoration that removes surface
impurities from the metallic component and produces surface oxides
cy ano acryl ate \s#a-no-ak#ra-lat\ n (20c): a single component,
prior to the application of opaque porcelain
moisture activated, thermoplastic group of adhesives characterized
by rapid polymerization and excellent bond strength degenerative arthritis: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
degenerative joint disease: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
de glu ti tion \de#gloo-tsh#un\ n (1650): the act of swallowing de hisce \d-hs#\ vt; de
D hisced \d-hsd\; de hisc ing \d-hs#sing\
Davis crown [Wallace Clyde Davis, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. dentist (1658): to split or peal down along a natural line; to discharge the
(1866-1950)] obs : eponym for a dental restoration supported by a contents by so splitting
dowel in the root canal over which was cemented a porcelain tube de his cence \d-hs#sens\ n (ca. 1828): an act or instance of dehiscing,
tooth in direct contact with the root face of the tooth. A later i.e., separation of wound margins
modication involved a gold casting that improved the t between
delayed dentition \d-lad# den-tsh#en\: the eruption of the rst teeth of
the root and articial tooth the primary dentition or the permanent dentition considerably later
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 1st ed. Lincoln, Neb.: Author as than the normally expected time (after the thirteenth month
publisher, 1911.
JULY 2005 29
delayed dentition dental stone

d
of life for the primary dentition and after the seventh year of life for age system provides the most support at initial placement deter-
the permanent dentition in humans) mines which category is used to best describe the dental implant; the
delayed dis-occlusion: see DELAYED DISCLUSION dental implant(s) provide bony support via the dental implant
delayed disclusion \d-lad# ds-kloo#shun\: deferred separation of the attachment while the dental implant abutment(s) connect the den-tal
posterior teeth due to the anterior guidance implant to the xed or removable dental prosthesissee also
de liv er y: see PLACEMENT DENTAL IMPLANT ABUTMENT, ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
delta E \del#ta E\: total color difference computed by use of a color IMPLANT, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, TRANSOSTEAL
difference equation. It is generally calculated as the square root of DENTAL IMPLANTcomp MUCOSAL INSERT
the sums of the squares of the chromaticity difference and the
lightness difference. It signies the difference between sample and
standard dental implant abutment \m#plant# a-but#ment\: the portion of a dental
implant that serves to support and/or retain any xed or re-movable
de min er al iza tion \de-mn#er-a-l-za#shun\ n (ca. 1903) 1: loss of dental prosthesisusage : frequently dental implant abut-ments,
minerals (as salts of calcium) from the body 2: in dentistry,
decalcication, usually related to the dental caries process especially those used with endosteal dental implants, are changed to
alter abutment design or use before a denitive dental prosthesis is
de nas al i ty \de-na-zal#-te\ n : the quality of the voice when the na-sal fabricated. Such a preliminary abutment is termed an interim (dental
passages are obstructed to prevent adequate nasal resonance during implant) abutment. The abutment chosen to sup-port the denitive
speechsee HYPONASALITY
prosthesis is termed a definitive (dental implant) abutment. Dental
de ner va tion \de-nur-va#shun\ n (1905): resection of or removal of the
implant abutments frequently are described by their form (i.e.,
nerves to an organ or part
cylindrical, barrel), material (i.e., ceramic, titanium, zirconia
den tal \den#tl\ adj (1594): of or pertaining to the teeth
ceramic), or special design factors (i.e., internal hex lock, external
dental arch \den#tl arch\: the composite structure of the natural teeth and hex lock, spline)
alveolar bone
dental implant attachment \m#plant# a-tach#ment\: 1. the biochem-
dental articulation \den#tl ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: the contact relation- ical/mechanical interconnection between the dental implant and the
ships of maxillary and mandibular teeth as they move against each tissues to which it is attached 2. slang expression for the means of
otherusage : this is a dynamic process
retention of the dental implant abutment to the dental implant
dental biomechanics \den#tl b#o-m-kan#iks\: the relationship between dental implant analog: a replica of the entire dental implant, not
the biologic behavior of oral structures and the physical inuence of intended for human implantation
a dental restorationsyn DENTAL BIOPHYSICS
dental implant loading: the process of placing axial or tangential force
dental cast \den#tl kast\: a positive life size reproduction of a part or
parts of the oral cavity on a dental implant usually associated with the intentional exposure
of the dental implant either at the time of initial surgical placement
dental casting investment \den#tl kas#tng n-vest#ment\: a material of the dental implant or subsequent surgical exposure. Such forces
consisting principally of an allotrope of silica and a bonding agent.
may come from any of a variety of sources including intentional or/
The bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in lower casting
temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for use in higher casting and unintentional occlusal loading, unintentional forces from the
temperatures) tongue or other oral tissues, food bolus, as well as alveolar/osseous
deformation. Generally application of intentional occlusal forces
dental dysfunction \den#tl ds-fungk#shun\: abnormal functioning of
dental structures; partial disturbance or functional impairment of a may be termed immediate loading, progressive loading, or delayed
dental organ loading see AXIAL LOADING
dental element \den#tl el#a-ment\: slang for a dental prosthesis that re- dental implant system \m#plant ss#tem\ (1993): dental implant
ceives part or all support/retention from one or more endosteal, components that are designed to mate together. An implant system
eposteal or transosteal dental implants can represent a specic concept, inventor, or patent. It consists of the
dental engineering \den#tl en#ja-nr#ing\ obs 1: the application of necessary parts and instruments to complete the implant placement
physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles to dentistry 2: the and abutment components
application of engineering principles to dentistry (GPT-4) dental impression \den#tl m-presh#en\: a negative imprint of an oral
dental esthetics \den#tl es-thet#ks, s\: the application of the principles structure used to produce a positive replica of the structure to be
of esthetics to the natural or articial teeth and restorations used as a permanent record or in the production of a dental
restoration or prosthesissee IMPRESSION
dental geriatrics \den#tl jer#e-at#rks\ 1: the branch of dental care
involving problems peculiar to advanced age and aging 2: dentistry dental impression wax \den#tl m-presh#en waks\: any thermoplastic
wax used to make impressions for dental use
for the aged patientsee GERODONTICS, GERO-DONTOLOGY
dental plaster \den#tl plas#ter\: the beta-form of calcium sulfate
dental implant \den#tl m-plant\: 1. a prosthetic device made of allo- hemihydrate. It is a brous aggregate of ne crystals with capillary
pores that are irregular in shape and porous in character
plastic material(s) implanted into the oral tissues beneath the mu-
cosal or/and periosteal layer, and on/or within the bone to provide dental prosthesis \den#tl pros-the#sis\: an articial replacement (pros-
retention and support for a xed or removable dental prosthesis; a thesis) of one or more teeth (up to the entire dentition in either arch)
substance that is placed into or/and upon the jaw bone to support a and associated dental/alveolar structures. Dental prostheses usually
xed or removable dental prosthesis 2. the portion of an implant that are subcategorized as either fixed dental prostheses or remov-able
provides support for the dental implant abutment(s) through dental prostheses see also FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS,
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS; comp to MAXILLOFA-
adaptation upon (eposteal), within (endosteal), or through (trans-
CIAL PROSTHESIS, ANCILLARY PROSTHESIS
osteal) the bone usage: although dental implants may be classi-ed
by their silhouette or geometrical form (i.e., n, screw, cylinder, dental prosthetic laboratory procedures \den#tl pros-thet#ik lab#ra-
blade, basket, root form, etc.) generally dental implants are classied tor#e pra-se#jerz\: the steps in the fabrication of a dental prosthesis that
do not require the presence of the patient for their completion dental
based on their anchorage component as it relates to the bone that
provides support and stability. Thus, there are three basic types of senescence \den#tl s-nes#enz\: that condition of the teeth and
associated structures in which there is deterioration due to aging or
dental implants: eposteal dental implants, endosteal dental implants,
premature aging processes
and transosteal dental implants. Some dental im-plants possess both
dental shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION dental stone
eposteal and endosteal components (by design or subsequent
\den#tl ston\: the alpha-form of calcium sulfate hemihy-
anchorage change); the decision as to what anchor-
drate with physical properties superior to the beta-form (dental
dental stone determinants of mandibular movement

d
plaster). The alpha-form consists of cleavage fragments and crystals denture packing \den#chur pak#ing\ substand : the act of pressing a
in the form of rods or prisms, and is therefore more dense than the denture base material into a mold within a refractory asksee
beta-form DENTURE RESIN PACKING
den tate \den#tat#\ adj (1760): having teeth or pointed conical denture placement: see PLACEMENT
projections denture polished surface \den#chur pol#sht\: the portion of the surface
den tin \den#tn\ n (1840): a calcareous material similar to but harder of a denture that extends in an occlusal direction from the border of
and denser than bone that comprises the principle mass of the the denture and includes the palatal surface. It is the part of the
toothden tin al adj; also spelled den tine \den#ten\ denture base that is usually polished, and it includes the buccal and
dentin porcelain obs:see BODY PORCELAIN lingual surfaces of the teeth
den ti tion \den-tsh#on\ n (1615): the teeth in the dental arch dentofacial orthopedics denture processing \den#chur pro-ses#ing\ substand 1: the means by
\den#to-fa#shal or#tha-pe#dks\: the branch
which the denture base materials are polymerized to the form of a
of dentistry that treats abnormal jaw and tooth relationships den to denture 2: the conversion of the wax pattern of a denture or a portion
form \den#to-form\: having the likeness of a tooth; a of a denture into resin or other material
tooth-like substitute denture prognosis \den#chur prog-no#ss\ obs : an opinion or judg-ment
den tu lous \den#cha-lus\ adj (1926) 1: possessing natural teeth 2: a given in advance of treatment for the prospects for success in the
condition in which natural teeth are present in the mouthsyn fabrication of dentures and for their usefulness (GPT-4)
DENTATE
denture prosthetics \den#chur pros-thet#iks\ obs 1: the replacement of
den ture \den#chur\ n (1874): an articial substitute for missing natural the natural teeth in the arch and their associated parts by articial
teeth and adjacent tissuesusage: see COMPLETE D., substitutes 2: the art and science of the restoration of an edentulous
DIAGNOSTIC D., DUPLICATE D., EXTENSION BASE mouth (GPT-4)see COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS., FIXED DENTAL
PROSTHESIS., IMMEDIATE D., INTERIM D., OVERDENTURE, denture resin packing \den#chur rez#n pak#ing\: lling and pressing a
PARTIAL D., PROVISIONAL D., REMOVABLE DENTAL denture base material into a mold within a refractory ask
PROSTHESIS., ROTATIONAL PATH REMOVABLE PARTIAL denture retention \den#chur r-ten#shun\ 1: the resistance in the
D., TRANSITIONAL D., TREATMENT D., TRIAL D., movement of a denture away from its tissue foundation especially in
UNILATERAL REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS a vertical direction 2: a quality of a denture that holds it to the tissue
foundation and/or abutment teethsee DENTURE STABILITY
denture adhesive \den#chur ad-he#sv\: a material used to adhere a
denture to the oral mucosa denture service \den#chur sur#vs\: the procedures that are involved in
denture basal surface: see DENTURE BASE the diagnosis and subsequent fabrication and maintenance of arti-cial
substitutes for missing natural teeth and associated structures denture
denture base \den#chur bas\: the part of a denture that rests on the
foundation tissues and to which teeth are attachedusage: see space \den#chur spas\ 1: the portion of the oral cavity that is or may be
TINTED D.B. occupied by the maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s) 2: the space
between and around the residual ridges that is available for dentures 3:
denture base material \den#chur bas ma-tr#e-al\: any substance of the area occupied by dentures where formerly the teeth, alveolar bone,
which a denture base may be made
and surrounding soft and hard tissues were
denture base saddle \den#chur bas sad#l\ obs 1: the part of a denture located
that rests on the oral mucosa and to which the teeth are attached 2:
the part of a complete or removable partial denture that rests on the denture stability \den#chur sta-bl#-te\ 1: the resistance of a denture to
basal seat and to which the teeth are attached (GPT-4)see movement on its tissue foundation, especially to lateral (hori-zontal)
DENTURE BASE forces as opposed to vertical displacement (termed denture
denture bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA denture retention) 2: a quality of a denture that permits it to maintain a state
of equilibrium in relation to its tissue foundation and/or abutment
border \den#chur bor#der\ 1: the margin of the denture base
teethsee DENTURE RETENTION
at the junction of the polished surface and the impression surface 2: denture supporting area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
the peripheral border of a denture base at the facial, lingual, and denture supporting structures \den#chur sa-por#tng struk#churz\
posterior limits
obs : the tissues (teeth and/or residual ridges) that serve as the
denture characterization \den#chur kar#ak-ter--za#shun\: modica-tion foundation for removable partial or complete dentures (GPT-4)
of the form and color of the denture base and teeth to produce a denture surfaces: see DENTURE POLISHED SURFACE den tur ism
more lifelike appearance \den#chur-izum\ n : the fabrication and delivery of
denture curing \den#chur kyoor#ing\ obs : the process by which the removable dentures by non-dentists
denture base materials are hardened to the form of a denture mold
den tur ist \den#chur-ist\ n (1965) 1: any non-dentist who makes, ts,
(GPT-4)see DENTURE PROCESSING
and repairs removable dentures directly for the public 2: a non-
denture design \den#chur d-zn\ obs : a planned visualization of the dentist licensed to provide complete dentures directly to the public
form and extent of a dental prosthesis arrived at after study of all
factors involved (GPT-4)
de pas siv a tion \de-pas#s-va#shun\ n : loss of corrosion protection due
denture esthetics \den#chur es-thet#ks\: the effect produced by a den- to damage or removal of the protective oxide surface lm on a
tal prosthesis that affects the beauty and attractiveness of the person passivated metal
denture flange \den#chur anj\: the part of the denture base that extends de pro gram mer \de-pro#gram#er\ n: various types of devices or
from the cervical ends of the teeth to the denture border materials used to alter the proprioceptive mechanism during
denture flask: see CASTING FLASK, CROWN FLASK mandibular closure
denture foundation \den#chur foun-da#shun\: the oral structures determinants of mandibular movement \d-tur#ma-nent\: those
available to support a denture
anatomic structures that dictate or limit the movements of the
denture foundation area \den#chur foun-da#shun ar#e-a\: the surfaces mandible. The anterior determinant of mandibular movement is the
of the oral structures available to support a denture
dental articulation. The posterior determinants of mandibular
denture occlusal surface \den#chur a-kloo#sal sur#fas\: the portion of movement are the temporomandibular articulations and their
the surface of a denture that makes contact with its antagonist associated structures
JULY 2005 31
detrusion disk displacement with reduction

d
de tru sion \de-troo#shun\ n : downward movement of the mandibu-lar dia ther my \d#a-thur#me\ n (1909): tissue resistance generated heat
condyle resulting from high-frequency electric current
deuteranomalous vision \doo#ter-a-nom#a-lus, dyoo#-ter-a-nom# a-lus di a tor ic \d#a-tor#ik\ adj : a channel placed in denture teeth to serve
as a mechanical means of retaining the teeth in a chemically
vzh#on\: a form of anomalous trichromatism in which the viewer dissimilar denture base material
requires more green in a mixture of red and green to match spectral
yellow than does a normal trichromat. The relative spectral visual dichromatic vision \d#kro-mat#k vzh#en\: defective color vision
sensitivity does not differ noticeably from normal. Hue characterized by the interpretation of wavelengths from the red
discrimination is poor in the red to green region of the spectrum portion of the spectrum matching a given green. There are two
deu ter an opia \doo#ter-a-no#pe-a, dyoo#-\ n (ca. 1901): green color known sub classications. One requires red light to be approxi-
blindness mately 10 times brighter than the red selected by the other to achieve
developmental anomaly \d-vel#op-men#tl a-nom#a-le\: unusual sequelae a similar color mismatch
of development; a deviation from normal shape or size developmental
di chro ma tism \d-kro#ma-tz#um\ n (1884): a form of defective color
dysmorphia \d-vel#op-men#tl ds#mor#fe-a\:
vision in which a mixture of only two can match all colors. In
anomaly of growth seemingly related to extrinsic interference from dichromatic vision, the spectrum is seen as comprising only two
contiguous or adjacent structures regions of different hue separated by an achromatic band.
developmental dysplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl ds-pla#zha,-se-a\: any ab- Dichromatic vision can be subdivided into three types: protano-pia,
normality of growth or disharmony between parts due to growth deuteranopia, and tritanopia
developmental hyperplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl h#per-pla#zha\:
excessive growth development die \d\ n (14c): the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared tooth
in any suitable substance
developmental hypoplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl h#po-pla#zha\: diminu- die spacer \d spas#er\: an agent applied to a die to provide space for the
tion in growth development luting agent in the nished casting
de vest \d-vest\ vb : the retrieval of a casting or prosthesis from an
investing medium differential diagnosis \df#a-ren#shal d#ag-no#ss\: the process of
de vi a tion \de#ve-a#shun\ n (15c): with respect to movement of the identifying a condition by comparing the signs and symptoms of all
mandible, a discursive movement that ends in the centered position pathologic processes that may produce similar signs and symptoms
and is indicative of interference during movement
de vice \d-vs\ n : something developed by the application of ideas or dilaceration \dl-as#a-ra#shun\ 1: a tearing apart 2: in dentistry, a
principles that are designed to serve a special purpose or perform a condition due to injury of a tooth during its development and
special functionsee RESTORATION characterized by a band or crease at the junction of the crown and
root, or alternatively by tortuous roots with abnormal curvatures
de vit ri fi ca tion \de-vt#ra-f-ka#shun\ n (1832): to eliminate vitreous
characteristics partly or wholly; to crystallize dimensional stability \d-men#shun-l sta-bl#-te\: the ability of a
material to retain its size and form
di ag no sis \d#ag-no#sis\ n; di ag no ses pl (ca. 1861): the determi-
nation of the nature of a disease dimensions of color \d-men#shunz uv kul#er\: terms used to describe
1di ag nos tic \d#ag-nos#tik\ n (1625): the practice of diagnosis
the three dimensional nature of color. In the Munsell Color Order
2 di ag nos tic \d#ag-nos#tik\ adj (1625): relating to or used in diagnosis System, the dimensions are named hue, value, and chroma. These
are used to describe the color family (hue), the lightness/darkness
diagnostic cast \d#ag-nos#tik kast\: a life-size reproduction of a part or (value), and the purity or strength (chroma)
parts of the oral cavity and/or facial structures for the purpose of direct bone impression \d-rekt, d- bon m-presh#on\: a negative
study and treatment planning likeness of bone from which overlying tissues have been reected direct
diagnostic denture \d#ag-nos#tik den#chur\: an interim removable lift technique: a means of fabricating porcelain labial margins whereby
dental prosthesis placed for the purpose of evaluation and planning porcelain is condensed directly onto the diecomp
later therapy PORCELAIN WAX TECHNIQUE
diagnostic index: see PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX direct pulp capping \d-rekt, d- pulp kap#ing\: application of a mate-
diagnostic mounting: see MOUNTING rial to exposed vital pulp to protect it and promote healing
diagnostic occlusal adjustment: an evaluation of the process and im- direct retainer \d-rekt, d- r-ta#ner\: that component of a partial re-
plications of subtractive tooth adjustment on articulator-mounted movable dental prosthesis used to retain and prevent dislodgment,
casts for the determination of the benets and consequences of an consisting of a clasp assembly or precision attachment
occlusal adjustment direct retention \d-rekt, d- r-ten#shun\: retention obtained in a par-tial
diagnostic occlusal prosthesis: a removable dental prosthesis, usually removable dental prosthesis by the use of clasps or attachments that
made of acrylic resin, that includes an overlay of the occlusal resist removal from the abutment teeth
surfaces, designed to evaluate a patients response to extensive dis ar tic u la tion \ds#ar-tk#ya-la#shun\ n : separation of joint parts disc \dsk\
restorative intervention n : var. spelling of disk
diagnostic radiation \d#ag-nos#tik ra#de-a#shun\: the use of disk-condyle complex \dsk-kon#dl, -dl kom#pleks#\: the condyle and
radiographs for the determination of the nature of a disease its disk articulation that functions as a simple hinge joint
diagnostic setups: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT disk \dsk\ n (1664): with respect to the temporomandibular joint, the
diagnostic splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE avascular intraarticular tissuespelled also disc
diagnostic study cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST disk degeneration \dsk d-jen#a-ra#shun\: degenerative changes in the
temporomandibular joint articular disk
diagnostic tooth preparation: preparations on dental casts performed
to evaluate and optimize denitive tooth preparations diagnostic disk derangement \dsk d-ranj#ment\: an abnormal relationship of the
waxing: waxing of intended restorative contours on dental articular disk to the condyle, fossa, and or/and eminence
casts for the purpose of evaluation and planning restorations disk detachment: a peripheral separation of the disk from its capsular,
diagnostic wax up: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT diarthrodial ligamentous, or osseous attachments
joint \d#ar-thro-de-al\: a freely moving joint disk dislocation: see DISK DERANGEMENT disk
di ar thro sis \d#ar-thro#ss\ n (1578): a specialized articulation displacement: see DISK DERANGEMENT
permitting more or less free movement; a synovial joint disk displacement with reduction \dsk ds-plas#ment wth r-duk#
di a ste ma \d#a-ste#ma\ n, pl -ma ta (1854): a space between two shun\: disk displacement in which the temporomandibular joint disk
adjacent teeth in the same dental arch is displaced at rest (usually in an anterior-medial direction)
disk displacement with reduction dysostosis d
but resumes a normal position on mandibular movement, usually prosthesis. The bar is straight with parallel sides and a round top.
accompanied by a clicking sound The sleeve or clip that ts over the bar gains retention by friction
disk displacement without reduction \dsk ds-plas#ment wth-out r- only. The bar may be of variable size and is pear shaped in cross
duk#shun\: disk displacement in which the temporomandibular joint section, as is its accompanying sleeve. This clip allows for some
disk is displaced at rest and does not resume a normal position on measure of rotational movement about the bar
mandibular movement see CLOSED LOCK Dolder EJ. The bar joint mandibular denture. J PROSTHET DENT
disk interference \dsk n#ter-fr#ens\: interference with mandibular 1961;11:689-707.
movement due to disk related pathosis and/or dysfunction
donor site \do#ner st\: an area of the body from which a graft is taken
disk locking \dsk lok#ing\: disk derangement that will not reduce or double lip: hyperplasia of the mucosa of the upper lip producing a fold
restore to its normal place or relationship of tissue that gives the appearance of duplication of the lip double
disk perforation \dsk pur#fa-ra#shun\: a circumscribed tear in the wire clasp \dub#al wr klasp\ obs : a back-to-back wire circum-
articular disk, generally as the result of degenerative thinning in the ferential clasp
central portion, usually with longstanding increased compres-sive dove tail \duv#tal#\ n (1565): a widened portion of a prepared cavity
forces, permitting communication between the superior and inferior used to increase retention and/or resistance
joint spaces. There is no disruption at the peripheral attachments to dow el \dou#al\ n, obs (13c): a post usually made of metal that is tted
the capsule, ligaments, or bone into a prepared root canal of a natural tooth. When combined with
disk prolapse \dsk pro-laps\: rotation of the disk forward on the con- an articial crown or core, it provides retention and resistance for
dyle the restoration See POST
disk space \dsk spas\: the radiolucent area on a temporomandibular dowel core crown: see POST-CORE CROWN
joint radiograph between the mandibular condyle and the articular dowel crown obs : see DAVIS CROWN, RICHMOND CROWN dowel
fossa pin \dou#al pn\: a metal pin used in stone casts to remove die
disk thinning \dsk thn#ing\: degenerative decrease in disk thickness, sections and replace them accurately in the original position drag \drag\ n
usually as the result of long standing increased compressive forces : the lower or cast side of a refractory ask to which the
diskectomy: excision of the intraarticular disk cope is tted
dis clu sion vb : see DISOCCLUSION draw \dro\ vt (bef. 12c): the taper or convergence of walls of a prepa-
dis junc tor \ds-jungk#tor\ n : any component of a prosthesis that serves ration for a restoration; slangDRAFT, DRAUGHT
to allow movement between two or more parts
dross \dros, dros\ n: 1. the solid scum formed on the surface of a metal
dislocated fracture \ds#lo-ka#td frak#chur\: a fracture of a bone near when molten or melted, often formed from oxides of various metals
an articulation, with displacement of the condyloid process out of but sometimes arising from impurities and waste materials, 2. waste
the articular fossa
matter; refuge
dis lo ca tion \ds#lo-ka#shun\ n (15c): the state or act of being
duc til i ty \duk-tl#-te\ n (14c): the ability of a material to withstand
dislocated, as displacement of one or more bones at a jointusage:
see CONDYLAR D., FUNCTIONAL D., MANDIBULAR D., permanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture; abil-ity
PARTIAL D. of a material to be plastically strained in tension. A material is brittle
if it does not have appreciable plastic deformation in tension before
dis oc clude: see DISOCCLUSION
rupture
dis oc clu sion \ds#a-kloo#zhen\ vb : separation of opposing teeth dum my \dum#e\ n, pl dum mies \dum# ez\ (1598) obs : the replace-
during eccentric movements of the mandiblesee DELAYED D., ment tooth or pontic in a xed partial denture
IMMEDIATE D.
duplicate denture \doo#pl-kt den#chur\: a second denture intended to
displacement of the mandible \ds-plas#ment uv tha man#da-bl\: any be a replica of the rst
abnormal relationship of the mandible when at rest
du rom e ter \doo#rom--ter\ n (ca. 1890): an instrument for measur-ing
dis tal \ds#tal\ adj (1808): remote; farther from the point of reference; hardness
away from the median sagittal plane of the face following the dwt: abbr [denarius + weight] pennyweight; called also pennyweight; a
curvature of the dental arch
measurement of weight in the troy system equal to 24 grains, or 0.05
distal extension partial denture: see EXTENSION BASE PARTIAL ounce. Its metric equivalent is 1.555 grams
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
dis to c clus sion: see ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF dye \d\ n : a colorant that does not scatter light but absorbs certain
wavelengths and transmits others
OCCLUSION
dis to ver sion \ds#to-vur#zhun\ vb : a deviation towards the distal distraction of the
dynamic relations \d-nam#k r-la#shunz\ obs : relations of two objects
condyle \d-strak#shun uv tha kon#dl, -dl\: dis-
involving the element of relative movement of one object to an-
other, as the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae (GPT-4)
placement of the condyle in and inferior direction dynamic splint: see FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL SPLINT dys es the sia
distraction osteogenesis: a procedure whereby a segment of the jaw is \ds-es-the#zha, -zhe-a, s-\ n : an unpleasant abnormal
sectioned by osteotomy and gradually displaced by a controlled sensation
movement
dys func tion \ds-fungk#shun\ n (ca. 1916): the presence of functional
distributed mandibular lateral translation: see PROGRESSIVE
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION disharmony between the morphologic form (teeth, occlusion, bones,
joints) and function (muscles, nerves) that may result in pathologic
disuse atrophy \ds-yoos# at#ra-fe\: diminution in the size of a cell, tis- changes in the tissues or produce a functional disturbance
sue, organ, or part as a result of inactivity
di ver gence \d-vur#jens, d-\ n (1656) 1: a drawing apart as a surface dys geu sia \ds-gyoo#zha, -zhe-a\ n : any disturbance in the sense of
extends away from a common point 2: the reverse taper of walls of a taste
preparation for a restorationdi ver gen cy n, pl -cies \-cez\ (1709)
dys ki nes ia \ds-kn#s-zha, -ahe-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment of the
divergence angle \d-vur#jens ang#gl\ (1998): the sum of the angles of power of voluntary movement resulting in fragmentary or
taper of opposing walls of a tooth preparation that diverge away incomplete movementsee also INCOORDINATION
from each other
dys la lia \ds-la#le-a\ n : defective articulation due to faulty learning or
docking device: see RADIATION CONE LOCATOR to abnormality of the external speech organs and not due to lesions
Dolder bar [Eugene J. Dolder, Zurich, Switzerland prosthodontist]: of the central nervous system
eponym for one of many bar attachments that splint teeth or roots dys ma se sis \ds-mas#-ss\ n : difculty in mastication dys os to sis
together while acting as an abutment for a partial removable dental \ds-os#ta-ss\ n : imperfect ossication
JULY 2005 33
dysphagia electron volt

d
dysphagia \ds-pla#zha\ n : difculty in swallowing edge to edge occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
dys phon ia \ds-fo#ne-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment in the voice; educationally qualified prosthodontist \ej#a-ka#shun-a-le kwol#a-fd
difculty in speaking
pros#tha-don#tst\: in the United States as dened by the American
dys pla sia \ds-pla#zha\ n (ca. 1923): abnormality of development see Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has successfully
MANDIBULAR D., MAXILLOMANDIBULAR D. completed an advanced educational program accredited by the ADA
dys ton ia \ds-ton# ya\ n : acute irregular tonic muscular spasms, often and is eligible to apply for examination by the American Board of
with contortions of the tongue, jaw, eyes, neck, and sometimes the Prosthodontics
entire body e las tic \-las#tk\ adj (1653): susceptible to being stretched, com-
pressed, or distorted and then tending to resume the original shape
E elastic limit \-las#tk lm#it\: the greatest stress to which a material
may be subjected and still be capable of returning to its original
earbow \r-bo\ n (20c): an instrument similar to a facebow that indexes
dimensions when such forces are released
to the external auditory meatus and registers the relation of the
maxillary dental arch to the external auditory meatus and a elastic modulus \-las#tk moj#a-lus\: the stiffness or exibility of a ma-
horizontal reference plane. This instrument is used to transfer the terial within the elastic range. Within the elastic range, the material
deforms in direct proportion to the stress applied as represented by
maxillary cast to the articulator. The earbow provides an average
Hookes law
anatomic dimension between the external auditory meatus and the
horizontal axis of the mandiblesee FACEBOW e las tic i ty \-la-sts#-te\ n (1664): the quality that allows a structure
or material to return to its original form on removal of an external
early closing click \ur#le klos#ing klk\: a click emanating from the forcesee MODULUS OF E.
temporomandibular joint that occurs at the initiation of retrusive
translation e las to mer \-las#ta-mer\ n (ca. 1934): a polymer whose glass transi-
tion temperature is below its service temperature (usually room
early mandibular lateral translation \ur#le man-db#ya-lar\: the temperature). These materials are characterized by low stiffness and
translatory portion of lateral movement in which the greatest portion extremely large elastic strainse las to mer ic adj
occurs early in the forward movement of the nonworking side elastomeric impression material: a group of exible chemical poly-mers,
condyle as it leaves centric relationsee IMMEDIATE which are either chemically or physically cross-linked. Generally,
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION they can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their original
early opening click \ur#le o#pen-ing klk\: a temporomandibular joint dimensions when applied stresses are released
click that occurs at initiation of the translation of the condyle(s)
EBA cement: acronym for eth oxybenzoic acid cement; reinforced zinc electrical discharge machining \-lek#tr-kal ds-charj ma-shen#ing\ 1.
oxide-eugenol cement with part of the eugenol replaced by 2- the process by which metal(s) is (are) altered in form using electrical
ethoxybenzoic acid current through conductive objects brought into physical contact
with the metal surface 2. a precision metal removal process using an
eccentric \k-sen#trk\ adj (14c) l: not having the same center 2: accurately controlled electrical discharge (a spark) to erode metal,
deviating from a circular path 3: located elsewhere than at the usually performed in a liquid dielectric medium syn SPARK
geometric center 4: any position of the mandible other than that EROSION
which is its normal position
e lec trode \-lek#trod\ n (1834) 1: a medium used between an electric
eccentric checkbite: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD conductor and the object to which it is to be applied 2: an x-ray tube
component from which electrons emanate or to which they are
eccentric interocclusal record \k-sen#trk n#ter-a-kloo#sal rek#erd\: a attracted. The positive electrode is the anode; the negative electrode
registration of any maxillomandibular position other than centric is the cathode
relationship
electromagnetic spectrum \-lek#tro-mag-net#k spek#trum\: the range
eccentric jaw record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD of energy waves that extend from gamma rays to radio waves. The
eye is sensitive to a very narrow band of wavelengths between about
eccentric jaw relation \k-sen#trk jo r-la#shun\ obs : any relationship 380 and 760 nm
between the jaws other than centric relation (GPT-4)
electromagnetic wave \-lek#tro-mag-net#k wav\: a disturbance that
eccentric occlusion \k-sen#trk a-kloo#shun\: an occlusion other than propagates outward from any electric charge that oscillates or is
centric occlusion accelerated; far from the charge, it consists of vibrating electric and
eccentric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION magnetic elds that move at the speed of light and are at right angles
eccentric record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD to each other and to the direction of motion
eccentric relation \k-sen#trik r-la#shun\: any relationship of the man- electromyographic biofeedback \-lek-tro-m-o#gra-fk b#o-fed#bak\:
dible to the maxilla other than centric relationsee ACQUIRED an instrumental process that helps patients learn control over muscle
E.R. tension levels previously under automatic control
ec top ic \ek-top#k\ adj (1873): occurring in an abnormal position or in an e lec tro my og ra phy \-lek#tro-m-og#ra-fe\ n (1948): the graphic
unusual manner or formec top i cal ly \ek-to# pk-le\ adv ectopic eruption \ek- recording of the electrical potential of musclesee NOCTURNAL
top#ik -rup#shun\: eruption of a tooth out of its E.
normal place or position e lec tron \-lek#tron\ n (1891): the elemental unit of electricity. A sta-
ede ma \-de#ma\ n (15c): abnormal accumulation of uid in the tissues ble elementary particle that is the negatively charged constituent of
ordinary matter, having a mass of about 9.11 3 10-28 g (equivalent
eden tics \e-den#tiks\ n, obs : the art, science, and technique used in to 0.511 MeV) and a charge of about -1.602 3 10-19
treating edentulous patients (GPT-4) Coulombcalled also negative electron, negatron
e den tu late \e-den#cha-lat\ v, obs : to remove all teeth e den tu lous \e-den#cha- electron accelerator \-lek#tron ak-sel#a-ra#ter\: a device used in radiation treatment that
lus\ adj (1782): without teeth, lacking teeth edentulism \e-den#cha-lz-um\ (1998): accelerates electrons to high energies electron beam therapy \-lek#tron bem ther#a-pe\:
the state of being edentulous; treatment by elec-
without natural teeth trons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as the betatron
edge to edge articulation \ej too ej ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: articulation in electron volt \-lek#tron volt\: a unit of energy equal to the energy ac-
which the opposing anterior teeth meet along their incisal edges quired by an electron when it passes through a potential difference of 1
when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation volt in a vacuum; it is equal to (1.602192 + 0.000007) 3 10-19
edge to edge bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION volt. Abbreviated eV
electroplating epithelium
d
e lec tro plat ing \-lek#tro-pla#tng\ vt (ca. 1864): the process of endosseous blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
covering the surface of an object with a thin coating of metal by IMPLANT
means of electrolysis endosseous implant: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT endosteal
e lec tro pol ish ing \-lek#tro-pol#sh-ng\ vt : the electrolytic removal dental implant \en-dos#te-l den#tl m-plant#\: a device
of a thin layer of metal to produce a bright surface placed into the alveolar and/or basal bone of the mandible or maxilla
el e ments slang \el#a-ment\ (1993): when used in reference to dental and transecting only one cortical plate. The endosteal dental implant
implants, component parts of a dental implant structure such as the is composed of an anchorage component, termed the endosteal
dental implant, dental implant abutment, and abutment screw dental implant, which, ideally, is within the bone, and a retentive
elevator muscle \el#a-va#ter mus#el\: one of the muscles that, on component, termed the endosteal dental implant abutment. The
contracting, elevates or closes the mandible dental implant abutment connects to the dental implant (by means of
e lon ga tion \-long#ga#shun\ n (14c) l: deformation as a result of screws, thread/screw interfacing, compres-sion/luting agent etc. that
tensile force application 2: the degree to which a material will can be termed elements), passes through the oral mucosa, and serves
stretch before breaking 3: the over eruption of a tooth
to support and/or retain the prosthesis (xed dental prosthesis,
em bed ment \em-bed-ment\ n (1794): 1. the process of using a ce-ramic removable dental prosthe-sis, maxillofacial prosthesis). The dental
powder mixed with water to surround a glass-ceramic cast-ing. The implant abutment may be for interim or definitive
purpose of the procedure is to prevent distortion and limit the applicationusage: interim abut-ment, denitive abutment.
shrinkage of the casting 2. with reference to the physics of threaded
Descriptions of the dental implant or/and the dental implant
unions, localized plastic deformation which occurs in screw threads
or the mated components when applying preload. abutment that use silhouette or geo-metric forms, such as cylinder,
conical, pre-angled, angled, blade, basket, or endodontic, may be
em bou chure \am#boo-shoor\ n (1760): the position and use of the
lips, tongue, and teeth in playing a wind instrument used as adjectives to en-hance understanding of the geometry of any
endosteal dental implant. Also, descriptive adjectives may be used to
em bra sure \em-bra#zher\ n (1702) l: the space formed when adja-cent delineate the materials from which they are made, i.e. a ceramic
surfaces air away from one another 2: in dentistry, the space dental im-plant abutment. Interim or definitive dental implant
dened by surfaces of two adjacent teeth; there are four embrasure
abutments may be composed of one or more individual component
spaces associated with each proximal contact area: occlusal/incisal,
mesial, distal, and gingival parts, each of which is termed an element. The dental implant abut-
em brittle \em-brt#l\ vt : to make brittle or plastic ment element(s) usually is (are) described by means of their geo-
metric form, function or means of adaptation, i.e., screw, coping,
emergence angle \-mur#jens ang#gel\ (1993): the angle of the dental cylinder, lug, friction tting, press-t. Hence multiple adjectives
implants transitional contour as determined by the relation of the
surface of the abutment to the long axis of the implant body may be used to describe both the endosteal dental im-plant and
abutment.see also BASKET E.D.I., BLADE E.D.I., DENTAL
emergence profile \-mur#jens pro#fl\: the contour of a tooth or
restoration, such as a crown on a natural tooth or dental implant IMPLANT, ENDODONTIC E.D.I., EPOSTEAL D.I., SCREW
abutment, as it relates to the adjacent tissues E.D.I., TRANSOSTEAL D.I.
EMG: acronym for ElectroMyoGram
em i nence \em#i-nens\ n (15c): a prominence or projection, especially endosteal dental implant (1998): that portion of the dental implant that
one on the surface of a bone provides the anchorage to the bone through the process of tis-sue
empty mouth movement \emp#te mouth moov#ment\: voluntary or integration
reex movements of the mandible when not engaged in incision or endosteal dental implant abutment \en-dos#te-l den#tl m-plant# a-
mastication but#ment\ (1998): that portion of the dental implant which passes
en am el \-nam#el\ n (15c): in dentistry, the hard, thin, translucent layer through the oral mucosa and provides connection between the en-
of calcied substance that envelopes and protects the dentin of the dosteal dental implant body and the prosthesis
coronal aspect of the tooth; it is the hardest substance in the endosteal dental implant abutment element (s) \en-dos#te-l den-tl
bodycalled also adamantine layer m-plant a-but#ment el#a-ment\ (1998): any component used to secure
enamel projection: an apical extension of enamel, usually toward a furcation either the dental implant abutment to the dental implant or the prosthesis
in the roots to the dental implant abutment
enamel projection \-nam#el pro-jek#shun\: An apical extension of endosteal dental implant \en-dos#te-l den#tl m-plant#\ (1998) that
enamel, usually toward a furcation in the roots. portion of the dental implant that provides the anchorage to the bone
en am el o plas ty n : see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING en ar thro sis through the process of tissue integration.
\en#ar-thro#ss\ n (1634): joints with a ball and socket end-to-end bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION end-to-end
arrangement (e.g., hip) occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION entrance port \en-trans
endodontic implants: see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL DENTAL port\: the area of the surface of a patient or
IMPLANT phantom on which a radiation beam is incident
endodontic endosteal dental implant \en#do-don#tks en-dos#te-l den#tl envelope of function \en#va-lop uv fungk#shun\: the three-dimen-
sional space contained within the envelope of motion that denes
m-plant#\: a smooth and/or threaded pin implant that extends mandibular movement during masticatory function and/or pho-
through the root canal of a tooth into periapical bone and is used to nation
stabilize a mobile tooth, sometimes called an end-odontic stabilizer envelope of motion \en#va-lop uv mo#shun\: the three-dimensional
endodontic pin \en#do-don#tk pn\ obs : a metal pin that is placed space circumscribed by mandibular border movements within which
through the apex of a natural tooth into the bone to stabilize a all unstrained mandibular movement occurs
mobile tooth (GPT-4)see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL epithelial attachment: see JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM epithelial cuff
DENTAL IMPLANT \ep#a-the#le-al kuf\: a term used to describe the relation-
endodontic stabilizer: see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL DENTAL ship between the mucosal and the dental implant. The use of this
IMPLANT term implies a close adherence, but not necessarily a biochemical
en dog en ous \en-doj#a-nus\ adj (1830): developing or originating attachment, between the implant and mucosa
within the organism ep i the li um \ep#a-the#-le-um\ n, pl lia \-le-a\ (1748): the mucosal
en do scope \en#da-skop\ n (1861): a exible or rigid thin tube used for tissue serving as the lining of the intraoral surfaces. It extends into
examining the interior of a structure the gingival crevice and adheres to the tooth at the base of the crev-
icesee CREVICULAR E, JUNCTIONAL E.
JULY 2005 35
epithelization exposured
ep i the li za tion \ep#a-the#l-za#shun\ n (ca. 1934): the process of becoming es thet ics \es-thet#ks\ adj (1798) 1: the branch of philosophy dealing
covered with or converted to epitheliumep i the lize \ep# a-the#lz\ vt with beauty 2: in dentistry, the theory and philosophy that deal with
beauty and the beautiful, especially with respect to the appear-ance
eposteal dental implant \ep#os#te-al den#tl m-plant#\: any dental im- of a dental restoration, as achieved through its form and/or color.
plant that receives its primary support by means of resting upon the Those subjective and objective elements and principles un-derlying
boneusage: a subperiosteal dental implant that conforms to the the beauty and attractiveness of an object, design or prin-ciplesee
superior surface of an edentulous area of alveolar bone is an eposteal DENTAL E., DENTURE E.aes thet i cal ly adj
dental implant. Any retaining screws or other ele-ments that may Estlanders operation [Jakob August Estlander, Finnish surgeon, 1831-
secure the eposteal framework to the alveolar bone and pass through 1881]: eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular ap of tissue
the bone represent endosteal dental im-plant components. Should the borrowed from the lower lip is transferred to the upper lateral lip
eposteal framework penetrate the alveolar bone, technically, the
framework becomes an endosteal dental implantusage : an eposteal 1
etch \ech\ vb,vt (1634) la: to produce a retentive surface, especially on
dental implants support sys-tem has, heretofore, been termed the glass or metal, by the corrosive action of an acid lb: to subject to
implant frame, implant framework, or implant substructure; such etching 2: to delineate or impress clearly
however, this is an integral component of that dental implants 2
etch \ech\ n (1896) 1: the effect or action of an etching acid on a sur-
form and is not subservient to any other component see face 2: a chemical agent used in etching
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IM-PLANT, SUBPERIOSTEAL etch ant \ech#ant\ n : an agent that is capable of etching a surface etch ing \ech#ing\ vt
DENTAL IMPLANT, TRANSOS-TEAL DENTAL IMPLANT (1632) 1: the act or process of selective dissolu-
tion 2: in dentistry, the selective dissolution of the surface of tooth
epoxy resin \ep#ok#se, -pok#- rez#n\: a resin characterized by the re- enamel, metal, or porcelain through the use of acids or other agents
active epoxy or ethyloxyline groups that possess unique character- (etchants) to create a retentive surface
istics in terms of adhesion to metals, woods, and glasses ethylene oxide \eth#a-len ok#sd#\: a bactericidal agent occurring as a
epoxy resin die \ep#ok#se, -pok#- rez#n d\: a reproduction formed in colorless gas with a pleasant ethereal odor; the chemical in gas ster-
epoxy resin ilization systems used for many items that cannot be sterilized in a
epulis fissuratum: overgrowth of intraoral tissue resulting from chronic high heat system; used as a disinfectant, especially for disposable
irritation equipment
equalization of pressure \-kwl#a-za#shun uv presh#ur\: the act of etiologic factors \e#te-o-loj#k fak#tors\: the elements or inuences that
equalizing or evenly distributing pressure can be assigned as the cause or reason for a disease or lesion see
equil i brate \-kwl#a-brat\ v -brat ed \-bra#td\; -brat ing LOCAL E.F., SYSTEMIC E.F.
\-bra#tng\; vt (1635): to bring or to place in equilibrium equil i bra tion \-kwl#a- e ti ol o gy \e#te-ol#a-je\ n (1555) 1: the factors implicated in the cause
bra#shun\ n (1635) 1: the act or acts of plac- or origin of a disease or disorder 2: the study or theory of the factors
ing a body in a state of equilibrium 2: the state or condition of be-ing causing disease
in equilibriumusage: see MANDIBULAR E., OCCLUSAL E. e vis cer a tion \-vs#a-ra#shun\ n : removal of the viscera or contents
of a cavity. In ophthalmology, the removal of the contents of the
eyeball, leaving the sclera
equil i bra tor \-kwl#a-bra#tor\ n (19c) obs : an instrument or device
used in achieving or helping maintain a state of equilibrium (GPT-4) e vul sion \-vul#shun\ n (1611): extraction; removed, usually of a
sudden nature
equi lib ri um \e#kwa-lb#re-um, ek#wa-\ (1608) 1: a state of even ad- ex am in a tion \g-zam#a-na#shun\ n (14c): scrutiny or investigation
for the purpose of making a diagnosis or assessment
justment between opposing forces 2: that state or condition of a
body in which any forces acting on it are so arranged that their pro- excoriate \ex-skor-ee-ayt\: to wear off the skin; to abrade
duct at every point is zero 3: a balance between active forces and excoriation\ : a scratch or abrasion of the skin
negative resistance ex cur sion \k-skur#shun\ n (1577) 1: a movement outward and back
e ro sion \-ro#zhun\ n (1541) 1: an eating away; a type of ulceration 2: or from a mean position or axis; also, the distance traversed 2: in
in dentistry, the progressive loss of tooth substance by chemical dentistry, the movement occurring when the mandible moves away
from maximum intercuspation
processes that do not involve bacterial action producing defects that
are sharply dened, wedge-shaped depressions often in facial and ex cur sive \k-skur#sv\ adj (1673): constituting a digression; charac-
cervical areascomp ABFRACTION, ABRASION, ATTRITION terized by digression
excursive movement \k-skur#sv moov#ment\: movement occurring
when the mandible moves away from maximum intercuspation ex en ter
Essig splint [Norman S. Essig, DDS, Prof. of Prosthodontics, Temple
a tion \k-zen#ta-ra#shun\ n : removal of an organ. Used in
University School of Dentistry]: eponym for a stainless steel wire
passed labially and lingually around a segment of the dental arch connection with the eye, an orbital exenteration denotes the re-
moval of the entire eye and surrounding structures
and held in position by individual ligature wires around the contact
areas of the teeth; it is used to stabilize fractured or repositioned exercise prosthesis \ek#ser-sz# proth#-ss\: a temporary, removable
teeth and the involved alveolar bone. Variously ascribed to V. H. dental prosthesis, usually without teeth and always without occlud-
Jackson, DDS, (N.Y.), C. J. Essig, DDS, N. S. Essig, DDS (Pa.), or ing contact, used for the purpose of reconditioning the supporting
W. H. Atkinson, DDS structures (especially the residual ridge) by means of light, intermit-
tent biting pressure applied against bilaterally interposed ngers
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea
Brothers and Co., 1896:187, 208.
exostosis: bony projection extending beyond the normal contour of a
bony surface
Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing
Co., 1937. expansion prosthesis \k-span#shun proth#-ss\: a maxillofacial pros-
thesis used to expand the lateral segment of the maxilla in a unilat-
es thet ic \es-thet#k\ 1: pertaining to the study of beauty and the sense eral or bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palates and alveolar
of beautiful. Descriptive of a specic creation that results from such processes
study; objecties beauty and attractiveness, and elicits pleasure 2:
pertaining to sensation var of AESTHETIC ex po sure \k-spo#zher\ n (1606) 1: the act of laying open, as a surgi-
cal or dental exposure 2: in radiology, a measure of the roentgen
esthetic reshaping \es-thet#k re-shap#ng\: the physical modication of rays or gamma radiation at a certain place based on its ability to
the surfaces of teeth to improve appearance
exposure Farrar appliance

d
cause ionization. The unit of exposure is the roentgen, called also F

exposure dosesee ROENTGEN RAY fab ri ca tion \fab#r-ka#shun\ n (1670): the building, making, or
constructing of a restoration
ex ten sion \k-sten#shun\ n (15c) 1: the movement by which the two
elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other, the face form \fas form\ obs 1: the outline form of the face 2: the outline
process of increasing the angle between two skeletal levers having form of the face from an anterior view, sometimes described geo-
end-to-end articulation with each other. The opposite of exion 2: in metrically as square, tapering, ovoid, or by various combinations of
maxillofacial prosthetics, that portion of a prosthesis added to ll a these basic forms (GPT-4)see FACIAL FORM
defect or provide a function not inherent in a dental resto-ration, facebow \fas bo\: a caliper-like instrument used to record the spatial re-
e.g., palatal extension, pharyngeal extensionsee SECTION lationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point or
points and then transfer this relationship to an articulator; it orients
the dental cast in the same relationship to the opening axis of the
extension base partial removable dental prosthesis \k-sten#shun bas
articulator. Customarily the anatomic references are the mandibu-lar
par#shal r-moo#va-bal den#tl pros-the#ss\: a removable dental condyles transverse horizontal axis and one other selected ante-rior
prosthesis that is supported and retained by natural teeth only at one point; called also hinge bowsee EARBOW, KINEMATIC F.
end of the denture base segment and in which a portion of the
functional load is carried by the residual ridge facebow fork \fas bo fork\: that component of the facebow used to at-
tach the occlusion rim to the facebow
extension bridge: see CANTILEVER FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
facebow record \fas bo rek#erd\: the registration obtained by means of a
facebow
extension outline \k-sten#shun out#ln\ obs 1: the outline of the area of facebow transfer: the process of transferring the facebow record of the
the entire basal seat of a denture 2: the outline on the surface of a spatial relationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic refer-
cast or mucous membrane that includes the entire area to be cov-
ence point or points and transferring this relationship to an articu-
ered by a denture (GPT-1)
lator
external oblique ridge \k-stur#nal o-blek# rj\: a smooth ridge on the fac et \fas#t\ n (1625): a small, planar surface on any hard bodysee
buccal surface of the body of the mandible that extends from the WEAR FACETusage: the French spelling of facet, facette, has
anterior border of the ramus, with diminishing prominence, continued to confuse the profession regarding pronunciation
downward and forward to the region of the mental foremen. This facial \fa#shal\ adj : the surface of a tooth or other oral structure ap-
ridge changes very little in size and direction throughout life proximating the face (including both the lips and cheeks)
facial augmentation implant prosthesis \fa#shal og#men-ta#shun m-
ex tir pate \ek#stir-pat#\ vt. -pat ed \-pa#td\ -pat ing \-pa#tng\ (1539)
1. To pull up or out, to destroy completely. 2. To cut out by surgery. plant proth#-ss\ 1: a maxillofacial prosthesis made of implantable
ex tir pa tion \ek#stir-pa#shun\ n. biocompatible material generally onlayed upon an existing bony
extracapsular ankylosis \ek#stra-kap#sa-lar ang#ka-lo#ss\: ankylosis area beneath the skin tissue to ll in or selectively raise portions of
due to rigidity of any structure external to the joint capsule the overlaying facial skin tissues to create acceptable contours.
Although some forms of pre made surgical implants are commer-
extracapsular disorder \ek#stra-kap#sa-lar ds-or#der\: a problem as-
cially available, the facial augmentation implant prosthesis is usually
sociated with the masticatory system in which the etiological factors
are located outside of the temporomandibular joint capsule custom made for surgical implantation for each individual patient
due to the irregular or extensive nature of the facial decit 2: an im-
ex tra coro nal \ek#stra-kor#a-nal, kor#-, ka-ro#nal\ adj : that which is plantable biocompatible material generally laid upon an existing
outside or external to, the crown portion of a natural tooth; e.g., an bony area beneath the skin tissues to ll in or selectively raise por-
extracoronal preparation, restoration, partial or complete crown tions of the overlaying facial skin tissues to create acceptable con-
extracoronal attachment: any prefabricated attachment for support and tours (GPT7)called also facial implant
retention of a removable dental prosthesis. The male and female facial form \fa#shal form\: the outline form of the face from an anterior
components are positioned outside the normal contour of the view
abutment toothsee INTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT, facial moulage \fa#shal moo-lazh\: a negative reproduction (impres-
PRECISION ATTACHMENT sion) of the face that records soft tissue and bony contours of the
extracoronal retainer \ek#stra-kor#a-nal, kor#-, ka-ro#nal r-ta#ner\: face. It is used for diagnostic purposes or to create a prosthesis or
that part of a xed dental prosthesis uniting the abutment to the other implantsee COMPLETE F.M., MOULAGE, SECTIONAL F.M.
elements of a prosthesis that surrounds all or part of the pre-pared
crown facial profile \fa#shal pro#fl\: the outline form of the face from a lateral
extraoral tracing \ek#stra-or#al, or#- tra#sng\: a tracing of mandibular view
movements made by means of devices that extend outside the oral facial prosthesis \fa#shal proth#-ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis that ar-
cavity; a tracing made outside the oral cavity ticially replaces a portion of the face lost due to surgery, trauma, or
ex tra ver sion: see LABIOVERSION congenital absencecalled also extraoral prosthesis, prosthetic
ex tir pate vt -pat ed; -pat ing (1539) 1: to pull up or out; to destroy dress-ing
completely 2: to cut out by surgeryex tir pa tion n facial prosthetic adhesive \fa#shal pros-thet#k ad-he#sv\: a material
ex trin sic \k-strn#sk\ adj (1613): external, extraneous, as originat-ing used to adhere a facial prosthesis to the skin
from or on the outsideex trin si cal ly adv fac ing \fa#sng\ n (1566): a veneer of any restorative material used on a
extrinsic coloring \k-strn#sk kul#or-ng\: coloring from without; ap- natural tooth or prosthesis as a restoration to simulate a natural tooth
plying color to the external surface of a prosthesis
failure \fa-teg# fal#yer\: in dental materials, fracture of any physical ma-
ex tru sion \k-stroo#zhun\ n (1540): the movement of teeth beyond the
natural occlusal plane that may be accompanied by a similar terial due to cyclic loading and unloading characterized by fracture
movement of their supporting tissues below its ultimate tensile strength
Farrar appliance [William B. Farrar, Alabama, U.S. dentist]: a type of
ex u date \eks#yoo-dat#\ n : 1. exuded molten material 2. any uid that
occlusal device used to position the mandible anteriorly; used in the
gradually passing through tissues. Inflammatory exudate is a uid
with a high content of serum proteins and leukocytes, formed as a treatment of some types of temporomandibular joint disk disorders
reaction to tissue injury. Farrar WB. A clinical outline of temporomandibular joint diagnosis and
treatment. 7th ed. Montgomery: Walker Printing Co., 1983.
JULY 2005 37
Farrar device fixed dental prosthesis

d
Farrar device: C. L. Goddard includes descriptions and illustrations of fine \fn\ adj (13c) 1: free from impurities 2: of a metal: having a stated
several devices used to retract teeth and . for many other purpo- proportion of pure metal in its composition, expressed in parts per
ses that are attributed to J. N. Farrar, DDS. Farrar also is credited thousand . a gold coin 0.9265
with various push- and pull-jacks for tooth movement, and fine ness \fn#nes#\ n : the proportion of pure gold in a gold alloy; the
ap-pliances for moving roots forward and backward parts per 1000 of gold
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. 1st ed. finish \fn#sh\ n (1779): to put a nal coat or surface on; the rene-
Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., 1986:153-209.
ment of form prior to polishing
fa tigue \fa-teg#\: the breaking or fracturing of a material caused by re- finish junction: the path of union of a dental restoration with the tooth
peated cyclic or applied loads below the yield limit; usually viewed finish line \fn#sh ln\ n (1899) 1: a line of demarcation determined by
initially as minute cracks followed by tearing and rupture; also two points 2 (obs) the peripheral extension of a tooth preparation 3: the
planned junction of different materials 4: (obs) the terminal
termed brittle failure or fracture ,metal ;.see FAILURE
portion of the prepared tooth
feeding aid \fe#dng ad\ obs : an ancillary prosthesis that closes the oral- fir ing \fr#ng\: the process of porcelain fusion, in dentistry, speci-
nasal cavity defect, thus enhancing sucking and swallowing, and cally to produce porcelain restorations
maintains the right and left maxillary segments of infants with cleft
palates in their proper orientation until surgery is performed to re- first stage dental implant surgery \furst den#tal m-plant sur#ja-re\:
pair the cleftcalled also feeding appliance, feeding prosthesis the initial surgical procedure in dental implant placement. For
feeding appliance obs : see FEEDING AID eposteal dental implants, this refers to the reection of the oral mu-
cosa, the impression made of the surgically exposed bone and usu-
feeding prosthesis \fe#dng pros-the#ss\ obs : a ancillary prosthesis ally an interocclusal record made to fabricate the implant body
constructed for newborns with cleft palates to permit normal suck- followed by surgical closure. For an endosteal implant, this refers to
ing and feedingsee FEEDING AID
the reection of the oral mucosa and investing tissues, prepara-tion
feld spar \feld#spar, fel#-\ n (1757) 1: any one of a group of minerals, of the implantation site (i.e., removal of alveolar bone and, oc-
principally aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium, or bar- casionally, tapping), placement of the dental implant body, and
ium, that are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks 2: a surgical closure of the overlying investing soft tissuescomp
crystalline mineral of aluminum silicate with sodium, potas-sium, SECOND STAGE DENTAL IMPLANT SURGERY
barium, and/or calcium; a major constituent of some dental
Fischers angle [Rudolf Fischer, Swiss dentist, Zurich, Switzerland]:
porcelains
eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of the protrusive
feld spath ic \feld-spath#k, fel#-\ adj (ca. 1828): related to or contain- and nonworking side condylar paths as viewed in the sagittal plane
ing feldspar; used especially with reference to porcelain glaze Fischer R. Beziehungen zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der Kaua-
feldspathic porcelain: porcelain fabricated from the natural mineral
chenform der Zuhne. Schweizerische Monataschrift fur Zahnheilkunde Zurich
group feldspar. The material is composed of compounds of oxygen 1926;74.
with lighter metals and nonmetals and is predominantly an amor-
Fischer R. Die Offnungsbewegungen des Unterkiefers und ibre Wiedergabe
phous (non-crystalline) matrix with one or more crystalline phases
am Artikulator. Schweizerische Monateschrift fur Zahnheilkunde
(such as leucite K2O Al2O3 4SiO2) 1935;45:867-99.
fer rule \fer#al\ n (15c) l: a metal band or ring used to t the root or fis sure \fsh#ur\ n (15c): any cleft or grove, normally present or oth-
crown of a tooth 2: any short tube or bushing for making a tight joint erwise; a cleft or deep ditch in the surface of a tooth, usually due to
imperfect fusion of adjoining enamel lobes. Distinguished from a
1fes toon \fe-stoon\ n (1630) 1: any decorative chain or strip hanging groove or sulcuscalled also enamel ssure
between two points 2: in dentistry, carvings in the base material of a fissured fracture \fsh#urd frak#shur\: a fracture that extends partially
denture that simulate the contours of the natural tissues that are be- through a bone with displacement of the bony fragments
ing replaced by the denture
2fes toon \fe-stoon\ vt (1800): to shape into festoons fistula \fs#cha-la\ n, pl las \-las\ or lea \-lea\ (14c): a pathologic or
abnormal passage resulting from incomplete healing; a communi-
FGP: acronym for Functionally Generated Path
cation between two internal organs or one that leads from an inter-
fi bro in te gra tion \f#bro-n#t-gra#shun\ n (1982): see FIBROUS nal organ to the surface of a body; usually designated according to
INTEGRATION the parts it communicates with, as oral-nasal f.
fibroosseous integration: see FIBROUS INTEGRATION
fit \ft\ v, fit ted \ft#d\, also fit \ft\; fit ting \ft#ng\ vt (1586) 1: to be
fi bro sis \f-bro#ss\ n (1873): the formation of brous tissue; broid or
brous degeneration suitable or to be in harmony with 2a: to conform correctly to the
shape or size of 2b: to insert or adjust until correctly in place; to
fi brous \f#brus\ adj (1626): composed of or containing bers fibrous adhesion \f#brus
make or adjust to the correct size or shape, i.e., to adapt one struc-
ad-he#zhun\: a brous band or structure by
ture to another, as the adaptation of any dental restoration to its site,
which parts abnormally adhere in the mouth
fibrous ankylosis \f#brus ang#ka-lo#ss\: reduced mobility of a joint
due to proliferation of brous tissue fix \fks\ vt (14c): to make rm, stable, or stationery, to attach to an-
other object so that separation of the parts cannot be accomplished
fibrous integration \f#brus n#t-gra#shun\: the presence of a layer of without breaking of the mechanical and/or chemical bonds that hold
intervening brous connective tissue between a dental implant and the parts in spatial relationship with each other
the adjacent bone indicative of failed osseointegration
fixed \fkst\ adj (14c): securely placed or fastened; stationary; not sub-
field \feld\ n (bef. 12c) 1: an area or open space, as an operative eld or ject to change; immobile
visual eld 2: a range of specialization or knowledge, study, or oc- fixed bridge: see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
cupation
fixed movable bridge \fkst moov#va-bal brj\ obs : a xed partial den-
fil ter \fl#ter\ n (1563): in radiology, a solid screen insert, usually of ture having one or more nonrigid connectors
varying thicknesses and different metals (aluminum, copper, tin) fixed partial denture \fkst par#shal den#chur\: see FIXED DENTAL
placed to lter out photons of longer wavelengths PROSTHESIS
final flask closure \f#nal ask klo#zher\: the last closure of a dental fixed dental prosthesis retainer \fkst den#tl pros-the#ss r-ta#ner\: the
ask before polymerizing, after trial packing of the mold with a re- part of a xed dental prosthesis that unites the abutment(s) to the
storative material remainder of the restoration
final impression \f#nal m-presh#on\: the impression that represents the fixed dental prosthesis \fkst den#tl pros-the#ss\: any dental prosthesis
completion of the registration of the surface or object that is luted, screwed or mechanically attached or otherwise
fixed dental prosthesis Frankfort horizontal plane

d
securely retained to natural teeth, tooth roots, and/or dental im-plant flux \uks\ n (14c) 1: in physics, the rate of ow of a liquid, particles or
abutments that furnish the primary support for the dental prosthesis. energy 2: in ceramics, an agent that lowers the fusion temperature of
This may include replacement of one to sixteen teeth in each dental porcelain 3: in metallurgy, a substance used to increase uidity and
arch. If a metallic or ceramic component is included within the xed to prevent or reduce oxidation of a molten metal 4: any sub-stance
dental prosthesis, that component is termed the framework. Ed note: applied to surfaces to be joined by brazing, soldering or welding to
Dental prostheses (xed dental prostheses, re-movable dental clean and free them from oxides and promote union
prostheses) as well as maxillofacial prostheses can be supported and FMA: acronym for Frankfort Mandibular plane Angle
retained in part or whole by dental implants. Terminology to assist foil \foil\ n (14c): an extremely thin, pliable sheet of metal, usually of
in describing the means of retention, support and dental materials variable thicknesssee GOLD F., PLATINUM F., TINFOIL force
should be limited to concatenation of three and no more than four \fors\ n (14c): an agency or inuence that, when exerted on a
adjectives to provide clarity. Descriptive ter-minology (modiers) body, tends to set the body into motion or to alter its present state of
expressed as adjectives to each xed dental prosthesis may include motion. Force applied to any material causing deformation of that
such items as the method of retention, com-position, nature of materialsee MASTICATORY F., OCCLUSAL F.
support, design characteristics, and/or form of an-chorage forces of mastication \fors-es uv mas#t-ka#shun\ obs : the motive
force created by the dynamic action of the muscles during the
physio-logic act of mastication (GPT-4)
Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for Implant Prostheses. Int J Oral 1
form \form\ n (13c): the shape or conguration of anything, as dis-
Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:539-43.
tinguished from its material
fixed prosthodontics \fkst pros#tha-don#tks\: the branch of prostho- 2
form \form\ vt (13c): to give shape, to mold, to adapt
dontics concerned with the replacement and/or restoration of teeth for nix \for#nks\ n, pl for for ni ces \for#n-sez\ (1681): an anatomi-
by articial substitutes that not readily removed from the mouth cal arch or fold
1fix ture \fks#chur\ n : something that is xed or attached, as a struc- forward protrusion \for#werd pro-troo#zhun\ obs : a protrusion for-
ward of centric position (GPT-3)
tural part or a permanent appendage
2fix ture \fks#chur\ substand (1982): an endosteal dental implant see fossa \fos#a\ n, pl fossae \fos#e#\ (1771): an anatomical pit, groove, or
depression
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, DENTAL IMPLANT fixture
foundation restoration \foun-da#shun res#ta-ra#shun\: the core buildup
cover \fks#chur kuv#er\ substand (1982): the component placed over a portion of a natural tooth restoration
dental implant during the healing phase to prevent tis-sue from
proliferating into the internal portion of the implant foveae palatinae \fo#ve-e# pal#a-tn-e\: two small pits or depressions in
bodysee COVER SCREW the posterior aspect of the palatal mucosa, one on each side of the
midline, at or near the attachment of the soft palate to the hard pal-
flabby tissue \ab#e tsh#oo\ obs : excessive movable tissue (GPT-4) 1flange
ate
\anj\ n (ca 1688): a rib or rim used for strength, for guiding or
1frac ture \frak#chur\ n (15c): the process or act of breaking; state of
attachment of another objectsee BUCCAL F., DENTURE F.,
LABIAL F. being brokensee AVULSION F., BLOWOUT F., CEMENTUM
2flange \anj\ vt, flang ed \anjd\; flang ing \anj#ing\ (ca. 1864): to F., CLOSED REDUCTION OF A F., COMMINUTED F.,
furnish with a ange COMPLICATED F., DISLOCATED F., FIS
flange contour \anj kon#toor\ obs : the design of the ange of a den-
ture (GPT-4) SURED F., GREENSTICK F., GUERINS F., IMPACTED F.,
1flask \ask\ n : a metal case or tube used in investing proceduressee INDIRECT F., INTRACAPSULAR F., MIDFACIAL F., OPEN F.,
CASTING F., CROWN F. PYRAMIDAL F., ROOT F., SECONDARY F., SIMPLE F.,
2flask \ask\ v : to ask or surround; to invest SPONTANEOUS F., SUBCONDYLAR F., SUBPERIOSTEAL F.
2
flask closure \ask klo#zher\: the procedure of bringing two halves, or frac ture \frak#chur\ v, frac tured \frak#churd\; frac tur ing \frak# chur-ng\
parts, of a ask togethersee FINAL F.C., TRIAL F.C. vt (1612): to cause a fracture in; to break, rupture, or tear fracture strength
\frak#chur strengkth\: strength at fracture based on
flask ing \ask#ing\ vt (20c) 1: the act of investing in a ask 2: the pro-
the original dimensions of the specimen
cess of investing the cast and a wax replica of the desired form in a
frame work \fram#wurk\ n (1644): 1. an interior or imbedded, open-
ask preparatory to molding the restorative material into the de-sired
product work or structural frame used to support some other object or ob-
jects 2. the skeletal portion of prosthesis (usually metal, sometimes
flipper obs: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS; PROVISIONAL
PROSTHESIS ceramic) around which and to which are attached the remaining
portions of the prosthesis to produce a nished restoration usage:
flowing composite resin \o#a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\ (1998): com- for dental prostheses, the framework may be any metal or combina-
posite resin that is less highly lled than conventional composite
resin and has improved wettability tion of metals or ceramic material, with various forms including de-
signed slots, incorporated corrective angulation patterns etc. which
flu o res cence \oo-res#ens\ n (1852): a process by which a material provide rigidity to a dental prosthesis. Such a framework can be
absorbs radiant energy and emits it in the form of radiant energy of a made in whole or made of component parts. Frequently used to an-
different wavelength band, all or most of whose wavelengths ex-
chor a prosthesis to natural teeth (by cementation) or dental im-plant
ceed that of the absorbed energy. Fluorescence, as distinguished
from phosphorescence, does not persist for an appreciable time af- abutments (by cementation, mechanical undercuts, screws) or both
ter the termination of the excitation process
Frankfort mandibular plane angle \Frangk#fort man#d-bu#lar plan ang#gal\:
flu o res cent \oo-resent\ adj (1853): having or relating to uores-cence eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal
plane with the mandibular plane
fluoride gel carrier \oor#d jel kar#e-er\ (20c): a ancillary prosthesis Frankfort horizontal plane \Frangk#fort hor#-zon#tl plan\ 1: eponym
which covers the teeth in either dental arch and is used to apply top- for a plane established by the lowest point on the margin of the right
ical uoride in close proximity to tooth enamel and dentin for sev- or left bony orbit and the highest point on the margin of the right or
eral minutes daily. Generally considered essential for all patients left bony auditory meatus 2: a horizontal plane repre-sented in
with any natural dentition who undergo oral radiation therapy to prole by a line between the lowest point on the margin of the orbit
assist in prevention of extensive secondary dental decaysyn to the highest point on the margin of the auditory meatus; adopted at
FLUORIDE APPLICATOR the 13th General Congress of German Anthropologists
JULY 2005 39
Frankfort horizontal plane generated occlusal path

d
(the Frankfort Agreement) at Frankfort am Main, 1882, and full veneer crown: see COMPLETE CROWN
-nally by the International Agreement for the Unication of fully adjustable articulator \fool#e a-just-a#bal ar-tk#ya-la#tor\: an
Craniometric and Cephalometric Measurements in Monaco in 1906; ar-ticulator that allows replication of three dimensional movement of
called also auriculo-orbital plane, eye-ear plane, Frankfort horizontal recorded mandibular motioncalled also Class IV articulator
(FH), Frankfort horizontal line fully adjustable gnathologic articulator \fool#e a-just-a#bal nath#o-
Frankfort plane: see FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE loj#ik ar-tk#ya-la#tor\: an articulator that allows replication of
free gingival \fre jn#ja-va\ l: the part of the gingiva that surrounds the three dimensional movement plus timing of recorded mandibular
tooth and is not directly attached to the tooth surface mo-tioncalled also Class IV articulator
free gingival groove: the line demarcating the junction between free and functional articulation \fungk#sha-nal ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: the occlusal
attached gingival tissue contacts of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during mastication
and deglutition
free gingival margin \fre jn#ja-val mar#jn\: the unattached gingiva
surrounding the teeth in a collar-like fashion and demarcated from functional chew-in record \fungk#sha-nal choo-n rek#ord\ obs: a rec-
the attached gingiva by a shallow linear depression, termed the free ord of the movements of the mandible made on the occluding sur-
gingival groove face of the opposing occlusion rim by teeth or scribing studs and
produced by simulated chewing movements (GPT-4)
free mandibular movement \fre man-db#ya-lar moov#ment\ 1: any
mandibular movement made without interference 2: any uninhib- functional dislocation \fungk#sha-nal ds#lo-ka#shun\: dislocation of
ited movement of the mandible the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint due to a seriously
free support \fre sa-port\ obs : support that does not permit translation impaired disk-condyle complex function
of the beam perpendicular to its axis and presumably offers no re- functional jaw orthopedics \fungk#sha-nal jo or#tha-pe#dks\: use of
straint to the tendency of the beam to rotate at the support (GPT-4) orthodontic prostheses that rely on the patients own musculature
for force application and that attempt to alter the skeletal structure of
the face
freedom in intercuspal position: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT
AREA functional mandibular movements \fungk#sha-nal man-db#u-lar
freeway space obs : see INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE frem i tus moov#ments\: all normal, proper, or characteristic movements of the
\frem#-tus\ n (1879): a vibration perceptible on palpation; mandible made during speech, mastication, yawning, swallow-ing,
and other associated movements
in dentistry, a vibration palpable when the teeth come into contact
frenectomy: surgical excision of a frenum functional occlusal harmony \fungk#sha-nal a-kloo#sal har#ma-ne\
fren u lum \fren#ya-lem\ n, pl la (1706): a connecting fold of mem- obs : the occlusal relationship of opposing teeth in all functional
brane serving to support or retain a part ranges and movements that will provide the greatest masticatory ef-
fren um \fre#num\ n, pl fren ums or fre na: see FRENULUM frictional ciency without causing undue strain or trauma on the supporting
attachment \frk#shun-al a-tach#ment\: a precision or semi- tissues (GPT-4)
precision attachment that achieves retention by metal to metal con- functional occlusion \fungk#sha-nal a-kloo#shun\ obs : the contacts of
tact, without springs, clips or other mechanical means of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during mastication and deglu-
tition (GPT-4)
retentionsee PRECISION ATTACHMENT
functional record \fungk#sha-nal rek#ord\: a record of lateral and pro-
friction retained pin \frk#shun r-tand pn\: a metal rod driven into a trusive movements of the mandible made on the surfaces of an oc-
hole drilled into dentin to enhance retention; retained solely by clusion rim or other recording surface
dentinal elasticity
1frit \frt\ n (1662) 1: the calcined or partly fused matter of which glass functional occlusal splint \fungk#sha-nal a-kloo#sal splnt\: a device
that directs the movements of the mandible by controlling the plane
is made 2: a mass of fused porcelain obtained by ring the basic and range of motion
constituents and plunging them into water while hot. The frit is
functional wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
ground to make porcelain powders
2frit \frt\ vt fri tted \fr-td\; frit ing \fr#tng\ (1805) 1: to prepare functionally generated path \fungk#sha-na-le jen#a-rat#d path\: a
substances for glass by heating; to fuse 2: to convert into a frit frontal registration of the paths of movement of the occlusal surfaces of
plane \frun#tl\: any plane parallel with the long axis of the body teeth or occlusion rims of one dental arch in plastic or other media
attached to the teeth or occlusal rims of the opposing arch
and at right angles to the median plane, thus dividing the body into
front and back parts. So called because this plane roughly parallels functioning condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE fur ca tion
the frontal suture of the skull \fur#ka#shun\ n : the anatomic region of a multirooted
tooth where the roots diverge
fulcrum line \fool#krum ln\ 1. a theoretical line passing through the
point around which a lever functions and at right angles to its path of G
movement 2: an imaginary line, connecting occlusal rests, around
which a partial removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate under gag \gag\ n (1553) 1: an involuntary contraction of the muscles of the
masticatory forces. The determinants for the fulcrum line are usually soft palate or pharynx that results in retching 2: a surgical device for
holding the mouth open
the cross arch occlusal rests located adjacent to the tissue borne
componentssee F.L. OF A REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE, galvanic skin response \gal-van#k\: the change in the electrical resis-
RETENTIVE F.L. tance of the skin in response to diverse stimuli
fulcrum line of a removable dental prosthesis \fool#krum ln uv a r- galvanic stimulation \gal-van#ik stm#ya-la#shun\: stimulation of
moov#va-bal den#tl pros-the#ss\: a theoretical line around which a muscles through the application of varying amplitudes and pulsa-tions
removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate of electrical current; used in the treatment of muscle disorders gal van
full denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE ism \gal#va-nz#um\ n (1797): accelerated corrosion of a metal due to
electrical contact with a more noble metal in a corro-sive electrolyte.
full denture prosthetics \fool den#chur pros-thet#ks\ obs 1: the re- The resulting current ow can produce nerve stim-ulation, unpleasant
placement of the natural teeth in the arch and their associated parts tastes, and other physiological reactions
by articial substitutes 2: the art and science of the restoration of an
commonly associated with this term
edentulous mouth (GPT-4)see COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS ga vage \ga-vazh#\ n (1889): forced feeding especially through a tube
passed into the stomach
full thickness graft \fool thk-nes\: a transplant of epithelium consist-ing
of skin or mucous membrane with a minimum of subcutaneous generated occlusal path: see FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED PATH
tissue
genial GRAYd
ge nial \j-n#al\ adj (1566): pertaining to the chin has been red, producing a nonporous, glossy or semi-glossy sur-
genial tubercles \j-n#al too#ber-kalz, tyoo-\: mental spines; rounded facesee NATURAL G., OVERGLAZE
elevations (usually two pairs) clustered around the midline on the glenoid fossa: the concavity in the temporal bone by the zygomatic arch
lingual surface of the lower portion of the mandibular symphysis. that receives the mandibular condyle
These tubercles serve as attachments for the genioglossus and geni- gliding movement: see TRANSLATION
ohyoid muscles
gliding occlusion \gl#dng a-kloo#zhun\ obs : used in the sense of des-
ge nio plasty \j-n#o-plas#te\ n 1: a surgical procedure performed to
alter the contour of the mandibular symphysis 2: plastic surgery of ignating contacts of teeth in motion (GPT-4)see ARTICULATION
the chin glos sal gia \glo#sal-ja\ n : pain in the tongue glos so py nia
geriatrics \jer#e-at#r#ks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1909): the branch of \glo#so-pn#ya\ n : painful or burning tongue
medicine that treats all problems peculiar to the aging patient, in- glos sec to my \glo#sek#ta-me\ n : partial or total resection of the
cluding the clinical problems of senescence and senilitysee tongue
DENTAL G., GERODONTICS, GERODONTOLOGY glos so plas ty \glo#sa-plas-te\ n: plastic surgery of the tongue glos so py ro sis
gerodontics \jer#a-don#tks\ n, pl but sing in constr : the treatment of \glo#sa-p-ro#ss\ n : a form of paresthesia character-
dental problems of aging persons; also spelled geriodontics
ized by pain, burning, itching, and stinging of the mucosa of the
gerodontology \jer#a-don-tol#a-je\ n : the study of the dentition and tongue, without noticeable lesions; called also burning tongue
dental problems in aged or aging persons
gnath ic \nath#k\ adj (1882): of or pertaining to the jaw or cheek gnath ion \nath#eon\ n
Gillett bridge [Henry W. Gillett] obs : eponym for a partial removable : the lowest bony point, in the median plane of
dental prosthesis utilizing a Gillett clasp system, which was com- the mandible
posed of an occlusal rest notched deeply into the occlusal-axial sur-
face with a gingivally placed groove and a circumferential clasp for gnath o dy na mo me ter \nath#a-dn-a-mom#a-ter\ n 1: an instru-ment
for measuring the force exerted in closing the jaws 2: an in-strument
retention. The occlusal rest was custom made in a cast restoration used for measuring biting pressure
Kennedy E. The techniques of Gillett clasps in partial denture construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1928:292-317. gnath ol o gy \nath#ol-a-ge\ n : the science that treats the biology of the
Cohn LA. The physiologic basis for tooth xation in precision-attached par-
masticatory mechanism as a whole: that is, the morphology,
tial dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1956;6:220-44. anatomy, histology, physiology, pathology, and the therapeutics of
the jaws or masticatory system and the teeth as they relate to the
gin gi va \jn#ja-va, jn-j-\ n, pl vae \-ve#\: the brous investing health of the whole body, including applicable diagnostic, ther-
tissue, covered by epithelium, which immediately surrounds a tooth apeutic, and rehabilitation procedures
and is contiguous with its periodontal membrane and with the
mucosal tissues of the mouthsee ATTACHED G., FREE G., Goddards linear occlusion (William H. Goddard, Louisville,
MARGINAL G. Kentucky, U.S. dentist, 1808-1883): see LINEAR OCCLUSION
Golden Proportion: the ratio between succeeding terms in a mathe-
gingival crevice \jn#ja-val krev#s\: a shallow ssure between the mar-
matical progression (called the Fibonacci series [Leonardo Pisano:
ginal gingiva and the enamel or cementum. It is bounded by the
tooth surface on one side, the crevicular epithelium on the other, and nickname Fibonacci, Italian Mathematician, c1170-c1240]) in which
the coronal end of the junctional epithelium at its most apical each number is the sum of the two immediately preceding it (i.e., 1, 1, 2,
pointcalled also gingival sulcus 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, and so on). The ratio converges on
gingival denture contour \jn#ja-val den#chur kon#toor\: the form of the approximately 1.618 to 1. Claims have been made that the Golden
denture base or other material around the cervical regions of Proportion exists in natural dentitions in the ratio of the widths of
prosthetic teeth incisors and canines as seen from the facial surfaces
gingival displacement \jn#ja-val ds-plas#ment\: the deection of the gold foil \gold\ 1: pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets 2: a pre-
marginal gingiva away from a tooth cious-metal foil used in restoration of carious or fractured teeth gothic
gingival embrasure: the space between adjacent teeth that is cervical to arch tracer \goth#ik arch tra#ser\ obs : the device that produces a
the interproximal contact area
tracing that resembles an arrowhead or a gothic arch. The device is
gingival porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the cervical portion of a attached to the opposing arches. The shape of the tracing depends on
ceramic restoration comp BODY PORCELAIN, INCISAL the relative location of the marking point and the tracing table. The
PORCELAIN
apex of a properly made tracing is considered to indicate the most
gingival retraction: see GINGIVAL DISPLACEMENT retruded, unstrained relation of the mandible to the maxillae, i.e.,
ginglymoarthrodial joint: any joint, such as the temporomandibular
centric relation (GPT-4)see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
joint, capable of both hinging and gliding articulation
ginglymus joint \jn#gla-mus joint\: a hinge joint DEVICE
gothic arch tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
gin gly mus \jn#gla-mus\ n : a type of synovial joint which allows
movement in one plane only (i.e., forward and backward), such as graft \graft\ n (14c): a tissue or material used to repair a defect or de-
the hinge of a door; called also ginglymoid or hinge joint ciencysee ALLOGRAFT, ALLOPLASTIC G., AUTOGENOUS
ginglymus joint \jn#gla-mus joint\: a hinge joint G., AUTOGRAFT, FULL THICKNESS G., HETEROGRAFT,
glare \glar\ v (13c): the disturbance of the sensitivity of the eye, expe- HOMOGRAFT, ISOGRAFT, SPLIT-THICKNESS G.,
rienced when portions of the eld of view have a brightness or in-tensity XENOGENIC G.
greatly in excess of that of the average for the eld of view glass-
Grassmans laws [author unknown]: eponym for three empirical laws
ceramic \glas sa-ram#ik\: a solid material, crystalline and partly that describe the color-matching properties of additive mixtures of
glassy, formed by controlled crystallization of a glass color stimuli 1: to specify a color match, three independent varia-
glass ionomer \glas #a-no#mer\ (1998): a cement, luting or restora-tive bles are necessary and sufcient 2: for an additive mixture of color
agent composed of an acid-soluble glass, polyacrylic acid, and water stimuli, only their tri-stimulus values are relevant, not their spectral
that sets via an acid-base reaction
compositions 3: in an additive mixture of color stimuli, if one or
glaze \glaz\ vb glazed \glazd\; glaz ing \gla#zng\ vt (14c) 1: to cover more components of the mixture are gradually changed, the result-
with a glossy, smooth surface or coating 2: the attainment of a ing tri-stimulus values also change gradually. (Laws do not hold for
smooth and reective surface 3: the nal ring of porcelain in which
all observing conditions)
the surface is vitried and a high gloss is imparted to the ma-terial 4:
a ceramic veneer on a dental porcelain restoration after it GRAY \gra\: a unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to 100 RADS.
Abbreviated Gy
JULY 2005 41
greenstick fracture hinge axis of the mandible

d
greenstick fracture \gren-stk\ n (1885): a fracture in which the break in pansion of the mold during wax elimination. Because gypsum is not
the bone is not complete. The bone appears to be bent on one side chemically stable at temperatures exceeding 650L C (1200L F),
while the other side of the bone is broken these investments are typically restricted to castings of conventional
Griffith flaws: eponymsee MICROCRACK Type II, III, and IV gold alloys
grinding-in \grn#dng-n\ obs : a term used to denote the act of cor-
recting occlusal disharmonies by grinding the natural or articial H
teeth (GPT-1)see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING habitual centric: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION habitual
groove \groov\ n : a long narrow channel or depression, such as the in- occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION Hader bar
dentation between tooth cusps or the retentive features placed on [after the Swiss tool and die technician, Helmut Hader]:
tooth surfaces to augment the retentive characteristics of crown eponym for a rigid bar connecting two or more abutments, which,
preparations when viewed in cross section, resembles a keyhole, consisting of a
group function \groop fungk#shun\: multiple contact relations be-tween rectangular bar with a rounded superior (occlusal) ridge that cre-ates
the maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements on the a retentive undercut for the female clip within the removable
working side whereby simultaneous contact of several teeth acts as a prosthesis
group to distribute occlusal forces
Breim SL., Renner RP. An overview of tissue bars. Gen Dent 1982: 406-15.
Guerins fracture [Alphonse Francois Marie Guerin, French surgeon, hamular notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
1816-1895]: eponymsee LE FORT I FRACTURE
Hanaus Quint [Rudolph L. Hanau, (1881-1930) Buffalo, New York,
guid ance \gd#ns\ n (1590) 1: providing regulation or direction to U.S. engineer, born Capetown, South Africa]: rules for bal-anced
movement; a guide 2: the inuence on mandibular movements by denture articulation including incisal guidance, condylar guidance,
the contacting surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular anterior cusp length, the plane of occlusion, and the compensat-ing curve
teeth 3: mechanical forms on the lower anterior portion of an artic- described by Rudolph Hanau in 1926
ulator that guide movements of its upper membersee
Hanau R. Articulation dened, analyzed, and formulated. J Am Dent Assoc
ADJUSTABLE ANTERIOR G., ANTERIOR GUIDANCE,
1926;13:1694-709.
CONDYLAR G.
hard palate \hard pal#t\: the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
guide pin \gd pn\: the component of a dental implant system that is healing abutment: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
placed within the surgically prepared osseous site for an endosteal IMPLANT ABUTMENT
implant. It assists in determination of location and angulation of the
healing component: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
site relative to other soft tissue or bony landmarks
ABUTMENT
guide plane \gd plan\ obs 1: the plane developed in the occlusal surfa-
ces of the occlusion rims (viz., to position the mandible in centric healing screw \he#lng skroo\: the component of an endosteal dental
relation) 2: a plane which guides movement (GPT-4) implant system used to seal, usually on an interim basis, the dental
implant body during the healing phase after surgical placement. The
guide table \gd ta#bal\: the anterior element of an articulator on which purpose of the healing screw is to maintain patency of the in-ternal
the incisal pin rests. It may be custom contoured or mechanically
adjustedsee ANTERIOR G.T. threaded section for subsequent attachment of the abutment during
the second stage surgery
guided tissue regeneration \g#dd tsh#oo r-jen#a-ra#shun\: any pro- heel n : see DISTAL
cedure that attempts to regenerate lost periodontal structures or al-
veolar process through differential tissue responses. Barrier height of contour \ht uv kon#toor#\: a line encircling a tooth and des-
ignating its greatest circumference at a selected axial position deter-
techniques, using synthetic materials that may or may not resorb, to
mined by a dental surveyor; a line encircling a body designating its
exclude epithelial ingrowth (periodontal regeneration) or con- greatest circumference in a specied plane
nective tissue ingrowth (alveolar process regeneration) that is be-
lieved to interfere with regeneration hemi glos sec to my \hem#-glo-sek#ta-me\ n : resection of one side of
the tongue
guiding occlusion \g#dng a-kloo#shun\ obs: used in the sense of des-
ignating contacts of teeth in motion (GPT-4) hemi sec tion \hem#-sek#shun\ n : the surgical separation of a multi-
rooted tooth, especially a mandibular molar, through the furcation in
guiding planes \g#dng planz\: vertically parallel surfaces on abutment such a way that a root and the associated portion of the crown may
teeth or/and dental implant abutments oriented so as to contrib-ute to be removed
the direction of the path of placement and removal of a re-movable
dental prosthesis hemostatic agent: any chemical, such as aluminum chloride or ferric
sulfate, that acts to control soft-tissue hemorrhage. Used during
guiding surfaces: see GUIDING PLANES
impression making and restoration delivery
gum contour \gum kon#toor#\ obs : form of supporting structures of the
heterograft \het#a-ro-graft#\ n : a graft taken from a donor of another
teeth or of the anges of dentures around the teeth (GPT-1) gums \gumz\ n, speciescalled also xenograft
obs : the brous and mucosal covering of the alveolar
process or ridge (GPT-4)see GINGIVA heterotopic pain \het#er-a-ta#pk pan\: a general term designating pain
felt in an area other than the true originating site
Gunnings splint [Thomas Brian Gunning, English-born American
high fusing ceramic: a ceramic with a maturation or fusion range of
dentist, 1813-1889]: eponym for a device fabricated from casts of
1290o to 1370o C (2350o to 2500o F)
edentulous maxillary and mandibular arches to aid in reduction and
high fusing solder: any soldering alloy formulated to melt at approx-
xation of a fracture. His initial work described four types of splints
imately 1100L C (2012L F) used to form connectors before ceramic
used in treating jaw fractures (1866-67), which allowed openings for
application
saliva ow, nourishment, and speechcalled also occlusal splint
high lip line \h lp ln\: the greatest height to which the inferior border
of the upper lip is capable of being raised by muscle function
Fraser-Moodie W. Mr. Gunning and his splint. Br J Oral Surg 1969; 7: 112-5.
high noble metal alloy: as classied by the American Dental Association
(1984) any dental casting alloy with at least 60% noble metal (Au,
gus ta tion \gu-sta#shun\ n (1599): the act of perceiving taste gyp sum \jp#sum\ n Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os) by weight with at least 40% gold
(14c): the natural hydrated form of calcium sul-
American Dental Association: Classication system for cast alloys. J Am Dent
fonate, CaSO4 2H2O gypsum dihydrate
Assoc 1984;109:766.
gypsum-bonded investment: any casting investment with gypsum as a hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
binder, also containing cristobalite or quartz as a refractory mate-
rial. The cristobalite and quartz are responsible for the thermal ex- hinge axis of the mandible: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge axis point imbibition

d
hinge axis point: see POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINTS hyp al ge sia \h#pal-ge-a\ n : diminished sensitivity to pain hy per ac tiv i ty \h#per-
hinge bow: see KINEMATIC FACEBOW ak#tv#-te\ n (1867): excessive motor activ-
hinge joint \hnj joint\: a ginglymus joint; a joint that allows motion ity. It is frequently, but not necessarily, associated with internal ten-
around one axis sion or a neurologic disorder. Usually the movements are more rapid
hinge movement: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS than customary for the person
hinge position \hnj pa-zsh#an\ obs : the orientation of parts in a man- hy per al ges ia \h#per-al-ge#se-a\ n: increased sensitivity or sensibil-ity
ner permitting hinge movement between them (GPT-4) to painsee PRIMARY H.
homograft \ho#ma-graft#\ n (1923): a graft taken from one human and hyperbaric chamber \h#per-bar#k\: an area in which a patient may be
transplanted to anothercalled also allograft subjected to pressure of ambient gases greater than 1 atmosphere
horizontal axis of the mandible: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL hyperbaric oxygenation \h#per-bar#k ok#s-ja-na#shun\: the admin-
AXIS istration of oxygen under greater than atmospheric pressure; called
also hyperbaric oxygen therapy
horizontal plane \hor#-zon#tl, hor- plan\: any plane passing through hy per ce men to sis \h#per-s-men#to#ss\ n : an excessive deposi-
the body at right angles to both the median and frontal planes, thus
dividing the body into upper and lower parts; in dentistry, the plane tion of cementum
passing through a tooth at right angles to its long axis hy per es the sia \h#per-s-the#zha\ n (1849):
increased sensitivity to stimulation
horizontal plane of reference \hor#-zon-tl, hor#- plan uv ref#er-ans,
hy per na sal i ty \h#per-na-zal#-te\ n : a perceived voice quality in
ref#rans\: a horizontal plane established on the face of the patient by
which the nasal cavity acts as a resonating cavity for non-nasal
one anterior reference point and two posterior reference points from sounds. Generally associated with palatopharyngeal inadequacy
which measurements of the posterior anatomic determinants of
occlusion and mandibular motion are made hy per os mia \h#per-oz#me-a\ n : abnormally increased sensitivity to
odors
horizontal overlap \hor#-zon-tl, hor#- o#ver-lap#\: the projection of
teeth beyond their antagonists in the horizontal plane hy per pla sia \h#per-pla#zha\ n (1861): the abnormal multiplication or
horizontal reference plane: see HORIZONTAL PLANE OF increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a
REFERENCE tissue
horseshoe plate \hors#shoo, horsh#- plat\ obs : a horseshoe or V- hyperplasia of the coronoid process: pathologic growth of the coro-noid
shaped removable prosthesis process of the mandible after normal growth has ended called also
host site: see RECIPIENT SITE osteoma of the coronoid
hue \hyoo\ n (bef. 12c): often referred to as the basic color, hue is the hyperplastic tissue \h#per-plas#tik tsh#oo\: excessive tissue prolifera-
tion, usually as a response to chronic irritation
quality of sensation according to which an observer is aware of the
varying wavelengths of radiant energy. The dimension of color dic- hy per tro phy \h-pur#tra-fe\ n (1834): an enlargement or over-growth
tated by the wavelength of the stimulus that is used to distinguish of an organ or tissue beyond that considered normal as a result of an
one family of color from anotheras red, green, blue, etc. The at- increase in the size of its constituent cells and in the ab-sence of
tumor formation
tribute of color by means of which a color is perceived to be red,
yellow, green, blue, purple, etc. White, black, and grays possess no hy po don tia \h#pa-don#zha\ n : congenital absence of one or more, but
not all, of the normal complement of teeth
hue
hy po es the sia \h#po-s-the#zha\ n : diminished sensitivity to stim-
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc, 1975: ulation
14-6.
hy po geu sia \h#pa-je#us-e#a\ n : diminished acuteness of the sense of
hunk bite obs: see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD tastecalled also hypogeusesthesia
hybrid \h#brd\ : 1. anything of mixed origin 2. offspring of two plants hy po na sal i ty \h#po-na-zal#-te\ n : reduced nasal resonance usu-ally
or animals of different genus or species from obstruction in the nasopharynx or nasal passages resulting in
hybrid denture \h#brd den#chur\: slang for any modication or alter- an alteration of m, n, and -ng sounds
ation in the usual form of a dental prosthesis
hy po pla sia \h#po-pla#zha\ n (1889): defective or incomplete de-
hybrid ionomer \h#brd #a-no#mer\: a conventional glass ionomer that velopment of an organ or tissue
has been modied to include methacrylate groups in the liquid hys ter e sis n : the lagging or delay in the effect of a systems change.
component. It may contain photo initiators. Setting is by an acid- In dentistry, the affect of cooling and reheating of a casting invest-
base reaction with light and dual cure polymerization synRESIN- ment can cause casting inaccuracy because the refractory and binder
MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER will not revert to their original forms
hybrid prosthesis \h#brd pros-the#ss\: slang for a nonspecic term
applied to any prosthesis that does not follow conventional design. I
Frequently it is used to describe a dental prosthesis that is com- i at ro gen ic \-at#ra-jen#k\ adj (1924): resulting from the activity of
posed of different materials, types of denture teeth (porcelain, plas- the clinician; applied to disorders induced in the patient by the
tic, composite), variable acrylic denture resins, differing metals or clinician
design etc. It may refer to a xed dental prostheses, removable den- I-bar clasp: see CLASP
tal prostheses, or maxillofacial prostheses.
id io path ic \d#e-o-path#k\ adj (1669): self-originated; of unknown
hydrocolloid \h#dra-kol#oid\ n (1916): a colloid system in which wa-ter causation
is the dispersion medium; those materials described as a colloid sol idling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE il lum inance \-
with water that are used in dentistry as elastic impression mate- loo#ma-nans\ n (ca. 1938) 1: density of luminous ux
rialssee IRREVERSIBLE H., REVERSIBLE H. on a surface 2: luminous ux incident per unit area of a surface il lum
hydroxyapatite ceramic \h-drok#se-ap#a-tt sa-ram#k\: a composi-tion inant \-loo#ma-nant\ adj (15c): mathematical description of
of calcium and phosphate in physiologic ratios to provide a dense, the relative spectral power distribution of a real or imaginary light
non-resorbable, biocompatible ceramic used for dental im-plants and source, that is, the relative energy emitted by a source at each wave
residual ridge augmentation
length in its emission spectrumsee CIE STANDARD
hygienic pontic \h#je-en#k, h-jen#- pon#tk\: a pontic that is easier to ILLUMINANT
clean because it has a domed or bullet shaped cervical form and does im bi bi tion n : the act or process of imbibing or absorbing. In den-
not overlap the edentulous ridge tistry, an example is the dimensional change caused in hydrocolloid
hygroscopic expansion \h#gra-skop#k k-span#shun\: expansion due impression materials if they are stored in water
to the absorption of moisture
JULY 2005 43
imbrication lines incisal guidance

d
imbrication lines: lines in the dentin caused by changes in mineraliza- other xed dental prostheses, removable dental prostheses as well as
tion during formation. Also called incremental lines of von Ebner maxillofacial prostheses can be supported and retained in part or
[Anton Gilbert Victor von Ebner, Austrian histologist, 18421925] whole by dental implants. Terminology to assist in understand-ing
the means of retention and support should be limited to con-
immediate denture \-me#de-t den#chur\: any removable dental pros- catenation of three and no more than four adjectives to provide
thesis fabricated for placement immediately following the removal clarity. Descriptive terminology may include the method of reten-
of a natural tooth/teeth tion, composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and form
immediate disocclusion \-me#de-t ds#a-kloo#shun\: instantaneous of anchorage
separation of the posterior teeth due to the anterior guidance Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for Implant Prostheses. Int J Oral
immediate insertion denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE immediate Maxillofac Implants 2003; 18:539-543.
lateral translation: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION implant prosthodontics \m#plant# pros#tha-don#tks\: the phase of
prosthodontics concerning the replacement of missing teeth and/or
immediate mandibular lateral translation \-me#de-t man-db#ya-lar associated structures by restorations that are attached to dental
lat#ar-al trans-la#shun\: the translatory portion of lateral move-ment implants
in which the nonworking side condyle moves essentially straight and implant substructure \m#plant# sub#struk#chur\ slang : the metal
medially as it leaves the centric relation positionsee also EARLY
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION; PROGRESSIVE framework of a eposteal dental implant that is embedded beneath the
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION soft tissues, in contact with the bone, and stabilized by means of
immediate obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR immediate endosteal screws. The periosteal tissues retain the framework to the
replacement denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE bone. The framework supports the prosthesis, frequently by means
of dental implant abutments and other superstructure components
immediate side shift: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
immediate temporary obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR implant surgery \m#plant# sur#ja-re\ (1993): the phase of implant
impacted fracture \m-pak#td\: a fracture in which one fragment is dentistry concerning the selection, planning, and placement of the
implant body and abutment
driven into another portion of the same or an adjacent bone 1im plant
\m-plant#\ vt (1890): to graft or insert a material such as an im plan tol o gy \m#plan-tol#a-ge\ obs : a term historically conceived
alloplastic substance, an encapsulated drug, or tissue into the body as the study or science of placing and restoring dental implants see
of a recipient IMPLANT DENTISTRY, IMPLANT SURGERY, IMPLANT
PROSTHODONTICS
2im plant \m-plant#\ n (1809): any object or material, such as an allo-
im ple ment n : see DEVICE
plastic substance or other tissue, which is partially or completely in-
serted or grafted into the body for therapeutic, diagnostic, prosthetic, or im pres sion \m-presh#an\ n (14c): a negative likeness or copy in re-
experimental purposessee DENTAL IMPLANT implant connecting verse of the surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and adja-
bar slang : usage a connecting bar is not an im-plantable device. It cent structures for use in dentistrysee ALTERED CAST
receives support and stability from the dental implant(s) through the PARTIAL DENTURE I., DENTAL I., DIRECT BONE I., I. AREA,
dental implant abutments and is termed a I. MATERIAL, I. TRAY, MASTER I., PARTIAL DENTURE I.,
framework PRELIMINARY I., SECTIONAL I., TUBE I.
impression area \m-presh#an ar#e-a\: the surface that is recorded in an
implant crown \m#plant# kroun\ slang: usage a crown or xed den- impression
tal prosthesis is not an implantable device. The prosthesis receives impression compound: slang: see MODELING PLASTIC I.C.
support and stability from the dental implant see DENTAL
IMPLANT, DENTAL PROSTHESIS, CROWN impression coping \m-presh#an ko#png\ (1998): 1: that component
of a dental implant system used to provide a spatial relationship of
implant dentistry \m#plant# den#t-stre\ (1993): the selection, plan-
ning, development, placement, and maintenance of restoration(s) an endosteal dental implant to the alveolar ridge and adjacent den-
using dental implants tition or other structures. Impression copings can be retained in the
impression or may require a transfer (termed an impression transfer
implant denture \m#plant# den#chur\ slang: usage a denture is not an
procedure) from intraoral usage to the impression after attaching the
implantable device. Dental prostheses (xed dental prostheses,
analog or replicas 2: any device that registers the position of the
removable dental prostheses) as well as maxillofacial prostheses can
be supported and retained in part or whole by dental implants. dental implant or dental implant abutment relative to adjacent
Terminology to assist in describing the means of retention, support structures; most such devices are indexed to assure reproducible
and dental materials should be limited to concatenation of three and three dimensional location
no more than four adjectives to provide clarity. Descriptive ter- impression material \m-presh#an ma-tr#e-al\: any substance or com-
minology (modifiers) expressed as adjectives to each dental prosthe- bination of substances used for making an impression or negative
sis may include the method of retention, composition, nature of reproduction
support, design characteristics, and form of anchorage See also impression post substand: see IMPRESSION COPING impression
PROSTHESIS surface \m-presh#an sur#fas\ obs : the portion of the den-
Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for Implant Prostheses. Int J Oral ture surface that has its contour determined by the impression (GPT-
Maxillofac Implants 2003; 18:539-43. 4)see IMPRESSION AREA
implant fixture: see DENTAL IMPLANT BODY impression technique \m-presh#an tek#nek\ obs : a method and man-
ner used in making a negative likeness (GPT-4)
implant infrastructure \m#plant# n#fra-struk#chur\ slang : usage
while a dental implant may have an infrastructure, the proper geo- impression tray \m-oresh#an tra\ 1: a receptacle into which suitable
metric reference to such an area of the implant is referenced relative impression material is placed to make a negative likeness 2: a device
to the long axis of the dental implant, in this case, the inferior por- that is used to carry, conne, and control impression material while
tion of the dental implant making an impression
implant interface \m#plant# n#ter-fas\: the junction of the surface of a impression wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
dental implant and the surrounding host tissuessee FIBROUS incisal guidance \n-s#zal gd#ans\ 1: the inuence of the contacting
INTEGRATION, OSSEOUS INTEGRATION surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth on mandib-
implant prosthesis \m#plant# pros-the#ss\ slang : usage- a prosthesis ular movements 2: the inuences of the contacting surfaces of the
is not an implantable device. Dental prosthesis such as crown and guide pin and guide table on articulator movements
incisal guide interdental space

d
incisal guide \n-s#zal gd\ obs : the part of an articulator that maintains infrared radiation \n#fra-red\: electromagnetic radiation of wave-
the incisal guide angle (GPT-4)see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE lengths between 760 nm and 1000 nm
in fra struc ture \n#fra-struk#chur\ n : a metal or ceramic framework
incisal guide angle \n-s#zal gd ang#gal\ 1: anatomically, the angle onto which a second framework or prosthesis will be placed
formed by the intersection of the plane of occlusion and a line within the
sagittal plane determined by the incisal edges of the max-illary and ingot \ng#gat\ n : 1: a mold in which metal is cast 2: a mass of metal
mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in maxi-mum cast into a shape convenient for storage and measure that can be re
intercuspation 2: on an articulator, that angle formed, in the sagittal melted for later casting
plane, between the plane of reference and the slope of initial occlusal contact \-nsh#al a-kloo#sal kon#takt\: during closure
the anterior guide table, as viewed in the sagittal plane of the mandible, the rst or initial contact of opposing teeth be-
incisal guide pin: see ANTERIOR GUIDE PIN tween the arches
incisal guide table: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE injection molding \n-jek#shun mol#dng\: the adaptation of a plastic
incisal porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the incisal portion of a material to the negative form of a closed mold by forcing the ma-
ceramic restorationcomp BODY PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL terial into the mold through appropriate gatewayssee
PORCELAIN COMPRESSION MOLDING
incisal reduction: the amount of tooth preparation at the incisal in lay \n-la#, n#la#\ n (1667): a xed intracoronal restoration; a dental
edgecomp INCISAL REDUCTION, OCCLUSAL REDUCTION restoration made outside of a tooth to correspond to the form of the
prepared cavity, which is then luted into the tooth
inlay wax: see CASTING WAX in
incisal rest \n-s#zal rest\: a rigid extension of a removable partial den-
ture that contacts a tooth at the incisal edge ser tion vb : see PLACEMENT
incisal restoration \n-s#zal res#ta-ra#shun\: any restoration extend-ing instantaneous axis of rotation \n#stan-ta#ne-as ak#ss uv ro-ta#shun\:
along the incisal edge of a tooth the hypothetical center of rotation of a moving body, viewed in a
incisive foramen \n-s#sv for#man\: a foramen located in the midline given plane, at any point in time; for any body that has planar mo-
on the anterior of the hard palate. It transmits the nasopalatine tion, there exists, at any instant, some points that have zero velocity
nerves and vesselscalled also nasopalatine foramen and will be xed at a given instant. The line joining these points is
incisive papilla \n-s#sv pa-pl#a\: the elevation of soft tissue covering the instantaneous axis of rotation. The intersection of this line with
the foramen of the incisive or nasopalatine canal the plane of motion is called the instantaneous center of rotation
inclined plane \n-klnd plan\: any of the inclined cuspal surfaces of a in stru ment \n#stra-ment\ n : a tool or implement, especially one used
tooth for delicate work or for artistic or scientic purposessee DEVICE
incomplete cleft palate \n#kam-ple#td kleft pal#t\: a cleft involving
only a part of the hard or/and soft palate in tagl io \n-tal#yo, -tal#-\ n, pl -ios \-yos\ (1644) 1: an incised or en-
in co or di na tion \n-ko-or#dn-a#shun\ n (1876): inability to move in graved gure in stone or any hard material depressed below the sur-
a smooth, controlled, symmetrical movement face of the material such that an impression from the design would
in dex \n#deks#\ n (1571): a core or mold used to record or maintain yield an image in relief 2: something carved in intaglio
the relative position of a tooth or teeth to one another, to a cast, or to intaglio surface \n-tal#yo, tal#- sur#fas\: the portion of the denture
some other structure or other restoration surface that has its contour determined by the
indirect fracture \n#d-rekt#, -d-\: a fracture at a point distant from the im-pression; the interior or reversal surface of an object
primary site of injury due to secondary forces integration: see FIBROUS I., OSSEOUS I., TISSUE I.
indirect pulp capping \n#d-rekt#, -d- pulp kap#ng\: a procedure that interalveolar space: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
seeks to stimulate formation of reparative dentin by placing a interarch distance \n#ter-arch\: the interridge distance; the vertical
material over sound or carious dentin distance between the maxillary and mandibular dentate or edentate
indirect retainer \n#d-rekt#, -d- r-ta#ner\: the component of a par-tial arches under specied conditionssee REDUCED I.D.
removable dental prosthesis that assists the direct retainer(s) in interarch expansion device: see TRISMUS APPLIANCE interceptive
preventing displacement of the distal extension denture base by occlusal contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL
functioning through lever action on the opposite side of the ful-crum CONTACT
line when the denture base moves away from the tissues in pure in ter con dy lar \n#ter-kon#da-lar\ adj : situated between two con-
rotation around the fulcrum line dyles
indirect retention \n#d-rekt#, -d- r-ten#shun\: the effect achieved by intercondylar axis: see CONDYLAR AXIS
one or more indirect retainers of a partial removable denture intercondylar distance \n#ter-kon#da-lar ds#tans\: the distance be-tween
prosthesis that reduces the tendency for a denture base to move in an the rotational centers of two condyles or their analogues intercuspal contact
occlusal direction or rotate about the fulcrum line \n#ter-kus#pal kon#takt\: the contact between the
in du rate \n#da-rat, dya-\ vb -rat ed \ra#td\; -rat ing \ra#tng\ (1538): to cusps of opposing teeth
make hardin du ra tion \n#da-ra#shun\ nin du ra tive \n#da-ra#tv\ intercuspal contact area \n#ter-kus#pal kon#takt ar#e-a\: the range of
adj tooth contacts in maximum intercuspation
in du rat ed \n#da-ra#td\ adj (1604): having become rm or hard, intercuspal occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
especially by an increase in brous elements intercuspal position: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION in ter
in fra bulge \n#fra-bulj\ n : that portion of the crown of a tooth apical cus pa tion \n#ter-kus-pa#shun\ n, obs : the interdigitation of
to the survey line cusps of opposing teeth (GPT-4)
infrabulge clasp \n#fra-bulj klasp\: a removable partial denture reten- in ter den tal \n#ter-den#tl\ adj : between the proximal surfaces of the
tive clasp that approaches the retentive undercut from a cervical or teeth within the same arch
infrabulge direction interdental gingival void: any interproximal soft tissue loss due to
in fra erup tion \n#fra--rup#shun\ n : failure in eruption of a tooth to periodontal disease, traumatic, mechanical or chemical preparation
the established plane of occlusion or crown lengthening procedures
infrared soldering: joining the components of a xed dental prosthe-sis
with a specially designed unit that uses infrared light as its heat interdental papilla \n#ter-den#tl pa-pl#a\: a projection of the gingiva
sourcecomp OVEN SOLDERING lling the space between the proximal surfaces of two adjacent teeth
in fra oc clu sion \n#fra-a-kloo#shun\ n : malocclusion in which the interdental space: see DIASTEMA, INTERARCH DISTANCE, and
occluding surfaces of teeth are below the normal plane of occlusion INTERPROXIMAL SPACE
JULY 2005 45
interdental splint intrusion

d
interdental splint \n#ter-den#tl splnt\: a splint for treatment of frac- tissues within the capsule of the temporomandibular joint; an abnor-
tures and consisting of a metal or acrylic resin prostheses wired to mal relationship of the disk to the condyle, fossa, and/or eminence
the teeth in the maxilla and mandible and joined to keep the seg- internal rest: see PRECISION REST
ments immovablesee GUNNINGS SPLINT interocclusal \n#ter-a-kloo#sal\ adj : between the occlusal surfaces of
interdigitated occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSI-TION opposing teeth
in ter dig i ta tion n : see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION in ter interocclusal clearance \n#ter-a-kloo#sal klr#ans\ 1: the arrangement
in which the opposing occlusal surfaces may pass one another with-
fer ence \n#ter-fr#ans\ n (1783): in dentistry, any tooth con-tacts that out any contact 2: the amount of reduction achieved during tooth
interfere with or hinder harmonious mandibular move- preparation to provide for an adequate thickness of restorative ma-
ment terial
interim denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
interocclusal distance \n#ter-a-kloo#sal ds#tans\: the distance be-
interim endosteal dental implant abutment \n#ter-m en-dos#te-al tween the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
den#tl m#plant# a-but#ment\: any dental implant abutment used when the mandible is in a specied position
for a limited time to assist in healing or modication of the adjacent interocclusal gap obs : see INTEROCCLUSAL DISTANCE
tissues interocclusal record \n#ter-a-kloo#sal rek#ard\: a registration of the
interim obturator \n#ter-m ob#ta-ra#tor\: a maxillofacial prosthesis positional relationship of the opposing teeth or arches; a record of
which is made following completion of initial healing following the positional relationship of the teeth or jaws to each other
surgical resection of a portion or all of one or both maxillae; fre- interocclusal rest space \n#ter-a-kloo#sal rest spas\: the difference be-
quently many or all teeth in the defect area are replaced by this pros- tween the vertical dimension of rest and the vertical dimension while
thesis. This prosthesis replaces the surgical obturator which is in occlusion
usually inserted at or immediately following the resection.
interproximal contact \n#ter-prok#sa-mal kon#takt\: the area of a tooth
Generally, an interim obturator is made to facilitate closure of the
that is in close association, connection, or touch with an ad-jacent
resultant defect after initial healing has been completed. tooth in the same arch
Editorial Note: Unlike the surgical obturator, which usually is made
interproximal space \n#ter-prok#sa-mal spas\: the space between ad-
prior to surgery and frequently revised in the operating room during
jacent teeth in a dental arch. It is divided into the embrasure space,
surgery, the interim obturator is made when the defect mar-gins are occlusal to the contact point, and the septal space, gingival to the
clearly defined and further surgical revisions are not planned. It is a contact point
provisional prosthesis... Also, it frequently must be re-vised (termed interradicular space: the space between roots of adjacent teeth in a
an obturator prosthesis modication) during subse-quent dental dental arch
procedures (i.e. restorations, gingival surgery, etc.) as well as to interridge distance: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
compensate for further tissue shrinkage before a denitive obturator
interrupted bridge \n#ta-rup#td brj\ obs : a xed dental prosthesis
prosthesis is made. with one or more nonrigid connectors
interim ocular prosthesis \n#ter-m ok#ya-lar pros-the#ss\: an in-terim intracapsular adhesion \n#tra-kap#sa-lar ad-he#zhen\: adhesions oc-
replacement generally made of clear acrylic resin for an eye lost due curring within the joint capsule, resulting in reduced mobility
to surgery or trauma. No attempt is made to reestablish es- intracapsular ankylosis \n#tra-kap#sa-lar ang#ka-lo#ss\: diminished
theticssyn CONFORMER, EYE SHELL, SHELL, OCULAR joint motion due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure within a
CONFORMER joint capsule
interim palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS intracapsular disorder \n#tra-kap#sa-lar ds-or#der\: a problem asso-
interim prosthesis \n#ter-pros-the#ss\: a xed or removable dental ciated with the masticatory system in which the etiological factors
prosthesis, or maxillofacial prosthesis, designed to enhance esthet-ics, are located within the temporomandibular joint capsule
stabilization and/or function for a limited period of time, after which it intracapsular fracture \n#tra-kap#sa-lar frak#chur\: a fracture of the
is to be replaced by a denitive dental or maxillofacial pros-thesis. condyle of the mandible occurring within the connes of the cap-
Often such prostheses are used to assist in determination of the sule of the temporomandibular jointcalled also intraarticular
therapeutic effectiveness of a specic treatment plan or the form and fracture
function of the planned for denitive prosthesissyn in tra con dy lar \n#tra-kon#d#lar\ adj : within the condyle in tra cor o nal \n#tra-kor-
PROVISIONAL PROSTHESIS, PROVISIONAL a-nal\ adj 1: within the connes of the
RESTORATION cusps and normal proximal/axial contours of a tooth 2: within the
interlock \n#ter-lok\ n (1874): a device connecting a xed unit or a normal contours of the clinical crown of a tooth
removable dental prosthesis to another xed unit
intracoronal attachment: any prefabricated attachment for support and
interlocking cast core: a foundation restoration for an endodontically retention of a removable dental prosthesis. The male and fe-male
treated, multirooted tooth that comprises multiple castings to en- components are positioned within the normal contour of the
gage divergent roots
abutment toothsee EXTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT,
intermaxillary fixation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR FIXATION PRECISION ATTACHMENT
intermaxillary relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELA-
in tra mu co sal \n#tra-myoo-ko#sal\ adj : situated, formed by, or
TIONSHIP occurring within the mucosa
intermediary jaw movement \n#ter-me#de-er#e jo moov#ment\ obs : intramucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
all movements between the extremes of mandibular excursions intramucosal insert: see MUCOSAL INSERT in tra
(GPT-3) or al \n#tra-or#al\ adj : within the mouth
intermediate abutment \n#ter-me#de-t a-but#ment\: a natural tooth intraoral tracing \n#tra-or#al tra#sng\: a tracing made within the oral
located between terminal abutments that serve to support a xed or cavitysee ARROW POINT TRACING
removable dental prosthesis in tra os seo us \n#tra-os#e-us\ n : within bone
internal attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
intrinsic coloring \n-trn#zk, -sk kul#ar-ng\: coloring from within;
internal connector \n-tur#nal ka-nek#tor\: a nonrigid connector of the incorporation of a colorant within the material of a prosthesis or
varying geometric designs using a matrix to unite the members of a restoration
xed partial denture
in tru sion \n-troo#zhen\ vb : movement of a tooth in an apical direction
internal derangement \n-tur#nal d-ranj#ment\: with respect to the
temporomandibular joint, a deviation in position or form of the
invariant color match keyway d
invariant color match \n-var#e-ant kul#ar mach\: a perfect color jig \jg\: a device used to maintain mechanically the correct positional
match under all light conditions relationship between a piece of work and a tool or between compo-
inverted cusp tooth \n-vur#td kusp tooth\ obs : a nonanatomic poste- nents during assembly or alteration
rior porcelain denture tooth that had circular indentations where joint \joint\ n (13c): the place of union of two or more bonessee
cusps would normally be located ARTHRODIAL J., COMPOUND J., DIARTHRODIAL J.,
in vest \n-vest#\ vb : to surround, envelop, or embed in an investment GINGLYMOUS J., SIMPLE J., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR J. joint
material see VACUUM INVESTING crepitus \joint krep#-tus\: the grating sensation caused by the rubbing
in vest ing \n-ves#tng\ v : the process of covering or enveloping, together of the bony surfaces of jointscalled also articu-
wholly or inpart,anobjectsuch as a denture, tooth, wax form, crown, lar crepitus
etc. with a suitable investment material before processing, soldering, junctional epithelium \jungk#shun-al ep#a-the#le-um\: a single or
or casting
multi-layer of non-keratinizing cells adhering to the tooth surface at
in vest ment n : see DENTAL CASTING I., REFRACTORY I. the base of the gingival crevicecalled also epithelial attachment
investment cast \n-vest#ment kast\: a cast made of a material that will jump case slang : see REBASE, RELINE
withstand high temperature without disintegrationcomp
REFRACTORY CAST
K
ion exchange strengthening \#an, #on# ks-chanj# strengk#tha-nng\: ka olin \ka#a-ln\ n (1727): ne, usually white, clay that is used in ce-
the chemical process whereby the surface of a glass is placed in ramics and refractory materials as a ller or extender
compression by the replacement of a small ion by a larger one while keep er \ke#par\ n (14c): any one of various devices used for keeping
maintaining chemical neutrality
something in positionusage: in dentistry, this is usually construed
ionizing radiation \#a-n#zng ra#de-a-shun\: any radiation capable of to mean a magnetized alloy attached to one element of a restora-tion
displacing electrons from atoms or molecules thereby producing to which a magnet may adhere
ions
Kellys syndrome [Ellsworth Kelly, U.S. prosthodontist]: see
ir i des cent \r#-des#ant\ adj (1796): colors produced by interfer-ence,
refraction, or diffraction COMBINATION SYNDROME
Kelly E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture oppos-
irreversible hydrocolloid \r#-vur#sa-bal h#dra-kol#oid#\: a hydro- ing a maxillary complete denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1972;27:140-50.
colloid consisting of a sol of alginic acid having a physical state that
is changed by an irreversible chemical reaction forming insol-uble Kelvin temperature [Thomson W. (Lord Kelvin), Scottish mathema-
calcium alginate called also alginate, dental alginate tician and physicist (1824-1907)]: absolute temperature indicated by
is chem ia \-ske#me-a\ n (ca. 1860): local and temporary deciency of the symbol K. Zero Kelvin = 273L C
blood, chiey resulting from the contraction of a blood vessel iso graft Kennedy bar [Edward Kennedy, U.S. dental surgeon]: see
\#sa-graft\ n (1909): a graft from one individual to another CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
with the same genetic basis, as in twinscalled also isogeneic graft, Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
syngraft Interest, 1928.
isometric contraction \#sa-met#rk kon-trak#shun\: muscular con- Kennedy bar connector [Edward Kennedy, U.S. dental surgeon]: see
traction in which there is no change in the length of the muscle dur- CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
ing contraction Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
isotonic contraction \#sa-ton#k kon-trak#shun\: muscular contrac-tion Interest, 1928.
in which there is a shortening of the length of the muscle while the Kennedy classification of removable partial dentures [Edward Kennedy,
muscle maintains a constant tension U.S. dental surgeon, variably dated 1923, 1925, and 1928]: a
iso tope \#sa-top#\ n (ca 1913): a chemical element having the same classication of partially edentulous arches divisible into four
atomic number as another but possessing a different atomic mass classes. Class 1: a bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the
J remaining natural teeth. Class II: a unilateral edentulous area located
jacket crown: see CERAMIC CROWN, RESIN CROWN posterior to the remaining natural teeth. Class III: a unilateral
Jackson crib clasp [V. H. Jackson, New York, N.Y., dentist] obs : a one- edentulous area with natural teeth located both anterior and posterior
piece clasp bent to engage the mesial and distal interproximal to it. Class IV: a single bilateral edentulous area lo-cated anterior to
undercuts in adjacent natural teeth. Usually it was made by hand the remaining natural teeth. Edentulous areas, in addition to those
bending of a straight wire of appropriate dimensions determining the main types, were designated as modification spaces.
Kennedy E. The Jackson crib clasp technique in partial denture construction. O. C. Applegates Rules govern application of the Kennedy system
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest, 1928.
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Brothers and Co., 1896:185-7. Interest, 1928.
Jackson magnet [Thomas R. Jackson, U.S. dentist]: eponym for per- ker a tin \ker#a-tn\ n (1847): a protein present in all cuticular (corni-
manent magnetic alloy magnets using rare earth metals adapted for ed) structures of the body, such as hair, epidermis, horns, and the
oral use organic matrix of the enamel of the teeth
Jackson TR. New rare earth magnetic technology: the Jackson solid state at- ker a tin i za tion \ker#a-tn--za-shun\ n : the process of maturation of
tachment system. Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab 1986;5:31-9. keratinocytes. The formation of a protein layer (keratin) on the
surface of some epithelia
jaw \jo\ n (14c): the bony structure bearing the teethsee MANDIBLE,
MAXILLA keratinized gingival \ker#a-t-nzd jn#ja-va\: the oral surface of the
jaw malposition \jo mal#pa-zsh#an\ obs : any abnormal position of gingiva extending from the mucogingival junction to the gingival
the mandible (GPT-3) margin. In gingival health, the coronal portion of the sulcular epi-
jaw movement: see MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT thelium may also be keratinized. The pattern of keratinization may
be ortho-or para-
jawrecord:seeMAXILLOMANDIBULARRELATIONSHIPRECORD
jaw relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP jaw key and keyway attachment: see ATTACHMENT
relation record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATION- key way \ke#wa#\ n : an interlock using a matrix and patrix between the
SHIP RECORD units of a xed dental prosthesis. It may serve two functions: 1) to
jaw repositioning: see MANDIBULAR REPOSITIONING hold the pontic in the proper relationship to the edentulous ridge and
the opposing teeth during occlusal adjustment on the working
JULY 2005 47
keyway laterosurtrusion
d
cast (during application of any veneering material) and 2) to rein- la bio ver sion \la#be-o-vur#shun\ n : labial position of a tooth be-yond
force the connector after soldering the normal arch form
kinematic axis \kn#a-mat#k ak#ss\: the transverse horizontal axis lamina dura \lam#a-na dur#a\: the layer of compact bone forming the
connecting the rotational centers of the right and left condyles kinematic wall of a tooth alveolus
facebow \kn#a-mat#k fas-bo\: a facebow with adjustable land area \land ar#e-a\: the portion of a dental cast that extends beyond
caliper ends used to locate the transverse horizontal axis of the the impressions replica surface laterally that denes the area be-
mandible tween the end of the replicas surface and the cast
kinematics \kn#a-mat#ks\: the phase of mechanics that deals with the lap \lap\ vb lap ped \(lapd\; lap ping \la#ping\ vt (14c) la: to fold over or
possible motions of a material body around something; to wind about lb: to envelop entirely 2: to fold
over in successive layers 3: to place over and cover a part of an-
Kingsley splint \Kngz#le# splnt\ [Norman William Kingsley, U.S. other 4a: to dress smooth or to polish to a high degree 4b: to t or
dentist, 1829-1913] obs : eponym for a maxillary splint used to shape by working two surfaces together with or without abrasives
apply traction to reduce and immobilize maxillary fractures and
until a very close t is achievedlap per \la#per\ n
immobi-lize them through wings attached to a head device by
elastics. C. L. Goddard cites Dr. Kingsley as rst using the laser \la#zer\ n (1957): acronym for Light Amplication by Simulated
occipital appliance in 1866 Emission of Radiation: a device that transforms light of various fre-
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea quencies into an intense, small, and nearly non-divergent beam of
Brothers and Co., 1896:204. monochromatic radiation, within the visible range
Kingsley NW. Oral deformities. 1866:134. laser therapy \la#zer ther#a-pe\: the use of laser energy in the treatment
Knoop hardness number: (KHN) a measure of hardness obtained with a of tissue pathosis
diamond pyramid indenter and rhombic base with included angles of laser welding \la#zer wel#dng\: the joining of metal components
through the use of heat generated with a laser beam
172.5L and 130L. KHN is the ratio of the applied load to the area of
the indentation late closing click \lat klo#zng klk\: the sound emanating from the
F Knoop, CG Peters, WB Emerson. A sensitive pyramidal-diamond tool for temporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination of
closure in some patients with anteriorly displaced disks
indentation measurements. J Res Natl Bur Stands (U.S.) 1939; 23:39-61
Knoop hardness tests [Frederick Knoop, U.S. engineer, U.S. Department late opening click \lat o#pa-nng klk\: the sound emanating from the
temporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination of
of Commerce]: eponym for a surface hardness test us-ing a diamond opening in some patients with anteriorly displaced disks
stylus. It is used for harder materials and is charac-terized by the
lat er al \lat#ar-al\ adj (15c) 1: positions either right or left of the mid-
diamond or rhomboid shaped indentation. The indentation micro- sagittal plane 2: denotes a position farther from the median plane or
hardness test uses a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter. midline of the body or structure
The long diagonal of the resulting indentation is measured to lateral checkbite: see LATERAL INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD lateral
determine the hardness. This test is suitable for most classes of condylar inclination \lat#ar-al kon#da-lar n#kla-na#shun\: the
materials including brittle and elastomeric angle formed by the path of the moving condyle within the hori-
Knoop F, Peters CG, Emerson WB. A sensitive pyramidal diamond tool for zontal plane compared with the median plane (anterior-posterior
indentation measurements. J Res Nat Bur Stand 1939;12:39-45. movement) and within the frontal plane when compared with the
Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient [authors unknown]: eponym for horizontal plane (superior-inferior movement)see
the multiple (diffuse) scattering coefcient for a unit of thick-ness LATEROTRUSION
and concentration of scattering material in a medium of a dif-ferent lateral condylar path \lat#ar-al kon#da-lar path\: the path of move-ment
refractive index as used in the Kubelka-Munk Equation. It is the rate of the condyle-disk assembly in the joint cavity when a lateral
of increase of reectance of a layer over black, as thickness is mandibular movement is made
increased. Hence, the assumption is made that the entire scattering is lateral incisor \lat#ar-al n-s#zor\: the second incisor
in the backward or reverse direction from that of the incident dif- lateral interocclusal record \lat#ar-al n#ter-a-kloo#sal rek#ard#\: a
fuse light registration of the positional relationship of opposing teeth or arches
Kubelka P. New contributions to the optics of intensely light scattering ma- made in either a right or left lateral position of the mandible lateral
terials. Part 1. J Opt Soc Am 1948;38:448-57. mandibular movement: see MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
Kubelka-Munk theory [authors unknown]: eponym for a theory de-
scribing the optical behavior of materials containing small particles lateral mandibular relation \lat#ar-al man-db#ya-lar r-la#shun\: the
that scatter and absorb radiant energy. It is widely used for color relationship of the mandible to the maxillae in a position to the left
or right of the midsagittal plane
matching
Kubelka P, Munk F. Ein Beitrag zur Optik der farbenstriche. Z Tech Phys lateral movement \lat#ar-al moov#ment\ obs : a movement from either
right or left of the midsagittal plane (GPT-4)
1931;12:593-601.
lateral protrusion: see LATEROPROTRUSION
lateral relation \lat#ar-al r-la#shun\ obs : the relation of the mandible to
L the maxillae when the lower jaw is in a position to either side of
lab i al \la#be-al\ adj (1594) 1: of or pertaining to the lip 2: toward the centric relation (GPT-4)
lip lateral side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION lat ero de tru
labial bar: see LABIAL BAR CONNECTOR sion \lat#ar-o-de-troo#zhun\ n : lateral and downward
labial bar connector \la#be-al bar ka-nek#tor\: a major connector lo- movement of the condyle on the working sidesee
cated labial to the dental arch LATEROTRUSION
labial flange \la#be-al anj\: the portion of the ange of a denture that lat ero pro tru sion \lat#ar-al-pro-troo#zhun\ n : a protrusive move-ment
occupies the labial vestibule of the mouth of the mandibular condyle in which there is a lateral compo-nent
labial splint \la#be-al splnt\: a device of plastic, metal, or both, made to
conform to the outer aspect of the dental arch and used in the lat ero re tru sion \lat-ar-o-r-troo#shun\ n : lateral and backward
management of jaw and facial injuries movement of the condyle on the working side
labial vestibule \la#be-al ves#ta-byool\: the portion of the oral cavity lat ero sur tru sion \lat-ar-o-sur-troo#shun\ n : lateral and upward
that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge movement of the condyle on the working sidesee
(in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the other by the LATEROTRUSION
lips anterior to the buccal frenula
laterotrusion Lucia jig

d
lat ero tru sion \lat-ar-o-troo#shun\ n : condylar movement on the lingual flange \lng#gwal anj\: the portion of the ange of a mandib-
working side in the horizontal plane. This term may be used in ular denture that occupies the alveololingual sulcus
combination with terms describing condylar movement in other lingual inclination \lng#gwal n-kla-na#shun\: deviation of the coro-nal
planes, for example, laterodetrusion, lateroprotrusion, lateroretru- portion of a tooth from the vertical plane toward the tongue lingual plate
sion, and laterosurtrusion \lng#gwal plat\: the portion of the major connector of a
Le Fort fracture [Leon Clement Le Fort, French surgeon, 1829-1893]: partial removable dental prosthesis contacting the lingual surfaces of
eponym for a midfacial fracture, classied into three catego-ries (I, the natural teethalso spelled linguoplate
II, III) lingual rest \lng#gwal rest\: a metallic extension of a partial removable
Le Fort I fracture: eponym for a horizontal segmented fracture of the dental prosthesis framework that ts into a prepared depression
alveolar process of the maxilla, in which the teeth are usually con- within an abutment tooths lingual surface
tained within the detached portion lingual rest seat \lng#gwal rest set\: the depression prepared on the
Le Fort II fracture: eponym for a pyramidal fracture of the midfacial lingual surface of an abutment tooth to accept the metal rest of a
skeleton with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex at or partial denture (the lingual rest)
near the superior aspect of the nasal bones lingual splint \lng#gwal splnt\: a dental splint conforming to the in-ner
aspect of the dental arch
Le Fort III fracture: eponym for a craniofacial dysjunction fracture in
lingual strap: see LINGUAL PLATE
which the entire maxilla and one or more facial bones are com-
pletely separated from the craniofacial skeleton lingualized occlusion \lng#gwa-lzd a-kloo#shun\: rst described by S.
leaf gauge \lef gaj\: a set of blades or leaves of increasing thickness used Howard Payne, DDS, in 1941, this form of denture occlusion
to measure the distance between two points or to provide metered articulates the maxillary lingual cusps with the mandibular occlusal
surfaces in centric working and nonworking mandibular positions.
separation
The term is attributed to Earl Pound
lengthening of the clinical crown \lengk#tha-nng uv tha kln#-kal Payne SH. A posterior set-up to meet individual requirements. Dent Digest
kroun\: a surgical procedure designed to increase the extent of 1941;47:20-22.
supragingival tooth structure for restorative or esthetic purposes by
Pound E. Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service. J
apically positioning the gingival margin, removing supporting bone,
PROSTHET DENT 1970;24:586-600.
or both
lin guo c clu sion \lng#gwa-a-kloo#shun\ n : an occlusion in which a tooth
LET: acronym for Linear Energy Transfer: the energy dissipation of or group of teeth is located lingual to its normal position lin guo ver sion
ionizing radiation over a given linear distance. Highly penetrating \lng#gwa-vur#zhun, -shun\ n : lingual or palatal po-
radiations such as gamma rays cause low ion concentration and thus
sition of a tooth beyond the normal arch form
have a relatively low LET, x-rays and beta particles exhibit interme- lip line: see HIGH L.L., LOW L.L.
diate LET, and alpha particles have a high LET
lip switch operation \lp swch op#a-ra#shun\: tissues borrowed from
light \lt\ n (bef. 12c): the aspect of electromagnetic radiation of which one lip and transferred to the other; also used to describe a modified
the human observer is aware through the visual sensations that arise vestibuloplasty proceduresee also ABBE FLAP, ESTLANDERS
from the stimulation of the retina of the eye OPERATION
light source \lt sors\: an object that emits light or radiant energy to Kiethley JL, Gamble JW: The lip switch: a modication of Kazanjians labial
which the human eye is sensitive. The emission of a light source can vestibuloplasty. J Oral Surg 36:701-705,1978
be described by the relative amount of energy, emitted at each loading: see IMMEDIATE LOADING; PROGRESSIVE LOADING
wavelength in the visible spectrum; the emission may be de-scribed lobe \lob\ n (1525): a curved or rounded projection or division, espe-
in terms of its correlated color temperature
cially of a body organ or part
light ness \lt#ns\ n (bef. 12c) 1: achromatic dimension necessary to
local etiologic factors \lo#kal e#te-a-loj#k fak#tarz\: the environmen-
describe the three-dimensional nature of color, the others being hue tal inuences that may be implicated in the causation, modication,
and saturation. The lightness dimension may also be called and/or perpetuation of a disease entity
brightness. In the Munsell Color Order System, the lightness di-
mension is called value 2: perception by which white objects are localization film \lo#ka-l-za#shun flm\: a radiograph made with radi-
distinguished from gray and light objects from dark ones; equiva- opaque markers to localize the position of a body (i.e., a tumor) rel-
ative to external landmarks
lent to shading in grays
long axis \long ak#ss\: a theoretical line passing lengthwise through the
lim bus \lm#bas\: a border or interface especially if marked by a differ- center of a body
ence in color or structure between adjoining parts
long centric articulation: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
line angle \ln ang#gal\: the point of convergence of two planes in a cav- longitudinal axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS
ity preparation
lost-wax casting technique:also called investment casting. The cast-ing
linear coefficient of thermal expansion: the fractional change in length
of a metal into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an
of a given material per degree change in temperature
expendable (wax) pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room
line of occlusion \ln uv a-kloo#shun\: the alignment of the occluding temperature, after which the pattern is removed through the use of
surfaces of the teeth as viewed in the horizontal planesee heat
OCCLUSAL PLANE
low lip line \lo lp ln\ 1: the lowest position of the inferior border of the
linear occlusion \ln#e-ar a-kloo#shun\: the occlusal arrangement of upper lip when it is at rest 2: the lowest position of the superior
articial teeth, as viewed in the horizontal plane, wherein the mas- border of the lower lip during smiling or voluntary retraction
ticatory surfaces of the mandibular posterior articial teeth have a
straight, long, narrow occlusal form resembling that of a line, usu- lower impression \lo#ar m-presh#an\ slang : an impression of the
ally articulating with opposing monoplane teeth. mandibular jaw or dental structures (GPT-4)see MANDIBULAR
IMPRESSION
Frush JP. Linear occlusion. Ill Dent J 1966;35:788-94.
lin gual \lng#gwal\ adj (15c): pertaining to the tongue; next to or to- lower ridge slope \lo#ar rj slop\ obs 1: the slope of the mandibular re-
ward the tongue sidual ridge in the second and third molar region as seen from the
lingual apron: see LINGUAL PLATE buccal side (GPT-1) 2: the portion of the lower residual ridge, ei-
lingual bar: see LINGUAL BAR CONNECTOR ther lingual, labial, or buccal, between the crest of the ridge and the
mucobuccal fold or exion line of the peripheral tissues (GPT-1)
lingual bar connector \lng#gwal bar ka-nek#tor\: a major connector of Lucia jig [Victor O. Lucia, U.S. prosthodontist]: eponymsee
a partial removable dental prosthesis located lingual to the dental ANTERIOR PROGRAMMING DEVICE
arch
JULY 2005 49
Lucia jig mandibular trismus

d
Lucia VO. Treatment of the edentulous patient. Chicago: Quintessence, mandibular lateral translation: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
1986.
lug \lug\ n : something that projects away from an object and is gener- mandibular micrognathia \man-db#ya-lar m#kro-na#the#a\: an ab-normally
ally used as a support or for connection to a body small mandible with associated recession of the chin mandibular movement
lu mi nance \loo#ma-nans\ n (1880): the intensity of light per unit area \man-db#ya-lar moov#ment\: any movement
of the lower jaw
1lute \loot\ n (15c): a substance, such as cement or clay, used for plac-
mandibular nerve \man-db#ya-lar nurv\: the third division of the tri-
ing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to liq- geminal nerve that leaves the skull through the foremen ovale and
uid or gas see CEMENT provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, to the
2 tensor veli palatini m., the tensor tympani m., the anterior belly of
lute \loot\ vt; lut ed \loo#td\; lut ing \loo#tng\: to fasten, attach, or
seal see CEMENT the digastric m., and the mylohyoid m. It also provides the gen-eral
luting agent: any material used to attach or cement indirect restora-tions sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth and gingivae, the oor
to prepared teeth of the mouth, the epithelium of the anterior two thirds of the tongue,
lux a tion n (1552): an abnormal anterior displacement of the man- and the skin of the lower portion of the face
dibular condyle out of the glenoid fossa that is self-reducing mandibular orthopedic repositioning prosthesis \man-db#ya-lar
or#tha-pe#dk re#pa-zsh#a-nng pros-the#ss\: a removable dental
M prosthesis that creates a different, yet temporary, dental occlusal
position that guides the mandible to close into a predetermined and
mac ro glos sia \mak#ro-glo#zha\ n : excessive size of the tongue mac ula \mak#ya-la\ n, altered position
pl mac ula (1863): a patch of tissue that is al-
mandibular plane \man-db#ya-lar plan\: in cephalometrics, a plane that
tered in color but usually not elevated; usually characteristic of var- passes through the inferior border of the mandible
ious diseases
mandibular protraction \man-db#ya-lar pro#trak#shun, pra-\: a type of
maintenance dose \man#ta-nans dos\: the quantity of a drug necessary to facial anomaly in which gnathion lies anterior to the orbital
maintain a normal physiologic state or a desired blood or tissue level planesee ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
of drug mandibular relationship record \man-db#ya-lar r-la#shun-shp\: any
major connector \ma#jar ka-nek#tor\: the part of a partial removable registration of the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae
dental prosthesis that joins the components on one side of the arch to mandibular repositioning \man-db#ya-lar re#pa-zsh#a-nng\: guid-
those on the opposite side ance of the mandible to cause closure in a predetermined, altered
mal a lign ment: see MALOCCLUSION position
mal le a ble \mal#e-a-bal\ adj (14c): capable of being extended or mandibular resection \man-db#ya-lar r-sek#shun\: the surgical re-
shaped with a hammer or with the pressure of rollers moval of a portion or all of the mandible and the related soft tis-
mal oc clu sion \mal#a-kloo#shun\ n (1888) 1: any deviation from a suescalled also mandibulectomy
physiologically acceptable contact between the opposing dental mandibular resection prosthesis \man-db#ya-lar r-sek#shun pros-
arches 2: any deviation from a normal occlusionsee ANGLES the#ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain a functional po-
CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION sition for the jaws (maxillae and mandible), improve speech and
mam e lon \mam#a-lon\ n : one of three tubercles sometimes found on the incisal deglutition following trauma or/and surgery to the mandible or/and
edges of incisor teethmam e lon at ed \mam#a-la-na#td\ v, mam e lon a tion adjacent structures
\mam#a-la-na#shun\ n syn MANDIBULAR GUIDE PLANE PROSTHESIS, MANDIBULAR
man di ble \man#da-bal\ n (15c): the lower jawbone man dib u lar \man-db#ya- RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITH GUIDE, MANDIBULAR RESECTION
lar\ adj : of or pertaining to the mandible mandibular anteroposterior ridge slope PROSTHESIS WITHOUT GUIDE, RESECTION PROSTHESIS
\man-db#ya-lar an#ter-po-
str#e-ar rj slop\: the slope of the crest of the mandibular residual mandibular rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect in re- mandibular retraction \man-db#ya-lar r-trak#shun\: a type of facial
lation to the lower border of the mandible as viewed in prole anomaly in which gnathion lies posterior to the orbital planesee
mandibular axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS, TRANSVERSE HORIZON- also ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
TAL AXIS, VERTICAL AXIS mandibular side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
mandibular condyle: the articular process of the mandible, called also mandibular staple \man-db#ya-lar sta#pal\: a transosteal dental im-
the head of the mandible see also CONDYLE plant placed from the inferior border of the mandible with posts
mandibular dislocation \man-db#ya-lar ds#lo-ka#shun\: a non-self- (abutments) that extend through the mucosa into the oral cavity in
reducing displacement of the mandibular condyle out of the gle-noid the mandibular anterior regioncalled also transmandibular staple
fossa
mandibular dysplasia \man-db#ya-lar ds-pla#zha\: disharmony in size mandibular tracing \man-db#ya-lar tra#sng\: a graphic representa-tion
or form between the right and left halves of the mandible mandibular
equilibration \man-dib#ya-lar e#kwa-lb#re-a#shun\ 1: or record of the movements of the mandible within a given plane
the act or acts performed to place the mandible in equilibrium 2: a mandibular translation \man-db#ya-lar trans-la#shun\: the transla-tory
condition in which all of the forces acting on the mandible are
(medio-lateral) movement of the mandible when viewed in the
neutralized
frontal plane. While this has not been demonstrated to occur as an
mandibular glide \man-dib#ya-lar gld\ obs : the side to side, protru- immediate horizontal movement when viewed in the frontal plane, it
sive, and intermediate movement of the mandible occurring when the could theoretically occur in an essentially pure translatory form in
teeth or other occluding surfaces are in contact (GPT-4) mandibular the early part of the motion or in combination with rotation in the
guide plane prosthesis: see MANDIBULAR latter part of the motion or bothsee also EARLY MAN-DIBULAR
RESECTION PROSTHESIS LATERAL TRANSLATION, IMMEDIATE MAN-DIBULAR
mandibular hinge position \man-db#ya-lar hnj pa-zish#an\ obs: the LATERAL TRANSLATION, PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR
position of the mandible in relation to the maxilla at which opening LATERAL TRANSLATION
and closing movements can be made on the hinge axis (GPT-4)
mandibular trismus \man-db#ya-lar trz#mas\: reduced mobility of the
mandibular impression \man-db#ya-lar m-presh#an\: an impression of mandible resulting from tonic contracture of the masticatory muscles
the mandibular jaw or dental structures
mandibulectomy meatus d
mandibulectomy \man-db#u-lek#ta-me\ n : the removal of part or the maxillary resection \mak#sa-ler#e r-sek#shun\: the surgical removal of
entire mandible a part or all of the maxillacalled also maxillectomy
man drel \man#dral\ also man dril \man#dral\ n (1790) 1a: usually a maxillary sinus \mak#sa-ler#e s#nas\: the anatomic space located supe-
tapered or cylindrical axle, spindle, or arbor placed in a hole to sup- rior to the posterior maxillary alveolus
port it during machining 1b: a metal bar which serves as a core maxillary tuberosity \mak#sa-ler#e too#ba-ros#-te\: the most distal
about which material may be cast, molded, compressed, forged, bent portion of the maxillary alveolar ridge
or shaped 2: the shaft and bearings on which a tool is mounted max il lec to my \mak#sa-lek#ta-me\ n : the removal of part or all of the
Maryland bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS maxillacalled also maxillary resection
Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP: Etched castings: an improved retentive mech- max il lo fa cial \mak#sa-la-fa#shul\ adj : pertaining to the dental
arches, the face, head and neck structures
anism for resin-bonded retainers JPD 1982; 47-52
mar gin \mar#jn\ n (14c): the outer edge of a crown, inlay, onlay, or maxillofacial prosthesis \mak#sa-la-fa#shul pros-the#ss\: any prosthe-
other restoration. The boundary surface of a tooth preparation and/or sis used to replace part or all of any stomatognathic and/or crani-
restoration is termed the finish line or finish curve ofacial structure. Editorial Note: the taxonomy for maxillofacial
marginal gingiva \mar#ja-nal jn#ja-va\: the most coronal portion of prostheses may include modiers (adjectives) to provide descriptive
the gingiva; often used to refer to the free gingiva that forms the evidence of the nature of the prosthesis including anatomic loca-
wall of the gingival crevice in health tion, retention, support, time, materials, and form. Frequently, the
marginal ridge \mar#ja-nal rj\: a component of the tooth structure means of retention is used, and may encompass descriptive ad-
forming the occlusal proximal margin of a premolar or molar mask ing jectives such as the adjacent tissue, teeth, dental/craniofacial im-
\mas#kng\ n : the process of applying an opaque covering to plants or a combination of such, thus appropriate terminology can
camouage the metal component of a prosthesis include tissue retained MP, tooth retained MP, implant retained MP,
master cast: see DEFINITIVE CAST tissue/implant retained MP. Descriptive terminology may also be
included to delineate time utilization for the prosthesis such as
master impression \mas#tar m-presh#an\: the negative likeness made
for the purpose of fabricating a prosthesis surgical, interim and definitive.
masticating cycles \mas#t-ka#tng s#kalz\ obs : the patterns of man- maxillofacial prosthetic adhesive \mak#sa-la-fa#shul pros-thet#k ad-
dibular movements formed during the chewing of food (GPT-1) mas ti he#sv\: a material used to adhere external maxillofacial prostheses
ca tion \mas#t-ka#shun\ n (1649): the process of chewing to skin and associated structures around the periphery of an exter-nal
food for swallowing and digestion anatomic defect
masticatory apparatus: see MASTICATORY SYSTEM masticatory maxillofacial prosthetics \mak#sa-la-fa#shul pros-thet#iks\: the branch
cycle \mas#t-ka-tor#e, -tor#e s#kal\: a three dimensional of prosthodontics concerned with the restoration and/or replacement
representation of mandibular movement produced during the of the stomatognathic and craniofacial structures with prostheses
chewing of food that may or may not be removed on a regular or elective basis
masticatory efficiency \mas#t-ka-tor#e, -tor#e -fsh#an-se\: the effort
required achieving a standard degree of comminution maxillomandibular dysplasia \mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar ds-pla#zha,-
masticatory force \mas#t-ka-tor#e fors, fors\: the force applied by zhe-a\: disharmony between one jaw and the halves of the mandible
the muscles of mastication during chewing
maxillomandibular fixation: fastening together of the maxillary and
masticatory movements \mas#t-ka-tor#e moov#mentz\: mandibular
movements used for chewing foodsee MASTICATORY CYCLE mandibular teeth, as for immobilization of a mandibular
masticatory mucosa: see MUCOSA fracturesyn IMF
maxillomandibular record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
masticatory muscle \mas#t-ka-tor#e mus#al\: muscles that elevate the RELATIONSHIP RECORD
mandible to close the mouth (temporalis m., supercial and deep
masseter m., medial pterygoid m.)see ELEVATOR MUSCLE maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
masticatory pain \mas#t-ka-tor#e pan\: discomfort about the face and
mouth induced by chewing or other use of the jaws but indepen-dent maxillomandibular relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
of local disease involving the teeth and mouth RELATIONSHIP
masticatory performance \mas#t-ka-tor#e par-for#mans\: a measure maxillomandibular relationship \mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar r-la#shun-
of the comminution of food attainable under standardized testing
conditions shp#\: any spatial relationship of the maxillae to the man-dible; any
one of the innite relationships of the mandible to the maxillae
masticatory system \mas#t-ka-tor#e ss#tam\: the organs and struc-
maxillomandibular relationship record \mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar r-
tures primarily functioning in mastication. These include the teeth
with their supporting structures, craniomandibular articulations, la#shun-shp# rek#ard#\: a registration of any positional relation-
mandible, positioning and accessory musculature, tongue, lips, ship of the mandible relative to the maxillae. These records may be
made at any vertical, horizontal, or lateral orientation
cheeks, oral mucosa, and the associated neurologic complex
maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
ma trix \ma#trks\ n, pl ma tri ces \ma#tr-sez#\ (15c) 1: a mold or im- RELATIONSHIP RECORD
pression in which something is formed 2: the portion of an attach-
ment system that receives the patrix maximal intercuspal contacts \mak#sa-mal n#ter-kus#pal# kon# takts#\:
tooth contact in the maximum intercuspal position
max il la \mak-sl#a\ n, pl max il lae \mak-sl#e\ (15c): the irregularly maximal intercuspal position \mak#sa-mal n#ter-kus#pal# pa-
shaped bone that, with its contralateral maxilla, forms the upper jaw.
It assists in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the hard zsh#an\: the complete intercuspation of the opposing teeth inde-
palate; it contains the maxillary teeth pendent of condylar position, sometimes referred to as the best t of
the teeth regardless of the condylar positioncalled also maximal
maxillary impression \mak#sa-ler#e\: an impression of the maxillary intercuspationcomp CENTRIC OCCLUSION
jaw or dental structures mean foundation plane \men foun-da#shun plan\ obs : the mean of the
maxillary micrognathia \mak#sa-ler#e m#kro-na-the#a\: abnormally various irregularities in form and inclination of the basal seat (GPT-
small maxillae with associated retraction of the middle third of the 4)
face me a tus \me-a#tus\ n, pl me a tus es or me a ti (1665): a natural body
maxillary protraction \mak#sa-ler#e pro-trak#shun, pra-\: a type of fa- passage; a general term for any opening or passageway in the body
cial anomaly in which subnasion lies anterior to the orbital plane
JULY 2005 51
mechanical anterior guidance table milling in d
mechanical anterior guidance table: an adjustable articulator compo- metameric pair \met#a-mer#ik par\: a pair of objects whose colors
nent that guides the articulator pins movement to simulate lateral match when viewed in a described way, but which do not match if
and anterior guidance during mandibular movementcomp the viewing conditions are changed. Thus a metameric pair of
CUSTOM ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE see also ANTERIOR samples exhibit the same tri-stimulus values for a described set of
GUIDE TABLE: viewing conditions (observer, light source, geometry of the illumi-
nation and viewing arrangement) but have different spectral distri-
mechanically balanced occlusion \m-kan#-ka#le bal#ansd a-
kloo#shun\ obs : a balanced occlusion without reference to physi- butions. Hence, they exhibit a match that is conditional
ologic considerations, as on an articulation (GPT-4) me tam er ism \ma-tam#a-rz#um\ n. (1877): pairs of objects that have
median line \me#de-an ln\: the centerline dividing a body into the right different spectral curves but appear to match when viewed in a given
and left hue exhibit metamerism. Metamerism should not be confused with
median mandibular point \me#de-an man-db#a-lar point\ obs : a point the terms flair or color constancy, which apply to ap-parent color
on the anteroposterior center of the mandibular ridge in the median change exhibited by a single color when the spectral distribution of
sagittal plane (GPT-4) the light source is changed or when the angle of il-lumination or
median plane \me#de-an plan\: an imaginary plane passing longitudi- viewing is changed
nally through the body, from front to back, and dividing it into left methyl methacrylate resin \meth#al meth-ak#ra-lat rez#n\: a transpar-
and right halves ent, thermoplastic acrylic resin that is used in dentistry by mixing
median relation \me#de-an r-la#shun\ obs : any jaw relation when the liquid methyl methacrylate monomer with the polymer powder. The
mandible is in the median sagittal plane (GPT-4) resultant mixture forms a pliable plastic termed dough, which is
median retruded relation: see CENTRIC RELATION mediolateral packed into a mold prior to initiation of polymerization
curve \me#de-o-lat#ar-al kurv\: in the mandibular arch, mi cro crack \m#kro-krak\ n : in porcelain, one of the numerous sur-
that curve (viewed in the frontal plane) which is concave above and face aws that contribute to stress concentrations and results in
strengths below those theoretically possible
contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular mo-lars;
in the maxillary arch, that curve (viewed in the frontal plane) which mi cro gnath ia \m#kro-na#the-a\ n : a congenital or acquired condition
is convex below and contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the characterized by an abnormally small jawsee MANDIBULAR M.,
MAXILLARY M.
maxillary molars.
mi cro glos sia \m#kro-glo#zha\ n : presence of a small tongue mi cro max
me di o tru sion \me#de-o-troo#shun\ n : a movement of the condyle
mediallysee NONWORKING SIDE il lae n : see MAXILLARY MICROGNATHIA mi cro sto mia \m#kro-
stom#ya\ n : an abnormally small oral orice mi cro tia \m#kro-sha\ n : a
mem brane \mem#bran\ n (15c) 1: a thin soft pliable sheet or layer, es- developmental anomaly characterized by
pecially of plant or animal origin 2: a thin layer of tissue that lines a hypoplasia or aplasia of the pinna of the ear, associated with an im-
cavity, envelops a vessel or part, or separates a space or organ patent or absent external auditory meatus
me nis cus \ma-ns#kas\ n, pl me nis ci \ma-ns#\: see DISK midfacial deficiency \md-fa#shul d-fsh#an-se\: failure of the mid-
meniscectomy: excision of the intraarticular disk. see DISKECTOMY third of the face, including the maxilla, to grow in proportion to the
me si al \me#ze-al\ adj (1803): near or toward the centerline of the upper and lower thirds
dental arch; toward the median sagittal plane of the face, following midfacial fracture \md-fa#shul frak#chur\: fractures of the zygomatic,
the curvature of the dental arch maxillary, nasal, and associated bones
mesial drift \me#ze-al drft\: movement of teeth toward the midline me mid-opening click \md-o#pa-nng klk\: the abnormal sound emanating
sio clu sion n : any occlusion in which the mandibular teeth artic-ulate from the temporomandibular joint that occurs during mid protrusive
with the maxillary teeth in a position anterior to normalsyn translation of the condyles
ANTERIOR OCCLUSION, MESIO-OCCLUSION mesioversion MIE theory: the theory that relates the scattering of a single spherical
\me#ze-o-vur#zhun, -shun\: with reference to a tooth, particle in a medium to the diameter of the particle, the difference in
nearer than normal in its position toward the median line of the face, refractive index between the particle and the medium, and the
along the dental arch wavelength of radiant energy in the medium that is incident on the
1met al \met#l\ n (13c): any strong and relatively ductile substance that particle. This theory relates to the direct observation of the scat-
provides electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that can tering of a single particle as compared with the Kubelka-Munk
be polished to a high luster. Characterized by metallic atomic Theory and also takes into account the absorption that the particle
bonding may also exhibit
2met al \met#l\vt -aled or -alled; -al ing or -al ling (1610): to cover or 1mill \ml\ n : a machine or device used for working or forming mate-
furnish with metal rials into a desired form, to blend materials, or to perform other
metal base \met#l bas\: the metallic portion of a denture base forming a mechanical operations
2mill \ml\ vt (1570) 1: to subject to an operation or process in a mill; to
part or the entire basal surface of the denture. It serves as a base for
the attachment of the resin portion of the denture base and the teeth grind 2: to shape or dress by means of instruments
mill in \ml n\ v 1: the procedure of rening occluding surfaces through
metal ceramic restoration \met#l sa-ram#k res-ta-ra#shun\: a tooth the use of abrasive materialssee SELECTIVE GRINDING 2: the
or/and implant retained xed dental prosthesis that uses a metal machining of boxes or other forms in cast re-storations to be used as
substructure upon which a ceramic veneer is fusedsee retainers for xed or removable prostheses
COLLARLESS M.C.R. milled in curve obs : see MILLED IN PATH
metal collar: a narrow band of highly polished metal immediately ad- milled in path \mld n path\: a contour pattern carved into the occlu-sal
jacent to the facial/buccal margin on a metal-ceramic restora- surface of an occlusion rim during various mandibular move-ments
tioncomp PORCELAIN LABIAL MARGIN by teeth or studs placed in the opposing arch
metal insert teeth \met#l n-surt teth\: articial denture teeth contain- mill ing \ml#ng\ v : the machining of proximal boxes, recesses, or
ing metal cutting edges; teeth designed to contain metal cutting other forms on cast restorations to be used as retainers for xed or
edges in the occlusal surface removable prostheses
metal saddle \met#l sad#l\ obs : a metal denture base (GPT-4) met a mer \met#a- milling in \ml#ng n\ obs : the procedure of rening or perfecting the
mer#\ n : one of a pair of objects whose colors match occlusion of teeth by the use of abrasives between their occluding
when viewed in a described way but do not match under all viewing surfaces while the dentures are rubbed together in the mouth or on
conditions the articulator (GPT-3)see MILL IN
minor connector Munsell color order system

d
minor connector \m#nar ka-nek#tor\: the connecting link between the MORA device: acronym for Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning
major connector or base of a partial removable dental prosthesis and Appliance, a type of removable dental prosthesis with a modica-
the other units of the prosthesis, such as the clasp assembly, indirect tion to the occlusal surfaces used with the goal of repositioning the
retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum rests mandible to improve neuro-muscular balance and jaw relation-ship
mixed dentition \mkst den-tsh#an\: a stage of development during
which the primary and permanent teeth function together in the Gelb H. Clinical management of head, neck and TMJ pain and dysfunction.
mouthsyn TRANSITIONAL DENTITION Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co, 1977:314.
MMF: acronym for Maxillo Mandibular Fixation mother matrix mold \muth#ar ma#trks mold\ obs : a negative form,
mo bile \mo#bal, -bel, -bl\ adj (15c): capable of moving or being usually in sections, used for positive casts (GPT-1)
moved; movable mou lage \moo-lazh#\ n (1902) 1: the negative impression of a body
mod el \mod#l\ n (1575): a facsimile used for display purposes; a min- structure 2: an impression or cast made for use, especially as evi-
iature representation of something; an example for imitation or denced in a criminal investigation 3: impression or reverse likeness
emulation; see CAST of a part that produces a model when converted to a positive replica,
modeling composition obs : see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION i.e., by means of plaster
COMPOUND 1
mount ing \mountng\ v : the laboratory procedure of attaching a cast
modeling compound obs : see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION to an articulator or cast relater
COMPOUND 2
mount ing \moun#tng\ n : the relationship of dental casts to each other
modeling plastic: see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION and the instrument to which they are attached; see also SPLIT-
COMPOUND CAST M.
modeling plastic impression compound \mod#lng plas#tk m-presh#an mounting ring: see MOUNTING PLATE
kom-pound#\: a thermoplastic dental impression material composed of mounting plate \moun#tng plat\: removable metal or resin devices that
wax, rosin, resins, and colorants attach to the superior and inferior members of an articulator, which
modeling wax \mod#lng waks\: a wax suitable for making patterns in are used to attach casts to the articulator
the fabrication of nonmetallic restorations mouth guard \mouth gard\: a removable dental prosthesis made of
modes of appearance \modz uv a-pr#ans\: various manners in which resilient material which is useful in reducing mouth injuries and
colors can be perceived, depending on spatial distributions and protecting the teeth and surrounding structures from injury
temporal variations of the light causing the sensation mouth protector: see MOUTH GUARD
modified cast: see ALTERED CAST
mouth rehabilitation \mouth re#ha-bl#-ta#shun\ obs : restoration of the
modified ridge lap \mod#a-fd# rj lap\: a ridge lap surface of a pontic form and function of the masticatory apparatus to as near normal as
that is adapted to only the facial or buccal aspect of the residual possible (GPT-4)
ridge
mouth stick \mouth stk\: a device held in the mouth by a disabled
mod i fi er \mod#a-f#ar\ n : a substance that alters or changes the color person that aids in performing certain functions
or properties of a substance MRI: acronym for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
mo dio lus \mo-d#a-las\ n : the area near the corner of the mouth where mucobuccal fold \myoo#ko-buk#al fold\: the line of exure of the
eight muscles converge that functionally separates the labial mucous membrane as it passes to the cheek
vestibule from the buccal vestibule mucogingival: see MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
modulus of elasticity \moj#a-las uv -la-sts#-te, e-la-\: in metallurgy, mucogingival junction \myoo#ko-jn#ja-val, jn#j-\: the junction of
the coefcient found by dividing the unit stress, at any point up to gingiva and alveolar mucosa
the proportional limit, by its corresponding unit of elongation mucolabial fold \myoo#ko-la#be-al\: the line of exure of the oral
(tension) or strain. A ratio of stress to strain. As the modulus of elas- mucous membrane as it passes from the maxillary or mandibular
ticity rises, the material becomes more rigid alveolar ridge to the lip
modulus of resilience \moj#a-las uv r-zl-yans\: the work or energy re- mu co peri os te um \myoo#ko-per#e-os#te-am\ n: a term synonymous
quired to stress a cubic inch of material (in one direction only) from with a full-thickness ap implying the inclusion of both mucosa and
zero up to the proportional limit of the material, measured by the periosteum during ap elevation
ability of the material to withstand the momentary effect of an mu co sa \myoo-ko#sa\ n (1880): a mucous membrane comprised of
impact load while stresses remain within the proportional limit epithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propriasee
mold \mold\ n (13c) 1: a cavity in which a substance is shaped, as a ma- ALVEOLAR M., ORAL M.
trix for casting metal or plastics; a negative form in which an object mucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
is cast or shaped 2: the size and shape of an articial tooth or teeth
mucosal insert \myoo-ko#sal n-surt\: any metal form attached to the
mold chart \mold chart\: an illustration of the manufacturers shapes
and sizes of denture teeth tissue surface of a removable dental prosthesis that mechanically en-
gages undercuts in a surgically prepared mucosal sitecalled also
mold guide \mold gd\: a selection of denture teeth demonstrating the button implant, intramucosal insert, mucosal implant
molds offered by a manufacturer
mu co si tis \myoo#ko-s#ts\ n : inammation of the mucous membrane
monochromatic vision \mon#a-kro-mat#k vsh#an\: vision in which
there is no color discrimination mu co sta tic \myoo#ko-stat#k\ adj : the state of the oral mucosa when
mon o mer \mon#a-mar\ n (1914): a chemical compound that can external forces are not displacing it
undergo polymerization; any molecule that can be bound to a sim- muf fle \muf#al\ n : the portion of a furnace, usually removable or re-
ilar molecule to form a polymer
placeable, in which material may be placed for processing without
mon o plane \mon#a-plan\ adj : an arbitrary plane for the arrange-ment direct exposure to heating element
of denture teeth that is at both medial-laterally and anterior- Munsell chrome [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and
posteriorly
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the Munsell color system chrome,
monoplane articulation \mon#a-plan ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: the arrange-ment which is that quality by which a strong color is distin-guished from
of teeth by which they are positioned in a single plane monoplane occlusion
one that is weak. The departure of a color sensation from that of
\mon#a-plan a-kloo#shun\: an occlusal arrange-
white or gray; the intensity of a distinctive hue color intensitysee
ment wherein the posterior teeth have masticatory surfaces that lack also SATURATION
any cuspal height
Munsell color order system [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S.
Monson curve: see CURVE OF MONSON
artist and teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for a color order system;
JULY 2005 53
Munsell color order system myospasm d
developed in 1905, it places colors in an orderly arrangement cuspation, and the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth in all
encompassing the three attributes of hue, value, and chrome mandibular excursive movements. Alternatively, an occlusal scheme
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co., 1975:14-6. in which the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth in all
Munsell hue [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and teacher, mandibular excursive movements, and the posterior teeth prevent
1858-1918]: eponym for that quality by which one color family is excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximum intercuspation
distinguished from another, as red from yellow, and green from blue
or purple. The dimension of color determined by wavelength mutually protected occlusion: see MUTUALLY PROTECTED
ARTICULATION
Munsell value [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and my al gia \m-al#je-a\ n (1860): pain in a muscle or muscles my co tic \m-ko#tk\ n :
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the relative brightness of a color. pertaining to a mucosis; caused by fungi mylohyoid concavity \m#la-hoid kon-kav#-
The quality of grayness in comparison to white (high value) and te\: the fossa in the
black, (low value); in the Munsell color system, the value of a color mandible below the mylohyoid line in the molar region mylohyoid
is determined by which gray on the value scale it matches in light- groove or canal \m#la-hoid groov or ka-nal#\: the groove
ness/darkness (black is assigned a value of zero; white a value of 10) in the mandible running downward and forward toward the
mus cle \mus#al\ n (14c): an organ that by contraction produces submandibular fossa, which contains the mylohyoid muscle, nerve,
movements of an animal; a tissue composed of contractile cells or and vessels
bers that effect movement of an organ or part of the body
mylohyoid region \m#la-hoid re#jan\ obs : the region on the lingual
muscle contraction \mus#al kan-trak#shun\: the shortening and development of tension
surface of the mandible marked by the mylohyoid ridge and the at-
in a muscle in response to stimulation muscle contracture \mus#al kan-trak#chur\: a tachment of the mylohyoid muscle (GPT-4)
condition of high
resistance to passive stretching of a muscle resulting from brosis of the mylohyoid ridge \m#la-hoid rj\: an oblique ridge on the lingual sur-
tissues supporting the muscle or the joint; sustained increased resistance face of the mandible that extends from the level of the roots of the
to passive stretch with reduced muscle length muscle hyperalgesia last molar teeth and that serves as a bony attachment for the mylo-
hyoid muscles forming the oor of the mouth
\mus#al h#par-al-ge#sha\: increased sensitivity to pain in a muscle
evoked by stimulation at the site of pain in the my o cen tric \m#o sen#trk\ adj : that terminal point in space in which,
muscle with the mandible in rest position, subsequent colonic mus-cle
muscle hypertenseness \mus#al h#par-tens#nes\ obs : increased contraction will raise the mandible through the interocclusal space
muscular tension that is not easily released but that does not prevent along the myocentric (muscle balanced) trajectory. Also described
normal lengthening of the muscles involved (GPT-4) as the initial occlusal contact along the myocentric trajectory
muscle hypertonicity: increased contractile activity in some motor units (isotonic closure of the mandible from rest position)
driven by reex arcs from receptors in the muscle and/or alpha Jankelson B. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:157-68.
motor neurons of the spinal cord Jankelson BR, Polley ML. Electromyography in clinical dentistry. Seattle:
muscle marking: see BORDER MOLDING Myotronica Research Inc, 1984:52.
muscle relaxant \mus#al r-lak#sant\: a drug or therapy that diminishes myofascial trigger point \m#a-fash#al trg#ar point\: a hyperirritable
muscle tension spot, usually within a skeletal muscle or in the muscle fascia, that is
muscle spasm \mus#al spaz#am\: a sudden involuntary contraction of a painful on compression and can give rise to characteristic referred
muscle or group of muscles attended by pain and interference with pain, tenderness (secondary hyperalgesia), and autonomic
function. It differs from muscle splinting in that the contraction is phenomena
sustained even when the muscle is at rest and the pain/dysfunction is myofibrotic capsular contracture \m#a-f-bra#tk kap#sa-lar kan-
present with passive and active movements of the affected part trak#chur\: muscle contracture resulting from the formation of
called also myospasm excessive brous tissue within the muscle or its sheath
muscle spasticity \mus#al spa-zs#-te\: increased muscular tension of my o func tion al \m#a-fungk#sha-nal\: relating to the function of
antagonists preventing normal movement and caused by an inability muscles. In dentistry, the role of muscle function in the cause or
to relax (a loss of reciprocal inhibition) correction of muscle related problems
muscle-splinting \mus#al-splnt#ng\ slang : involuntary contraction myofunctional therapy \m#a-fungk#sha-nal ther#a-pe\: the use of
(rigidity) of muscles occurring as a means of avoiding the pain exercises to improve the action of a group of muscles used as an adjunct
caused by movement of the part (resistance to passive stretch). The to orthodontic or craniomandibular dysfunction treatment myogenous
involved muscle(s) relaxes at rest pain \m#a-jen#us\: deep somatic musculoskeletal pain
muscle-trimming slang : see BORDER MOLDING originating in skeletal muscles, fascial sheaths, or tendons Myo-
muscular atrophy \mus-kya#lar at#ra-fe\: a wasting of muscular tissue, monitor \m#o mon#e ter\: a digital electronic pulse generator
especially due to lack of use specically optimized for bilateral transcutaneous electrical neural
muscular splinting \mus-kya#lar splnt#ng\: contraction of a muscle or stimulation of the stomatognathic system; an electrical device
group of muscles attended by interference with function and introduced in 1969 by Bernard Jankelson, DDS as a means of
producing involuntary movement and distortion; differs from muscle applying muscle relaxation as a prerequisite to obtain an occlusal
spasm in that the contraction is not sustained when the muscle is at
position that would sustain a relaxed musculature
rest
Jankelson B, Radke JO. The Myo-monitor: its use and abuse. Quintessence Int
musculoskeletal pain \mus#kya-lo-skel#-tl pan\: deep, somatic pain 1978;9:47-52.
that originates in skeletal muscles, facial sheaths, and tendons
Jankelson B, Sparks S. Crane PF, Radke JC. Neural conduction of the Myo-
(myogenous pain), bone and periosteum (osseous pain), joint, joint
capsules, and ligaments (arthralgic pain), and in soft connective monitor stimulus: a quantitative analysis. J PROSTHET DENT 1975;34:245-
tissues 53.
Jankelson BR. Neuromuscular dental diagnosis and treatment. St. Louis:
mush bite \mush bt\ obs : a maxillomandibular relationship record
made in a softened material, frequently beeswax, without the benet Ishiyaki Euro America Intl, 1990:73-7.
of record basessee INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD myostatic contracture \m#a-stat#k kan-trak#chur\: muscle contrac-ture
mutually protected articulation \myoo#choo-al-le pra-tek#td ar-tk#ya- resulting from reduced muscle stimulation
la#shun\: an occlusal scheme in which the posterior teeth prevent my o si tis \m#a-s-ts\ n (ca. 1819): inammation of muscle tissue my
excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximum inter- o spasm n : see MUSCLE SPASM
myotonia nonanatomic teeth

d
my o ton ia \m#a-to#ne-a\ n (1896): increased muscular irritability and neurogenous pain \noo-roj#a-nus pan\: pain that is generated within the
contractility with decreased power of relaxation; tonic muscle nervous system as a result of some abnormality of neural structures
spasms
neuromuscular dysfunction: a collective term for muscle disorders of the
N masticatory system with two observable major symptoms: pain and
dysfunction. Common observations include muscle fatigue, muscle
NA: acronym for NAsion; a cephalometric landmark located where the
intranasal and nasofrontal sutures meet tightness, myalgia, spasm, headaches, decreased range of motion
and acute malocclusion. The ve types of masticatory mus-cle
nano me ter \nan#a-me#tar\ n (1963): unit of length to measure the
disorders include protective co-contraction (muscle splinting), local
wavelength of light. It is equivalent to 1 x 10 -9 M or 10 angstroms. 1
nm = 1/1,000,000 mm muscle soreness (noninflammatory myalgia), myofascial pain
(trigger point myalgia), myospasm (tonic contraction myal-gia), and
narrative report \nar#a-tv\: a complete description of the clinical
ndings, diagnosis, and treatment rendered for a given patient nasal chronic centrally mediated myalgia (chronic myositis)
grimace \na#zal grm#s, gr-mas#\: movements in the tissue of Okeson, Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. (4th
Ed pp 180-82)
the nares reecting the attempts of the oronasal system to compen-
sate for palatopharyngeal insufciency neu rop a thy \noo#rop-a-the\ n (1857): a general term used to des-
ignate an abnormality or pathologic change in a peripheral nerve neutral
nasal prosthesis \na#zal pros-the#ss\: a removable maxillofacial pros- zone \noo#tral, nyoo#- zon\: the potential space between the lips and
thesis that articially restores part or the entire nosesyn cheeks on one side and the tongue on the other; that area or position
ARTIFICIAL NOSE
where the forces between the tongue and cheeks
nasal turbulence \na#zal tur#bya-lans\: the excessive noise or
or lips are equal
air passing over resistance in the nasal passages
neu tro oc clus ion: see ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF
nasal septal prosthesis \na#zal sep#tal pros-the#ss\: a maxillofacial OCCLUSION
prosthesis used to occlude (obturate) a hole within the nasal septal
nickel-chromium alloy: a low density, large grained base metal dental
wallsyn SEPTAL BUTTON, SEPTAL PLUG
casting alloy with prominent dendritic structure, composed of up to
nasal spine \na#zal spn\: a sharp bony protuberance of the lower margin 30% Cr and 70% Ni with trace elements that may include small
of the anterior aperture of the nares formed by the forward amounts of Mo, Mn, Si, C, and Al. Chromium, by its passivation
prolongation of the two maxillae
effect insures corrosion resistance of the alloy. Increased nickel con-
nasal stent \na#zal stent\: a removable intranasal maxillofacial prosthe- tent tends to result in reduced strength, hardness, modulus of elas-
sis used to support the form of the nose
ticity and fusion temperature while ductility may increase
na sal i ty \na-zal#-te\ n (1656): the quality of speech sounds when the
nasal cavity is used as a resonator ni dus \n#das\ n, pl ni di \d#\ or ni dus es (1742): a place or sub-stance
nas ion \na#zhun\ n : a bony cephalometric landmark at which the in an animal or plant where bacteria or other organisms lodge and
multiply
nasofrontal suture is bisected by the midsagittal plane
night guard slang : see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
nasion relator: an adjustable arbitrary facebow component that engages
NMR: acronym for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; a radiologic
the outer point of intersection between the nasion-sella line and the
procedure that gives images in any plane without radiation or any
soft tissue prole to stabilize the bow while recording the position of biologic after effect by picking up signals from resonating hydrogen
the maxillary teeth nuclei
nas o phar ynx \na#zo-far#ngks\ n (1877): the part of the pharynx
situated above the soft palate noble metal \no#bal met#l\: those metal elements that resist oxidation,
tarnish, and corrosion during heating, casting, or soldering and when
natural color system \nach#ar-al, nach#ral kul#ar ss#tam\: a color or- used intraorally; examples include gold and platinumcomp BASE
der system derived by Anders Hard that denes six color percep- METAL
tions using the concept of percentage for localizing nuances within noble metal alloy: as classied by the American Dental Association
the three part system. The six perceptions are white, black, red, (1984) any dental casting alloy containing a minimum of 25% by
green, yellow, and blue. The dimensions of hue, blackness or weight of Au, Pt, or/and Pd
whiteness, and chrome are used to relate colors within this system American Dental Association: Classication system for cast alloys. J Am Dent
natural dentition \nach#ar-al, nach#ral den-tsh#an\: the natural teeth, Assoc 1984; 109:766.
as considered collectively, in the dental arch, which may be no ci cep tive \na-s-sep#tv\ adj (1904): receiving injury; applicable to
deciduous, permanent, or mixed a neuron receptive to painful sensations
natural glaze \nach-ar-al, nach#ral glaz\: the production of a glazed nociceptive pathway \na-s-sep#tv path#wa#, path#-\: an afferent
surface by the vitrication of the material itself and without addi- neural pathway that mediates pain impulses
tion of other uxes or glasses no ci cep tor \na-s-sep#tor\ n : a sensory receptor preferentially sensi-
tive to noxious or potentially noxious stimuli
neck of the condylar process \nek uv tha kon#dah ler proses\: the con-
stricted inferior portion of the mandibular condylar process that is nocturnal electromyography \nok-tur#nal -lek#tro-m-og#ra-fe\:
electromyographic registrations made during sleep
continuous with the ramus of the mandible; that portion of the
condylar process that connects the mandibular ramus to the condyle nonadjustable articulator \non-a-just#a-bal ar-tk#ya-la#tor\: an artic-
ulator that does not allow adjustment to replicate mandibular
movementssee also CAST RELATOR
ne cro sis \na-kro#ss, ne-\ n, pl ne cro ses \sez\ (1665): localized death
of living tissue nonarcon articulator: 1: any articulator which broadly replicates the
needlepoint tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE three dimensional motions of the left and right condylar compart-
ments 2: any articulator design in which the condylar element (an-
Nesbit prosthesis [Norman Nesbit, dentist, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.] alog) is not part of the lower member of the articulator and may be
obs : eponym for a unilateral partial removable dental prosthe-sis used to simulate the three dimensional motions of the left and right
design that Dr. Nesbit introduced in 1918 condylar compartments
neu ral gia \noo-ral#ja\ n (ca. 1822): neurogenous pain felt along the nonanatomic teeth \non-a-no#tom-k teth\: articial teeth with occlu-sal
peripheral distribution of a nerve trunk surfaces that are not anatomically formed. The term nonana-tomic as
neu ri tis \noo-r#ts\ n (1840): inammation of a nerve applied to articial posterior teeth, and especially their occlusal
forms, means that such teeth are designed in accordance
JULY 2005 55
nonanatomic teeth occlusal form

d
with mechanical principles rather than from the viewpoint of ana- ture base due to tissue compression, augmentation of the seal or
tomic replication. I. R. Hardy, DDS, rst introduced nonanatomic border regions to effect adequate sealing or separation between the
teeth with at occlusal surfaces set to a at occlusal plane nasal and oral cavities
Sears VH. Thirty years of nonanatomic teeth. J PROSTHET DENT 1953; oc clude \a-klood#\ vb oc clud ed; oc clud ing vt (1597) 1: to bring
3:596-617 together; to shut 2: to bring or close the mandibular teeth into
Hardy IR. Technique for use of nonanatomic acrylic posterior teeth. Dent contact with the maxillary teeth
Digest 1942;48:562-6. occluded gas porosity \a-kloo#dd gas pa-ros#-te\: porosity produced
nonfunctioning condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE in castings due to the inability of gasses in the mold to escape oc clud er
nonpivoting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE \a-klood#ar\ n : a name given to some articulatorssee
nonprecious metal: see BASE METAL CAST RELATOR
non re sorb able \non-re-sorb#a-bal\ adj : the property exhibited by occluding centric relation record \a-klood#ng sen#trk r-la#shun
substances that demonstrate relatively limited in-vivo degradation rek#ard\ obs : a registration of centric relation made at the estab-
nonrigid connector \non-rj#d ka-nek#tor\: any connector that per-mits lished occlusal vertical dimension (GPT-4)
limited movement between otherwise independent members occluding frame \a-klood#ng fram\ obs : a name given to a device for
of a xed dental prosthesis relating casts to each other for the purpose of arranging teeth (GPT-
nonworking side \non-wur#kng sd\: that side of the mandible that 1)
moves toward the median line in a lateral excursion. The condyle on occluding jaw record \a-kloo#dng jo rek#ard\: the registration of
that side is referred to as the nonworking side condyle centric relation made at the occlusal vertical dimension
nonworking side condyle \non-wur#kng sd kon#dl\: the condyle on occluding relation \a-klood#ng r-la#shun\ obs : the jaw relation at
the nonworking side which the opposing teeth occlude (GPT-4)
oc clu sal \a-kloo#zal, -sal\ adj (1897): pertaining to the masticatory
nonworking side condyle path \non-wur#kng sd kon#dl path\: the
path the condyle traverses on the nonworking side when the man- surfaces of the posterior teeth, prostheses, or occlusion rims
dible moves in a lateral excursion, which may be viewed in the three occlusal adjustment \a-kloo#zal, -sal a-just#mant\ 1: any change in the
reference planes of the body occlusion intended to alter the occluding relation 2: any alteration of
nonworking side interference \non-wur#kng sd n#tar-fr#ans\: the occluding surfaces of the teeth or restorationssee also
undesirable contacts of the opposing occlusal surfaces on the OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
nonworking side occlusal analysis \a-kloo#zal,-sal a-nal#-ss\: an examination of the oc-
nonworking side occlusal contacts \non-wur#kng sd a-kloo#sal clusion in which the interocclusal relations of mounted casts are
kon#takts#\: contacts of the teeth on the side opposite to the side evaluated
toward which the mandible moves in articulation
occlusal balance \a-kloo#zal, -sal bal#ans\: a condition in which there
notch n : see PTERYGOMAXILLARY N.
are simultaneous contacts of opposing teeth or tooth analogues (i.e.,
noxious stimulus \nok#shas stm#ya-las\: a tissue damaging stimulus nu occlusion rims) on both sides of the opposing dental arches during
ance \noo-ans#, nyoo-, noo#ans#, nyoo#-\ n, nu anced adj (1781) eccentric movements within the functional range
1: a subtle distinction or variation, such as in tone or color 2: a occlusal clearance: see INTEROCCLUSAL CLEARANCE occlusal
subtle quality 3: delicate shading contact \a-kloo#zal, -sal kon#takt#\ 1: the touching of
null detector \nul d-tek#tor\: a detector of the point at which there is no opposing teeth on elevation of the mandible 2: any contact relation
color difference between two samples. The human eye is an ex- of opposing teethsee DEFLECTIVE O.C, INITIAL O.C
cellent null detector; it is considerably less trustworthy in estimat- occlusal correction: see OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT, OCCLUSAL
ing how large a given difference is RESHAPING
occlusal curvature \a-kloo#zal, -sal kur#va-choor#, -char\: the curve of
O the dentition in which the occlusal surfaces lie, when viewed in the
oblique ridge \o-blek#, a-blek# rj\: the elevation in the enamel that runs frontal and sagittal planes
obliquely across the occlusal surface of a maxillary molar ob tun dent
occlusal device \a-kloo#zal, -sal d-vs#\: any removable articial occlu-
\ob-tun#dant\ n : an agent or remedy that lessens or
sal surface used for diagnosis or therapy affecting the relationship of
relieves pain or sensibility the mandible to the maxillae. It may be used for occlusal stabiliza-
ob tu ra tor \ob#ta-ra#tar\ n (ca. 1727): 1. a maxillofacial prosthesis used tion, for treatment of temporomandibular disorders, or to prevent
to close a congenital or acquired tissue opening, primarily of the wear of the dentition
hard palate and/or contiguous alveolar/soft tissue struc-tures (GPT7) occlusal disharmony \a-kloo#zal, -sal ds-har#ma-ne\: a phenomenon in
2. that component of a prosthesis which ts into and closes a defect which contacts of opposing occlusal surfaces are not in harmony
within the oral cavity or other body defect 3. a maxillofacial with other tooth contacts and/or the anatomic and physiologic
prosthesis used to close, cover or maintain the integ-rity of the oral components of the craniomandibular complex
and nasal compartments resulting from a congenital, acquired or occlusal dysthesia \a-kloo#zal, -sal ds-the#zha\: unusual sensory
developmental disease process, i.e., cancer, cleft palate, perceptions during occlusal contact
osteoradionecrosis of the palate. The prosthesis facilitates speech occlusal embrasure \a-kloo#zal, -sal em-bra#zhar\: the interdental space
and deglutition by replacing those tissues lost due to the disease that is coronal to the contact area
process and can, as a result, reduce nasal regurgitation and hyper- occlusal equilibration \a-kloo#zal, -sal -kwl#a-bra#shun\: the
nasal speech, improve articulation, deglutition and mastication. An modication of the occlusal form of the teeth with the intent of
obturator prosthesis is classied as surgical, interim or definitive and equalizing occlusal stress, producing simultaneous occlusal contacts
reects the intervention time period used in the maxillofacial or harmonizing cuspal relations
rehabilitation of the patient. Prosthetic restoration of a defect often occlusal facet: see WEAR FACET
includes use of a surgical obturator, interim obturator, and deni- occlusal force \a-kloo#zal, -sal fors, fors\: the result of muscular force
tive obturator see DEFINITIVE O., INTERIM O., SURGICAL applied on opposing teeth; the force created by the dynamic action
O.comp SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS of the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication; the result
of muscular activity applied to opposing teeth
obturator prosthesis modification \ob#ta-ra#tar pros-the#ss mod#a-f-
ka#shun\: revision or alteration of an existing obturator (surgical, occlusal form \a-kloo#zal, -sal form\ obs : the form the occlusal surface
interim, or denitive); possible revisions include relief of the den- of a tooth or a row of teeth (GPT-4)
occlusal harmony opaque porcelain

d
occlusal harmony \a-kloo#zal, -sal har#ma-ne\ obs : a condition in occlusal wear \a-kloo#zal, -sal war\: loss of substance on opposing oc-
centric and eccentric jaw relation in which there are no interceptive clusal units or surfaces as the result of attrition or abrasion
or deective contacts of occluding surfaces (GPT-4) occlusion \a-kloo#shun\ n (1645) 1: the act or process of closure or of
occlusal interference \a-kloo#zal, -sal n#tur-fr#ans\: any tooth con- being closed or shut off 2: the static relationship between the incis-
tact that inhibits the remaining occluding surfaces from achieving ing or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or
stable and harmonious contacts tooth analoguessee CENTRIC O., COMPONENTS OF O.,
occlusal path \a-kloo#zal, -sal path, path\ obs 1: a gliding occlusal contact 2: ECCENTRIC O., LINE OF O., LINEAR O., MONOPLANE O.,
the path of movement of an occlusal surface (GPT-4) occlusal pattern \a- PATHOGENIC O., SPHERICAL FORM OF O. comp
kloo#zal, -sal pat#arn\: the form or design of the
ARTICULATION
masticatory surfaces of a tooth or teeth based on natural, modied
anatomic or nonanatomic teeth occlusion analysis \a-kloo#shun a-nal#-ss\ obs : a systematic examina-
tion of the masticatory system with special consideration to the ef-
occlusal pivot \a-kloo#zal, -sal pv#at\: an elevation placed on the oc- fect of tooth occlusion on the teeth and their related structures (GPT-
clusal surface, usually in the molar region, designed to act as a ful- 4)
crum, thus limiting mandibular closure and inducing mandibular
rotation occlusion record \a-kloo#shun rek#ard\ obs : a registration of opposing
occlusal plane \a-kloo#zal,-sal plan\ 1: the average plane established by occluding surfaces made at any maxillomandibular relationship
(GPT-4)
the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth. Generally, it is not a
plane but represents the planar mean of the curvature of these sur- occlusion rim \a-kloo#shun rm\: occluding surfaces fabricated on in-
faces 2: the surface of wax occlusion rims contoured to guide in the terim or nal denture bases for the purpose of making maxilloman-
dibular relation records and arranging teethcalled also record rim
arrangement of denture teeth 3: a at metallic plate used in arrang-
ing denture teethcomp to CURVE OF OCCLUSION occult cleft palate \a-kult#, o-kult#, ok#ult# kleft pal#t\: a separation
of muscle in the soft palate with mucous membrane covering the de-
occlusal position \a-kloo#zal, -sal pa-zsh#an\ obs : the relationship of fect. This is often characterized by a notch in the hard palate, bifur-
the mandible and maxillae when the jaw is closed and the teeth are cation of the uvula, displaced musculature, and an attenuated
in contact; this position may or may not coincide with centric raphesyn SUBMUCOUS CLEFT PALATE
occlusion (GPT-4)
oc tant \#akt*nt\: Latin octant-,octans half quadrant, from octo eight 1:
occlusal prematurity \a-kloo#zal, -sal pre#ma-tyoor#-te, -toor#-, - the position or aspect of a celestial body (as the moon or a planet)
choor#-\: any contact of opposing teeth that occurs before the when halfway between conjunction or opposition and quadrature 2:
planned intercuspation
an instrument used for observing altitudes of a celestial body from a
occlusal pressure \a-kloo#zal, -sal presh#ar\ obs : any force exerted on moving ship or aircraft and having a maximum angle of 45 degrees
the occlusal surfaces of teeth (GPT-4)
between its reecting mirrors comp SEXTANT
occlusal reduction: the quantity (usually measured in millimeters) of
tooth structure that is removed to establish adequate space for a re-
storative material between the occlusal aspect of the tooth prepara- ocular prosthesis \ok#ya-lar pros-the#ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis that
tion and the opposing dentition articially replaces an eye missing as a result of trauma, surgery, or
occlusal reshaping \a-kloo#zal, -sal re-shap#ng\: the intentional alter- congenital absence. The prosthesis does not replace missing eye-lids or
ation of the occlusal surfaces of teeth to change their form adjacent skin, mucosa or musclesyn ARTIFICIAL EYE, GLASS
EYE comp INTERIM OCULAR PROSTHESIS
occlusal rest \a-kloo#zal, -sal rest\: a rigid extension of a partial remov-
able dental prosthesis that contacts the occlusal surface of a tooth or o don tal gia \o-don#tal-ja\ n : toothache; pain in a tooth odontogenous pain \o-don-
taj#a-nus pan\: deep somatic pain
restoration, the occlusal surface of which may have been prepared to
receive itsee REST SEAT originating in the dental pulp and/or periodontal ligament o don to
graph \o-don#ta-graf\ n : a device used to demonstrate ir-
occlusal rest arm \a-kloo#zal, -sal rest arm\ obs : a minor connector
used to attach an occlusal rest to a major part of a removable partial regularities occurring in the surface of tooth enamel o don to plasty \o-
denture (GPT-1) don#ta-plas-te\: the reshaping of a portion of a
occlusal rim: see OCCLUSION RIM tooth
occlusal splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE ol i go don tia \ol#-go-don#cha\: the formation of less than a full
complement of teeth; many such teeth are smaller than normal on lay
occlusal stability \a-kloo#zal, -sal sta-bl#-te\: the equalization of con-
tacts that prevents tooth movement after closure \on#la, on#-\: a restoration that restores one or more cusps and
occlusal stop: see OCCLUSAL REST adjoining occlusal surfaces or the entire occlusal surface and is re-
occlusal strength: see MASTICATORY FORCE tained by mechanical or adhesive means
occlusal surface \a-kloo#zal, -sal sur#fas\ obs : a surface of a posterior onlay graft \on#la, on- graft\ (1998): augmentation of the height or
tooth or occlusion rim that is intended to make contact with an width of the alveolar ridge with autologous bone or bone substi-tutes
opposing occlusal surface (GPT-1) placed beneath the periosteum
occlusal system \a-kloo#zal, -sal ss#tam\ obs : the form or design and o pac i ty \o-pas#-te\ n (1611): the quality or state of a body that makes
it impervious to light
arrangement of the occlusal and incised units of a dentition or the
teeth on a denture (GPT-4) o paque \o-pak#\ adj (1641): the property of a material that absorbs
occlusal table \a-kloo#zal, -sal ta#bal\: the portion of the occlusal and/or reects all light and prevents any transmission of light opaque
surfaces of posterior teeth that lies within the perimeter of the cusp dentin: modied body porcelain with increased opacity, used
tips and marginal ridges; the functional portion(s) of the occlusal where fewer translucencies are required such as in the gingival area
surface(s) of a posterior tooth (teeth) of a pontic or incisal mamelon to mimic existing anatomic features
occlusal trauma \a-kloo#zal, -sal trou#ma, tro#-\: trauma to the perio- of adjacent natural teeth
dontium from functional or parafunctional forces causing damage to opaque modifier: colored dental porcelain formulated to be selec-tively
the attachment apparatus of the periodontium by exceeding its mixed with opaque porcelain to increase the saturation of the desired
adaptive and reparative capacities. It may be self-limiting or pro- pigment
gressivesee PRIMARY O.T., SECONDARY O.T. opaque porcelain: the rst porcelain layer applied in the metal-ce-ramic
occlusal vertical dimension \a-kloo#zal, -sal vur#t-kal d-men#shun\: technique to the underlying metal framework to establish the bond
the distance measured between two points when the occluding between the porcelain and metal while simultaneously masking the
members are in contact dark color of the metallic oxide layer. Opaque
JULY 2005 57
opaque porcelain pack d
porcelain provides the primary source of color for the completed os si fi ca tion \os#a-f-ka#shun\ n (1697) 1: the natural process of bone
restoration formation; the hardening into a bony substance 2: a mass of ossied
open bite slang : see OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP; tissue
APERTOGNATHIA os te i tis \os#te-#ts\ n (ca. 1839): inammation of bone os te o ar thri tis \os#te-o-ar-
thr#ts\ n (1878): chronic degenera-
open fracture \o#pan frak#chur\: any fracture in which there is an ex-
ternal wound leading to a break in the bone; called also compound tion and destruction of the articular cartilage and/or brous con-
fracture nective tissue linings of the joint components and disks, leading to
open occlusal relationship \o#pan a-kloo#zal, -sal r-la#shun-shp#\: the bony spurs, pain, stiffness, limitation of movement, and changes in
lack of tooth contact in an occluding positionsee ANTERIOR bone morphology. Advanced conditions may involve erosions and
O.O.R., POSTERIOR O.O.R. disk degeneration with crepitussyn DEGENERATIVE JOINT
opening movement \o#pa-nng\ obs : movement of the mandible DISEASE
executed during jaw separation; movement executed during jaw os te o gen e sis \os#te-o-jen#-ss\ n : development of bone; forma-tion
separation (GPT-1)see ENVELOPE OF MOTION of bone
oral flora \or#al, or#- or#a, or#a\: the various bacterial and other os te o in duc tion \os#te-o-n-duk#shun\ n : the capability of chem-
microscopic forms of life inhabiting the oral cavity icals, procedures, etc., to induce bone formation through the dif-
oral mechanism \or#al, or#- mek#a-nz#um\: the functioning struc- ferentiation and recruitment of osteoblasts
tures of the oral cavity os te o in te gra tion n : see OSSEOUS INTEGRATION os te o tome
oral orifice \or#al, or#- or#a-fs, or#-\: the longitudinal opening of the \os#te-o-tom\ n : a chisel for use in cutting bone os tec to my \os-tek#to-
mouth between the lips that provides the entrance to the oral cavity me\ n : the excision of bone or a portion of a
oral mucosa \or#al, or#- myoo-ko#sa\: the lining of the oral cavity oral bone, usually by means of a saw or chisel, for the removal of a se-
orthopedics \or#al, or#- or#tha-pe#dks\ 1: a concept in dentistry questrum, the correction of a deformity, or any other purpose
concerned with postural relationships of the jaws, both normal and os te ot o my \os#te-ot#a-me\ n : the surgical cutting of a bone; fre-
abnormal 2: analysis of the harmful effects of an improper relation- quently used to also describe smoothing, leveling, or altering exter-
ship of the mandible and the maxillae on dental and other related nal contours of the bone- see ALVEOLECTOMY;
structures 3: the diagnosis and correction of such relationships and ALVEOPLASTY
the treatment and/or prevention of disturbances resulting therefrom os teo po ro sis \os#te-o-pa-ro#ss\ n, pl -ro ses (1846): a medical
condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass with diminished
density and concurrent enlargement of bone spaces, which produ-ces
orbital prosthesis \or#b-tal pros-the#ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis
porosity and fragilityosteoporotic adj
that articially restores the eye, eyelids, and adjacent hard and soft
tissues outline form: the shape of the area of a tooth preparation that is in-
orbiting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE cluded within the cavosurface margins
organ of mastication \or#gan uv mas#t-ka#shun\: the combination of ovate pontic: a pontic that is shaped on its tissue surface like an egg in
all the structures involved in the reception, mastication, and two dimensions, typically partially submerged in a surgically-pre-
deglutition of food pared soft-tissue depression to enhance the illusion that a natural
organic occlusion: see ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION tooth is emerging from the gingival tissues
oven soldering: any soldering procedure using heat from a furnace to
or i fice \or#a-fs, or#-\ n (15c): an opening into a body cavity oronasal fistula \or#a- melt and refuse the solder as opposed to using a gas-air or gas-
na#zal fs#cha-la\: a pathologic opening between oxygen torch as the heat source
the oral and nasal cavities o ver bite \o#var-bt#\ n, slang : see VERTICAL OVERLAP o ver clo
oro phar ynx \or#a-far#ngks\ n (1887): the part of the pharynx lying sure \o#var-klo#zhar\ n : an occluding vertical dimension at a
between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottiscalled reduced interarch distance; an occluding vertical dimension that re-
also oral pharynx, pars oralis pharyngis, pharyngo oral cavity, and sults in excessive interocclusal distance when the mandible is in the
vestibule of the pharynx rest position; it results in a reduced interridge distance when the
orthodontic band \or#tha-don#tk\: a metal orthodontic device that teeth are in contact
holds a bracket or tube and encircles a tooth
o ver den ture \o#var-den#chur\ n : any removable dental prosthesis that
orthognathic surgery: surgical repositioning of all or parts of the covers and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, the roots of
maxillae or mandible natural teeth, and/or dental implants; a dental prosthesis that covers
or tho gnath ous \or#thog-nath#k\ adj : pertaining to or character-ized and is partially supported by natural teeth, natural tooth roots, and/or
by minimal protrusion of the mandible or minimal progna-thism dental implants ___ called also overlay denture, overlay prosthesis,
superimposed prosthesis
orthopedic craniofacial prosthesis \or-tha-pe#dk\ (1998): a dynamic o ver glaze \o#var-glaz\ adj (1879): the production of a glazed surface
orthopedic maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain or position the by the addition of a uxed glass that usually vitries at a lower
craniofacial osseous segments that are malaligned due to trauma or temperature
craniofacial anomalies. o ver hang \o#var-hang\ n (1864): excess restorative material projecting
orthotic device \or-tho#tk d-vs#\: a device designed to brace, acti- beyond a cavity or preparation margin
vate, or supplement a weakened limb or function o ver jet n, obs : see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP o
os seo in te gra tion n [P.I. Branemark, ca. 1982]: see OSSEOUS ver jut n, obs : see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
INTEGRATION o ver lap n, obs (1726): see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP, VERTICAL
os se ous \os#e-as\ adj (1707): bony OVERLAP
osseous integration \os#e-as n#t-gra#shun\ (1993) 1: the apparent overlay denture: see OVERDENTURE
direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an inert, allo- overlay prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
plastic material without intervening connective tissue 2: the pro-cess
and resultant apparent direct connection of an exogenous materials P
surface and the host bone tissues, without intervening -brous
connective tissue present 3: the interface between alloplastic pack \pak\ vt (14c) l: to make into a compact form 2: to completely ll 3: to crowd
materials and bone together 4: to compresspack a bil i ty \pak#a-bl#-te\ npack able \pak#a-
bal\ adj
pack parafunction
d
pack \pak\ n: any material used to protect tissue, ll space or prevent pal a to gram \pa-lt#a-gram\ n : a graphic representation of the area of
hemorrhage the palate contacted by the tongue during a specied activity,
packing \pak#ng\ vt : the act of lling a moldsee DENTURE P. pain usually speech
\pan\ n (13c): a subjective unpleasant sensory and emotional ex-
palatopharyngeal closure \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#je-al, -jal, -far#n-je#al
perience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or de- klo#zhur\: a sphincteric action sealing the oral cavity from the nasal
scribed in terms of such damagesee ACUTE P., CHRONIC P., cavity during swallowing and phonation by the synchronous move-
HETEROTOPIC P., MASTICATORY P., MUSCULOSKEL-ETAL ment of the middle third of the soft palate in a superior and poste-
P., MYOGENOUS P., NEUROGENOUS P., ODON-TOGENOUS rior direction, the lateral pharyngeal wall medially, and the posterior
P., PRIMARY P., PROJECTED P., SECONDARY P., VASCULAR walls of the pharynx anteriorlysyn VELOPHARYNGEAL
P., VISCERAL P. CLOSURE
palatal augmentation prosthesis \pal#a-tal og#men-ta#shun pros- palatopharyngeal inadequacy \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#je-al, -jal, -far#n-je#al
the#ss\: a removable maxillofacial prosthesis which alters the hard n-ad#-kwa-se\: a condition where there is lack of effective closure
and/or soft palates topographical form adjacent to the tongue. It between the soft palate and one or more of the pharyngeal walls
during swallowing or speech sounds that require high intraoral
allows reshaping of the hard palate to improve tongue/palate contact pressure. Nasal reux escape of air during speech or hypernasality
during speech and swallowing due to im-paired tongue mobility as a may result. This lack of closure may be due to palatopharyngeal in-
result of surgery, trauma, or neurolog-ical/motor decits competence, insufciency or from lack of movement of the pharyn-
palatal bar: see PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR geal wallssee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE,
PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY
palatal bar connector \pal#a-tal bar ka-nek#tor\: a major connector of a
removable dental prosthesis that crosses the palate and is charac- palatopharyngeal incompetence \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#je#al n-kom#p-tans\:
terized by being relatively narrow anterior and posteriorly the inability of an anatomically intact soft palate to contribute to a
functional palatopharyngeal closure usually due to disease or trauma
palatal cleft \pal#a-tal kleft\ 1: an opening in the roof of the mouth
of a neurogenic or muscular naturesee PALATOPHA-RYNGEAL
and/or in the functional soft palate. A deformity of the palate from INADEQUACY, PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUF-FICIENCY
improper union of the maxillary process with the median nasal
process during the second month of intrauterine development 2: a
cleft in the palate between the two palatal processes. If both the hard palatopharyngeal insufficiency \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#je#al n#sa-fsh#an-se\:
and soft palate are involved, it is termed uranostaphyloschisis; if an acquired or congenital anatomic defect of the soft palate that
only the soft palate is divided, it is termed uranoschisissee CLEFT makes the palatopharyngeal sphincter incompletesee PALATO-
PHARYNGEAL INADEQUACY, PALATOPHARNYGEAL
PALATE, COMPLETE CLEFT PALATE, OCCULT CLEFT
INCOMPETENCE
PALATE
palatal drop prosthesis: see PALATAL AUGMENTATION palatopharyngeal sphincter \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#-je#al sfngk#tar\: the
PROSTHESIS functional sphincter that separates the nasopharynx and orophar-ynx
palatal expansion \pal#a-tal k-span#shun\: the lateral movement of the during swallowing and phonation, formed by the posterior and
maxillae to increase palatal width superior movement of the middle third of the soft palate, the anterior
movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the medial
palatal incompetence \pal#a-tal n-kom#p-tans\: the inability of an movement of the lateral pharyngeal wallssee
anatomically intact soft palate to effect a functional palatopharyn-
geal closure PALATOPHARYNGEAL CLOSUREsyn VELOPHARYNGEAL
SPHINCTER
palatal insufficiency \pal#a-tal n#sa-fsh#an-se\: an anatomical inade- palatorrhaphy: surgical repair of a cleft palate
quacy of the soft palate in which the palatopharyngeal sphincter is pal lia tive \pal#e-a#tv\ adj (1543): affording relief but not a cure pal pate \pal#pat#\ vt
incomplete
pal pat ed \pal-pa#td\; pal pat ing \pal-
palatal lift prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis which elevates the soft pa#tng\ (1849): to examine by touchpal pa tion n panoramic radiograph \pan#a-
palate superiorly and aids in restoration of soft palate functions ram#k ra#de-o-graf#\: a tomogram of
which may be lost due to an acquired, congenital or developmental
the maxilla and mandible taken with a specialized machine de-
defect. A definitive palatal lift is usually made for patients whose signed to present a panoramic view of the full circumferential
experience with a diagnostic palatal lift has been successful, espe- lengths of the maxilla and mandible on a single lmcalled also
cially if surgical alterations are deemed unwarranted. An interim orthopantograph
palatal life prosthesis is usually made as a diagnostic aid to assess
the level of possible improvement in speech intelligibility. Some panoramic radiography \pan#a-ram#k ra#de-og#ra-fe\: a method of
radiography by which a continuous radiograph of the maxillary
clinicians believe use of a palatal lift may stimulate an otherwise
and/or mandibular dental arches and their associated structures may
accid soft palate to increase functional activity, subsequently be obtained
lessening its need. Panorex adjtrademark (1966): see PANORAMIC RADIO-GRAPH
palatal lift prosthesis modification \pal#a-tal lft pros-the#ss\: alter-
ations in the adaptation, contour, form, or function of an existing pan to gram n : see PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING
palatal lift necessitated due to tissue impingement, lack of function,
poor clasp adaptation, or the like pan to graph \pan#ta-graf#\ n (1723) 1: an instrument used for copy-
ing a planar gure to any desired scale 2: in dentistry, an instrument
palatal plate \pal#a-tal plat\: a major connector of a removable dental used to graphically record in, one or more planes, paths of mandib-
prosthesis that covers a signicant portion of the palatal surface ular movement and to provide information for the programming of
palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL an articulator
palatal stent: see SURGICAL STENT
pantographic tracing \pan#ta-graf#k tra#sng\: a graphic record of
palatal strap \pal#a-tal strap\ slang : a maxillary major connector of a mandibular movement usually recorded in the horizontal, sagittal
removable dental prosthesis having an anterior/posterior dimen-sion and frontal planes as registered by styli on the recording tables of a
of 13 to 20 mm that directly or obliquely traverses the palate and is pantograph or by means of electronic sensors
generally located in the area of the second premolar and rst molar pa pil la \pa-pl#a\ n, pl pa pi llae \-pl#e\ (1713): any small, nipple-
shaped elevationsee INCISIVE P., INTERDENTAL P.
palatal vault \pal#a-tal volt\ 1: the deepest and most superior part of the
palate 2: the curvature of the palate para func tion \par#a-fungk#shun\ adj : disordered or perverted function
pal ate \pal#t\ n (14c): see HARD P., SOFT P.
JULY 2005 59
parallax pennyweight
d
par al lax \par#a-laks#\ n : a difference in the perceived location of an of the plane of the hard palatecalled also Passavants bar,
object when observed from two different points not on a straight line Passavants cushion, Passavants pad, and Passavants ridge
with the object Passavant PG. Uber die Verschliesung des Schlunmdes beim Sprechen,
parallel attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT par al lel o me (Virchows) Arch Path Anat (Berlin) Virchows 1869;1-31.
ter \par#a-le-lom#-tar\ n 1: an instrument used for pas si vate \pas#-vat\ vt -at ed; -at ing (1913) 1: to render inactive or
determining the exact parallel relationships of lines, structures, and less reactive 2: to protect against contamination by coating or
surfaces in dental casts and prostheses 2: an apparatus used for surface treating
making one object parallel with another object, as in paralleling pas si va tion \pas#-va#shun\ n : a process whereby metals and alloys
attachments and abutments for xed dental prostheses or precision are made more corrosion resistant through surface treatment. This
attachments for removable dental prostheses process produces a thin and stable inert oxide layer on the external
pa ral y sis \pa-ral#-ss\ n (1525): loss or impairment of motor func- surfacescalled also passive corrosion conditioning
tion as the result of a trauma or pathosis pas sive \pas#v\ adj (14c) 1: not active or in operation; inert; latent 2:
paresthesia \par#s-the#zha\ n : lacking normal sensation, such as resistant to corrosion 3: existing or occurring without being active,
tingling or burning; morbid or perverted sensation; abnormal direct, or open
sensation pas si vi ty \pa-sv#-te\ n (14c): the quality or condition of inactivity or
partial coverage restoration:see PARTIAL VENEER CROWN partial rest assumed by the teeth, tissues, and denture when a removable
denture \par#shal den#chur\: a removable dental prosthesis or a dental prosthesis is in place but not under masticatory pressure
xed dental prosthesis that restores one or more but not all of the pat ent \pat#nt\ adj (14c): open or unobstructed path of dislodgment: the
natural teeth and/or associated parts and may be supported in part or specic direction in which a removable dental prosthesis may be
whole by natural teeth, dental implant supported crowns, dental dislodged
implant abutment(s), or other xed dental prostheses and/or the oral path of insertion: see PATH OF PLACEMENT
mucosa; usage: a partial denture can be described as a fixed den-tal path of placement \path, path uv plas#mant\: the specic direction in
prosthesis or removable dental prosthesis based on the patients ca- which a prosthesis is placed on the abutment teeth or dental
pability to remove or not remove the prosthesis. If the prosthesis is a implant(s)
xed dental prosthesis that can only be removed by a clinician, i.e., a path of withdrawal:see PATH OF PLACEMENT
xed dental prosthesis (FDP) supported by dental implants that has pathogenic occlusion \path#a-jen#k\: an occlusal relationship capable
been retained by means of a mechanical system [i.e., screw(s)], this of producing pathologic changes in the stomatognathic system pat tern
\pat#urn\ n (14c): a form that is used to make a mold; a model
prosthesis is also termed a fixed dental prosthesis. Adjectives
for making a moldsee OCCLUSAL P.
(modiers) may be added to the clinical description of the dental
prosthesis, if needed, to designate the means of mechanical reten- pa trix \pa-trks\ n, pl pa trices 1: a pattern or die used in type found-ing
to form a matrix 2: the extension of a dental attachment system that
tion, i.e., a screw retained fixed dental prosthesis. Any such ts into the matrix
prosthesis luted to dental implants (in the same manner as luting a
pawl \pol\ n (1626): a pivotal tongue or bolt on one part of a machine
xed dental prosthesis to natural teeth) needs no additional
that is adapted to fall into notches or spaces on another part so as to
designation as to its means of retentionsee BILATERAL DISTAL
permit motion in only one direction, i.e., a ratchet wheel
EXTENSION REMOVABLE D.P., FIXED D.P., REMOVABLE
pear-shaped area: see PEAR-SHAPED PAD
D.P., UNILATERAL REMOVABLE D.P., PROSTHESIS
pear-shaped pad \par-shapd pad\: the most distal extension of at-tached
partial denture construction \par#shal den#chur kon-struk#shun\ obs :
keratinized mucosa overlying the mandibular ridge crest formed by
the science and techniques of designing and constructing partial
dentures (GPT-4) the scarring pattern after extraction of the most poste-rior molar. It
should be differentiated from the retromolar area
partial denture impression \par#shal den#chur m-presh#an\ coll : a
negative likeness of a part or all of a partially edentulous arch pediatric speech aid prosthesis \pe#de-at#rk spech ad pros-the#ss\: a
Editorial note: the impression is made of the denture bearing areas, temporary or interim maxillofacial prosthesis used to close a defect
teeth, implant abutments etc, not of the removable dental prosthesis in the hard and/or soft palate of an infant or child. It may replace
partial denture rest \par#shal den#chur rest\: a rigid extension of a tissue lost due to developmental or surgical alterations. It is neces-
xed or removable dental prosthesis that prevents movement toward the sary for the production of intelligible speech. Normal lateral growth
mucosa and transmits functional forces to the teeth of the palatal bones necessitates replacement of this pros-thesis
or dental implant occasionally. Intermittent revisions of the obturator section can
assist in maintenance of palatal pharyngeal closure (termed a speech
partial denture retention \par#shal den#chur r-ten#shun\: the ability of
a removable dental prosthesis to resist movement away from its aid prosthesis modification). Frequently, such prostheses are not
foundation area and/or abutments fabricated before the deciduous dentition is fully erupted since clasp
retention is often essentialsyn BULB, CLEFT PALATE
partial dislocation \par#shal ds#lo-ka#shun\: displacement of the ar-
ticular disk resulting in a seriously impaired disk-condyle complex APPLIANCE, NASOPHARYNGEAL OBTURATOR, OBTU-
function RATOR, PROSTHETIC SPEECH AID, SPEECH APPLIANCE,
partial veneer crown \par#shal va-nr# kroun\: a restoration that SPEECH BULB
restores all but one coronal surface of a tooth or dental implant pedicle graft: a skin ap sustained by a blood-carrying stem from the
abutment, usually not covering the facial surface donor site during transfer; in periodontal surgery, a ap used to
increase the width of attached gingiva, or to cover a root surface, by
partitive color mixing \par#t-tv\: color mixing in which both addi-
moving the attached gingiva, which remains joined at one side, to an
tive and subtractive principles are involved. The eye interprets tiny
dots of subtractive color too small to be individually resolved at the adjacent position and then suturing the free end
viewing distance. The resultant color will be the average of the peg lateral \peg lat#ar-al\: an undersized, tapered maxillary lateral
colors used incisor
Passavants pad: see PASSAVANTS RIDGE pellucid \pa-loo#sd\ adj: admitting maximum pedage of light without
Passavants ridge [Philip Gustav Passavant, German surgeon, 1815- diffusion or distortion; reecting light evenly from all surfaces pen ny
1893]: eponym for a prominence on the posterior wall of the nasal weight n : a unit of mass in the Troy system used to measure
pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor muscle of precious metals and equivalent to 1.555 grams. Dened also as 24
the pharynx during swallowing. Contraction occurs at the level grains in the p. and 12 p. in the Troy Oz. Abbr: dwt (from
pennyweight pier abutment

d
Latin denarius, a small silver coin). The abbreviation pwt is also These investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion and can
sometimes seen in publications be used when casting higher fusing metal-ceramic alloys and partial
perceived color \par-sevd# kul#ar\: attribute of visual perception that denture frameworks
can be described by color names: white, gray, black, yellow, orange, phos phor es cence \fos#fa-res#ans\ n (1796): a form of photolumi-
brown, red, green, blue, purple, etc., or by a combination of names per nescence based on the properties of certain molecules to absorb en-
cus sion \pur-kush#an\ n (1544) 1: the act of striking a part with sharp ergy (either near ultra violet or visible), and emit it in the form of
blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying parts by visible radiation at a higher wavelength. Distinguished from uo-
means of the sound obtained 2: in dentistry, striking a part with short, rescence in that light continues to be emitted for some time after the
sharp blows as a diagnostic aid in evaluation of a tooth exciting energy has ceasedsee FLUORESCENCE, LUMINANCE
or dental implant by the sound obtained
per i ap i cal \per#-ap#-kal, a#p-\ adj : relating to tissues surround- pho to ac tive \fo#to-ak#tv\ adj : reacting chemically to visible light or
ing the apex of a tooth, including the alveolar bone and periodontal ultraviolet radiationpho to ac ti va tion
ligament
pho tom et er \fo-tom#-ter\ n (1884): an instrument for the
peri-implantitis \per#-m-plan-t#ts\ substand : a term used to describe measurement of emitted, reected, or transmitted light. For the
inammation around a dental implant, usually the dental implant measurement of luminous intensity, a visual receptor element (the
abutment Editorial note: peri-implantitis is a misnomer since the eye) may be used in the measuring device or a physical receptor
peri-implant mucosa, not the dental implant and/or dental implant element may be used that can be related to the calculated response of
abutment, is the inflamed entity. Suggested terminology may include a standard observersee PHYSICAL P., VISUAL P.
acute or chronic gingivitis.. pho ton \fo#ton\ n (ca. 1922): a massless particle, the quantum of the
perikymata: small transverse ridges on the surface of the enamel of electromagnetic eld, carrying energy, momentum, and angular
permanent teeth that represent overlapping prism groups within the momentumcalled also light quantum
enamel photopic vision \fo-top#k vzh#an\: vision as it occurs under illumina-
peri mo lysis \per#-mol#-ss\ (1998): acidic erosion of the teeth due to tion sufcient to permit the full discrimination of colors. It is the
chronic gastric regurgitation. function of the retinal cones and is not dependent on the retinal
House RC et al., Perimolysis: Unveiling the Surreptitious Vomiter, Oral rods called also daylight vision as contrasted with twilight or
Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1981 Feb 51(2): 152-155. scotopic vision
per i o don tal \per#e-o-don#tl\ adj : pertaining to or occurring around a photoreceptor process \fo#to-r-sep#tar pros#es#, pro#ses#\: that spe-
tooth cic process that is set in motion in a visual sensory end organ or
per io don tom e try \per#e-o-don#tom#-tre\ n : the measurement of other photic receptor by the incidence of its adequate stimulus, i.e.,
tooth mobility light
periosteum \per#e-os#te-am\ n, pl tea (1597): the membrane of physical elasticity of muscle \fz#-kal -la-sts#-te, e#la- uv mus#al\
connective tissue that closely invests all bones except at articular obs : the physical quality of muscle of being elastic; that is, yielding
surfaces to active or passive physical stretch (GPT-4)
per i ra dic u lar \per#-rad#-kyoo-lar\ adj : around or surrounding a physical photometer \fz#-kal fo-tom#-ter\: a photometer in which the
tooth root measurement is made by some physical or chemical effect in-stead
peripheral seal: see BORDER SEAL of by visual methods
pe riph er y n, pl -eries (1571): see DENTURE BORDER permanent
physiologically balanced occlusion \fz#e-a-loj#-ka-le bal#ansd a-
dentition \pur#ma-nant den-tsh#an\: the teeth that erupt kloo#zhun\ obs : a balanced occlusion that is in harmony with the
after the primary dentition that do not shed under normal conditions temporomandibular joints and the neuromuscular system (GPT-4)
physiologic elasticity of muscle \fz#e-a-loj#k -la-sts#-te uv
phantasmagoria \fan-taz-muh-GOR-ee-us\ n: 1: an exhibition or dis-play mus#al\ obs : the unique biologic quality of muscle of being capable of
of optical effect and illusions 2a: a constantly shifting complex change and of resuming its size under neuromuscular control
succession of things seen or imagined, 2b. a scene that constantly (GPT-4)
changes 3. a bizarre or fantastic combination, collection or assem- physiologic occlusion \fz#e-a-loj#ik a-kloo#zhun\ obs : occlusion in
blage harmony with the functions of the masticatory system (GPT-4) physiologic
rest position \fz#e-a-loj#k rest pa-zsh#un\ 1: the man-
pharyngeal flap \fa-rn#je-al, -jal, far#n-je#al\: tissue elevated from the
posterior pharyngeal wall and inserted into the soft palate to correct dibular position assumed when the head is in an upright position and
palatopharyngeal inadequacy the involved muscles, particularly the elevator and depressor groups,
pharyngeal speech aid prosthesis: see DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR, are in equilibrium in tonic contraction, and the condyles are in a
INTERIM OBTURATOR, SURGICAL OBTURATOR neutral, unstrained position (GPT-1) 2: the position as-sumed by the
mandible when the attached muscles are in a state of tonic
pharyngeal walls \fa-rn#je-al, -jal, far#n-je-al\: posterior and lateral equilibrium. The position is usually noted when the head is held
walls of the naso- and oropharynx upright (GPT-1) 3: the postural position of the man-dible when an
phar ynx \far#ingks\ n, pl phar yn ges \fa-rn#jez\ (ca. 1693): a funnel- individual is resting comfortably in an upright posi-tion and the
shaped tube of muscle tissue between the mouth, nares, and the associated muscles are in a state of minimal contractual activity
esophagus, which is the common pathway for food and air. The comp OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION, REST VERTICAL
nasopharynx is above the level of the soft palate. The oropharynx DIMENSION
lies between the upper edge of the epiglottis and the soft palate, physiologic \fz#e-a-loj#k\ or physiological \fz#e-a-loj#-kal\ adj
whereas the laryngopharynx lies below the upper edge of the (1814) 1: characteristic of or conforming to the innate function of a
epiglottis and the openings into the esophagus and larynx tissue or organ 2: pertaining to organic processes or to functions in
phosphate-bonded investment: any casting investment with a binder an organism or in any of its parts 3: the opposite of pathologic
1pick le \pk#al\ n (15c): a solution or bath for preserving or cleaning;
formed from magnesium oxide and mono-ammonium phosphate.
The resulting colloidal multi molecular (NH4MgPO4 6H2O)n co- any of various baths used in cleaning or processing
2pick le \pk#al\ vt pick led \pk#ald\ pick ling \pk#lng\ (1552): to
agulates around MgO and llers. This is combined with silica in the
treat, preserve, or clean in or with an agent
form of quartz, cristobalite or both in a concentration of about 80%.
Upon heating the binder undergoes several changes believed to be pier \pr\ n : an intermediate abutment for a xed dental prosthesis
responsible for increased strength at higher temperatures. pier abutment: see INTERMEDIATE ABUTMENT
JULY 2005 61
pigment porcelain
d
pig ment \pg#mant\ n (14c): nely ground, natural or synthetic, inor- Pleasure curve [Max Pleasure, 1903-1965]: eponym for a curve of oc-
ganic or organic, insoluble dispersed particles (powder), which, clusion which, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a line
when dispersed in a liquid vehicle, may provide, in addition to color, that is convex in the cephalic direction, except when viewed through
many other essential properties such as opacity, hardness, durability, the molar region
and corrosion resistance. The term is used to include an extender, plunger cusp \plun#jer kusp\: a cusp that tends to force food into in-
white or color pigments. The distinction between powders that are terproximal areas
pigments and those that are dyes is generally con-sidered on the po gon ion \pa-gon#yun\ n : the most anterior point on the mandible
basis of solubilitypigments being insoluble and dispersed in the point A \point A\: a bony landmark representing the deepest point of the
material, dyes being soluble or in solution as used premaxillary concavity between the anterior nasal spine and
pin \pn\ n (bef. 12c): a small cylindrical piece of metalsee prosthion as viewed on a lateral cephalometric radiograph
ANTERIOR GUIDE P., CEMENTED P., FRICTION RETAINED point angle \point ang#gal\: in the development of a cavity prepara-tion,
P., SELF-THREADING P., STEINMANNS P. that place of convergence of three planes or surfacescomp LINE
pin hole n : a tooth preparation feature used to provide retention and ANGLE
resistance to displacement. Typically a 2-3 mm hole is prepared in point B: see SUPRAMENTALE
the dentin 1
pol ish \pol#sh\ vb (14c): to make smooth and glossy, usually by fric-
pinledge \pn#lej\ (1998): a partial veneer retainer preparation incor- tion; giving luster; the act or process of making a denture or casting
porating pins holes to provide retention smooth and glossy
pin-retained cast metal core: a cemented cast foundation restoration for 2pol ish \pol#sh\ n (1704): a smooth, glossy surface; having luster polished
an extensively damaged vital tooth retained by cast tapered pins that denture surface \pol#sht den#chur sur#fas\ obs : that portion
are integral with the core. An extracoronal restoration is of the surface of a denture that extends in an occlusal direction from
subsequently placed over the core the border of the denture and includes the palatal surfaces. It is that
pin-retained restoration: a restoration for an extensively damaged vital part of the denture base that is usually polished, and it includes the
tooth that in part relies on threaded or cemented pins placed in the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT-4)
dentin for its retention and resistance form polished layer: see BEILBY LAYER
pivoting condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE pol ish ing \pol#sh-ng\ v, obs 1: to make smooth and glossy, usually
place ment \plas#mant\ v : the process of directing a prosthesis to a de- by friction; to give luster to (GPT-1) 2: obs: the act or process of
sired location; the introduction of prosthesis into a patients making a denture or casting smooth and glossy (GPT-1)
mouthsubstand DELIVERY, INSERTIONcalled also denture polishing agents \pol#sh-ng a#jants\: any material used to impart
placement, prosthesis placement luster to a surface
plane \plan\ n (1570): a at surface dened by three pointssee AXIS polycarboxylate cement: see ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
ORBITAL P., CAMPERS P., CORONAL P., CUSP P., FRANK- CEMENT
FORT HORIZONTAL P., FRONTAL P., HORIZONTAL P., poly eth er \pol#e-e#thar\ adj : an elastomeric impression material of
INCLINED P., MANDIBULAR P., MEDIAN P., OCCLUSAL ethylene oxide and tetra-hydrouro copolymers that polymerizes
P.,SAGITTALP. under the inuence of an aromatic ester
plane motion \plan mo#shun\ 1: motion that is a combination of ro- poly mer \pol#a-mar\ n (1866): a chemical compound consisting of
tation and translation in a given plane. The motion is described by large organic molecules built by repetition of smaller monomeric
instantaneous centers of rotation. When the center of rotation is units
xed, the body is rotating 2: the combined motions of translation polymerization \pa-l#ar--za#shun\ n (1872): the forming of a com-
and rotation of a rigid body within a given plane pound by the joining together of molecules of small molecular
plane of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL PLANE weights into a compound of large molecular weight
plane of reference \plan uv ref#ar-ans\: any plane with dened land- pol ym er ize \pol#a-ma-rz#, pa-lm#a-\ vb : to effect a chemical
marks from which measurements can be madesee HORIZONTAL reaction by joining together individual molecules to form large
PLANE OF REFERENCE molecules made up of many repeated units
plas ter \plas#tar\ n : a paste-like composition (usually of water, lime, poly(methyl methacrylate): a stable, hard transparent resin of marked
and sand) that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceil- clarity with a Knoop hardness number ranging from 18-20, a tensile
ings, and partitionsslang: in dentistry, a colloquial term applied to strength of approximately 60 MPa, a density of 1.19 and a modulus
dental plaster of paris of elasticity of approximately 2.4 GPa
plaster of paris \plas#tar uv par#s\ (15c): a white, powdery, slightly poly som nog raph y \pol#-som-og#ra-fe\ n : the all-night recording of
hydrated calcium sulfate made by calcination of gypsum, used for a variety of physiologic parameters (e g., brain waves, eye move-
making casts and molds when combined with water to form a quick- ments, muscle tonus, respiration, heart rate) as an aid in the diag-
setting paste nosis of sleep related disorders
plaster wash \plas#tar wosh, wosh\ obs : a thin mix of plaster used to poly sul fide \pol#e-sul#fd\ n (1849): an elastomeric impression ma-
improve the accuracy of a preliminary impression (GPT-4) terial of polysulde polymer (mercaptan) that cross-links under the
1plas tic \plas#tk\ adj (1632) 1: capable of being shaped or formed 2:
inuence of oxidizing agents such as lead peroxide
pertaining to the alteration or reformation of living tissues
2plas tic \plas#tk\ n (ca. 1909): any of numerous organic synthetic or poly(vinyl siloxane) \pol#e-v#nal s-loks#an#\ n : an addition reaction
silicone elastomeric impression material of silicone polymers hav-
processed materials that generally are thermoplastic or thermoset- ing terminal vinyl groups that cross-link with silanes on activation
ting polymers, usually of high molecular weight. They can be cast, by a platinum or palladium salt catalyst.
extruded, molded, drawn, or laminated into lms, laments, and
objects pon tic \pon#tk\ n : an articial tooth on a xed dental prosthesis that
replaces a missing natural tooth, restores its function, and usually
plastic base \plas#tk bas\ obs : a denture or record base made of a lls the space previously occupied by the clinical crown
plastic material (GPT-4)
plate n, slang : see PROSTHESIS por cel ain \por#sa-ln, por#-\ n (known in Europe, ca. 1540): a ce-
ramic material formed of infusible elements joined by lower fusing
platinum foil \plat#n-um foil\: a precious-metal foil with a high fusing materials. Most dental porcelains are glasses and are used in the fab-
point that makes it suitable as a matrix for various soldering rication of teeth for dentures, pontics and facings, metal ceramic re-
procedures as well as to provide an internal form for porcelain storations including xed dental prostheses, as well as all-ceramic
restorations during their fabrication
porcelain preload
d
restorations such as crowns, laminate veneers, inlays, onlays, and horizontal axis, which, together with an anterior reference point,
other restorations establish the horizontal reference plane
porcelain fused to metal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC posterior tooth form \po-str#e-ar tooth form\: the distinguishing
RESTORATION contours of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
porcelain jacket crown:see ALL-CERAMIC RESTORATION porcelain postmenopausal atrophy \post-men#a-poz#al at#ra-fe\: atrophy of various
labial margin \por#sa-ln, por#- la#be-al mar#jn\: the exten- tissues, such as oral mucosa, occurring after menopause postpalatal seal
sion of ceramic material to the nish line of the preparation without \post-pal#a-tal sel\: the seal area at the posterior
visible metal substructure in the marginal areasyn PORCELAIN border of a maxillary removable dental prosthesis
BUTT MARGIN postpalatal seal area \post-pal#a-tal sel ar#e-a\: the soft tissue area at or
porcelain laminate veneer: a thin bonded ceramic restoration that re- beyond the junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure,
stores the facial surface and part of the proximal surfaces of teeth within physiologic limits, can be applied by a complete RDP to aid
in its retention
requiring esthetic restoration
postsurgical mandibular prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to
porcelain release agent: any coating to facilitate separation of unred
porcelain from a die optimize intra/extraoral contours to improve speech and deglu-tition
after mandibular or contiguous soft tissue surgery due to tu-mor
porcelain wax technique: application of a mixture of body porcelain and
ablation, or reconstruction of acquired or congenital defects, where
wax (approximately 6:1 ratio by weight) to the die to achieve
mandibular continuity is maintained or reestablished
optimal adaptation of a porcelain labial margin of a metal-ceramic
postsurgical maxillary prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to
restoration
optimize maxillary contours to improve speech and deglutition af-ter
po ros i ty \pa-ros#-te, po-\ n, pl -ties (14c) 1: the presence of voids or a maxillary resection due to a tumor or reconstruction of ac-quired
pores within a structure 2: the state or quality of having minute or congenital defects of the maxilla, where there is no oral-antral or
pores, openings or intersticessee BACK PRESSURE P., oral-nasal communication
OCCLUDED GAS P., SHRINK-SPOT P., SOLIDIFICATION P. postsurgical prosthesis: see DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR, INTERIM
OBTURATOR, POSTSURGICAL MANDIBULAR P.,
positional record \pa-zsh#a-nal rek#ard\: an intraoral or extraoral POSTSURGICAL MAXILLARY P.
registration of a specied mandibular position
post and core crown \post-kor,kor kroun\: a restoration in which the postural contraction \pos#chur-al kan-trak#shun\: that minimal tonic
crown and cast post are one unit muscle activity necessary to resist the forces of gravity and thus
maintain posture; maintenance of muscle tension (usually isomet-
post-ceramic solder: 1. a soldering procedure to join metal-ceramic ric) sufcient to maintain posture, dependent on muscle tone
restorations after nal shaping and glazing of the ceramic veneer.
postural position \pos#chur-al pa-zsh#an\: any mandibular relationship
Also used to join Type III or Type IV gold castings to metal-ceramic occurring during minimal muscle contraction
units. 2. an alloy formulated for post-ceramic soldering pour hole \por, por hol\ obs : an aperture in investment or any other
post dam: see POSTPALATAL SEAL mold material leading to the prosthesis space into which prosthetic
post dam area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA material is poured (GPT-4)
posterior \po-str#e-ar, po-\ adj (1534) 1: situated behind or in back of; pre ceramic solder: 1. a soldering procedure joining framework
caudal 2: in human anatomy, dorsal components of a metal-ceramic prosthesis prior to application of the
posterior bite collapse: see POSTERIOR OVERCLOSURE posterior ceramic veneer 2. an alloy formulated for pre-ceramic soldering
border jaw relation \po-str#e-ar, po- bor#dar jo r-la#shun\ precious metal \presh#as met#l\: a metal containing primarily elements
obs : the most posterior relation of the mandible to the maxillae at of the platinum group, gold, and silver
any specic vertical relation (GPT-4)
precious metal alloy \presh#as met#l al#oi#, a-loi#\: an alloy predomi-
posterior border movement \po-str#e-ar, po- bor#dar moov#mant\: nantly composed of elements considered precious, i.e., gold, the six
movements of the mandible along the posterior limit of the envelope metals of the platinum group (platinum, osmium, iridium, palla-
of motion dium, ruthenium, and rhodium), and silver
posterior border position \po-str#e-ar, po- bor#dar pa-zsh#an\: the precision attachment \pr-szh#un a-tach#mant\ : 1: a retainer consist-
most posterior position of the mandible at any specic vertical
relation ing of a metal receptacle (matrix) and a closely tting part (patrix);
the matrix is usually contained within the normal or expanded con-
posterior determinants of mandibular movement \po-str#e-ar, po- d- tours of the crown on the abutment tooth/dental implant and the
tur#ma-nant uv man#db-u-lar moov#mant\: the temporo- patrix is attached to a pontic or the removable dental prosthesis
mandibular articulations and associated structuressee DETER- framework 2: an interlocking device, one component of which is
MINANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT xed to an abutment or abutments, and the other is integrated into a
posterior determinants of occlusion: see DETERMINANTS OF removable dental prosthesis in order to stabilize and/or retain it
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior open bite slang : see POSTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL precision rest \pr-szh#un rest\: a prefabricated, rigid metallic exten-
RELATIONSHIP sion (patrix) in a xed or removable dental prosthesis that ts inti-
posterior open occlusal relationship \po-str#e-ar o#pan a-kloo#zal r- mately into the box-type rest seat or keyway (matrix) portion of a
la#shun-shp\: lack of posterior tooth contact in any occluding precision attachment in a restoration
position of the anterior teeth preextraction cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
posterior opening movement \po-str#e-ar o#pa-nng moov#mant\ obs preliminary cast \pr-lm#a-ner#e\: a cast formed from a preliminary
: the opening movement of the mandible about the terminal hinge impression for use in diagnosis or the fabrication of an impression
axis (GPT-4) tray
posterior overclosure \po-str#e-ar o#var-klo#zher\: the loss of occlud- preliminary impression \pr-lm#a-ner#e m-presh#an\: a negative
ing vertical dimension as a result of the loss or drifting of posterior likeness made for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment planning, or
teeth the fabrication of a tray
posterior palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL preload: the tension created in a screw, especially the uked thread-ings,
posterior palatal seal area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA posterior when tightened. An engineering term used in dentistry to describe
reference points \po-str#e-ar ref#ar-ans points\: two points, the degree of tightness of a screw, usually in implant dentistry.
located one on each side of the face in the area of the transverse
JULY 2005 63
premature contact prosthesis

d
premature contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT pre ma pro file \pro#fl#\ n (ca. 1656): an outline or contour, especially one
tur i ty n : see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT preoperative representing a side view of a human head
cast \pre-op#ar-a-tv, -op#ra-, -op#a-ra- kast\: a positive profile record \pro#fl rek#ard\: a registration or record of the facial
likeness of a part or parts of the oral cavity for the purpose of diag- prole of a patientsee also EMERGENCE PROFILE
nosis and treatment planningsee DIAGNOSTIC CAST prog nath ic \prog-nath#k, -na#thk\ n : a protruded position of the
preoperative record \pre-op#ar-a-tv, -op#ra-, -op#a-ra- rek#ard\ obs : mandible in relation to the maxillaecalled also caput progeneum,
any record made for the purpose of study or treatment planning exognathia, progenia, and prognathia
(GPT-4) prog na thism \prog-na-thz#um\ n (ca. 1864): an overgrowth of the
preoperative wax-up: a dental diagnostic procedure in which planned mandible in an anteroposterior direction; a protrusion of the man-
restorations are developed in wax on a diagnostic cast to determine dible in relation to the maxillae
optimal clinical and laboratory procedures necessary to achieve the prog no sis \prog-no#ss\ n (1655): a forecast as to the probable result of
desired esthetics and functioncalled also diagnostic wax-up, a disease or a course of therapy
preoperative waxing progressive loading \pra-gres#v lo#dng\ (1998): the gradual increase
preprosthetic surgery \pre-pros-thet#k sur#ja-re\: surgical procedures in the application of force on a dental implant whether intentionally
designed to facilitate fabrication of a prosthesis or to improve the done with a dental prosthesis or unintentionally via forces placed by
prognosis of prosthodontic care adjacent anatomic structures or parafunctional loading
pressure area \presh#ar\: a region of mucosa that is being subjected to progressive mandibular lateral translation \pra-gres#v man-db# ya-lar
excessive pressure from a dental prosthesis
lat#ar-al trans-la#shun\ 1: the translatory portion of mandibular
pressure indicating paste \presh#ar n#d-ka-tng past\: any substance movement when viewed in a specied body plane 2: the translatory
applied to a dental prosthesis, which, when seated on a structure, portion of mandibular movement as viewed in a specic body plane
demonstrates the adaptation of the prosthesis to the structure it that occurs at a rate or amount that is directly proportional to the
opposes forward movement of the nonworking condylesee
pressure relief \presh#ar r-lef#\ obs : alteration of the denture-bearing MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
surface of a denture to reduce force on the underlying tissues (GPT- progressive side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION projected
4) pain \pra-jek#td pan\: heterotopic pain felt in the anatomi-
pressure welding \presh#ar wel#dng\: bonding of two metals together cal peripheral distribution of the same nerve that mediates the pri-
by sufciently large force applied perpendicular to the surface. Such mary pain
force must be of magnitude to produce permanent distortions that proportional limit \pra-por#sha-nal lm#t\: that unit of stresses be-
expose a lm-free metal contact yond which deformation is no longer proportional to the applied
pretreatment records \pre-tret#mant rek#ardz\: any records made for the load
purpose of diagnosis, recording of the patient history, or treat-ment proprioception \pro#pre-o-sep#shun\ n (1906): the reception of stim-
planning in advance of therapy ulation of sensory nerve terminals within the tissues of the body that
primary colors \pr#mer#e, -ma-re kul#erz\: three basic colors used to give information concerning movements and the position of the
make most other colors by mixture, either additive mixture of lights body; perception mediated by proprioceptors
or subtractive mixture of colorants
pros the sis \pros-the#ss\ n, pl ses (1900) 1: an articial replacement
primary colors (additive) \pr#mer#e, -ma-re kul#erz ad#-tv\: three of an absent part of the human body 2: a therapeutic device to im-
colored lights from which all other colors can be matched by addi- prove or alter function 3: a device used to aid in accomplishing a
tive mixture. The three must be selected so that no one of them can
desired surgical result Editorial note: The taxonomy of the word
be matched by mixture of the other two. Generally, red, green, and
blue are used. Additive primaries are the complements of the prostheses is as complex as are the varieties of items made by
subtractive primaries humans for any utilitarian purpose. While classication of botanical
or zoo-logical species can be relatively precise due to the common
primary colors (subtractive) \pr#mer#e, -ma-re kul#erz sab-trak#tv\: nature of genetic derivation (including descriptions of genetic altera-
colors of three colorants or colored materials which, when mixed
tions), such is not the case with respect to many things made by hu-
together subtract from one another, resulting in black or a very dark
neutral color. Subtractive primaries are generally cyan, magenta, and mans. One has only to think about the range of forms used in the
yellow course of human history classied as items of transportation
to be convinced of the complexity and frequently transient nature of
primary dentition \pr#mer#e den-tsh#an\: the teeth that erupt rst and
are normally shed and replaced by permanent (succedaneous) such a mode as the automobile! With respect to dentistry, the noun
teethsyn DECIDUOUS DENTITION prosthesis generally is described rst by a type adjective (dental,
primary hyperalgesia \pr#mer#e h#par-al-ge#zha\: stimulation evoked maxillofacial or ancillary) (Figs. 1-4) and frequently second by use
primary pain due to lowered pain threshold of one or more additional adjectives (termed modifiers) to clarify
primary impression: see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION such matters as anatomic location, form, materials, means of reten-
primary occlusal trauma \pr#mer#e a-kloo#al trou#ma\: the effects tion, support, time of usage, or other items. Using coordinate ad-
induced by abnormal or excessive occlusal forces acting on teeth jectives (two or more adjectives separated by a comma, instead of by
with normal periodontal support coordinating conjunctions) to assist in further description of the
primary pain \pr#mer#e pan\: pain that identies the true source of prosthesis is helpful but should generally be limited to three or at
nociceptive input most four for convenience in maintaining understanding of the noun
pro cess \pros#es, pro#ses#\ n, pl pro ces ses (14c) 1: in anatomy, a prosthesis. Frequently, an adjective clause ,descriptor. can be used
prominence or projection of bone 2a: in dentistry, any technical following the word prosthesis to help clarify such issues as the
procedure that incorporates a number of steps 2b: the procedure of nature of the support [i.e. tooth number(s), dental implant
bringing about polymerization of dental resins for prostheses or number(s)] available for the prosthesis. A descriptor is something (a
basessee DENTURE PROCESSING word, phrase or characteristic feature) that serves to identify or
processed denture base \pro#sesd den#chur bas\: that portion of a po- describe; especially a word or phrase (as an index term) used to
lymerized dental prosthesis covering the oral mucosa of the identify an item in an information retrieval system. Use of acronyms
maxillary and/or mandible to which articial teeth will be attached to describe a prosthesis is to be discouraged since such descriptors
by means of a second processing do not transfer between languages and thus can be easily
process jig: see ANALOG misunderstood.
prosthesis prosthodontic diagnostic index

d
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 2 hybrid prosthesis

hybrid denture prosthesis
{modier} (type) prosthesis ,descriptor. interim plate
coordinate adjective(s) noun adjective clause see also DEFINITIVE P., DENTAL P., INTERIM P., MAXILLOFACIAL P.,
PROVISIONAL P., SUPPLEMENTARY P., and SURGICAL P.
Modifier: {anatomic location} i.e. maxillary, mandibular, inferior,
superior prosthesis placement: see PLACEMENT
{form} i.e. complete, partial, splint, stent, carrier, bar, ovoid, round prosthesis placement: see PLACEMENT
{material} i.e. ceramic, metal, resin pros thet ic \pros-thet#k\ adj, pros thet i cal ly \pros-thet#-ka-le\ adv
{retention} i.e. cement, screw, friction, tissue, xed, removable (ca. 1890): relating to a prosthesis or prosthetics
{support} i.e. tooth, implant, tissue prosthetic dentistry: see PROSTHODONTICS
{time} i.e. surgical, temporary, interim, denitive prosthetic restoration \pros-thet#k\ obs : an articial replacement for an
{other} i.e. soft, zirconium absent part of the human body (GPT-4)
prosthetic speech aid: see ADULT SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS,
Type: (dental, maxillofacial, ancillary) PEDIATRIC SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
pros thet ics \pros-thet#ks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr (ca. 1894): the
Descriptor: ,support. tissue borne, implant borne, tooth/implant borne art and science of supplying articial replacements for missing parts
of the human bodysee also MAXILLOFACIAL P.
pros the tist \pros#th-tst\ n : a person involved in the construction of
Examples.. an articial replacement for any part of the human body
dental prosthesis pros tho don tia n : see PROSTHODONTICS
maxillary, removable, partial, dental prosthesis prosthodontic diagnostic index [American College of Prosthodontists ,
surgical, obturator, maxillofacial prosthesis
(2004)]: a clinical diagnostic index classica-tion for 1) the
mandibular, xed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implants # 28,
edentulous patient, 2) the partially edentulous pa-tient, and 3) the
30 and 31
completely dentate patient. (see Appendix B, C and D) The
cemented, xed, partial, dental prosthesis on teeth # 12 and 14
classications use specic diagnostic criteria to delin-eate treatment
cemented, xed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implant #12 and
tooth #14
complexity into four classes: Class I (ideal or mini-mally
ceramic, xed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implants #3 and 5
compromised), Class II (moderately compromised), Class III
(substantially compromised) or Class IV (severely compromised)
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH.
To be avoided examples...
Classication system for complete edentulism. The American College of
rigid, interim, mandibular, removable, partial, dental prosthesis re-
Prosthodontics. J Prosthodont. 1999 Mar;8(1):27-39.
placing teeth #23-30
JULY 2005 65
prosthodontic diagnostic index quick-cure resin d
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH, prox i mal \prok#sa-mal\ adj (1727) 1: situated close to 2: next to or
Arbree NS. Classication system for partial edentulism. J Prosthodont. 2002 nearest the point of attachment or origin, a central point especially,
Sep;11(3):181-93. located toward the center of a bodycomp DISTAL prox i mal ly
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH, adj
Guichet GN; American College of Prosthodontics. Classication system for proximal contact: see INTERPROXIMAL CONTACT pseudoisochromatic
the completely dentate patient. J Prosthodont. 2004 Jun;13(2):73-82. color tests \soo#do-#sa-kro-mat#k ku#lar tests\:
pros tho don tics \pros#tha-don#tks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr tests for detecting color vision deciency. The charts are made up of
(1947): prosthodontics is the dental specialty pertaining to the di- colored spots that yield a legible pattern (number, letter, gure, etc.,)
agnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the for a normal observer but yield no legible pattern for observers with
oral function, comfort, appearance and health of patients with clin- anomalous types of color vision
ical conditions associated with missing or decient teeth and/or psy cho phys i cal \s#ko-fz#-kal\ adj (1847): used to describe the
maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutessee FIXED sector of color science that deals with the relationship between
PROSTHODONTICS, IMPLANT PROSTHODONTICS, physical description or specication of stimuli and the sensory
MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETICS, REMOVABLE perception arising from them
PROSTHODONTICS psychophysical color \s#ko-fz#-kal ku#lar\: a specication of color
stimulus in terms of operationally dened values, such as three tri-
pros tho don tist \pros#tha-don-tst\ n (1917) 1: a specialist in pros- stimulus values
thodontics 2: a dentist who has successfully completed an advanced
education program in prosthodontics that is accredited by the ap- psychosomatic dentistry \s#ka-so-mat#k den#t-stre\ 1: dentistry that
propriate accrediting body. In the United States, that body is the concerns itself with the mind-body relationship 2: dentistry that
Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental acknowledges a relationship between the psychic and normal
physiological functions
Associationsee BOARD-CERTIFIED P., BOARD-ELIGIBLE P.,
pterygoid notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH pterygoid
EDUCATIONALLY QUALIFIED P.
plates \ter#-goid# platz\: broad, thin, wing-shaped pro-
pro ta no pia \pro#ta-no#pe-a\: a form of dichromatism in which red and
blue-green stimuli are confused cesses of the spheroid bone separated by the pterygoid fossa. The
inferior end of the medial plate terminates in a long curved process
protanomalous vision \pro#ta-nom#a-lus vzh#un\: a form of color or hook for the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle. The lateral
decient vision in which the ability to perceive blue and yellow is plate gives attachment to the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
retained. Hue discrimination is poor in the red to green region of the
spectrum pterygomaxillary notch \ter#-ga-mak#sa-ler#e noch\: the palpable
pro tru sion \pro-troo#zhan\ n (1646): a position of the mandible an- notch formed by the junction of the maxilla and the pterygoid
hamulus of the sphenoid bone
terior to centric relationsee LATEROPROTRUSION
pro tru sive \pro-troo#sv, -zv\ adj, pro tru sive ly \pro-troo#sv-le\ adv, pulp \pulp\ n : the richly vascularized connective tissue of mesodermal
origin with much innervation contained in the central cavity of the
pro tru sive ness \pro-troo#sv-nes\ n (1676): thrusting for-ward; tooth
adjective denoting protrusion
protrusive checkbite: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL pulp capping \pulp kap#ng\: application of a material to protect the
RECORD pulp from external inuences and promote healing, done either di-
rectly or indirectly
protrusive condyle path \pro-troo#sv kon#dl#, -dl path\: the path the
condyle travels when the mandible is moved forward from its initial pulpectomy \pulp-ek#to-me\ n : the complete removal of the dental pulp
position pulpitis \pul#p-ts\ n: inammation of the dental pulp
protrusive deflection \pro-troo#sv d-ek#shun\: a continuing eccen- pulpotomy \pul-pa-ta#me\ n : surgical amputation of the coronal por-
tric displacement of the midline incisal path on protrusion, symp- tion of the dental pulp
tomatic of a restriction of movement 1pum ice \pum#s\ n (15th cent.) 1: a type of volcanic glass used as an
protrusive deviation \pro-troo#sv de#ve-a#shun\: discursive movement abrasive. It is prepared in various grits and used for nishing and
on protrusion that ends in the centered position and is indicative of polishing 2: a polishing agent, in powdered form, used for natural
interference during movement teeth and xed and removable restorations
protrusive jaw relation \pro-troo#sv jo r-la#shun\ obs : a jaw relation 2pum ice \pum#s\ vt pum iced \pum#isd\ pum ic ing \pum#-sng\
resulting from a protrusion of the mandible (GPT-4) (15th cent.): to nish or dress with pumice
protrusive interocclusal record \pro-troo#sv n#tar-a-kloo#zal rek#ard\: pyramidal fracture \pr#a-md frak#chur\: a fracture of the midfacial
a registration of the mandible in relation to the maxillae when both bones, with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex in the area
condyles are advanced in the temporal fossa of the nasioncalled also Le Fort II fracture
protrusive movement: mandibular movement anterior to centric relation.
Q
protrusive occlusion \pro-troo#sv a-kloo#zhun\ obs : an occlusion of
the teeth when the mandible is protruded (GPT-4) Q.D.: acronym for L. Qadque Die, every day
Q.H.: acronym for L. Quaque Hora, every hour
protrusive record: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
Q.I.D.: acronym for L. Quater In Die, four times a day
Q.L.: acronym for L. Quantum Libet, as much as desired
protrusive relation \pro-troo#sv r-la#shun\ obs: the relation of the Q.Q.H.: acronym for L. Quaque Quarta Hora, every 4 hours quadrant
mandible to the maxillae when the mandible is thrust forward (GPT- \kwod#rant\ n (15c) 1: any of the four quarters into which
4)
something is divided by two real or imaginary lines that intersect
provisional cementation: cementation of an interim or denitive
each other at right angles 2: in dentistry, one of the four sections of
restoration with a luting agent with weak retentive properties to
the dental arches, divided at the midline see also SEXTANT,
facilitate the planned future removal of the restoration
OCTANT
provisional denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
quartz \kworts\ n (ca. 1631): an allotropic form of silica; the mineral
provisional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS SiO2 consisting of hexagonal crystals of colorless, transparent
silicon dioxide
provisional splint \pra-vzh#a-nal splnt\: an interim device to stabilize quick-cure resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
teeth during diagnosis or therapysyn INTERIM SPLINT
RAD refractory
d
R ra phe \ra#fe\ n (1753) 1: line of union of symmetrical parts 2: a -brous

RAD: acronym for Radiation Absorbed Dose, a unit of measurement of band or bands where paired muscles meet
the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. The biologic effect of one re at tach ment \re-a-tach#mant\ n : in periodontics, the reunion of
rad varies with the type of radiation tissue is exposed tosee also epithelial and connective tissues with root surfaces and bone such as
GRAY occurs after incision or injury
radiation \ra#de-a#shun\ n (1570): the emission of electromagnetic re base \re-bas#\ n : the laboratory process of replacing the entire den-
waves, such as light, short wave, radio, ultraviolet, or x-rays, or par- ture base material on an existing prosthesis
ticulate rays such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays receptor sites \r-sep#tar stz\: specic sites at which molecular binding
occurs that results in specic biologic responses
radiation carrier \ra#de-a#shun kar#e-ar\: an ancillary prosthesis used to
administer radiation to conned areas by means of capsules, beads recipient site \r-sp#e-ant st\: the site into which a graft or transplant
material is placed
or needles of radiation emitting materials such as radium or cesium.
Its function is to hold the radiation source securely in the same re cip ro cal \r-sp#ra-kal\ adj, obs : the manner in which one part of a
location during the entire period of treatment. Radiation oncologists prosthesis is made to counter the effect created by another part
occasionally request these devices to achieve a close approximation (GPT-1)
and controlled application of radiation to a tumor deemed amiable to reciprocal arm: see RECIPROCAL CLASP
eradicationsyn CARRIER PROSTHESIS, INTRACAVITY reciprocal clasp \r-sp#ra-kal klasp\: a component of the clasp assem-
APPLICATOR, INTRACAVITY CARRIER, RADIATION bly specically designed to provide reciprocation by engaging a re-
APPLICATOR, RADIUM CARRIER, RADIOTHERAPY ciprocal guiding plane; it contacts the action of the clasp during
PROSTHESIS removal and insertion of a partial removable dental prosthesis
radiation cone locator \ra#de-a#shun kon lo#katar\: an ancillary pros- reciprocal click \r-sp#ra-kal klk\: clicks emanating from the tempo-
thesis used to direct and reduplicate the path of radiation to an oral romandibular joint, one of which occurs during opening move-ment
tumor during a split course of irradiationsyn CONE LOCATOR, and the other during closing movement
DOCKING DEVICE re cip ro ca tion \r-sp#ra-ka#shun\ n (1561) 1: the mechanism by
radiation shield \ra#de-a#shun sheld\: a intraoral ancillary prosthesis which lateral forces generated by a retentive clasp passing over a
designed to shield adjacent tissues from radiation during orthovol- height of contour are counterbalanced by a reciprocal clasp passing
tage treatment of malignant lesions of the head and neck region along a reciprocal guiding plane 2: a mutual exchange 3: an alter-
syn LEAD SHIELD, RADIATION STENT, TONGUE nating motionre cip ro ca tive \r-sp#ra-ka#tv\ adj
PROTECTOR 1re cord \r-kord\ vb (14c) 1: to register data relating to specic con-
radiation shield/positioner \ra#de-a#shun sheld/pa-zsh#nar\: a cus-tom ditions that exist currently or previously 2: to register permanently
made ancillary prosthesis to direct, align, and protect adjacent by mechanical means, i.e., jaw relationshipssee CENTRIC
tissues during irradiation. The shield/positioner will prevent radi- RELATION R., ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL R.,
ation damage to tissues that are unaffected by a tumor INTEROCCLUSAL R., OCCLUDING JAW R., TERMINAL JAW
radiation source device \ra#de-a#shun sors, sors d-vs#\: custom made RELATION R.
ancillary prosthesis to align a radiation source to a specic anatomic 2re cord \r-kord\ n (14c) 1: an ofcial document 2: a body of known or
site recorded facts about someone or something
radiation source prosthesis: a custom made ancillary prosthesis to align record base \rek#ard bas\: an interim denture base used to support the
a radiation source to a specic anatomic site. This prosthesis is used record rim material for recording maxillomandibular records
to carry or direct a radiation source to a tumor site
record rim \rek#ard rm\: the occlusal surfaces fabricated on a record
radiation stent: see RADIATION SHIELD
base for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relationship re-
rad i cle \rad#-kal\ n (1671): the lower part of the axis of an object rad ic u lar \ra-d- cords and/or arranging teethcalled also occlusion rim
kyoo#lar\ adj (1830): pertaining to the root of a
tooth reduced interarch distance \r-doosd# n#tar-arch\: an occluding ver-
ra di o gram n: see RADIOGRAPH tical dimension that results in an excessive interocclusal distance
1ra di o graph \ra#de-o-graf#\ n (1880): an image produced on any
when the mandible is in rest position and in a reduced interridge
distance when the teeth are in contactcalled also overclosure
sensitive surface by means of electromagnetic radiation other than
light; a x-ray photograph re duc tion \r-duk#shun\ n (1546): the correction of a fracture or dis-
2ra di o graph \ra#de-o-graf#\ vt (1896): to make a radiograph of ra di o location; the restoration by surgical or manipulative procedures of a
part to its normal anatomic location
lu cent \ra#de-o-loo#sant\: permitting the passage of radiant
energy with relatively little attenuation by absorption ra di o paque reference plane locator \ref#ar-ans, ref#rans plan lo#ka#tar\: a device
\ra#de-o-pak#\ (1917): a structure that strongly inhibits used to facilitate location of the horizontal reference plane on the
face of a patient
the passage of radiant energy
re flec tance \r-ek#tans\ n (1926): the ratio of the intensity of re-
ramus endosteal implant \ra#mas en-dos#te-al m-plant#\: an endos-teal
ected radiant ux to that of the incident ux. In popular usage, it is
dental implant that is attached, in part, to the ramus of the mandible
considered as the ratio of the intensity of reected radiant ux to that
reected from a dened reference standard. Specular re-ection is
ramus frame endosteal implant \ra#mas fram en-dos#te-al m-plant#\: a
the angle of reection equal to the angle of incidence. Surface
dental implant design that consists of a horizontal intraoral supra-
reection is associated with objects having optically smooth
gingival abutment in the form of a bar and endosteal implant body
surfaces. These objects are usually termed glossy
segments that are placed into the rami and symphysis areas as one
section (implants fabricated from one piece of metal), or two sec- re flec tion \r-ek#shun\ (14c) n 1: the elevation and folding back of all
tions (implants of anterior and horizontal segments that are con- or part of the mucosa to expose underlying structures 2: the re-turn
nected at the time of placement), or ve sections (an implant of light or sound waves from a surface
consisting of ve sections in which the endosteal implant body seg- re frac tion \r-frak#shun\ n (1603): the deection of light or energy
ments are independently placed and connected with tted parts) waves from a straight path that occurs when passing obliquely from
one medium into another in which its velocity is different
range of motion \ranj uv mo#shun\: the range, measured in degrees of a
circle, through which a joint can be extended or exed. The range of re frac tory \r-frak#ta-re\ adj (1606): difcult to fuse or corrode; ca-
the opening, lateral, and protrusive excursions of the temporo- pable of enduring high temperatures
mandibular joint
JULY 2005 67
refractory cast resin-bonded prosthesis

d
refractory cast \r-frak#ta-re kast\: a cast made of a material that will partial removable dental prostheses retained by clasps or/and other
withstand high temperatures without disintegratingcalled also connector devices to natural teeth or/and dental implants
investment cast removable die system: a segmented nal cast system that permits ac-
refractory die: any die material that is capable of enduring the high curate removal and replacement of dies of individually prepared
temperatures that occur during ring or casting procedures. The die teeth
is an integral part of the mold; the restoration is directly cast, removable partial denture prosthesis \r-moo#va-bal par#shal den#
molded or red onto the refractory die chur\: any prosthesis that replaces some teeth in a partially dentate
refractory flask: see CASTING FLASK arch. It can be removed from the mouth and replaced at will also
refractory investment \r-frak#ta-re n-vest#mant\: an investment ma- called partial removable dental prosthesis
terial that can withstand the high temperatures used in soldering or removable prosthodontics \r-moo#va-bal pros-tha-don#tks\: the
casting branch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement of teeth
refractory mold \r-frak#ta-re mold\: a refractory cavity into which a and contiguous structures for edentulous or partially edentulous
substance is shaped or cast patients by articial substitutes that are readily removable from the
refractory prosthodontic patient: a patient unable to achieve treat-ment mouth
expectations despite the thoroughness or frequency of the treatment rep li ca \rep#l-ka\ n (1852) 1: a reproduction or facsimile, especially
provided by the makers, of an original 2: a copy or duplicate, i.e., a duplicate
re gen er a tion \r-jen#a-ra#shun\ n (14c): renewal or restoration of a of the surface of a component of a dental implant used to process a
body or bodily part after injury or as a normal processsee restoration
GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION re po si tion ing \re-pa-zsh#a-nng\ adj : the changing of any relative
reg is tra tion \rej#-stra#shun\ n (1566) l: the making of a record of the position of the mandible to the maxillae, usually altering the occlu-
jaw relationships present, or those desired, thus allowing their sion of the natural or articial teeth
transfer to an articulator to assist in proper fabrication of a dental repositioning splint \re-pa-zsh#a-nng splnt\ n : an intraoral maxillo-
prosthesis 2: a record made of the desired maxillomandibular rela- facial prosthesis constructed to temporarily or permanently alter the
tionship and used to relate casts to an articulatorsee MAXILLO- relative position of the mandible to the maxillae
MANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD residual bone \r-zj#oo-al bon\: that component of maxillary or man-
re im plan ta tion \re-m-plan-ta#shun\ n : the act of replacing a tooth in dibular bone that remains after the teeth are lost
the same alveolar socket from which it had been removed, either residual ridge \r-zj#oo-al rj\: the portion of the residual bone and its
surgically or as a result of trauma soft tissue covering that remains after the removal of teeth
re lief \r-lef#\ adj : the reduction or elimination of undesirable pres-sure residual ridge crest \r-zj#oo-al rj krest\: the most coronal portion of
or force from a specic region under a denture base. The cre-ation of the residual ridge
space in an impression tray for impression material residual ridge resorption \r-zj#oo-al rj re-sorb#shun, -zorb#-\: a
relief area \r-lef# ar#e-a\: that portion of the dental prosthesis that is term used for the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual
reduced to eliminate excessive pressure ridge after teeth are removed
relief chamber: see RELIEF AREA Ortman HR. Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge. J PROSTHET
DENT 1962;12:429-40.
re line \re-ln#\ vt (1851): the procedures used to resurface the tissue
side of a removable dental prosthesis with new base material, thus Atwood DA. Some clinical factors related to rate of resorption of residual
producing an accurate adaptation to the denture foundation ridges. J PROSTHET DENT 1962;12:441-50.
areacomp REBASE re sil ient \r-zl#yant\ adj (1674): characterized or noted by resil-ience,
re mod el \re-mod#l\ vt : the morphologic change in bone as an adap- as a) capable of withstanding shock without permanent de-formation
tive response to altered environmental demands. The bone will or rupture or b) tending to recover from or easily adjust to change
progressively remodel where there is a proliferation of tissue and re- syn ELASTICre sil ient ly adv
gressive remodeling when osteoclastic resorption is evident
resilient attachment \r-zl#yant a-tach#mant\ (1998): an attachment
remount cast \re-mount#\: a cast formed of a prosthesis for the pur-pose designed to give a tooth borne/soft tissue borne removable dental
of mounting the prosthesis on an articulator prosthesis sufcient mechanical exion to withstand the variations in
remount procedure \re-mount# pra-se#jur\: any method used to relate seating of the prosthesis due to deformations of the mucosa and
restorations to an articulator for analysis and/or to assist in devel- underlying tissues without placing excessive stress on the abut-
opment of a plan for occlusal equilibration or reshaping ments
remount record index \re-mount# rek#ard n#deks#\: a record of max- res in \rez#n\ n (14c) 1: any of various solid or semisolid amorphous
illary structures afxed to the mandibular member of an articulator natural organic substances that usually are transparent or translu-
useful in facilitating subsequent transfers cent and brown to yellow; usually formed in plant secretions; are
removable appliance: see REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS soluble in organic solvents but not water; are used chiey in var-
removable bridge: see REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS nishes, inks, plastics, and medicine; and are found in many dental
removable complete denture prosthesis: a removable dental prosthe- impression materials 2: a broad term used to describe natural or
sis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the synthetic substances that form plastic materials after polymeriza-
maxillae or mandible tion. They are named according to their chemical composition,
physical structure, and means for activation of polymerizationsee
removable dental prosthesis \r-moo#va-bal pros-the#ss\: 1: any den-tal
AUTOPOLYMERIZING R., COPOLYMER R.
prosthesis that replaces some or all teeth in a partially dentate arch
(partial removable dental prostheses) or edentate arch (complete resin-bonded prosthesis \rez#n-bon#dd pros-the#ss\: a xed dental
removable dental prostheses). It can be removed from the mouth and prosthesis that is luted to tooth structures, primarily enamel, which
replaced at will, 2: any dental prosthesis that can be readily inserted and has been etched to provide mechanical retention for the resin ce-
removed by the patient. The means of retention for such pros-theses ment. Early design incorporated perforations on the lingual plate
include tissue retained RDP, tooth retained RDP, implant re-tained RDP (Rochette Bridge) through which the resin bonded material passed to
or tooth and implant retained RDP. Editorial Note: examples of tissue achieve a mechanical lock; subsequently, use of acid etching of the
retained removable dental prostheses include com-plete removable dental metal plate (Maryland Bridge) eliminated the need for perfora-tions.
prostheses, interim prostheses and provisional prostheses devoid of any
attachment to natural teeth; tooth retained partial removable dental Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth J
prostheses include interim and definitive Pros Dent 1973; 30: 418-423.
resin-bonded prosthesis Richmond crown d
Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP.: Etched castings: an improved retentive

retentive fulcrum line \r-ten#tv ful#krum ln\ 1: an imaginary line
mechanism for resin-bonded retainers J Pros Dent 1982; 47-52 resin-bonded
connecting the retentive points of clasp arms on retaining teeth ad-
splint \rez#n bon#dd splnt\: a xed splint made of
jacent to mucosa-borne denture bases 2: an imaginary line, con-
heavy wire, brous resin materials or/and cast metal that is bonded necting the retentive points of clasp arms, around which the
to the labial or lingual surface of natural teeth with an acid etch removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate when subjected to dis-
technique. It is used to stabilize traumatically displaced or perio- lodging forces
dontal compromised teeth
retinal fovea \ret#n-al fo#ve-a\: a small ellipse-shaped depression in the
resin crown \rez#n kroun\: a resin restoration that restores a clinical central region of the retina somewhat less than a degree of visual an-
crown without a metal substructure gle in maximum diameter and characterized by the sharpest cone
resin-modified glass ionomer: a modied glass ionomer cement that vision. The fovea centralis is the normal center for visual xation
incorporates polymerizing monomer and a cross-linking agent; this and attention
type of cement has a longer working time and is less sensitive to wa-
retrodiscal tissue \ret#ro-ds#kal tsh#oo\: a mass of loose, highly vas-
ter contamination than conventional glass ionomer cements; also
cular and highly innervated, connective tissue attached to the pos-
called hybrid ionomer cement
terior edge of the articular disk and extending to and lling the loose
resin-retained prosthesis: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS resin- folds of the posterior capsule of the temporomandibular joint
veneered restoration: a xed restoration that uses a metal called also bilaminar zone
framework on which an esthetic resin veneer is applied resistance ret ro gnath ic \ret#ro-na#thk\ n : a retruded position of the mandi-ble
form \r-zs#tans form\: the features of a tooth preparation in relation to the maxillae
that enhance the stability of a restoration and resist dislodgment
retromolar pad \ret#ra-mo#lar pad\: a mass of tissue comprised of non-
along an axis other than the path of placement
keratinized mucosa located posterior to the retromolar papilla and
resorption \re-sorp#shun, zorp#-\ n (1818): the loss of tissue sub- overlying loose glandular connective tissue. This freely movable
stance by physiologic or pathologic processessee ALVEOLAR area should be differentiated from the pear-shaped pad
RESORPTION
retromylohyoid area \ret#ro-m#lo-yoid ar-e-a\ obs : that area in the al-
rest \rest\ n (15c): a projection or attachment, usually on the side of an veolingual sulcus just lingual to the retromolar pad that extends down to
objectsee CINGULUM R., INCISAL R., LINGUAL R., the oor of the mouth and back to the retromylohyoid curtain. It is
OCCLUSAL R., PARTIAL DENTURE R., PRECISION R., bounded anteriorly by the lingual tuberosity (GPT-4) retromylohyoid
SEMIPRECISION R.
space \ret#ro-m#lo-yoid spas\: an anatomic area in the alveololingual
rest area: see REST SEAT
sulcus just lingual to the retromolar pad bounded anteriorly by the
rest bite: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION mylohyoid ridge, posteriorly by the ret-romylohyoid curtain, inferiorly
rest jaw relation \rest jo r-la#shun\ obs : the habitual postural jaw rela- by the oor of the alveololingual sulcus, and lingually by the anterior
tion when the patient is resting comfortably in an upright position tonsillary pillar when the
and the condyles are in a neutral, unstrained position in the glenoid tongue is in a relaxed position
fossae (GPT-4)
retruded contact \r-troo#dd kon#takt\: contact of a tooth or teeth along
rest occlusion: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION rest the retruded path of closure. Initial contact of a tooth or teeth during
position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION rest closure around a transverse horizontal axis
relation: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
retruded contact position \r-troo#dd kon#takt pa-zsh#an\: that guided
rest seat \rest set\: the prepared recess in a tooth or restoration created to occlusal relationship occurring at the most retruded posi-tion of the
receive the occlusal, incisal, cingulum, or lingual rest condyles in the joint cavities. A position that may be more retruded
rest vertical dimension \rest vur#t-kal d-men#shun\: the distance be- than the centric relation position
tween two selected points (one of which is on the middle of the face re tru sion \r-troo#shun\ vb : movement toward the posterior re tru sive \r-
or nose and the other of which is on the lower face or chin) mea- troo#sv\ adj : denotes a posterior location
sured when the mandible is in the physiologic rest position
reverse articulation \r-vurs# ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: an occlusal relation-
res to ra tion \res#ta-ra#shun\ n (1660): a broad term applied to any ship in which the mandibular teeth are located facial to the oppos-
material or prosthesis that restores or replaces lost tooth structure, ing maxillary teeth; the maxillary buccal cusps are positioned in the
teeth, or oral tissues central fossae of the mandibular teeth
re tain er \r-ta#nar\ n (1540): any type of device used for the stabili- reverse articulation teeth \r-vurs# ar-tk#ya-la#shun teth\: posterior
zation or retention of a prosthesissee DIRECT R., FIXED teeth designed to accommodate the buccal cusps of the maxillary
PARTIAL DENTURE R., INDIRECT R.
teeth positioned in the fossae of the mandibular teeth
re ten tion \r-ten#shun\ n (15c): that quality inherent in the dental reverse curve \r-vurs# kurv\: a curve of occlusion dened by the cusp
prosthesis acting to resist the forces of dislodgment along the path of
placement see DIRECT R., INDIRECT R. tips and incisal edges which, when viewed in the sagittal plane, is
curved upward or in a cephalic mannercomp CURVE OF SPEE
retention arm \r-ten#shun arm\: an extension that is part of a partial reverse occlusal curve: see REVERSE CURVE
removable dental prosthesis and is used to aid in the xation of the reverse swallow: see TONGUE THRUSTING
prosthesis; a part of a clasp
reversible hydrocolloid \r-vur#sa-bal h#dra-kol#oid#\: colloidal gels
retention form \r-ten#shun form\: the feature of a tooth preparation that
in which the gelation is brought about by cooling and can be re-
resists dislodgment of a crown in a vertical direction or along the
path of placement turned to the sol condition when the temperature is sufciently
increased
retention of the denture \r-ten#shun uv the den#chur\ obs : the resis-
tance of a denture to dislodgment (GPT-4) reversible splint \r-vur#sa-bal splnt\: any means of stabilizing teeth
that does not irreversibly alter the structure of the teeth
retentive arm: see RETENTIVE CLASP
Richmond crown [C.M. Richmond, U.S. dentist (1835-1902)] obs 1: a
retentive circumferential clasp \r-ten#tv sur-kum#fa-ren#shal klasp\: dowel-retained crown made for an endodontically treated tooth
a circumferential clasp arm that is exible and engages the infra-
bulge area of the abutment tooth at the terminal end of the arm using a porcelain facing 2: an articial crown consisting of a metal
base that ts the prepared abutment of the natural tooth and carries a
retentive clasp \r-ten#tv klasp\ 1: a clasp specically designed to pro-
post or pivot for insertion into the endodontically treated root canal:
vide retention by engaging an undercut 2: a exible segment of a
partial removable dental prosthesis that engages an undercut on an a porcelain facing reinforces the metal backingcalled also
abutment and that is designed to retain the prosthesis porcelain-faced dowel crown
JULY 2005 69
Richmond crown scallop d
Richmond CM. New method of attaching gold crowns to natural roots of

root \root, root\ n (bef. 12c): the portion of the tooth apical to the ce-
teeth. Am J Dent Sci 1878-79;12:425. mentoenamel junction that is normally covered by cementum and is
ridge \rj\ n (bef. 12c): an elevated body part; a long, narrow, raised attached to the periodontal ligament and hence to the supporting
crestsee ALVEOLAR R., CENTER OF THE R., CREST OF THE bone
R., RESIDUAL R. root form endosteal dental implant \root form n-dos#te-al den#tl
ridge augmentation \rj og#men-ta#shun\: any procedure designed to m#plant\: an endosteal dental implant shaped in the approximate form of
enlarge or increase the size, extent, or quality of deformed residual a tooth root
ridge root fracture \root frak#chur\: a microscopic or macroscopic cleavage of
ridge crest \rj krest\: the highest continuous surface of the residual the root in any direction
ridge not necessarily coincident with the center of the ridge rotating condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
ro ta tion \ro-ta#shun\ n (1555) 1: the action or process of rotating on or
ridge lap \rj lap\: the surface of an articial tooth that has been shaped
to accommodate the residual ridge. The tissue surface of a ridge lap as if on an axis or center 2: the movement of a rigid body in which
design is concave and envelops both the buccal and lingual surfaces the parts move in circular paths with their centers on a xed line
of the residual ridge called the axis of rotation. The plane of the circle in which the body
ridge relation: see RIDGE RELATIONSHIP moves is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
ridge relationship \rj r-la#shun-shp\: the positional relationship of the rotation center \ro-ta#shun sen#tur\: a point around which all other
mandibular residual ridge to the maxillary residual ridge points in a body move
ridge resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION rotation line obs : see FULCRUM LINE
ridge slope \rj slop\ obs : the slope of the crest of the mandibular resid- rotational path removable partial denture \ro-ta#shun-al path re-
ual ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect in moov#a-bal par#shal den#chur\: a partial removable dental
relation to the inferior border of the mandible as viewed in prole prosthe-sis that incorporates a curved, arcuate, or variable path of
(GPT-4) placement allowing one or more of the rigid components of the
rigid connector \rj#d ka-nek#tar\: a cast, soldered, or fused union be- framework to gain access to and engage an undercut area
tween the retainer(s) and pontic(s) rouge \roozh\ n (1753): a compound composed of ferric oxide and
ring less investment technique: an investing technique that uses a re- binders used for imparting a high luster to a polished surface, glass,
movable paper or plastic cylindrical outer form permitting unre- metal, or gems
stricted expansion of the investment by comparison to the use of a RPD: acronym for Removable Partial Denture (now termed a Partial
steel casting ring Removable Dental Prosthesis)
Roach clasp [Finnis Ewing (Frank) Roach, U.S. prosthodontist, edu- RPI: acronym for Rest, Proximal Plate, and I-BAR; the clasp compo-
cator, and inventor, (1865-1960)]: eponymsee INFRABULGE nents of one type of partial removable dental prosthesis clasp as-
CLASP sembly
Roach FE. Principles and essentials of bar clasp partial dentures. J Amer Dent ruga \roo#ga\ n, pl gae \-ge#, -g\ (ca. 1775): an anatomic fold or wrin-
Assoc 1930;17:124-38. kleusually used in the plural sense; the irregular brous connec-
Rochette Bridge [Alain L. Rochette, French physician and dentist]: a tive tissue ridges located in the anterior third of the hard palate
resin-bonded xed dental prosthesis incorporating holes within the rugae area: see RUGA
metal framework and lutes to the lingual aspect of teeth adjacent to rugae zone: see RUGA
an edentulous space that replaces one or more teeth see RESIN-
BONDED PROSTHESIS S
Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth sad dle n, obs : see DENTURE BASE
JPD 1973; 30:418-23. saddle pontic obs : a pontic with a broad concave facio-lingual area of
Rockwell hardness number: (RHN) a hardness measurement ob-tained contact with the residual ridge. It is also know as a ridge lap pontic.
from the depth of indentation after use of either a steel ball or This type of pontic is known to be uncleanseable and result in tissue
conical diamond point. The Rockwell hardness number is designated irritation at the area of contact with the ridge mucosa
to the particular indenter and load employed (Rockwell C, Rockwell sag it tal \saj#-tl\ adj (1541): situated in the plane of the cranial sag-
M, etc.) ittal suture or parallel to that planeusage: see SAGITTAL PLANE
rod \rod\ n (bef. 12th cent.): the photoreceptor in the retina that con-
tains a light-sensitive pigment capable of initiating the process of sagittal axis \saj#-tl ak#ss\: an imaginary anteroposterior line around
scotopic vision, i.e., low intensity for achromatic sensations only which the mandible may rotate when viewed in the frontal plane
1roent gen \rent#gan, -jan, runt#-\ adj [W. C. Roentgen, German sagittal axis of the mandible: see SAGITTAL AXIS
physicist (1845-1923)]: relating to x-rays sagittal plane \saj#-tl plan\: any vertical plane or section parallel to the
2roent gen \rent#gan, -jan, runt#-\ n (ca. 1929): the international unit of median plane of the body that divides a body into right and left por-
measurement of x- or gamma radiation in airabb r or R roentgen ray tions
\rent#gan, -jan, runt#- ra\ n, often cap 1st R (1898) 1: the sanitary bridge obs : see HYGIENIC PONTIC
electromagnetic radiation [greater than 100eV] emitted from a sanitary pontic obs : a trade name originally designed as a manufac-
highly evacuated tube, excited by the bombardment of the target tured convex blank with a slotted back. The name was used occasio-
anode with a stream of electrons from a heated cathode 2: electro- naly as a synonym for a hygienic pontic, wherein the pontic does not
magnetic radiation produced by the excitation of the inner orbital contact the residual ridge
electron of an atom sat u ra tion \sach#a-ra#shun\ n (1554): the attribute of color percep-tion
roent gen o gram \rent#gan-a-gram, -jan-, runt#-\ n (1904): a pho- that expresses the degree of departure from gray of the same
tograph made with x-rays lightness. All grays have zero saturation
roent gen o graph \rent#gan-a-graf, -jan-, runt#-\ n (ca. 1905): a shadow scaf fold \skaf#ald\ n (14c): a supporting surface, either natural or
image record made on a sensitized lm or plate by roent-gen rays prosthetic, that maintains the contour of tissue; a supporting
framework
l
roentgenographic interpretation \rent#gan-a-graf#k n-tur#pr- scal lop \skol#ap\ n (15c): one of a continuous series of circles 2scal lop
ta#shun\ obs : an opinion formed from the study of a roentgeno- \skol#ap\ vt (1737): to shape, cut, or nish in scallops; seg-
graph (GPT-1) ments or angular projections forming a border
scanning electron micrograph shell crown d
scanning electron micrograph: a micrograph resulting from use of class II defectsloss of ridge height with normal ridge width; class
electron microscopy in which specimens are coated with heavy III defectsa combination of loss in both dimensions
metal and scanned by an electron beam. The image is built up on a Seibert JS Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges, using full
monitor screen (in the same way as the raster builds a conven-tional thickness onlay grafts. Part I. Technique and wound healing. Compend Contin
television image). The resolution is less than transmission electron Educ Dent 1983;4: 437-53
microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by xation fol-lowed by selective grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING self-
critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively large allowing curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
signicant magnication and observation of the specimen surface self-separating plaster \self-sep#a-rat#ng plas#tar\ obs : an impression
plaster that disintegrates in hot water (GPT-4)
scattered radiation \skat#ard ra#de-a#shun\: radiation that, during self-threading pin \self-thred#ng pn\: a pin screwed into a hole pre-
passage through a substance, has been deviated in direction. It may pared in dentin to enhance retention
also have been modied by an increase in wavelengths. It is one sella turcica \sel-la tur-se#ka\: a cephalometric landmark in the geo-
form of secondary radiation metric center of the pituitary fossa of the spheroid bone; a bony an-
scat ter ing \skat-a-rng\ n (14c): diffusion or redirection of radiant atomic landmark
energy encountering particles of different refractive index; scatter- semi-adjustable articulator \sem#e-a-just#a-bal ar-tk#ya-la-tor\: an
ing occurs at any such interface, at the surface, or inside a medium articulator that allows adjustment to replicate average mandibular
containing particles movementscalled also Class III articulator
scattering coefficient \skat#ar-ng ko#-fsh#ant\: single scattering co- semiprecious metal alloy \sem#e-presh#as met#l al#oi#, a-loi#\: an alloy
efcient of a particle in a medium of different refractive index, ex- composed of precious and base metals. There is no distinct ratio of
components separating semiprecious alloys from another group
pressed as a ratio between scattering cross section and geometric
cross section of the particle. It should properly be called scattering semiprecision attachment: a laboratory fabricated rigid metallic ex-
efciency, but in popular use, called scattering coefcient tension (patrix) of a xed or removable dental prosthesis that ts
into a slot-type keyway (matrix) in a cast restoration, allowing some
scotopic vision \ska-to#pk v#shun\: vision that occurs in faint light or
dark adaptation and is attributable to the retinal rods. The maxi-mum movement between the componentscomp PRECISION
of the relative spectral visual sensitivity is shifted to 510 nm and the ATTACHMENT
spectrum is seen uncolored semiprecision rest \sem#e-pr-szh#an rest\: a rigid metallic extension
screw endosteal dental implant \skroo n-dos-te-al den#tl m-plant#\ of a xed or removable dental prosthesis that ts into an intracor-
1: any dental implant whose conguration resembles a screw 2: any onal preparation in a cast restoration
screw-shaped dental implant; it may be hollow or solid, and usually senile atrophy: see AGE ATROPHY
consists of the dental implant abutment and the dental implant separating medium \sep#a-rat#ng me#de-am\ 1: a coating applied to a
scribe \skrb\ vt; scrib ed \skrbd\ scrib ing \skr#bng\ (1678): to write, surface and serving to prevent a second surface from adhering to the
trace, or mark by making a line or lines with a pointed instrument rst 2: a material, usually applied on an impression, to facilitate
removal of the cast
second stage dental implant surgery \sek#and staj den#tl m-plant
sep tum \sep#tum\ n, pl sep ta \sep#ta\ (1726): a dividing wall or mem-
sur#ja-re\ 1: for eposteal dental implant surgery, the term refers to the brane, especially between bodily spaces or masses
procedure involving placement of the eposteal framework fabricated
after the rst stage implant surgery 2: for endosteal den-tal implant sequestrum: a portion of devitalized bone entirely separated from the
surgery, after surgical reection, the occlusal aspect of the dental adjacent vital bone
implant is exposed, the cover screw is removed, and ei-ther the interim sequestrectomy: surgical removal of a sequestrum
or denitive dental implant abutment is placed. setting expansion \set#tng k-span#shun\: the dimensional increase that
After this, the investing tissues are (when needed) sutured secondary occurs concurrent with the hardening of various materials, such as
bonds \sek#an-der-e bondz\: weak inter-atomic bonds aris- plaster of paris, dental stone, die stone, and dental casting
ing from dipoles within atoms or molecules secondary investment
crown: see TELESCOPIC CROWN secondary dentition: setup v, obs : see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
see PERMANENT DENTITION sex tant \sekst*nt\:n New Latin sextant-, sextans, from Latin, sixth part
secondary fracture \sek#an-der-e\: a fracture occurring as a conse-quence of of anything, from sextus sixth +-ant-,-ans -ant: 1: the sixth part of a
infection, necrosis or some other disease of the bone secondary occlusal circle 2: an instrument for measuring altitudes of celestial bodies
trauma \sek#an-der-e a-kloo#zal\: the effects in- from a moving ship or airplane with a maximum angle of 60 degrees
duced by occlusal force (normal or abnormal) acting on teeth with between its reecting mirrors 3: in dentistry, a subdivision of the
decreased periodontal support dental arch by adjacent tooth grouping. The maxillary and mandib-
secondary pain \sek#an-der-e pan\: heterotopic pain and/or second-ary ular arches may be divided into a total of 6 areas termed sextants. In
hyperalgesia induced by deep somatic pain as a central excita-tory the maxilla, the right posterior sextant extends from tooth # 1-5, the
effect anterior maxillary sextant extends from tooth #6-11, and the left
sec tion \sek#shun\ n. the portion of a maxillofacial prosthesis that posterior maxillary sextant extends from #12-16. The mandib-ular
serves to ll a defect as a part of the prosthesis. arch may be divided into three similar sextants: teeth # 17-21,
sectional facial moulage impression: a procedure used to record the soft # 22-27 and #28-32comp OCTANT
tissue contours of a portion of the face. Occasionally several shade \shad\ n 1: a term used to describe a particular hue, or variation of
separate sectional impressions are made, and then reassembled to a primary hue, such as a greenish shade of yellow 2: a term used to
provide a full facial contour cast. The impression is utilized to create describe a mixture with black (or gray) as opposed to a tint that is a
a partial facial moulage and generally is not reusable mixture with whitesee TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
sectional impression \sek#shun-al m-presh#an\: a negative likeness that shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
is made in sections
shearing stress \shr#ng stres\: the internal induced force that opposes
seg ment \seg#mant\ n (1570): any of the parts into which a body nat- the sliding of one plane on an adjacent plane or the force that resists
urally separates or is divided either actually or by an imaginary line a twisting action
or plane
shellac base \sha-lak# bas\ obs: a record base constructed using a shel-
Seibert classification: the classication of residual alveolar ridge form lac-based wafer that has been adapted to the cast with heat (GPT-4)
into three categories identied as class I, II and III. Class I de- shell crown \shel kroun\ obs 1: an articial full-veneer crown swaged
fectsfaciolingual loss of tissue width with normal ridge height; from metal plate 2: an articial crown that is adapted like a shell
JULY 2005 71
shell crown spectrophotometric curve

d
or cap over the remaining clinical crown of a tooth; the space be- soft palate \soft, soft pal#t\: the movable part of the palatal anatomy
tween the crown and the shell is lled with cementcalled also cap posterior to the hard palate
crown soft palate obturator: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
shim stock n : a thin (8-12 micrometer) strip of polyester lm used to soft splint \soft, soft splnt\: a resilient device covering either the max-
identify the presence or absence of occlusal or proximal contacts
illary or the mandibular teeth for the purpose of preventing trauma
shoulder finish line \shol#dar fn#sh ln\ n : a nish line design for to the dentition or acting as a deprogrammer
1
tooth preparation in which the gingival oor meets the external ax- sol der \sod#ar\ n (15c): a fusible metal alloy used to unite the edges or
ial surfaces at approximately a right angle surfaces of two pieces of metal; something that unites or cements
2
shrink-spot porosity \shrngk-spot pa-ros#-te\: an area of porosity in sol der \sod#ar\ v, sol der ed \sod#ard\ sol der ing \sod#ar-ng\ sol-der
cast metal that is caused by shrinkage of a portion of the metal as it a bil i ty \sod#ar-a-bl#-te\ nsol der er \sod#ar-er\ n : to unite,
solidies from the molten state without ow of additional molten bring into, or restore to a rm union; the act of uniting two pieces of
metal from surrounding areas metal by the proper alloy of metals
side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION soldering antiflux: a material, such as iron oxide (rouge) dissolved in a
suitable solvent such as turpentine placed on a metal surface to con-
si li ca \sl#-ka\ n (ca 1301): silicon dioxide occurring in crystalline,
amorphous, and usually impure forms (as quartz, opal, and sand, ne the ow of molten solder
respectively) soldering flux: a material such as borax glass (Na2B4O7) applied to a
silica-bonded investment: a casting investment with ethyl silicate or a metal surface to remove oxides or prevent their formation in order to
silica gel as a binder, the latter reverting to silica upon heating. This facilitate the ow of solder
is combined with cristobalite or quartz as the refractory material. soldering index: 1: a mold used to record the relative position of mul-
Such investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion and can be tiple cast restorations prior to investing for a soldering procedure. 2:
used when casting higher fusing chromium alloys a rigid resin connection between multiple cast restorations xing
their relative position prior to a soldering procedure
silent period \s#lant pr#e-ad\: a momentary electromyographic de-
crease in elevator muscle activity on initial tooth contact presum- solidification porosity \sa-ld#a-f-ka#shun pa-ros#-te\: a porosity that
ably due to the inhibitory effect of stimulated periodontal membrane may be produced by improper spruing or improper heating of either
receptors the metal or the investment
simple fracture \sm#pl frak#chur\: a linear bony fracture that is not in so ma to pros thet ics \so-mat#a-pros-thet#ks\ n (ca. 1950): the art and
communication with the exterior science of prosthetic replacement of external parts of the body that
are missing or deformed
simple joint \sm#pul joint\: a joint in which only two bones articulate
son i cate \son#-kat\ vt cat ed \-ka#td\ -cat ing \-ka#tng\ (1961): to
simulation film \sm#ya-la#shun flm\: radiographs made with the same disrupt (i.e. bacteria) by means of application of high frequency sound
eld size, source-to-skin distance, and orientation as a therapy beam to
mimic the beam and for visualization of the treated volume waves son i ca tion \son#-ka#shun\ n
on a radiograph space \spas\ n (14c): a delimited, three-dimensional region; physical
single crystal sapphire \sng#gal krs#tal saf#r\: a material composed of space independent of what occupies itsee DENTURE S., IN-
a single crystalline alpha aluminum oxide that is identical in crys- TERPROXIMAL S., INTERRADICULAR S., RETROMYLO-
talline structure to a gem sapphire HYOID S.
single denture construction \sng#gal den#chur kun-struk#shun\ obs : space of Donders [F.C. Donders]: eponym for the space that lies above
the making of a maxillary or mandibular denture as distinguished the dorsum of the tongue and below the hard and soft palates when
from a set of complete dentures (GPT-1) the mandible and tongue are in the rest position
1sinter \sn#tar\ n (1780): a deposit formed by evaporation of lake or Donders FC. Ueber den Mechanismus des Saugens. Pugers Archiv fur die
spring water Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere. 1875;10:91-4.
2sinter \sn#tar\ vt (1871): to cause to become a coherent mass by
heating without melting span length \span lengkth\: the length of a beam between two sup-ports
sinus tract: an abnormal passage from a pathological process to an ex- spat u la \spach#a-la\ n (1525): a at-bladed instrument used for mix-ing
ternal surface or spreading materials
1
sialorrhea: excessive ow of saliva spat u late \spach#a-lt\ adj (1760): shaped like a spatula 2spat u late
skia graph \sk#a-graf#, -graf#\ n (1801) obs 1: a gure formed by \spach#a-lt\ vt -ed/-ing/-s: to work or treat with a spat-
shad-ing in the outline of a shadow 2: a radiographcalled also skia- ula
gram (GPT-1) spat u la tion \spach#a-la#shun\ v : the manipulation of material with a
sleeper \sle#par\: slang for any dental implant body not used for sup- spatula to produce a homogenous mass
port and stabilization of a dental prosthesis speaking space \spe#kng spas\: the space that occurs between the in-
sliding movement: see TRANSLATION cisal or/and occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
slotted attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT during speech
1sluice \sloos\ n (14c): an articial passage for water tted with a valve spectral curve: see SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CURVE
or gate for stopping or regulating the ow spectral reflection \spek#tral r-ek#shun\: reection in which the an-gle
2sluice \sloos\ vb sluic ed \sloosd\ sluic ing \sloo#sng\ vt (1593) 1: to of reection is equal to the angle of incidence. Associated with
draw off by or via a sluice 2: to wash with or in water through or objects having optically smooth (glossy) surfacescalled also mir-
from a sluice 3: to drench with a sudden ow rored reflection
SNA angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-A pointin cephalometrics, an spec tro pho tom e ter \spek#tro-fo-tom#-tar\ n : a photometry de-vice
angle measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary for the measurement of spectral transmissions, reectance, or
basal arch to the anterior cranial base; it shows the degree of max- relative emissions. Spectrophotometers are normally equipped with
illary prognathism dispersion optics (prism or grating) to give a continuous spec-tral
curve
snap impression obs : see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION
SNB angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-B pointin cephalometrics, an spectrophotometric curve \spek#tro-fo-ta-met#rk kurv\: a curve mea-
angle showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch in re- sured on a spectrophotometer hence, a graph of relative reectance
lation to the anterior cranial base or transmittance (or absorption) as the ordinate, plotted versus
sock et \sok#t\ (15c): any opening or hollow that forms a holder for wavelengths or frequency as the abscissa. The most common curves
something, e.g., a tooth in the visible region use wavelength units of a nanometer, with the
spectrophotometric curve stain d
short wavelength to the left of the scale. The word spectral is fre- spontaneous fracture \spon-ta#ne-us frak#chur\: a fracture occurring
quently used in place of the longer spectrophotometric, but they are without any external injury trauma-also called pathologic fracture spoon
not necessarily synonymous denture \spoon\ obs : a maxillary provisional removable dental
spec trum \spek#trum\ n 1: band of colors produced when sunlight is prosthesis, without clasps, whose palatal resin base resembles the shape
passed through a prism 2: spatial arrangements of components of of a spoon. The resin base does not contact the lingual sur-faces of the
radiant energy in order of their wavelengths, wave numbers, or fre- teeth and is conned to the central portion of the palate.
quency ___ spec tral adj It was often used during periodontal treatment because the resin base
speech aid \spech ad\: any therapy or any instrument, apparatus, or de- extension did not promote plaque accumulation around the teeth and
vice used to improve speech quality permitted surgical procedures to be performed
speech aid prosthesis \spech ad pros-the#ss\: a removable maxillofa- sports dentistry \sports, sports den#t-stre\: all aspects of dentistry, ei-
ther preventive or therapeutic, directly or indirectly involved with
cial prosthesis used to restore an acquired or congenital defect of the sports and recreation
soft palate with a portion extending into the pharynx to sepa-rate the
spot grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
oropharynx and nasopharynx during phonation and deglu-tition,
thereby completing the palatopharyngeal sphinctersyn ADULT spring plate \sprng plat\ obs : according to James Harrison Prothero,
S.A.P., PEDIATRIC S.A.P.called also pharyngeal s.a.p, cleft DDS, Emeritus Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Metallurgy at
palate prosthesis Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago, IL, a spring
speech aid prosthesis modification \spech ad pros-the#ss mod#a-f- plate was a denture molded over the cast of a mouth with teeth
ka#shun\: any revision of a pediatric or adult speech aid prosthesis bearing the relation to each other as stated (ed. note: providing lin-
not necessitating its replacement gual undercuts), which would spring as it passes over the points of
nearest approach of the teeth involved and resume its normal width
speech articulation \spech ar-tk#ya-la#shun\ 1: the production of in- without undue lateral pressure when rmly seated on the oral tis-
dividual sounds in connected discourse 2: the movement and suescalled also spring lock bridge
placement during speech of the organs that serve to interrupt or
modify the voiced or unvoiced air stream into meaningful sounds 3: sprue \sproo\ n (1880) 1: the channel or hole through which plastic or
the speech function performed largely through the movements of the metal is poured or cast into a gate or reservoir and then into a mold
lower jaw, lips, tongue, and soft palate 2: the cast metal or plastic that connects a casting to the residual
sprue button
speech bulb: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS speech
prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS sprue button \sproo but#n\: the material remaining in the reservoir of the
mold after a dental casting
spherical form of occlusion \sfr#-kal, sfer#- form uv a-kloo#shun\ sprue former \sproo for#mar\: a wax, plastic, or metal pattern used to
obs : an arrangement of teeth that places their occlusal surfaces on form the channel or channels allowing molten metal to ow into a
the surface of an imaginary sphere (usually 8 inches in diameter)
with its center above the level of the teeth (GPT-4) mold to make a casting
sprue pin: see SPRUE FORMER
sphinc ter \sfngk#ter\ n (1578): a ringlike band of muscle bers that
constricts to close an orice or passage stab il ize vb -liz ed; -liz ing vt, stabilization v (1861) 1: to make rm,
steadfast, stable 2: to hold steady, as to maintain the stability of any
spider partial \sp#dar par#shal\ substand : a unilateral partial remov- object by means of a stabilizer
able dental prosthesis
1splint \splnt\ n (14c) 1: a rigid or exible device that maintains in po- sta bil i ty \sta-bl#-te\ (15c) 1: that quality of maintaining a constant
sition a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place and character or position in the presence of forces that threaten to dis-
protect an injured part 2: a rigid or exible material used to protect, turb it; the quality of being stable; to stand or endure 2: the quality
immobilize, or restrict motion in a partsee ANDERSON S., CAP of a removable dental prosthesis to be rm, steady, or constant, to
S., ESSIG S., FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL S., GUNNINGS S., resist displacement by functional horizontal or rotational stresses 3.
resistance to horizontal displacement of a prosthesissee
INTERDENTAL S., KINGSLEY S., LABIAL S., LINGUAL S.,
DENTURE S., DIMENSIONAL S., OCCLUSAL S.
PROVISIONAL S., RESIN-BONDED S., SOFT S., SURGICAL S.,
WIRE S. sta b i li za tion \sta#ba-l-za#shun\ n, obs : the seating of a xed or re-
2splint \splnt\ v (1543): to immobilize, support, or brace splint ing \spln#tng\ v movable denture so that it will not tilt or be displaced under pres-
sure (GPT-1)
1: in dentistry, the joining of two or more
teeth into a rigid unit by means of xed or removable restorations or stab il ize \sta#ba-lz#\ vb -liz ed \lzd\ -liz ing \l-zng\ vt, stabiliza-tion
devices 2: in physiology, prolonged muscle spasms that inhibit or \sta#ba-l-za#shun\ v (1861) 1: to make rm, steadfast, stable 2: to
prevent movement hold steady, as to maintain the stability of any object by means of a
stabilizer
split-cast method \splt-kast meth#ad\ obs 1: a procedure for placing stabilized base plate: see STABILIZED RECORD BASE stabilized
indexed casts on an articulator to facilitate their removal and re- record base \sta#ba-lzd rek#ard bas\: a record base lined
placement on the instrument 2: the procedure of checking the abil- with a material to improve its t and adaptation to the underlying
ity of an articulator to receive or be adjusted to a maxillomandibular supporting tissues
relation record (GPT-4)
stabilizing circumferential clasp arm \sta#ba-l#zng sar-kum#fa-re-n#shul
split-cast mounting \splt-kast moun#tng\: a method of mounting casts klasp arm\: a circumferential clasp arm that is relatively rigid and
wherein the dental casts base is sharply grooved and keyed to the contacts the height of contour of the tooth
mounting rings base. The procedure allows verifying the ac-curacy 1stain \stan\ n (1583) 1: a soiled or discolored spot; a spot of color in
of the mounting, ease of removal and replacement of the casts contrast to the surrounding area 2: a preparation used in staining 3:
in dentistry, the discoloration of a tooth surface or surfaces as a re-
split-dowel crown \splt-dou#al kroun\ obs : an articial crown sup- sult of ingested materials, bacterial action, tobacco, and/or other
ported and retained by a dowel that was split longitudinally in an substances. This may be intrinsic, extrinsic, acquired, or develop-
attempt to use spring retention in an undersized dowel space mental
split-thickness graft \splt-thk#ns graft\: a transplant of skin or mu- 2stain \stan\ vb (14c) 1: to suffuse with color 2: to color by processes
cous membrane consisting of epithelium and a portion of the der-mis affecting chemically or otherwise the material itself 3: in dentistry,
to intentionally alter restorations through the application of intrin-sic
spontaneous anterior dislocation: see MANDIBULAR DIS-LOCATION or extrinsic colorants to achieve a desired effect, best termed
characterization or to characterize a restoration
JULY 2005 73
stanch sublingual crescent

d
stanch \stwnch\ v 1: to check or stop the ow of; also: to stop the ow of stock tray \coll : a metal prefabricated impression tray typically
blood from (a wound) 2 a: to stop or check in its course 2b: to make available in various sizes and used principally for preliminary
watertight: stop up impres-sionscomp CUSTOM TRAY
sto ma \sto#ma\ n, pl sto ma ta \sto#ma-ta\, also sto mas \sto#mas\ (ca
standard illuminant \stan#dard -loo#ma-nant\: the illuminants A, B. C, D
1684) 1: any simple bodily opening 2: an articial permanent
(and others) dened by the CIE in terms of their relative power
opening usually made surgically
distribution curves. A is an illuminant with a Planckion
temperature of approximately 2854LK. It is intended to represent a sto mat o gnath ic \sto-mat#a-na#thk\ n : denoting the jaws and mouth
collectively
common tungsten lament source. B approximates solar
radiation4870LKand is obsolete. C is average daylight, stomatognathic system \sto-mat#a-na#thk ss#tum\: the combination of
6740LK. D is daylight with the near ultraviolet source included structures involved in speech, receiving, mastication, and deglu-
tition as well as parafunctional actions
standard light source \stan#dard lt sors, sors\: a reference light source
whose spectral power distribution is known sto ma tol o gy \sto#ma-tol#a-je\ n : the study of the structures, func-
tions, and diseases of the mouth
standard observer \stan#dard ob-zur#vur\: a hypothetical observer with stone n : see DENTAL STONE stone
a visual response mechanism possessing the calorimetric prop-erties die: see MODEL, REPLICA
dened by the CIE in 1931 as representative of the human
population having normal color vision stop clasp \stop klasp\ obs : as described by James Harrison Prothero,
standard of care: the level of care that reasonably prudent healthcare DDS, the stop clasp was an early forerunner to the conventional
clasp assembly by the addition of a lug (occlusal rest) to the reten-
providers in the same or a similar locality would provide under sim- tive and reciprocal clasp assembly
ilar circumstances
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico-Dental Publishing
stat ic \stat#k\ adj : related to bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium Co., 1916:332.
static fatigue \stat#k fa-teg\: the delayed failure of glass and ceramic strain \stran\: change in length per unit length when stress is applied; the
materials resulting from stress enhanced chemical reactions aided by change in length/original length
water vapor acting on surface cracks. Analogous to stress corro-
sion occurring in metals stress \stres\ n (14c): force per unit area; a force exerted on one body
static relation \stat#k r-la#shun\: the relationship between two parts that presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to invest or com-
that are not in motion press another body; the deformation caused in a body by such a
force; an internal force that resists an externally applied load or
stay plate n obj: see INTERIM DENTAL PROSTHESIS Steinmanns
force. It is normally dened in terms of mechanical stress, which is
pin [Fritz Steinmann, Swiss surgeon, 1872-1932]: epo-
the force divided by the perpendicular cross sectional area over
nym for a rm metal pin that is sharpened on one end; used for the which the force is appliedsee COMPRESSIVE S., SHEARING S.,
internal xation of fractures TENSILE S.
steam cleaning: the process of debris removal from a restoration, stress-bearing area: see STRESS-BEARING REGION stress-bearing
framework or dental prosthesis through use of pressurized steam sten o
region \stres-bar#ng\ 1. the surfaces of oral structures
sis \sta-no#ss\ n, pl -no ses (ca. 1860): a narrowing or constric-tion in
that resist forces, strains, or pressures brought on them during
the diameter of a passage or oriceste not ic \sta-not#k\ function 2: the portion of the mouth capable of providing support for
adj a denturesee also DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
stent \stent\ n [Charles R. Stent, English dentist, 18??-1901]: eponym stress breaker: see STRESS DIRECTOR
for any supplementary prosthesis used in conjunction with a surgi- stress concentration: an area or point of signicantly higher stress as-
cal procedure to keep a skin graft in place; often modied with sociated with a structural discontinuity such as a crack or pore; a
acrylic resin or dental modeling impression compound that was marked change in dimension of a structure
previously termed Stents mass; also refers to any device or mold stress director \stres d-rek#tar, d-\: a device or system that relieves
used to hold a skin graft in place or provide support for anasto- specic dental structures of part or all of the occlusal forces and re-
mosed structures see NASAL S., SURGICAL S. directs those forces to other bearing structures or regions
ste reo graph \ster#e-o-graf#, str#-\ n (1859): an instrument that re- stress-strain curve: the graphic representation of the tensile or com-
cords mandibular movement in three planes. Engraving, milling, or pressive stress and associated strain of a material
burnishing the recording medium by means of styli, teeth, abrasive study cast obs: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
rims, or rotary instruments thus obtains the registrations
stylus tracing \st#lus tra#sng\: a planar tracing that resembles an ar-
stereographic record \ster#e-a-graf#k\: an intra or extraoral recording rowhead or gothic arch made by means of a device attached to the
of mandibular movement as viewed in three planes in which the opposing arches. The shape of the tracing depends on the loca-tion
registrations are obtained by engraving, milling, or burnishing the of the marking point relative to the tracing table, i.e., in the in-cisal
recording medium by means of studs, rotary instruments, styli, teeth, region as opposed to posteriorly. The apex of a properly made
or abrasive rims anterior tracing is considered to indicate the centric relation posi-
tion, called also arrow-point tracing, gothic arch tracing, needle-
ster ile \ster#al\ adj (1558): free from living microorganisms; aseptic
point tracingsee CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE
sterile technique \ster#al tek-nek#\: a standard surgical technique in
which an aseptic area is established and maintained, including proper sub antral augmentation \sub#an-tral og#men-ta#shun\: augmenta-tion
sterilization of instruments, drapes, gowns, gloves, and the surgical area. of the antral oor with autologous bone or bone substitutes to
With respect to dental implant placement, the sys-tematic maintenance provide a host site for dental implants called also, SINUS LIFT,
of asepsis with special emphasis on non-con-tamination of instruments ANTHROPLASTY
and implant elements throughout an subcondylar fracture \sub-kon#d-lar frak#chur\: a fracture beneath the
condylar head and within the condylar neck
implant placement procedure
subdermal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
ster il i za tion \ster#a-l-za#shun\ n : the process of completely elim-
inating microbial viability subgingival margin: the restoration margin or tooth preparation n-ish
line that is located apical to the free gingival tissue
stip ple \stp#al\ vt stip pled \st#puld\ stip pling \stp#lng\ (1760) 1: to
engrave by means of dots or/and icks 2: to make small short sub lin gual \sub#lng#gwal\ adj (1661): pertaining to the region or
touches that together produce an even or softly graded shadow 3: to structures located beneath the tongue
speckle or eckstip pler \stp#lar\ n sublingual crescent \sub#lng#gwal kres#ant\: the crescent shaped area
on the anterior oor of the mouth formed by the lingual wall of the
sublingual crescent surgical obturator

d
mandible and the adjacent sublingual fold. It is the area of the an- and localized lingering of molten metal after the casting, as a whole,
terior alveolingual sulcus has solidied
sublingual fold \sub#lng#gwal fold\: the crescent-shaped area on the suction chamber \suk#shun cham#bar\ obs : relief provided in the mid-
oor of the mouth following the inner wall of the mandible and ta- line palatal area of a maxillary denture in an attempt to obtain ad-
pering toward the molar region. The sublingual gland and submax- ditional retention by means of the theoretical vacuum created (GPT-
illary duct form it 4)
sublingual fossa \sub#lng#gwal fos#a\: a smooth depression on the suction cup \suk#shun\ obs : a thin rubber disk, usually with a hole in its
lingual surface of the body of the mandible near the midline, above center, which ts over a button that is larger in diameter than the
the mylohyoid line and below the alveolus. This fossa accommo- hole. This causes the disk to assume a cup shape. When applied to
dates part of the sublingual gland the tissue surface of a denture, the cup attaches itself to the mu-cous
sub lux a tion \sub#luk-sa#shun\ n (ca. 1688): an incomplete or par-tial membrane by suction (GPT-1)
dislocation that is self-reducing see CONDYLAR sulcular epithelium: see CREVICULAR EPITHELIUM sul
SUBLUXATION cus n : see GINGIVAL CREVICE
submersible endosteal implant obj : see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL superimposed prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
IMPLANT superjacent \soo-per-JAY-sunt\ adj: lying above or upon; overlying su
submersible implant obj : see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT per struc ture \soo#par-struk#chur\ n : the superior part of a xed
submucosal inserts: see MUCOSAL INSERT or removable dental prosthesis that includes the replacement teeth
submucous cleft palate: see OCCULT CLEFT PALATE subocclusal and associated gingival/alveolar structures
connector \sub#a-kloo#zal ka-nek#tar\: an interproximal 1sup port \sa-port, -port\ n (14c): the foundation area on which a den-
nonrigid connector positioned apical to and not in communication tal prosthesis rests. With respect to dental prostheses, the resistance
with the occlusal plane to displacement away from the basal tissue or underlying structures
2sup port \sa-port, -port\ vt (14c): to hold up, serve as a foundation, or
subocclusal surface \sub#a-kloo#zal sur#fas\ obs : a portion of the oc-
clusal surface of a tooth that is below the level of the occluding por- prop for
tion of the tooth (GPT-1)
supporting area \sa-port#ng ar-e#a\ obs 1: the surface of the mouth
subperiosteal dental implant \sub-per#e-os#te-al den#tl m-plant#\: an available for support of a denture (GPT-1) 2: those areas of the
eposteal dental implant that is placed beneath the periosteum while maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges that are considered best
overlying the bony cortex rst attributed to Swedish Dentist, G.S. suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures are in
Dahl function (GPT-1)
Dahl, GS 1943. Om mojlighenten for implantation, kaken av metall skelett
supporting cusps \sa-port#ng kusps\: those cusps or incisal edges of
som bas eller retention for fasta eller avatagbara protesor, Odontol.Foren. teeth that contact in and support maximum intercuspation. Usually facial
Tidskr 51:440. cusps of the mandibular posterior teeth, the maxillary palatal cusps, and
Goldberg, NI, and Gershkoff, A. 1949. The implant lower denture, Dent the incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth su pra bulge \soo#pra-
Digest 55:490. bulj\ adj : that portion of a tooth or crown that converges toward the
Linkow, LI. 1984 Evolutionary Design Trends in the Mandibular occlusal surface, i.e., above the height
Subperiosteal Implant, J Oral Implant 11:402-438. of contour
subperiosteal dental implant abutment \sub-per#e-os#te-al den#tl
suprabulge clasp \soo#pra-bulj klasp\: any partial removable dental
m-plant a-but#mant\ obs : that portion of the implant that pro-trudes prosthesis retentive clasp that approaches the retentive undercut
from an occlusal or suprabulge direction
through the mucosa into the oral cavity for the retention or support
of a crown or a xed removable denture (GPT-4)see ABUTMENT su pra erup tion \soo#pra--rup#shun\ n : movement of a tooth or teeth
above the normal occlusal plane
subperiosteal dental implant substructure \sub-per#e-os-te-al m-plant su pra gin gi val \soo#pra-jn#ja-val\ adj 1: located above the gingiva 2:
sub#struk#chur\: a cast metal framework that ts on the resid-ual that portion of a natural or articial tooth that is coronal to the
gingival crest
ridge beneath the periosteum and provides support for a dental
prosthesis by means of posts or other mechanisms protruding su pra men tal e \soo#pra-men#tal\ n : a landmark representing the
through the mucosa; the implant body deepest point of the symphyseal cavity between infradentale and
subperiosteal dental implant superstructure \sub-per#e-os-te-al den#tl pogonion
su pra oc clus ion \soo#pra-a-kloo#zhun\ n : malocclusion in which the
m-plant# soo#par-struk#chur\: the metal framework, usually within
occluding surfaces of teeth extend beyond the normal occlusal
a removable dental prosthesis, that ts onto the dental im-plant
abutment(s) and provides retention for articial teeth and the denture planecalled also overeruption
base material of the prosthesis. It is a structural compo-nent of the surface tension \sur#fas ten#shun\: a property of liquids in which the
xed or removable dental prosthesis
exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible area, as in
subperiosteal fracture \sub-per#e-os-te-al frak#chur\: a bony fracture the spherical formation of drops. This is a phenomenon attrib-uted to
occurring beneath the periosteum, without displacement the attractive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules of the
subtractive color system \sub-trak#tv ku#lar ss#tum\: the system liquid
whereby light is removed by ltration or absorption from a white sur fac tant n : a surface active substance (as a detergent) applied to a
source. The primary colors of the subtractive system are magenta, substrate to facilitate its wetting by another material
cyan, and yellowcalled also pigment mixture color system surgical baseplate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
subtractive primary colors \sub-trak#tv pr#mer#e, -ma-re\: the pri- surgical guide: see SURGICAL PROSTHESIS, SURGICAL
mary colorant substances for pigment and ltering mixtures typi- TEMPLATE
cally evoking responses of cyan (blue-green), magenta (red-blue), surgical maxillomandibular relation \sur#j-kal mak-sl#o-man-
and yellow (red-green). The complementary colors of the subtrac-
db#ya-lar r-la#shun\: the establishing and recording of the correct
tive primary colors are red, green, and blue. Magenta is a mixture of
vertical dimension and centric relation between a surgically ex-
red and blue and is the complement of green. Cyan is a mixture of posed bone surface and opposite arch at the time of making a sur-
blue and green and is the complement of red. Yellow is a mixture of gical bone impression
red and green and is the complement of blue
surgical obturator \sur#j-kal ob#ta-ra#tor\: a temporary maxillofacial
suck-back porosity coll : a shrinkage void in a solidied casting oppo- prosthesis inserted during or immediately following surgical or
site the location of the sprue attachment, resulting from a heat swell traumatic loss of a portion or all of one or both maxillary bones
JULY 2005 75
surgical obturator temporomandibular disorders

d
and contiguous alveolar structures (i.e. gingival tissue, teeth). 2swage \swaj\ vt swaged \swajd\ swag ing \swaj#ng\ (1881): to shape a
Frequent revisions of surgical obturators are necessary during the material by hammering or adapting it onto a die with a swage in-
ensuing healing phase (approximately six months). Some dentists strument
prefer to replace many or all teeth removed by the surgical proce- swallowing threshold \swol#o-ng thresh#old\: the critical moment of
dure with the surgical obturator, while others do not replace any reex action initiated by sufcient stimulation before the act of de-
teeth. Further surgical revisions may require fabrication of another glutition
surgical obturator (i.e., an initially planned small defect may be re- sympathetic nervous system \sm#pa-thet#k nur#vas ss#tum\: the
vised and greatly enlarged after the nal pathologic report indicates part of the autonomic nervous system that responds to dangerous or
margins are not free of tumor)see INTERIM OBTURATOR threatening situations by preparing a person physiologically for
ght or ight see PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
surgical occlusion rim \sur#j-kal a-kloo#zhun rm\: an occlusion rim SYSTEM
used in recording surgical maxillomandibular relations
surgical prosthesis \sur#j-kal pros-the#ss\: any ancillary prosthesis symphysis \sm#f-ss\ n, pl -physes (ca. 1578) 1: a type of
prepared for insertion during a surgical procedure and intended for cartilaginous joint in which the opposed bony surfaces are rmly
short-term use united by a plate of brocartilage 2: the immovable dense midline
articulation of the right and left halves of the adult mandible
surgical splint \sur#j-kal splnt\: any ancillary prosthesis designed to symp tom \sm#tum, smp-\ n (14c): subjective evidence of disease or
utilize existing teeth and/or alveolar processes as points of anchor- physical disturbance; something that indicates the presence of a
age to assist in stabilization and immobilization of broken bones bodily disorder
during healing. It is used to re-establish, as much as possible, nor- syn chro ny \sng#kra-ne, sn#-\ n (1848): the simultaneous appear-ance
mal occlusal relationships, during the process of immobilization. of two separate events
Frequently, an existing prosthesis (i.e. a patients complete remov- syn drome \sn#drom#\ n (1541): a group of symptoms that occur to-
able dental prosthesis) can be modied to serve as a surgical splint. gether
Frequently surgical splints have arch bars added to facilitate inter- synovial fluid \s-no#ve-al oo#d\ : a viscid uid contained in joint
maxillary xation. Rubber elastics may be used to assist in this pro- cav-ities and secreted by the synovial membrane
cess. Circummandibular eyelet hooks can be utilized for enhanced synovial membrane: the articular membrane composed of specialized
stabilization with wiring to adjacent bone syn CAST METAL endothelial cells capable of producing synovial uid lling the joint
SPLINT, FENESTRATED SPLINT, GUNNING SPLINT, cavity surrounded by the membrane
KINGSLEY SPLINT, LABIOLINGUAL SPLINT, MODIFIED systemic etiologic factors \s-stem#k e#te-o-loj#k fak#turs\: general-
GUNNING SPLINT ized biologic factors that are implicated in the causation, modica-
surgical stay plate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR tion, and/or perpetuation of a disease entity
surgical stent \sur#j-kal stent\: named for the dentist who rst de-
scribed their use, Charles R. Stent, such ancillary prostheses are T
used to apply pressure to soft tissues to facilitate healing and pre- ta ble \ta#bal\ n (bef. 12c): a at surface; a raised horizontal surface
vent cicatrization or collapsesyn COLUMELLAR STENT, see GUIDE T., OCCLUSAL T.
PERIODONTAL STENT, SKIN GRAFT STENT ta per: in dentistry, the convergence of two opposing external walls of a
tooth preparation as viewed in a given plane. The extension of those
surgical template \sur#j-kal tem#plt\ 1: a thin, transparent form du-
average lines within that plane form an angle describe as the angle
plicating the tissue surface of a dental prosthesis and used as a guide
for surgically shaping the alveolar process 2: a guide used to assist of convergence
in proper surgical placement and angulation of dental implants 3: a tech nic \tek#nk\ n (1855): a detailed procedure in the fabrication of a
guide used to assist in establishing the desired occlusion during or- prosthesisspelled also technique
thognathic surgery tech nique \tek-nek#\ n (1817): a body of technical methods; a method
surface tension \sur#fas ten#shun\: a property of liquids in which the of accomplishing a desired end; the method or procedure and its
details
exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible area, as in
the spherical formation of drops; this is a phenomenon attrib-uted to telescopic coping: see COPING
the attractive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules of the telescopic crown \tel#a-skop#k kroun\: an articial crown constructed
liquid to t over a coping (framework). The coping can be another crown,
sur vey \sur-va#, sur#va#\ v 1: to examine as to condition, value, or sit- a bar or any other suitable rigid support for the dental prosthesis
uation; to appraise 2: to determine the form and position of a given telescopic denture: see OVERDENTURE
entity by means of taking linear and angular measurements 3: to in- tem plate \tem#plt\ n (1877) 1: a pattern, mold, or gauge used as a
spect or scrutinize 4: the procedure of locating and delineating the guide to form a piece being made 2: a curved or at surface pattern
contour and position of the abutment teeth and associated struc-tures that is used as an aid in arranging teethsee also SURGICAL
TEMPLATE
before designing a removable partial denture (GPT-1) sur vey ed,
sur vey ing temporary base: see RECORD BASE
temporary denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
survey line \sur#va# ln\: a line produced on a cast by a surveyor mark- temporary prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
ing the greatest prominence of contour in relation to the planned temporary restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
path of placement of a restoration
temporomandibular articulation: see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
sur vey ing \sur-va#ng\ n : an analysis and comparison of the promi- JOINT
nence of intraoral contours associated with the fabrication of a den-
tal prosthesis temporomandibular disorders \tem#pa-ro#man-db#ya-lar ds-or#
sur vey or \sur-va#or\ n (15c): a paralleling instrument used in con- derz\ 1: conditions producing abnormal, incomplete, or impaired
struction of a dental prosthesis to locate and delineate the contours and function of the temporomandibular joint(s) 2: (obs) a collection of
relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures sut ur ing symptoms frequently observed in various combinations rst de-
\soo#chur-ng\ vt (1777): the process of uniting the tissues separated by scribed by Costen (1934, 1937), which he claimed to be reexes due
either a traumatic or a surgical wound in a specic to irritation of the auriculotemporal and/or chorda tympanic nerves
manner using an appropriate material as they emerged from the tympanic plate caused by altered anatomic
1swage \swaj\ n (ca 1812): any tool used for shaping metal by striking relations and derangements of the temporomandibular joint
associated with loss of occlusal vertical dimension, loss of
with a hammer or sledgehammer
temporomandibular disorders tooth d
posterior tooth support, and/or other malocclusions. The symp-toms tin foil \tn#foil#\ n (15c) 1: paper thin metal sheeting usually of a tin-
can include headache about the vertex and occiput, tinnitus, pain lead alloy or aluminum (a misnomer) 2: a base-metal foil used as a
about the ear, impaired hearing and pain about the tongue acronym separating material between the cast and denture base material dur-
TMD ing asking and polymerizing
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome: see TEMPOROMAN- tinners joint: an overlapping folded joint between two abutting sheets
DIBULAR DISORDERS of metal of uneven length in which the longer portion is rst folded
temporomandibular joint \tem#pa-ro#man-db#ya-lar joint\ 1: the over the shorter after which the combined layers are folded over
articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible. It is a bi- once more resulting in a quadruple layer of material. Originally used
lateral diarthrodial, bilateral ginglymoid joint 2: the articulation of by tinsmiths to join sheets of tin. In dentistry, used to secure a thin
the condylar process of the mandible and the intraarticular disk with platinum matrix that is applied to a die of a pre-pared tooth to
the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal bone; support dental porcelain during ring
a diarthrodial, sliding hinge (ginglymus) joint. Movement in the tin ni tus \tn#tus\ n (1843): a noise in the ears, often described as
upper joint compartment is mostly translational, whereas that in the ringing or roaring
lower joint compartment is mostly rotational. The joint connects the tinted denture base \tnt#d den#chur bas\: a denture base with color-ing
mandibular condyle to the articular fossa of the tem-poral bone with that simulates the color and shading of natural oral tissues tis sue
the temporomandibular disk interposed \tsh#oo\ n (1771) 1: the various cellular combinations that
temporomandibular joint derangement: see INTERNAL make up the body 2: an aggregation of similarly specialized cells
DERANGEMENT united in the performance of a particular functionsee
temporomandibular joint hypermobility \tem#pa-ro#man-db#ya-lar joint HYPERPLASTIC TISSUE
tissue-bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA tissue
h#par-mo#bl#-te\: excessive mobility of the temporo-mandibular joint displaceability \tsh#oo ds-plas#a-bl#-te\ 1: the quality of oral
temporomandibular joint remodeling: see REMODEL tissues that permits them to be placed in other than a relaxed posi-
temporomandibular joint syndrome: see TEMPOROMANDIBU- tion 2: the degree to which tissues permit displacement
LAR DISORDERS
tissue displacement \tsh#oo ds-plas#mant\: the change in the form or
TENS: acronym for Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation see position of tissues as a result of pressure. Frequently used to de-
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NEURAL STIM-ULATION scribe gingival tissue placement prior to impression making.
tissue integration \tsh#oo n#t-gra#shun\: as clinically observed, the
tensile stress \ten#sal, -sl stres\: the internal induced force that resists apparent direct and healthy attachment of living tissue to an
the elongation of a material in a direction parallel to the direction of alloplastic material, i.e., a dental implantsee OSSEOUS
the stresses INTEGRATION
ten sion \ten#shun\ n (1533): the state of being stretched, strained, or tissue molding: see BORDER MOLDING
extended
tissue reaction \tsh#oo re-ak#shun\: the response of tissues to an altered
terminal hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS terminal condition
hinge position: see RETRUDED CONTACT POSITION terminal jaw
relation record \tur#ma-nal jo r-la#shun rek#ard\: a rec- tissue registration \tsh#oo rej#-stra#shun\ obs 1: the accurate registra-
tion of the shape of tissues under any condition by means of a suit-
ord of the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae made in the able material (GPT-1) 2: an impression (GPT-1)
terminal hinge position tissue trimming: see BORDER MOLDING
therapeutic prosthesis: see RADIATION CARRIER TMD: acronym for TemporoMandibular Disorderssee TEMPORO-
thermal expansion \thur#mal k-span#shun\: expansion of a material MANDIBULAR DISORDERS
caused by heat
to mo gram \tom#a-gram\ n (1940): a radiograph made by using a to-
ther mo plas tic \thur#ma-plas#tk\ adj (1883): a characteristic or mograph
property of a material that allows it to be softened by the applica- 1to mo graph \tom#a-graf\ n : a device for moving an x-ray source in
tion of heat and return to the hardened state on cooling ther mo one direction as the lm moves in the opposite direction
plas tic i ty n 2to mo graph \tom#a-graf\ n : a radiograph produced from a machine
thread \ thred\ n (before 12c) 1: a lament, a group of laments grouped that has the source of radiation moving in one direction and the lm
together, or a lamentous length formed by spinning and twisting moving in the opposite direction
short bers into a continuous strand 2: a projecting helical rib (as on
to mo gra phy \to-mog#ra-fe\ n : a general term for a technique that
a pipe) by which parts can be screwed together: a screw thread
provides a distinct image of any selected plane through the body,
while the images of structures that lie above and below that plane
thread crest: the top part of the thread; for external threads, the thread are blurred. Also, the term body-section radiography has been ap-
crest is the region of the thread which is on its outer surface, plied to the procedure, although the several ways of accomplishing it
whereas for internal threads it is the region which forms the inner have been given distinguishing names
diameter
tongue habit \tung hab#t\: conscious or unconscious movements of the
thread flank: the thread anks join the thread roots to the crest of a
tongue that are not related to purposeful functions. Such habits may
screw produce malocclusion or injuries to tissues of the tongue or the
thread root: the bottom of the thread where it meets the shaft of the attachment apparatus of the teeth
screw
tongue thrusting \tung thrust-ng\: the infantile pattern of suckle-
thread run out: that portion at the end of a threaded shank which is not
swallow in which the tongue is placed between the incisor teeth or
cut or rolled to full depth, but which provides a transition be-tween
alveolar ridges during the initial stages of deglutition, resulting
full depth threads and the fastener shank sometimes in an anterior open occlusion, deformation of the jaws,
threaded post: any post used for the restoration of endodontically treated and/or abnormal function
teeth that has a screw thread to engage radicular dentin tooth \tooth\ n, pl teeth \teth\ (bef. 12c): any hard calcied structure in
three-quarter crown obs : see PARTIAL VENEER CROWN the alveolar processes of the maxilla or mandible used for masti-
tic \tk\ n (ca. 1822): an intermittent, involuntary, spasmodic move-ment cation of food, or a similar structuresee ANATOMIC T.,
of a group of muscles, often without a demonstrable external CUSPLESS T., METAL INSERT T., NONANATOMIC T.,
stimulus REVERSE ARTICULATION T., TUBE T., ZERO-DEGREE T.
T.I.D.: acronym for L. Ter In Die, three times a day
JULY 2005 77
tooth arrangement treatment denture

d
tooth arrangement \tooth a-ranj#mant\ 1: the placement of teeth on a transepithelial abutment \trans-ep#a-the#le-al a-but#mant\ slang : the
denture with denite objectives in mind 2: the placement of teeth on dental implant abutment that passes through the epithelium and
trial basessee ANTERIOR TOOTH ARRANGEMENT attaches to the dental prosthesiscalled also the dental implant
tooth borne: see TOOTH SUPPORTED abutment
tooth color selection \tooth kul#ar s-lek#shun\: the determination of the transfer coping \trans-fur#, trans#fur ko#png\: a metallic, acrylic
color and other attributes of appearance of an articial tooth or set of resin, or other covering or cap used to position a die in an impres-
teeth for a given individual sion
tooth form \tooth form\: the characteristics of the curves, lines, angles, transit dose \tran#st, -zt dos\: a measure of the primary radiation
and contours of various teeth that permit their identication and transmitted through the patient and measured at a point on the
differentiationsee ANTERIOR T.F., POSTERIOR T.F. central ray at some point beyond the patient
tooth placement: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT transitional contour \tran-zsh#an-al kon#toor\: with respect to any
tooth preparation: 1. the process of removal of diseased and/or healthy restoration supported by a dental implant, the external form achieved
between the abutment and the implant body
enamel and dentin and cementum to shape a tooth to re-ceive a
restoration. 2. the resulting prepared tooth transitional denture \tran-zsh#an-al den#chur\: a removable dental
tooth selection \tooth s-lek#shun\: the selection of a tooth or teeth of a prosthesis serving as an interim prosthesis to which articial teeth
shape, size, and color to harmonize with the individual character- will be added as natural teeth are lost and that will be replaced after
istics of a patient postextraction tissue changes have occurred. A transitional denture
may become an interim complete dental prosthesis when all of the
tooth size discrepancy \tooth sz d-skrep#an-se\: abnormally sized teeth
or groups of teeth natural teeth have been removed from the dental archcalled also
complete denture
tooth supported \tooth sa-por#td\: a term used to describe a dental
transitional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS, TRANSI-
prosthesis or part of a prosthesis that depends entirely on the nat-ural
teeth for support TIONAL DENTURE
translating condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE trans la
tooth-supported base \tooth-sa-por#td bas\: a dental prosthesis base tion \tran-zsh#an, -ssh#-\ n (14c): that motion of a rigid
that restores an edentulous region that has abutment teeth at each
end for support. The tissue that it covers is not used for support body in which a straight line passing through any two points always
tooth-supported denture: see OVERDENTURE remains parallel to its initial position. The motion may be described
tor que \tork\ n (ca. 1884): a twisting or rotary force. The movement of as a sliding or gliding motion
a system of forces producing rotation translatory movement \trans-la#tor-e\ obs : the motion of a body at any
tor us \tor#us\ n, pl tori (1563): 1: a smooth rounded anatomical pro- instant when all points within the body are moving at the same
velocity and in the same direction (GPT-1)
tuberance 2. in dentistry, prominence (s) sometimes seen on the lingual
surface of the mandible and the midline of the hard palate total elasticity trans luc en cy \trans#loo#san-se\ n (1611): having the appearance
between complete opacity and complete transparency; partially
of muscle \tot#l\ obs : the combined effect of physical opaque
and physiologic elasticity of muscle (GPT-4)
trans mu co sal \trans-myoo-ko#sal\ adj : passing through the gingiva or
tough ness \tuf#nes\ n : the ability of a material to withstand stresses oral mucosa
and strains without breaking
trans os teal \trans-os#te-al\ adj : the penetration of both the internal and
toxic dose \tok#sk\: the amount of a drug that causes untoward symp- external cortical plates of a bone
toms in most persons
transosteal dental implant \trans#os-te-al den#tl m-plant#\ 1: a den-tal
tox ic i ty \tok-ss#-te\ n : the adverse reactions (dose-response-time implant that penetrates both cortical plates and passes through the
relationships) of tissues to selected foreign substances resulting in full thickness of the alveolar bone 2: a dental implant composed of a
unacceptable in-vivo interactions. The toxicity can be at the local or metal plate with retentive pins to hold it against the inferior border
systemic level depending on the amount, rate of release, and spe-
of the mandible that supports transosteal pins that penetrate through
cic type of substance available to the tissues
the full thickness of the mandible and pass into the mouth in the
trac er n (ca. 1552): see ARROW-POINT T.
parasymphyseal regioncalled also staple bone implant, mandibular
trac ing \tra#sng\ n (15c) 1: a line or lines scribed by a pointed instru- staple implant, transmandibular implant
ment 2: a traced copy of a drawing, photograph, radiograph, or transverse axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS transverse
similar entitysee ARROW POINT T., CEPHALOMETRIC T. facial fracture: see LE FORTE III FRACTURE,
EXTRAORAL T., INTRAORAL T., MANDIBULAR T., PAN MIDFACIAL FRACTURE
TOGRAPHIC T., STYLUS T.
transverse horizontal axis \trans-vurs#, tranz-, trans#vurs#, tranz#-\:
tracing device \tra#sng d#vs\: a device that provides a central point of an imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate within the
bearing, or support, between maxillary and mandibular occlusion sagittal plane
rims or dentures. It consists of a contacting point that is attached to trans ver sion \trans-vur#shun\ n : displacement of a tooth from its
one occlusion rim or denture and a plate attached to the oppos-ing usual position or proper numerical position in the jaw
occlusion rim or denture that provides the surface on which the trau ma \trou#ma, tro#-\ n, pl trau ma ta \trou#ma-ta\ or trau mas,
bearing point rests or moves \trou#mas\, trau mat ic \trou#mat-k\ adj trau mat i cal ly
transcranial oblique radiograph \trans-kra#ne-al o-blek#, a-blek# ra#de- \trou#mat--ka-le\ adv (1693): an injury or wound, whether phys-ical or
psychic
o-graf#\: a at radiographic projection in which the central beam trauma from occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
travels across the cranium and through the temporomandib-ular joint traumatic occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
on the opposite side showing an oblique lateral view of the condyle trau ma to gen ic \trou#ma-ta-jen#k\ adj : capable of producing a
transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation \trans-kyoo-ta#ne-us - wound or injury
lek#tr-kal noor#al stm#yu-la#shun\: application of low-voltage traumatogenic occlusion \trou#ma-ta-jen#k a-kloo#zhun\ obs : an oc-
electrical stimulation through the skin to nerves in order to inter-fere cluding of the teeth that is capable of producing injury to oral struc-
with the sensation of pain in the brain and increase blood ow to the tures (GPT-4)
regioncolloquial TENS traveling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE treatment
trans epi the li al \trans-ep#a-the#le-al\ adj : penetrating or passing denture \tret#mant den#chur\ 1: a dental prosthesis used
through the epithelium, as in a dental implant for the purpose of treating or conditioning the tissues that is called
treatment denture value d
on to support and retain it 2: a dental prosthesis that is placed in cast for the attachment of the tooth to a xed or removable denture
preparation for future therapysee INTERIM PROSTHESIS base
treatment plan \tret-mant plan\: the sequence of procedures planned for tu ber cule \too-bur#kyool\ n (1578): a small bony prominence or ex-
the treatment of a patient after diagnosis crescence; a nodule
tre phine n : a hollow rotary instrument (resembling a hole saw) used to tu ber os i ty n, pl -ties (ca. 1611): see MAXILLARY T.
make circular cuts. Used in dentistry to create a trough around pins
tunnel dissection \tun#ul\: a dissection of the periosteum from bone
or posts in a natural tooth prior to their removal or for removal of a through a small incision, in a tunnel-like fashion
dental implant from bone tur gid \tur#jd\ adj (1620): being on a state of distention; swollen ty po dont \t#po-
dent\: a replica of the natural dentition and alveolar
trial base \tr#al bas\: a material or device representing the base of a re-
movable dental prosthesis. It is used for making maxillomandibular mucosa, set to average condylar motions, used in training students in
relationship records and for the arrangement of teeth dental care syn TYPODENT
trial denture \tr#al den#chur\: a preliminary arrangement of denture
teeth that has been prepared for placement into the patients mouth U
to evaluate esthetics and maxillomandibular relationships
UCLA abutment substand : a colloquial term used to describe a dental
trial fitting: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
crown that is attached directly to the implant body by means of a
trial flask closure \tr#al ask klo#zhar\: any preliminary closure made screw without an intervening abutment
for the purpose of eliminating excess material and insuring that the
mold is completely lled ultimate strength \ul#ta-mt\: the greatest stress that may be induced in a
trial placement \tr#al plas#mant\: the process of placing a trial denture material at the point of rupturecalled also ultimate tensile strength
in the patients mouth for evaluationsee TRIAL DENTURE
trial plate obs : see TRIAL DENTURE ul tra vi o let \ul#tra-v#a-lt\: radiant energy of wavelengths shorter
than extreme violet and lying beyond the ordinarily visible spec-
tricalcium phosphate \tr-kal#se-um fos#fat\: an inorganic particulate or trum. Usually assigned to wavelengths shorter than 380 nm
solid form of relatively biodegradable ceramic that is used as a 1un der cut \un#dur-kut\ n (1859) 1: the portion of the surface of an
scaffold for bone regeneration. It may be used as a matrix for new
bone growth object that is below the height of contour in relationship to the path
of placement 2: the contour of a cross-sectional portion of a residual
trichromatic system \tr-kro-mat#k ss#tam\: a system for specifying ridge or dental arch that prevents the insertion of a dental prosthesis
color stimuli in terms of the tri-stimulus value based on matching
colors by additive mixtures of three primary colored lights 3: any irregularity in the wall of a prepared tooth that prevents the
withdrawal or seating of a wax pattern or casting
tri chro ma tism \tr-kro#ma-tz#um\ n : a type of vision in which the 2un der cut \un#dur-kut\ v (ca. 1598): to create areas that provide me-
colors seen require, in general, three independently adjustable pri- chanical retention for materials placement
maries (such as red, green, and blue) for their duplication by mix-
ture; trichromatism may be either anomalous trichromatism or uniform color space \yoo#na-form kul#ar spas\: color space in which
normal vision equal distances are intended to represent threshold or above
threshold perceived color differences of equal size
trigger area: see TRIGGER POINT
u ni lat er al \yoo#na-lat#ur-al\ adj (1802): relating to one side; one-
trigger point \trg#ur point\: a focus of hyperirritability in tissue which sided
when palpated, is locally tender and gives rise to heterotopic pain
unilateral partial denture: see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE DENTAL
trigger spot: see TRIGGER POINT
PROSTHESIS
trigger zone: see TRIGGER POINT
unilateral removable dental prosthesis \yoo#na-lat#ur-al r-moov#a-bal
tripod marking \trg#ur mar#kng\: those marks or lines drawn on a den#tl pros-the#sis\: a removable dental prosthesis which re-stores
cast in a single plane perpendicular to the survey rod to assist with lost or missing teeth on one side of the arch only
repositioning the cast on a dental surveyor in a previously de-ned unilateral subperiosteal implant \yoo#na-lat-ur-al sub-per#e-os#te-al
orientation
m-plant#\: an eposteal dental implant that provides abutments for
tri pod i za tion \trp#a-d-za#shun\ n : an occlusal scheme character- support of a removable or xed dental prosthesis in a partially eden-
ized by a cusp to fossa relationship in which there are three points of tulous arch
contact about the cusp and opposing fossa with no contact on the unstrained jaw relation \un#r-strand# jo r-la#shun\ obs : 1: the rela-
cusp tip
tion of the mandible to the skull when a state of balanced tonus ex-
tris mus n (ca. 1693): see MANDIBULAR T.
ists among all the muscles involved 2: any jaw relation that is
trismus appliance \trz#mus a-pl#ans\: a ancillary prosthesis that as- attained without undue or unnatural force and that causes no un-due
sists the patient in increasing the oral aperture width to eat and distortion of the tissues of the temporomandibular joints (GPT-4)
maintain oral hygienesyn DYNAMIC BITE OPENER,
INTERARCH EXPANSION DEVICE, OCCLUSAL DEVICE FOR upper impression slang : see MAXILLARY IMPRESSION up right
MANDIBULAR TRISMUS \up#rt\ adj : the movement of a tooth into an erect or normal
tri-stimulus value \tr-stm#ya-lus val#yoo\: (R, G, B: X, Y, Z, etc.) position
amounts of the three reference color stimuli, in a given trichromatic
system, required to match the color of the stimulus considered
V
tri ta no pia \tr-ta#no-pe#a\ n : form of dichromatism in which red-dish vacuum casting \vak#yoo-um kast#ng\: the casting of a material (i.e.,
blue and greenish yellow stimuli are confused. Tritanopia is a metal, plastic) in the presence of a partial vacuum
common result of retinal disease but may be inheritedcalled also
blue blindness, hence tritanope vacuum investing \vak#yoo-um n-vest#ng\: the process of investing
a pattern within a partial vacuum
try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
vacuum mixing \vak#yoo-um mks#ng\: a method of mixing a mate-
tube impression \toob, tyoob m-presh#an\ 1: a cylinder used as a tray to rial such as plaster of paris or casting investment below atmospheric
conne and direct impression material to make an impression of a pressure
single tooth 2: the impression resulting from this procedure
val ue \val#yoo\ n (14c): the quality by which a light color is dis-
tube teeth \toob teth\ obs : articial teeth with an internal, vertical, cy- tinguished from a dark color, the dimension of a color that denotes
lindrical aperture extending from the center of the base upward into relative blackness or whiteness (grayness, brightness).
the body of the tooth, into which a pin may be placed or
JULY 2005 79
value waxing up
d
Value is the only dimension of color that may exist alonesee vibrating line \v#bra-tng ln\: an imaginary line across the posterior
MUNSELL VALUE part of the palate marking the division between the movable and
Munsell, AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co., 1975:14-7. van der immovable tissues of the soft palate. This can be identied when the
Walls bond [Johannes D. van der Walls, Dutch physicist] (ca 1926): movable tissues are functioning
eponym for a bond that involves weak inter-atomic attrac-tions such as Vickers hardness number: (VHN) a measure of hardness obtained with a
variation in physical mass or location of electrical charge; e.g., molecular diamond pyramidal indenter with a square base and an angle of
polarization, electrical dipoles and disper- 136L. VHN is proportional to the ratio of the applied load to the area
sion effectshydrogen bridgescalled also secondary bond vascular of the indentation. Devised in the 1920s by engineers at Vickers,
pain \vas#kya-lur pan\: a type of deep somatic pain of visceral Ltd. in the United Kingdom
origin that emanates from the afferent nerves that innervate blood videofluoroscopy \vd#e-o#oo#a-ros#ka-pe, oo-ros#-\ n: dynamic x-
vessels rays recorded on videotape
ve lum \vel#um\ n (1771): a covering; a general term for a veil or veil viewing conditions \vyoo#ng kun-dsh#unz\: various conditions un-der
like structuresee SOFT PALATE
which visual observation is made including the size of the stim-ulus,
veneer \va-nr#\ n (1702): 1: a thin sheet of material usually used as a characteristics of the surrounding area, nature of the illuminant,
nish 2: a protective or ornamental facing 3: a supercial or attrac-tive angle of viewing, area of the retina, etc.
display in multiple layers, frequently termed a laminate veneer 1vent n : Virginia bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
1: a small auxiliary sprue to aid and improve casting proce-dures 2: a visceral pain \vs#ur-al pan\: deep somatic pain originating in visceral
small perforation placed in a cast restoration to facilitate structures such as mucosal linings, walls of hollow viscera, paren-
complete cementation by minimizing hydraulic pressure chyma of organs, glands, dental pulps, and vascular structures
2vent v : venting ppr : 1: to place an auxiliary sprue 2: to place a
visible spectrum \vz#a-bal spek#trum\ : the section of the electromag-
perforation netic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It ranges from 380
nm to 760 nm
verti-centric \vur#te-sen#trk\ [Earl Pound, U.S. prosthodontist, 1901-
1986]: a record used in complete removable dental prosthe-sis visual adaptation \vzh#oo-al ad#ap-ta#shun\: adjustive change in vi-
fabrication. It involves the simultaneous recording of the vertical sual sensitivity due to continued visual stimulation or lack of stim-
dimension of occlusion with the jaws in centric relation ulation. Three recognized types are: 1) scotopic or dark adaptation
vertical axis: see VERTICAL AXIS OF THE MANDIBLE 2) photopic or light adaptation 3) chromatic or color adaptation
vertical axis of the mandible \vur#t-kul ak#ss uv tha man#d-bal\: an visual photometry \vzh#oo-al fo-tom#-tre\: the measurement of lu-
imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate through the minous radiation based on its effect on the visual receptors
horizontal plane vul can ite \vul#ka-nt\ n : an obsolete denture base material that is a
combination of caoutchouc and sulfur. These harden in the pres-ence
vertical dimension \vur#t-kal d-men#shun\: the distance between two of suitable heat and application of pressure
selected anatomic or marked points (usually one on the tip of the
nose and the other upon the chin), one on a xed and one on a vul can ize \vul#ka-nz#\ vb -nized; -niz ing vt (1846): to produce
movable membersee OCCLUSAL V.D., REST V.D., V.D. OF exible or hard rubber, as desired, by subjecting caoutchouc, in the
SPEECH presence of sulfur, to heat and high steam pressure in a process-ing
unit, termed a vulcanizer, made for that purpose
vertical dimension decrease \vur#t-kal d-men#shun d-kres\ obs : de-
creasing the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxil-
lae by modications of teeth, the positions of teeth or occlusion W
rims, or through alveolar or residual ridge resorption (GPT-1) warp \worp\ vt (13c): torsional change of shape or outline; to turn or
vertical dimension increase \vur#t-kal d-men#shun\ obs : increasing twist out of shape
the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxillae by wash impression slang : see FINAL IMPRESSION
modications of teeth, the positions of teeth, or occlusion rims wave length \wav lengkth\: the distance at any instant between two ad-
(GPT-1)see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
jacent crests (or identical phases) of two series of waves that are ad-
vertical dimension of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL vancing through a uniform medium. The wavelength varies
DIMENSION inversely with the vibration rate or number of waves passing any
vertical dimension of rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST given point per unit period of time
POSITION
wax \waks\ n (bef. 12c): one of several esters of fatty acids with higher
vertical dimension of speech \vur#t-kal d-men#shun uv spech\: that alcohols, usually monohydric alcohols. Dental waxes are combina-
distance measured between two selected points when the occlud-ing tions of various types of waxes compounded to provide desired
members are in their closest proximity during speech physical propertiessee BASEPLATE W., BOXING W., CASTING
vertical opening: see VERTICAL DIMENSION W., DENTAL IMPRESSION W., MODELING W
vertical overlap \vur#t-kal o#var-lap\ 1: the distance teeth lap over wax addition technique: the process used to develop a wax pattern
their antagonists as measured vertically; especially the distance the through organized sequential addition of wax to shape the individ-
maxillary incisal edges extend below those of the mandibular teeth. ual components of the desired anatomic form
It may also be used to describe the vertical relations of oppos-ing wax elimination \waks -lm#a-na#shun\: the removal of wax from a
cusps 2: the vertical relationship of the incisal edges of the max- mold, usually by heat
illary incisors to the mandibular incisors when the teeth are in wax expansion \waks k-span#shun\: a method of expanding a wax pat-
maximum intercuspation tern to compensate for the shrinkage of gold during the casting
process
ves ti bule \ves#ta-byool\ n (ca. 1728) 1: any of various bony cavities,
wax model denture: see TRIAL DENTURE
especially when serving as or resembling an entrance to another 2:
the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on the medial side by wax pattern \waks pat#urn\: a wax form that is the positive likeness of
the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge or the residual ridge, and on the an object to be fabricated
lateral side by the lips and cheekssee BUCCAL V., LABIAL V. wax try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
wax ing \waks#ng\ v obs : the contouring of a wax pattern or the wax
base of a trial denture into the desired form (GPT-1)
ves tib u lo plas ty \ve-stb#u-lo-plas-te\ n : a surgical procedure de-
signed to restore alveolar ridge height by lowering muscles attach- waxing up \waks#ng up\ obs 1: the contouring of a pattern in wax gen-
ing to the buccal, labial, and lingual aspects of the jaws erally applied to the shaping in wax of the contours of a trial denture
waxing up Standard References

(GPT-1) 2: the process of waxing and carving of the wax to the Y
shape and contour desired (GPT-1) yield strength \yeld strengkth\: the strength at which a small amount of
wear facet \war fas#t\: any wear line or plane on a tooth surface permanent (plastic) strain occurs, usually 0.1% or 0.2%, and most
caused by attrition frequently measured in MPa or psi
Weber-Fergusson incision [Sir E.S. Fergusson, Scottish surgeon, dates Youngs modulus: [Thomas Young (1773-1829) English physician and
vary: 1808-1877 or 1871-1944]: eponym for a facial incision used in physicist] eponym for the constant of proportionality expressed in
exposing the maxillary bone in a maxillectomy procedure the stress-strain plot as the slope in the elastic region where elas-tic
Zange J. Operationen im Bereich der nase und ibver nebenholen. In: Theil recovery occurs upon release of the stress inducing the strain;
R. Opthalmologische, Operationslehre. Leipzig: Vebthieme, 1950. usually given the symbol E. A higher modulus (GPa, psi) denotes a
1weld \weld\ n (1831): a welded joint; the state or condition of being greater stiffness or material rigidity. Also termed MODULUS OF
welded ELASTICITY
2weld \weld\ vb : to unite or fuse two pieces by hammering, compres-
sion, or by rendering soft by heat with the addition of a fusible ma- Z
terial
zero-degree teeth \zr#o-d-gre#, ze#ro#- teth\: posterior denture teeth
whit ing \hw#tng, w#-\ n : pure white chalk (calcium carbonate) that having 0-degree cuspal angles in relation to the plane estab-lished by
has been ground and washed; it is used for polishing dental materials the horizontal occlusal surface of the tooth called also zero-degree
nonanatomic teethsee NONANATOMIC TEETH
wire splint \wr splnt\: a device used to stabilize teeth in the maxillae or zinc oxide eugenol cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from
mandible loosened by an accident or by a compromised perio- mixing zinc oxide with eugenol (oil of cloves), typically dispensed
dontium; a device to reduce and stabilize maxillary or mandibular in the form of a powder and liquid or sometimes two pastes. ANSI/
fractures by application to both arches and connection with inter- ADA Type I or Type II zinc oxide and eugenol cements are respec-
maxillary wires or elastic bands tively designated for provisional or permanent cementation of re-
Wolffs Law [Julius Wolff, German anatomist, 1836-1902]: eponym for storations fabricated outside of the mouthsee EBA CEMENT
the principle that a bone, either normal or abnormal, will de-velop
zinc phosphate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from mix-ing
the structure most suited to resist those forces acting on it
zinc oxide (powder component) with phosphoric acid, water,
work \work\ n (bef. 12c): the product of a force acting on a body and the aluminum phosphate and zinc phosphate (liquid component).
distance through which the point of application of the force moves Magnesium oxide is often used as the principal modier
zinc polycarboxylate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from
work authorization: a signed written order provided by the dentist to the mixing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and sometimes stannous ox-ide
dental laboratory detailing the work to be performed and spec-ifying (powder component) with an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid
the materials to be used and copolymers
working articulation \wur#kng ar-tk#ya-la#shun\: the occlusal con- zirconia ceramic post: a ceramic post used in the restoration of
tacts of teeth on the side toward which the mandible is moved
endodontically treated teeth, especially when a metal post may
working bite: see WORKING ARTICULATION working bite compromise esthetics. Typically used with composite resin or com-
relation: see WORKING ARTICULATION working cast: pression ceramics to form the core
see FINAL CAST
working condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE zygoma \z-go#ma\ n (ca. 1684): the area formed by the union of the
zygomatic bone with the zygomatic processes of the temporal and
working contacts \wur#kng kon#takts\ obs : contacts of teeth made on maxillary bones
the side of the occlusion toward which the mandible has been moved
(GPT-1)
working model: see CAST STANDARD REFERENCES
working occlusal surface \wur#kng a-kloo#zal sur#fas\ obs : the sur-face
or surfaces of teeth on which mastication can occur (GPT-1) working COLOR
occlusion \wur#kng a-kloo#zhun\ obs : the occlusal contacts Agoston GA. Color theory and its applications in art and design. 2nd
of teeth on the side to which the mandible is moved (GPT-1) ed. Springer series in optical sciences, vol. 19. Heidelberg:
working side \wur#kng sd\: the side toward which the mandible SpringerVerlag, 1987.
moves in a lateral excursion Kelly KL, Judd DB. Color: universal language and dictionary of
working side contacts \wur#kng sd kon#takts\: contacts of teeth made names. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National
on the side of the articulation toward which the mandible is moved Bureau of Standards, December 1976; Spec. Publication no. 440.
during working movements Nassan K. The physics and chemistry of color: the fteen causes of
working side condyle \wur#kng sd kon#dl\: the condyle on the color. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
working side MacAdam DL. Color measurement: theme and variations. 2nd ed.
working side condyle path \wur#kng sd kon#dl path\: the path the Springer series in optical sciences, vol. 27. Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag,
condyle travels on the working side when the mandible moves in a 1985.
lateral excursion Billmeyer FW Jr, Saltzman M. Principles of color technology. New
wrought \rot\ adj (13c) 1: worked into shape; formed 2: worked into York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
shape by tools; hammered Wyazecki G, Stiles WA. Color science: concepts and methods, quanti-
tative data and formulea. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982.
X Hunt RWG. Measuring colour. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons,
1X-ray \eks#ra\ vt (1896): the process of exposing objects to roentgen
1987.
rays and projecting their shadow on sensitized surfaces
2X-ray \eks#ra\ n (1900): see ROENTGEN RAY Hunter RS, Harold RW. The measurement of appearance. 2nd ed.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987.
X-ray picture: see ROENTGENOGRAM
xenogenic graft \zen#a-jen#k\: a graft from one species to another
species called also heterologous graft COMPLETE DENTURE
xer o stomia \zr#a-sto#me-a\ n : dryness of the mouth from lack of PROSTHODONTICS
normal secretions
Goddard PB.The anatomy, physiology and pathology of the human
teeth: with the most approved methods of treatment; including
JULY 2005 81
Standard References
operations, and the method of making and setting articial teeth. With The Dentists Supply Co. Principles of selection and articulation.
thirty plates. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1844. New York: The Dentists Supply Co., 1921.
Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical and Cummer WE. The Rupert Hall method for entire upper and lower
mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847. dentures. Bulletin no. 2, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian Dental Research
Tomes J. Instruction in the use and management of articial teeth. Foundation, 1921.
Middlesex: Private printing, 1851. Gabell DP. Prosthetic dentistry. A textbook on the chairside work for
Delabarre AFA. De la gutta percha et de son application aux den- producing plate dentures. London: H. Froude; Hodder & Stoughton,
tures articiales en remplacement des plaques metalliques et des sub- 1921.
stances osseuses corruptibles. Paris: V. Masson, 1852. Rupp FW. The mathematics of dental prosthetics, showing the ne-
Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. cessity for the use of various other instruments of precision in order to
Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1860. obtain satisfactory dentures from the use of anatomical articulators of
Wildman, E. Instructions in the manipulation of hard rubber, or any brand. London: J. Bale Sons & Danielsson, 1921.
vulcanite. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1865. Berthold AHR. Engineering applied to dentistry. Modern retention of
Evans, TW. On the discovery of vulcanized caoutchouc: and the articial dentures from an engineering standpoint. Chicago:
property of its application to dental purposes. Private printing, 1867. International Dental Manufacturing Co., 1922.
Celluloid Manufacturing Co. Celluloid as a base for articial teeth: Ash C. Ashs all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum
instructions for manipulating the celluloid base, with testimonials from tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown and bridge
parties using it, and other information. Celluloid Manufacturing Co., work. London: Ash, Julius, 1923.
1878.
Campbell DD. Full denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Maloney JA, Brightwell OH. The Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co., Co., 1924.
Washington: Gibson Publishing Co., 1878.
Goodhugh T. The art of prosthetic dentistry, London: Bailliere, 1924.
Balkwill FH. Mechanical dentistry in gold and vulcanite. London:
Churchill and Co., 1880.
Hanau RH. Full denture prosthesis. Intraoral technique for Hanau
White, JW. The teeth: natural and articial. Philadelphia: SS White Articulator model H. Buffalo: (Dental engineering), 1926.
Dental Manufacturing Co., 1880.
Hanua RH. Hanau intraoral method vs Gysi extraoral method.
Shefeld LT. A new system of prosthetic dentistry. New York: Buffalo: Private press, 1927.
Private printing, 1884.
Gysi A. Practical conclusions from scientic research in denture
Land, CH. The scientic adaptation of articial dentures. construction. New York: Dentists Supply Co., 1929.
Philadelphia: Private printing, 1885.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co., 1929.
Andrieu E. Traite de prosthese buccale et de mecanique dentaire.
Paris: D. Doin, 1887.
Bunce EW. The Bunce Kanouse full denture technic. Chicago: Coe
White JW. Taking impressions of the mouth. Philadelphia: SS White
Laboratories, Inc., 1929.
Dental Manufacturing Co., 1891.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co., 1929.
Gartrell, JH. Continuous gum work: a description of new apparatus
and methods for manipulating continuous gum and porcelain crowns.
London: Dental Engineering Co., 1896. Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry, an encyclopedia of full and partial
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.
Samsioe CA. A treatise on plateless dentures. Private printing, 1898.
Swenson MG. Outline of full denture prosthesis. New York:
University Press, 1932.
Clapp GW. Mechanical side of anatomical articulation. New York:
The Dental Digest, 1910. Fish EW. Principles of full denture prosthesis. London: John Bale
Sons and Danielsson Ltd., 1933.
Greene JW. Greene brothers clinical course in dental prosthesis in
three printed lectures. New and advanced test methods in impressions, Lott FM. The problem of facsimile reproduction of anterior esthet-ics
articulation, occlusion, rooess dentures, rets and renewals. in full denture prosthesis. Bulletin no. 17. Toronto: Canadian Dental
Chillicothe, Mo.: Private press, 1910. Research Foundation, 1933.
Haskell LP. Harkells manual of plate work or handbook for the Frahm FW. The principles and technics of full denture construction.
dental laboratory. Chicago: Private press, 1910. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1934.
Clapp GW. Prosthetic articulation. New York: The Dentists Supply Williams JL. Trubyte teeth for denture restorations. New York:
Co., 1914. Dentists Supply Co., 1935.
Girdwood J. Tube teeth and porcelain rods. Private printing, 1914. Lott FM. Glass as a denture base. Bulletin no. 23. Toronto: Canadian
Wilson GH. Dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Dental Research Foundation, 1936.
Fabiger, 1914. Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Private press, 1936.
The Dentists Supply Co. Trubyte teeth for vulcanite plates: as de- Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
signed by J. Leon Williams and Alfred Gysi together with a formuation Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
of the law of harmony between faces and teeth and a description of the Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Dental Library, Bureau of
Trubyte system of classifying face forms. New York: The Dentists Engraving, Inc., 1936.
Supply Co., 1917. Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Liberthal RH. Advanced impression taking. Scientic and correct Publishing Co., 1937.
method based upon principles founded by Drs. Greene. New York: House MM. Full denture technique. Whittier, Calif.: Private printing,
Professional Publishing Co., 1918. 1937.
Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional Denture Service. New York: House MM, Loop JL. Form and color harmony in the dental art.
The Dentists Supply Co., 1918. Whittier, Calif.: Private printing, 1939.
Leger Derez H. Traite de prosthese dentaire. Paris: C. Ash and Sons Schlosser RO. Complete denture prosthesis. Philadelphia: W B
Co., 1920. Saunders Co., 1939.
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Swenson MG. Complete dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co.,
Lea & Febiger, 1920. 1940.
Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional denture service. Vol. II. New Neil E. The upper and the lower. A simplied full denture impres-
York: The Dentists Supply Co., 1921. sion procedure. Chicago: The CAL Technical Library, 1941.
Standard References
Miller RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V Schwartz JR. Practical prosthetic procedure. Philadelphia: Universal
Mosby Co., 1942. Dental Co., 1934.
Adams CW. Selection and articulation of articial teeth. New York: Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians. New York: Pitman
Dentists Supply Co., 1943. Publishing Corp., 1938.
Hirsekorn H. Denture base readjustment. Baltimore: Williams and Chappelle WF. Partial denture technics. Buffalo: Williams Gold
Wilkins Co., 1943. Rening Co., 1941.
Hunter C, Samson E. Mechanical dentistry; a practical treatise on the Wells AS, Reynolds GW. Laboratory manual for crown and bridge
construction of the various kinds of articial dentures. London: The technique. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc. Lithoprinters, 1944.
Technical Press Ltd., 1945. Boucher CO. Dental prosthetic laboratory manual. St. Louis: The C
Schwartz MM. You can be happy with dental plates. Private print- V Mosby Co., 1947.
ing, 1945.
Tuckeld W. Full denture technique. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Australian
College of Dentistry, 1945. DENTAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
Landa JS. Practical full denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Flagg JF. Plastics and plastic llings: as pertaining to the lling of all
Interest Publishing Co., 1947. cavities of decay in teeth below medium in structure. Philadelphia: P.
Blakiston, 1881.
Hordes S. Full denture construction. Albany: University of the State
of New York Press, 1949. Essig CJ. Manual of dental metallurgy. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers
and Co., 1882.
Sears VH. New teeth for old. Salt Lake City: University of Utah
Press, 1949. Gilbert SE. Vulcanite and celluloid: instruction in their practical
working for dental purposes. Philadelphia: SS White Dental
Sears VH. Priciples and techniques for complete denture construc- Manufacturing Co., 1884.
tion. St. Louis: The, C V Mosby Co., 1949.
Warren GW. A manual of mechanical dentistry and metallurgy.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1905.
London: Staples Press, 1953.
Hughes CN. Questions and answers on prosthetic dentistry and
Landy C. Full dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1958.
metallurgy. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1914.
Hepburn WB. Notes on dental metallurgy for the use of dental
CROWNS students and practitioners. 2nd ed. New York: W. Wood and Co., 1915.
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A
practical, systematic modern treatise upon the requirements and Capon WA. Porcelain dental restorations. Philadelphia: Lea &
technique of articial crown work including some incidental reference Febiger, 1920.
to bridgework. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental Manufactur-ing Hovestad JF. Practical dental porcelains. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1903. Co., 1924.
Land CH. Porcelain dental art. Private printing, 1904. LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Chayes HES. The application of the Davis crown in prosthetic den- Publishing Co., 1925.
tistry. New York: Private printing, 1912. Ray KW. Metallurgy for dental students. Philadelphia: P.
Lochhead Laboratories. The porcelain jacket crown. A treatise con- Blakistons Son & Co., 1931.
taining interesting and authentic information regarding the technique, Felcher FR. The art of porcelain in dentistry. St. Louis: The C V
preparation and eld of application of porcelain jacket crowns in an Mosby Co., 1932.
everyday practice. New York: Private printing, 1918. Skinner EW. The science of dental materials. Philadelphia: W B
Thompson GA. Porcelain tecnic. Private printing, 1918. Saunders Co., 1936.
Collett HA. Gold shell crowns and how to make them. The solution Felcher FR. Porcelain in dentristry. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co.,
of problems in dental mechanics. New York: Private printing, 1922. 1932.
Ash C. Ashs all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum Salzmann JA. Manual for dental technicians: vulcanite. New York:
tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown and
bridgework. London: Ash, Julius, 1923. Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians: with a supplement on
acrylics. 1938.
LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn Dental Items of Interest
Publishing Co., 1925. Cohen M. Ceramics in dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1940.
Stern MN. Enameloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills, N.Y.: The
Stern MN. Enaemloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills, N.Y.: The Credo Publishing Co., 1942.
Credo Publishing Co., 1942.
Orlowski HJ. Dental porcelain. Columbus: College of Engineering,
Engle F. Three quarter crowns; how to construct and apply them. Ohio State University Press, 1944.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1946.
Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Oxford: Blackwell, 1944.
Levy, IR. Acrylic inlays, crowns and bridges. Philadelphia: Lea & Tylman SD, Peyton FA. Acrylics and other synthetic resins used in
Febiger, 1950. dentistry. Philadelphia J B Lippincott Co., 1946.
Brecker SC. The porcelain jacket crown. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Springeld: C. C. Thomas Co.,
Co., 1951. 1948.
DENTAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Haskell LP. The students manual and handbook for the dental lab- FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE
oratory. Philadelphia: Welch Dental Co., 1887. PROSTHODONTICS
Chupein TF. The dental laboratory; a manual of gold and silver plate Clifford IE, Clifford RE. Crown, bar and bridgework: new methods
work for dental substitutes, crowns, etc. Philadelphia: Johnson of permanently adjusting articial teeth without plates. London,
& Lund, 1889. Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1885.
Abonyi J. Compendium der Zahutechnik fur studirende und Krste. Evans G. Practical treatise on articial crown and bridge work.
Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1892. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1888.
Chasman C. Manual of mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Private Brown P. A treatise on crown and bridge work, or the adjustment of
printing, 1932. teeth without plates. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1892.
JULY 2005 83
Standard References
Reigner H. Kronen und bracken arbeitem, sin lehrbuch. Leipzig A Mouton C. Essai dOdontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents
Felix, 1895. Articielles. Paris: Private printing, 1746. (First complete book on
Shefeld LT. An easy account of crown work and bridgework in articial tooth replacements).
dentistry. New York: Private printing, 1895. Hunter J. The natural history of the human teeth. London:
Mason Detachable Tooth Co., Mason detachable porcelains for J. Johnson, 1755. (Section on articial tooth replacements).
crown and bridge work: with instructions in the method of mounting. Wooffendale R. Practical observations on the human teeth.
Mason Detachable Tooth Co., 1900. London: J. Johnson, 1783. (Section on articial tooth replacements).
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A prac- Dubois de Lhemant N. A dissertation on articial teeth: evincing the
tical, systematic modern treatise upon the requirements and technique of advantages of teeth made of mineral paste, over every denomina-tion of
articial crown work including some incidental reference to bridge- animal substance: to which is added, advise to mothers and nurses on
work. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental Manufacturing Co., 1903. the prevention and cure of those dieseases which attend the rst
dentition. 1797; (Section on articial tooth replacements.) Fox J. The
Roussel GA. Traite theorique et practique des couronnes arti-cielles history and treatment of the diseases of the teeth, the gums, and the
et du bridge work. Paris: D. Doin, 1906. alveolar processes, with the operations which they re-spectively require.
Chance PR. Ashs tube teeth in aesthetic crown and bridgework. To which are added, observations on other diseases of the mouth, and on
London: Private printing, 1907. the mode of xing articial teeth. London:
Havestadt JF. Principles and techniques of crowns and bridges. Thomas Cox, 1806. (Section on articial tooth replacements.) James B.
Boston: Kitter and Flebee, 1915. A treatise on the management of the teeth. Philadelphia:
Peeso, FA. Crown and bridgework for students and practitioners. Private printing, 1814. (First illustrated United States dental work with a
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1916. section on articial teeth.)
Krummnow F. Lehrbuch der kronen brucken und porzellantechnick. Delabarre CF. Traite de la partie mecanique de lart du chiru den-
Berlin: Halensee Zahntechmischer Verlag, 1920. tiste (in two volumes). Paris: Private printing, 1820. (Section on arti-
Chayes HES. Movable removable bridgework. With a detailed, cial tooth replacements.)
illuerated technique for the construction of a unilateral compound Jobson DW. Outlines of the anatomy and physiology of the teeth &
movable removable partial bridge, and a description of the instru-ments c. Their diseases and treatment. With practical observations on arti-cial
and attachments employed. New York: Chayes System Laboratories, teeth. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1834. (Section on articial tooth
1922. replacements.)
Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co., Steeles interchangeable Koecker L. An essay on articial teeth, obturators, & plates, with the
tooth: illustrated: showing technical detail of construction and manip- principles for their construction and application, illustrated by 26 cases
ulation, embracing all features of their application. Columbus: and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1835. (Section on articial tooth
Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co., 1924. replacements.)
Haupl K, Reichborn Kjemerud I. Moderne zahnartzliche krown und Saunders E. Mineral teeth: their merits & manufacture: with obser-
brucken arbeiten. Berlin: H. Mausser, 1929. vations on those cases in which they are or are not applicable: and on
Doxtater LW. Procedures in modern crown and bridgework. The the best means of preserving articial teeth. Philadelphia: Private print-
principles and technique of stationary and removable bridges. Brooklyn: ing, 1841. (Section on articial tooth replacements.)
Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1931. Arthur R. A popular treatise on the diseases of the teeth: including a
Knapp KW. Manual of xed bridgework. New York: N.Y. description of their structure and modes of treatment; together with the
University Press Book Store, 1935. usual mode of inserting articial teeth. Philadelphia: Lindsay &
Schwartz JR. Cavity prepamtion and abutment construction in Blakiston, 1845. (Section on articial tooth replacements.)
bridgework. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936. Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical and
Hildebrand GY. Studies in dental prosthodontics. Vol. 1. Stockholm: mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847.
Fahlerantz, 1937. Howard T. On the IOBB of teeth; and on the best means of restor-ing
Knapp KW. Inlays and xed bridgework. Buffalo: Williams Gold them. London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1857. (Section on articial tooth
Rening Co., 1939. replacements.)
Tylman SD. Theory and practice of crown and bridge prosthesis. St. Lukyn E. Dental surgery and mechanism. A popular treatise on the
Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1940. preservation, management, and surgical treatment of the teeth and gums:
Coelho DH. A complete xed bridge procedure. St. Louis: The CV with the most modern and improved modes of supplying the lobs of
Mosby Co., 1949. teeth. London: Savill and Edwards, 1859. (Section on articial tooth
Ewing JE. Fixed partial prosthesis. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, replacements.)
1954.
Allen J. Teeth: an improved method of constructing articial den-
tures: combining ve important points not heretofore attained: to-gether
with directions for the development and subsequent preservation of the
natural teeth. Philadelphia Private printing, 1860.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY Mosely E. Teeth, their natural history: with the physiology of the
Kissane JM, ed. Andersons pathology. 9th ed. St. Louis: The C V human mouth, in regard to articial teeth. London: Robert Hardwicke,
Mosby Co., 1990. 1862. (Section on articial tooth replacements.)
Myers EN, Suen JY. Cancer of the head and neck. 2nd ed. New Eskell FA. A new system for treating and xing articial teeth: the
York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc., 1989. art to prevent the loss of the teeth: the instructions calculated to enable
Guepp DR, ed. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology, vol. 10, heads of families to adopt the authors practice of treating and preserv-
Pathology of the head and neck. New York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc. ing the teeth. Private printing, 1862.
Coles JO. On deformities of the mouth, congenital and acquires, with
their mechanical treatment. Philadelphia Lindsay and Blakiston, 1870.
GENERAL PROSTHODONTICS (Section on articial tooth replacements.)
Fauchard P. Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traute des Dents (in two vol- Coles JO. A manual of dental mechanics. 2nd ed. London: J & A
umes). Paris: 1728 (section on articial tooth replacements in vol. II). Churchi H., 1876. (Section on articial tooth replacement.)
Standard References
Dejardin A Jr. Restaurations prosthetiques faites dans les hopitaux de Walker DG. The construction of vulcanite applicators for applying
Paris, precede de [hygiene de la bouche. Paris: E. Bicheron, 1877. radium to lesions of the buccal cavity, lips, orbit and antrum. London:
Burnot G. Contribution a [etude de la graffe dentaire. Paris: J.B. Beder OK. Surgical and maxillofacial prosthetics. Seattle: Kings
Balilliere, 1886. Crown Press, 1949.
Cigrand BJ. The rise, fall and revival of dental prosthesis. Chicago:
Periodical Publishing Co., 1892.
Parreidt J.; Handbuch der Zahnersatakunde. Leipzig: A. Felix, 1893.
MEDICAL ACRONYMS
Cingrand BJ. A compendium of dental prosthesis arranged in ques- Hamilton B, Guides B. Medical acronyms, symbols and abbrevia-
tions and answers. Chicago: Periodical Publishing Co., 1894. tions. 2nd ed. New York: Neal
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. In Schuman Publishers, Inc., 1988:277 pages. Mossman J, ed.
contributions by eminent authorities. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations dictionary. 15th ed. Detroit:
Co., 1896. Gale Research Inc., 1990.
Richarson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry.
Philadelphia: P. Blakistons Sons and Co., 1903.
Cigrand BJ. The lower third of the face or the dental domain; a study MEDICAL DICTIONARIES
of art in dentistry. Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1904.
Steadmans Medical Dictionary. 25th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia: Lea &
Wilkins, 1990.
Febiger, 1911.
Jablonsit S. Illustrated dictionary of dentistry. Philadelphia: W B
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico Dental
Publishing Co., 1916. Saunders Co., 1982.
Bodee CA, Rabell UL. Text book on prosthetic dentistry. New York:
Martinier P. Villian G. Prothese. Paris: J.B. BaiHiere and ls, 1922. MEDICAL EPONYMS
Clapp GW. The life and work of James Leon Williams. New York: Firkin BG, Whitworth JA. Dictionary of medical eponyms. Park
The Dental Digest, 1925. Ridge, N.J.: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 1987.
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, 1926.
Shaw DM. Dental prosthetic mechanics. London: Edward Arnold

and Co., 1927. REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial PROSTHODONTICS
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930. Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. Outlines of dental science, vol IV. Interest Publishing Co., 1928.
New York: Private printing, 1934. Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial
Boyle HH. Principles and practice of applied dental aesthetics. denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.
London: H. Kimpton, 1936. Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Hildebrand GT. Studies in dental prosthetics. Stockholm: A.B. Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
Fahlerants, 1937. Elbrecht A. Systematik der abnehembaren partieHen prostheses.
Osborne J. Dental mechanics for students. London: Trinity Press Leipzig: H. Meusser, 1937.
Ltd., 1939.
Neurohr FG. Partial dentures; a system of functional restoration.
Schwartz, JR. Modern methods of tooth replacement. Brooklyn: Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1939.
Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1942.
MiHer RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Sears, VH. Basic principles of dentistry. New York: Pitman
Mosby Co., 1942.
Publishing Corp., 1942.
Craddock FW. Prosthetic dentistry: a clinical outline. St. Louis: The Applegate SG, Perry CK. Outline for removable partial denture ser-
C V Mosby Co., 1945. vice. Detroit: Prosthetic Department, University of Detroit School of
Schweitzer JM. Restorative dentistry; a clinical photographic pre- Dentistry, 1943.
sentation. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1947. Godfrey RJ. A manual of removable partial denture design. Toronto:
Weinmann JP, Sicher H. Bone and bones. St. Louis: The C V Mosby University of Toronto Press, 1948.
Co., 1947. J.M. Ney Co. The Ney surveyor book. Hartford: J.M. Ney Co., 1948.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.

London: Staples Press, 1953.
MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS Applegate OC. Essentials of removable partial denture prosthesis.
Koecker L. An essay on articial teeth, obturators, & plates, with the Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co., 1954.
principles for the construction and application, illustrated by 26 cases Swenson MG, Terkla LG. Partin dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1935.
Co., 1955.
Ramsay R. Coles JO. The mechanical treatment of deformities of the
mouth, congenital and accidental. London: J. ChurchiH and Sons, 1868.
Case CS. A practical treatise on the techniques and principles of SYNDROMES

dental orthopedia and prosthetic correction of cleft palate. Chicago: CS Magalini SI, Magalini SC, de Francisci G. Dictionary of medical
Case Private press, 1921. syn-dromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1990.
Fritsch C. Zahnartzliche sowie zahnarztlich chirurgische prothetik. Jablonski S. Jablonskis dictionary of syndromes and eponymic dis-
Leipzig: G. Thieme, 1925. eases. 2nd ed. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing Co., 1990.
JULY 2005 85
Appendix A Avoirdupois to Metric Weight Conversion Table

Ounces Grams Ounces Grams Pounds Grams Kilograms
Tables and Measures
1/16 1.772 7 198.447 1 16 oz. 453.59
1/8 3.544 8 226.796 2 907.18
Celsius / Fahrenheit Conversion Table 1/4 7.088 9 255.146 3 1360.78 1.36
1/2 14.175 10 283.495 4 1814.37 1.81
LC LF LC LF LC LF
1 28.350 11 311.845 5 2267.96 2.27
240 240.0 9 48.2 58 136.4 2 56.699 12 340.194 6 2721.55 2.72
239 238.2 10 50.0 59 138.2 3 85.049 13 368.544 7 3175.15 3.18
238 236.4 11 51.8 60 140.0 4 113.398 14 396.893 8 3628.74 3.63
237 234.6 12 53.6 61 141.8 5 141.748 15 425.243 9 4082.33 4.08
236 232.8 13 55.4 62 143.6 6 170.097 16 1 lb. 453.59 10 4535.92 4.54
235 231.0 14 57.2 63 145.4
234 229.2 15 59.0 64 147.2
233 227.4 16 60.8 65 149.0
232 225.6 17 62.6 66 150.8
231 223.8 18 64.4 67 152.6
230 222.0 19 66.2 68 154.4
229 220.2 20 68.0 69 156.2
228 218.4 21 69.8 70 158.0
227 216.6 22 71.6 71 159.8
226 214.8 23 73.4 72 161.6
225 213.0 24 75.2 73 163.4
224 211.2 25 77.0 74 165.2
223 29.4 26 78.8 75 167.0
222 27.6 27 80.6 76 168.8
221 25.8 28 82.4 77 170.6
220 24.0 29 84.2 78 172.4
219 22.2 30 86.0 79 174.2
218 20.4 31 87.8 80 176.0
217 +1.4 32 89.6 81 177.8
216 3.2 33 91.4 82 179.6
215 5.0 34 93.2 83 181.4
214 6.8 35 95.0 84 183.2
213 8.6 36 96.8 85 185.0
212 10.4 37 98.6 86 186.8 Metric to Apothecary Liquid Measure
211 12.2 38 100.4 87 188.6
Approximate
210 14.0 39 102.2 88 190.4 Metric Apothecary Equivalent
29 15.8 40 104.0 89 192.2
28 17.6 41 105.8 90 194.0 1000 ml 1 quart
750 ml 1 pints
500 ml 1 pint
250 ml 8 fluid ounces200 ml
7 fluid ounces
Measures of Capacity
100 ml 3 fluid ounces
50 ml 1 34 fluid ounces
30 ml 1 fluid ounce
Multiples and submultiples of the Metric System 15 ml 4 fluid drams
10 ml 2 fluid drams
Multiples and Submultiples Prefix Symbol 8 ml 2 fluid drams
5 ml 1 fluid drams
1,000,000,000,000 (1012) tera- T 4 ml 1 fluid dram
1,000,000,000 (109) giga- G 3 ml 45 minims
1,000,000 (106) mega- M 2 ml 30 minims
1,000 (103) kilo- k 1 ml 15 minims
100 (102) hecto- h 0.75 ml 12 minims
10 (101) deka- da 0.60 ml 10 minims
0.1 (1021) deci- d 0.50 ml 8 minims
0.01 (1022) centi- c 0.30 ml 5 minims
0.001 (1023) mill- m 0.25 ml 4 minims
0.000,001 (1026) micro- m 0.20 ml 3 minims
0.000,000,001 (1029) nano- n 0.10 ml 1 minims
0.000,000,000,001 (10212) pico- p 0.06 ml 1 minim
0.000,000,000,000,001 (10215) femto- f 0.05 ml 3 minim
4
0.000,000,000,000,000,001 (10218) atto- a 0.03 ml minim
Apothecaries 2 Metric Liquid Measure Table Measures of Mass

Fluid Fluid
Minims Milliliters Drams Milliliters Ounces Milliliters
Avoirdupois Weight Table
0.06 1 3.70 1 29.57
0.12 2 7.39 59.15 Metric Equivalents
Grains Drams Ounces Pounds (grams)
3 0.19 3 11.09 3 88.72
4 0.25 4 14.79 4 118.29 1 0.0366 0.0023 0.00014 0.0647989
5 0.31 5 18.48 147.87 27.34 1 0.0625 0.0039 1.772
10 0.62 6 22.18 6 177.44 437.5 16 1 0.0625 28.350
15 0.92 7 25.88 7 207.01 7000 256 16 1 453.5924277
20 1.23 8 29.57 8 236.58
(1 ft oz)
25 1.54 9 266.16
30 1.85 10 295.73
Apothecaries Weight Table
35 2.16 11 325.30
Equivalents Grains Scruples Drams Pounds Metric Ounces
40 2.46 12 354.88
45 2.77 13 384.45 1 0.05 0.0167 0.0021 0.00017 0.0647989
50 3.08 14 414.02 20 1 0.333 0.042 0.0035 1.296
55 3.39 15 443.59 60 3 1 0.125 0.0104 3.888
60 (1 fl dr) 3.70 16 (1 pt) 473.17 480 24 8 1.000 0.0833 31.103
32 (1 qt) 946.33 5760 28 96 12.000 1.0000 373.24177
128 (1 gal) 3785.32 8
Metric 2 Apothecaries Liquid Measure Table
Milliliters Minims Illiliters Fluid Drams Milliliters Fluid Ounces
1 16.231 5 1.35 30 1.01

2 32.5 10 2.71 40 1.35
3 48.7 15 4.06 50 1.69
4 64.9 20 5.4 500 16.91
5 81.1 25 6.76 1000 (1 L) 33.815
30 7.1
Apothecaries (Wine) Measure Table
Fluid Fluid Cubic Cubic

Minims Drams Ounces Gills Pints Quarts Gallons Inches Milliliter Centimeters
1 0.0166 0.002 0.0005 0.00013 0.00376 0.06161 0.06161

60 1 0.125 0.0312 0.0078 0.0039 - 0.22558 3.6967 3.6967
480 8 1 0.25 0.0625 0.0312 0.0078 1.80468 29.5737 29.5737
1920 32 4 1 0.25 0.125 0.0312 7.21875 118.2948 118.2948
7680 128 16 4 1 0.5 0.125 28.875 473.179 473.179
15360 256 32 8 2 1 0.25 57.75 946.358 946.358
61440 1024 128 32 8 4 1 231 3785.434 3785.434
JULY 2005 87
Metric Weight Table

Deca- Equivalents
Micro-Gram Milli-Gram Centi-Gram Deci-Gram Gram Gram Hecto-Gram Kilo-Gram Avoirdupois Apothecaries
1 - 0.000015 gr
103 1 - 0.015432 gr
10 10 1 - - 0.154323 gr
105 100 10 1 - 1.543235 gr
108 1000 100 10 1 - 15.432356 gr
107 10a 1000 100 10 1 - 5.6438 dr 7.7162 scr
108 106 10L 1000 100 10 1 - 3.215 oz 3.527 oz
109 106 106 10 1000 100 10 1 2.2046 lb 2.6792 lb
1012 109 108 107 106 105 10 1000 2204.6223 lb 2679.2285 lb
Metric Measures of Length Table

Micro-Meter Milli-Meter Centi-Meter Deci-Meter Meter Deka-Meter Hecto-Meter Kilo-Meter Mega-Meter Equivalents
1 0.001 10- 0.000039 inch

103 1 10- 0.03937 inch
104 10 1 - 0.3937 inch
105 100 10 1 - - 3.937 inches
106 1000 100 10 1 - 39.37 inches
107 104 1000 100 10 1 - 10.9361 yards
108 105 104 1000 100 10 1 - 109.3612 yards
109 106 105 104 1000 1000 10 1 1093.6121 yards
1010 107 106 105 104 1000 100 10 - 6.2137 miles
1012 109 108 107 106 105 104 1000 1 621.370 miles
Troy Weight Table Apothecary to Metric Weight Conversion Table

Metric Equivalents Grains Grams Grains Grams Scruples Grams
Grains Pennyweights Ounces Pounds (grams)
1/150 0.0004 2/5 0.03 1 1.296(1.3)
1 0.042 0.002 0.00017 1.0647989 1/120 0.0005 1/2 0.032 2 2.592(2.6)
24 1 0.05 0.0042 1.555 1/100 0.0006 3/5 0.04 3 (1 3) 3.888(3.9)
480 20 1 0.083 31.103 1/90 0.0007 2/3 0.043
5760 240 12 1 373.24177 1/80 0.0008 3/4 0.05 Drams Grams
1/64 0.001 7/8 0.057 1 3.888
1/60 0.0011 1 0.065 2 7.776
1/50 0.0013 1 1/2 0.097(0.1) 3 11.664
1/48 0.0014 2 0.12 4 15.552
1/40 0.0016 3 0.20 5 19.440
1/36 0.0018 4 0.24 6 23.328
1/32 0.002 5 0.30 7 27.216
1/30 0.0022 6 0.40 8 (1 3) 31.103
1/25 0.0026 7 0.45
1/20 0.003 8 0.50 Ounces Grams
1/16 0.004 9 0.60 1 31.103
1/12 0.005 10 0.65 2 62.207
1/10 0.006 15 1.00 3 93.310
1/9 0.007 20 (1 3) 1.30 4 124.414
1/8 0.008 30 2.00 5 155.517
1/7 0.009 6 186.621
1/6 0.01 7 217.724
1/5 0.013 8 248.828
1/4 0.016 9 279.931
1/3 0.02 10 311.035
11 342.138
12 (1 lb) 373.242
Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversion Table

Milligrams Grains Grams Grains Grams Equivalents
1 0.015432 0.1 1.5432 10 2.572 drams

2 0.030864 0.2 3.0864 15 3.858 2.572 drams
3 0.046296 0.3 4.6296 20 5.144 2.572 drams
4 0.061728 0.4 6.1728 25 6.430 2.572 drams
5 0.077160 0.5 7.7160 30 7.716 2.572 drams
6 0.092592 0.6 9.2592 40 1.286 oz
7 0.108024 0.7 10.8024 45 1.447 1.286 oz
8 0.123456 0.8 12.3456 50 1.607 1.286 oz
9 0.138888 0.9 13.8888 100 3.215 1.286 oz
10 0.154320 1.0 15.4320 200 6.430 1.286 oz
15 0.231480 1.5 23.1480 300 9.644 1.286 oz
20 0.308640 2.0 30.8640 400 12.859 1.286 oz
25 0.385800 2.5 38.5800 500 1.34 lb
30 0.462960 3.0 46.2960 600 1.61 lb
35 0.540120 3.5 54.0120 700 1.88 lb
40 0.617280 4.0 61.728 800 2.14 lb
45 0.694440 4.5 69.444 900 2.41 lb
50 0.771600 5.0 77.162 1000 2.68 lb
100 1.543240 10.0 154.324
Metric Fluid Measure Table

Equivalents
Micro-Liter Milli-Liter Centi-Liter Deci-Liter Deka-Liter Hecto-Liter Kilo-Liter Mega-Liter (Apothecaries Fluid)
1 0.01623108 min
103 1 - 16.23 min
104 10 1 - 2.7 fl dr
105 100 10 1 - 3.38 fl oz
106 103 100 10 1 2.11 pts
107 104 103 100 10 1 - 2.64 gal
108 105 104 103 100 10 1 - - 26.418 gals
109 106 105 104 103 100 10 1 - 264.18 gals
1012 109 108 107 105 105 104 103 1 26418 gals
1 liter = 2.113363738 pints (Apothecaries)
JULY 2005 89
Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversions sured at the area of least vertical bone height, b) a maxillo-mandibular relation-
ship permitting normal tooth articulation and an appropriate ridge relationship, c) a
Metric Approximate Apothecary Equivalents maxillary residual ridge morphology that resists horizontal and vertical movement
of the denture base, and d) muscle attachments that exert limited compromise on
30.0 g 1 ounce
denture base stability and retention.
15.0 g 4 drams
10.0 g 2 drams The PDI for the Edentulous Class 3 Patient
7.50 g 2 drams A patient who presents with substantially compromised complete edentulism and
6.00 g 90 grains exhibits a) limited interarch space of 18-20 millimeters and/or temporo-
5.00 g 75 grains mandibular disorders, b) a residual mandibular bone height of 11-15 millimeters
4.00 g 60 grains (1 dram) measures at the area of least vertical bone height, c) an Angle Class I, II, or III
3.00 g 45 grains maxillomandibular relationship, d) muscle attachments that exert a moderate
2.00 g 30 grains (1/2 dram) compromise on denture base stability and retention, and e) a maxillary residual
1.50 g 22 grains ridge morphology providing minimal resistance movement of the denture base
1.00 g 15 grains
750 mg 12 grains The PDI for the Edentulous Class 4 Patient
600 mg 10 grains A patient who presents with the most debilitated form of complete edentulism,
500 mg 7 grains where surgical reconstruction is usually indicated and specialized prosthodontic
400 mg 6 grains techniques are required to achieve an acceptable outcome. The Class 4 Patient
300 mg 5 grains exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of 10 millimeters or less, b) an Angle
250 mg 4 grains Class I, II, or III maxillomandibular relationship, c) a maxillary residual ridge
200 mg 3 grains morphology providing no resistance to movement of the denture base, and d)
150 mg 2 grains muscle attachments that exert a signicant compromise on denture base stability
125 mg 2 grains and retention.
100 mg 1 grains
75 mg 1 grains Appendix C
60 mg 1 grain Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for the Partially
3 grain
50 mg 4 Edentulous Patient
40 mg 2/3 grain
The ofcial classication system for the partially edentulous patient developed by
30 mg grain
the American College of Prosthodontists. The system classies the partially
25 mg 3/8 grain
edentulous treatment complexity based on four diagnostic criteria: a) the loca-tion
20 mg 1/3 grain
and extent of the edentulous areas, b) the condition of the abutment teeth, c) the
15 mg grain
occlusal scheme, and d) the residual ridge. These four criteria identify pa-tients as
12 mg 1/5 grain
Class 1 (ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately compro-mised),
10 mg 1/6 grain Class 3 (substantially compromised) or Class 4 (severely compromised).
6 mg 1/10 grain
5 mg 1/12 grain PDI for the Partially Edentulous (PE) Class 1 Patient
4 mg 1/15 grain A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism conned to a single arch, b)
3 mg 1/20 grain minimal compromise to the abutment teeth, c) an ideal or minimally compro-
2 mg 1/30 grain mised occlusion, d) an Angle Class I molar and jaw relationships, and e) an Angle
1 mg 1/60 grain Class I residual ridge (See PDI for the Class I Completely Edentulous Patient,
Appendix B). The PE Class 1 patient includes those with any anterior maxillary
span not exceeding two incisors, any anterior mandibular span not ex-ceeding four
Appendix B missing incisors and any posterior span not exceeding two premo-lars or one
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for Complete premolar plus a molar.
Edentulism PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 2 Patient
The ofcial classication system for edentulism developed by the American
A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is moderately compro-
College of Prosthodontists. The system classies edentulous patient treatment
mised, conned to a single arch, b) moderate compromise to the abutment teeth in
complexity using four diagnostic criteria: a) mandibular bone height, b) max-illo- at least one sextant, c) a moderately compromised occlusal scheme that re-quires
mandibular relationship, c) maxillary residual ridge morphology, and d) muscle adjunctive therapy, d) an Angle Class I molar and jaw relationships and 5) an
attachments. These four criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or min-imally Angle Class II residual ridge (See PDI for the Class II Completely Edentulous
compromised), Class 2 (moderately compromised), Class 3 (substantially Patient, Appendix B). The PE Class 2 patient includes those with any anterior
compromised) or Class 4 (severely compromised). maxillary span not exceeding all incisors, any anterior mandibular span not
The PDI for the Edentulous Class 1 Patient exceeding four missing incisors and any posterior span not exceeding two
premolars or one premolar plus a molar or any missing canine.
A patient who presents with ideal or minimally compromised complete edentu-
lism that can be treated successfully by conventional prosthodontic techniques. PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 3 Patient
The Class 1 patient exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of at least 21 A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is substantially compro-
millimeters measured at the area of least vertical bone height, b) a maxillo- mised, in multiple areas in one or both arches, b) substantial compromise to the
mandibular relationship permitting normal tooth articulation and an ideal ridge abutment teeth in three sextants, c) a substantially compromised occlusal scheme
relationship, c) a maxillary ridge morphology that resists horizontal and vertical requiring reestablishment of the entire occlusal scheme without a change in the
movement of the denture base, and d) muscle attachment locations conducive to vertical dimension, d) an Angle Class II molar and jaw relationship, and/or e) an
denture base stability and retention. Angle Class III residual ridge description (See PDI for the Class III Completely
Edentulous Patient, Appendix B).
The PDI for the Edentulous Class 2 Patient
A patient who presents with moderately compromised complete edentulism and PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 4 Patient
continued physical degradation of the denture supporting anatomy. The Class 2 A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is severely compromised in
patient exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of 16-20 millimeters mea- multiple areas and opposing arches, b) severe compromise to the abutment teeth
in four or more sextants, c) a severely compromised occlusal scheme requiring Type: (dental, maxillofacial, ancillary) (Figs. 1-4)
reestablishment of the entire occlusal scheme and a change in the vertical dimen-
sion, d) an Angle Class II and/or Angle Class III molar and jaw relationships, and Descriptor: ,support. tissue borne, implant borne, tooth/implant borne
e) at least one edentulous ridge having a guarded prognosis. The PE Class 4 ,other modiers.
patient also includes congenital or maxillofacial defects, those with at least one
severely compromised edentulous arch, severe manifestations of local or sys-temic Examples..
disease, severe ataxia or dyskinesia and the refractory patient. dental prosthesis
maxillary removable partial dental prosthesis
surgical obturator maxillofacial prosthesis
mandibular xed partial dental prosthesis on dental im-plants
Appendix D # 28, 30 and 31
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for the Completely cemented xed partial dental prosthesis on teeth # 12 and 14
Dentate Patient
The ofcial classication system for the completely dentate patient developed by cemented xed partial dental prosthesis on dental implant
the American College of Prosthodontists. This standardized identication grouping #12 and tooth #14
of dentate patient treatment complexities is based on two criteria: 1) the condition ceramic xed partial dental prosthesis on dental implants #3
of the teeth and 2) the occlusal scheme. These criteria identify pa-tients as Class 1 and 5
(ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately compro-mised), Class 3
(substantially compromised) or Class 4 (severely compromised). To be avoided examples...
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate Class 1 Patient

rigid interim mandibular removable partial dental prosthe-sis
replacing teeth #23-30 (five coordinate adjectives) hybrid
A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is minimally compromised and 2)
prosthesis (of what?)
with contiguous, intact dental arches requiring prosthodontic treatment on three
teeth or less that do not require adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment, hybrid denture prosthesis (of what?)
interim plate (poor noun selection)
endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.).

A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is moderately compromised with no
edentulous areas, 2) an intact anterior guidance, 3) pathology affecting the coronal
morphology of 4 or more teeth in only one sextant, and 4) teeth that re-quire
adjunctive treatment (periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment, or-thodontic
treatment, etc.) on four or more teeth in one sextant.

A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is substantially compromised with
no edentulous areas, 2) an impaired anterior guidance, 3) substantial posterior
occlusal wear and a normal vertical dimension, 4) pathology affecting the coronal
morphology of 4 or more teeth in three or more sextants, and 5) teeth that are
substantially compromised requiring adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment,
endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) in two sextants.

Fig. 1
A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is severely compromised with no
edentulous areas, 2) an impaired anterior guidance, 3) severe posterior occlusal
wear with loss of vertical dimension, 4) the need for the reestablishment of the
entire occlusion with a change in vertical dimension, and 5) teeth that require
adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment, orthodontic
treatment, etc.) in three or more sextants.
Appendix E
Nomenclature for prosthetic restorations
{modier} (type) prosthesis ,descriptor.
coordinate adjective(s) noun adjective clause
Modifier: {anatomic location} maxillary, mandibular, inferior, su-

perior
{form} complete, partial, splint, stent, carrier, bar, ovoid,
round
{material} ceramic, metal, resin
{retention} xed, removable, cement, screw, friction, tissue
{support} tooth, implant, tissue
{time} surgical, temporary, interim, denitive
{other} soft, zirconium, etc. Fig. 2
JULY 2005 91
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

GPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GPT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE GLOSSARY OF

A abutment analog n (2005): a replica of the superior portion of a den-tal

acquired occlusal position agnosia d

analgesic blocking agent angular cheilitis

angulated abutment anti-rotation

auto polymerizing resin Beilby layer

Beilby layer bolusd

blowout fracture bulb d

cartilage centric relation

centric relation chewing cycle

chewing force closed bite d

closed lock combination clasp

combination syndrome condylar articulator

complete denture prosthetics \kom-plet den#chur pros-thet#iks\: obs

condylar articulator continuous spectrum

1 co ro no plas ty \kor#a-no-plas#te\ n (20c): alteration or change in

creep curve of Wilson

2 crown-root ratio \kroun-root ra#sho, ra#she-o#\: the physical

curve of Wilson delayed dentition

delayed dentition dental stone

dental stone determinants of mandibular movement

detrusion disk displacement with reduction

disk displacement with reduction dysostosis d

dysphagia electron volt

exposure Farrar appliance

cause ionization. The unit of exposure is the roentgen, called also F

Farrar device fixed dental prosthesis

fixed dental prosthesis Frankfort horizontal plane

Frankfort horizontal plane generated occlusal path

greenstick fracture hinge axis of the mandible

hinge axis point imbibition

imbrication lines incisal guidance

incisal guide interdental space

interdental splint intrusion

invariant color match keyway d

laterotrusion Lucia jig

Lucia jig mandibular trismus

mechanical anterior guidance table milling in d

minor connector Munsell color order system

Munsell color order system myospasm d

myotonia nonanatomic teeth

nonanatomic teeth occlusal form

occlusal harmony opaque porcelain

opaque porcelain pack d

pennyweight pier abutment

premature contact prosthesis

prosthesis prosthodontic diagnostic index

Fig. 2 hybrid prosthesis

prosthodontic diagnostic index quick-cure resin d

R ra phe \ra#fe\ n (1753) 1: line of union of symmetrical parts 2: a -brous

refractory cast resin-bonded prosthesis

resin-bonded prosthesis Richmond crown d

Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP.: Etched castings: an improved retentive

Richmond crown scallop d

Richmond CM. New method of attaching gold crowns to natural roots of

scanning electron micrograph shell crown d

shell crown spectrophotometric curve

spectrophotometric curve stain d