-

(-- )

- himanshu.pota@gmail.com

May 15, 2015

Abstract

With a little help from Panini, a method is proposed that makes it easier to remember a couple of
hundred -tables than one simple -table. The process is entirely mechanical and is based on
going through a few simple steps repeatedly. To speak or write in a new language, one needs a small but
sufficiently large subset of the language at ones command. Doing one -table at a time, forgetting it,
and then doing it again, is a never ending process that all the Sanskrit learners know well. This limitation
can be overcome by mastering a large subset of the language rapidly. Sanskrit learners are very fortunate
that Panini has made it possible to bite, chew, swallow, and digest a huge chunk of Sanskrit language in
one go. Please try this method and if you dont succeed, then in the words of ,
,

Introduction

The motivation to write this note has been provided by the small booklet: - (-
- . Pundits who know
- ), , , ,
Paninis Ashtadhyayi understand what means and the method of learning Ashtadhayayi. For
someone trying to enter the Panini system on their own, unless the motivation is clear, the entry becomes
difficult. This note is to help students who know a little Sanskrit and want to understand the Panini system.
This note is also helpful if one wants to memorise the -tables quickly with a near perfect recall.
My understanding of Panini is through the following three excellent books from Sri Aurobindo Ashrama.

1. , , , ,
- .
-
2. - (-- ), , , ,
.
- , .
3. , , , ,

I am a beginner and this note is to share with other beginners the idea that even with a little effort one can
go very far, and having tasted a bit of Panini one can continue to enjoy the beauty of the Sanskrit language.
This note tries to give a simple description of what Panini was up to. Panini first collected all the Sanskrit
words in use, prepared three lists of (raw) words, , and (with a few thousand words
in each of the lists)and made about 4000 rules to derive all the Sanskrit words (numbering in hundred of
thousands), from the three lists of raw words.
To understand or benefit from - it is crucial that the process followed by Panini is understood
well. First were the millions of Sanskrit words, Panini observed them and saw some patterns and used those
The Beginning 2

patterns to formulate the 4000 rules. To learn and appreciate Panini one must observe Sanskrit words first,
try to identify patterns, and make rules to derive the words. These rules can then be compared with the rules
made by Panini to do the same derivation. It is very likely that one would come up with a few rules that are
identical to the rules made by Panini and this will open up the mind to soak in the rest of Panini. This simple
exercise will give an insight into the overall motivation and the philosophy behind - and from
then on the learning journey will be a joy. Let us start on that journey.
Fortunate for us beginners, we dont have to observe millions of Sanskrit words to understand the
philosophy, there are smaller groups of words that have sufficient variety to enable us to develop our obser-
vation powers and need only a small subset of the 4000 rules to complete the derivation process. We begin
with a group of words which are divided into 25 subgroups. The collection of the -tables of these 25
subgroups is the starting point. We observe the character of these tables and then explore the making of the
rules to derive these -tables starting from raw words. Let the beginner observe the tables, as Panini
would have done, make rules on their own, and then compare it with how Panini has done it. Who knows
some beginners might go on to better Panini!
The -tables in this document are given for one entry in each of the 25 subgroups in the list below. All
the words in a subgroup follow the same set of rules, i.e., to obtain tables for , , , and only

one set of rules is necessary.
Abbreviations , , ,
stand for , ,
, respectively. Some links in this
document link to the tables in the document itself (in most pdf browsers, Alt + left-arrow can be used to go
back); there are some links to very helpful external websites as well.

() ( ) Name, , , () ( ) Wise, , , ,
() ( ) Birth, , , , , () () Ram, , , ,
() () Water,
() () Creeper, , , ,
() () Curd, , () () Sun, , , , ,
() () Honey, , , , , , () () Idea, , , , ,
() ( ) World, , , , , () () River, , , , ,
() ( ) Mind, , , , , () () Saint, , , , ,
() () Light, , , , () () Cow, , ,
() () Fruit, , , , , () () Bride, ,
() () Victorious, , ,
() () Father, , ,
() ( ) Wise, , , , , () Doer, , , ,
()
() ( ) River, , , , () ( )
Self, , ,
() ( ) Eating One, , , , ,

The Beginning

Now we will briefly have a look at how to observe -tables and what are the normal patterns. We will
first consider a simple example to concentrate on the elementary process of putting a raw word and suffixes
to form new words.
holds the same place in learning - as held by hello world in learning
software programming languages. So let us start with
The First Task 3

( )
Good Calculator

m
eans one who can count well. When we use i n a sentence, we have to use an appropriate form
from the
-table. For example,
(One who counts well goes) (He is looking at
the one who counts well)
(She is talking with the one who counts well)
(Salutations to the one who counts well) (Bring a paper from the one who counts well)

(This is the paper of the one who counts well) (There are many qualities

in the one who counts well) The seven cases used here are called the nominative, accusative, instrumental,
dative, ablative, possessive, and locative respectively. These cases are used in most languages but because
the words dont change their form as they change in Sanskrit, these cases go unobserved. Also prepositions
are used in modern languages to indicate different cases instead of modifying the word itself as is seen in
the 21 forms in the
-table.

The First Task

Let us start as Panini would have started. He had the
-table (and other tables as we will see as we go) and
his first task was to find the minimum set of rules that will generate the
-table starting from the raw word
. To get started Panini would have taken
o ut of the
-table and made a table of what remains
and given a rule such as: take the raw word, join each of the 21 suffixes shown in the -table to the
raw word, and get the -table for that raw word. From the -table use the suffixes on the right
side of . Please note that a t the end of a word changes to a visarga and no Sanskrit word can have two
consonants at the end, i.e., + b ecomes
and + b ecomes
. Panini might have as well
dropped in -, but as we will see, this form of the suffix has many uses.
The terms on the left side of the are the names of the suffixes and the terms of the right side are the
actual suffixes as they are applied. The reason why the name is different from the final form is one of the
interesting contributions of Panini. The purpose of this short write-up is to encourage you to discover this
interesting contribution for yourself.

The Second Task 4

Three terms are used in describing the application of the 21 in the above table: , , and,
| The thing () before the

is called a ; the word before the following ,
which start with a vowel, , , , , ,
, are called
; for and the five
are called and for
and
are called .
The terms , , and, are created by Panini because it is easy to identify patterns based on these

groupings of the 21 | Please keep these groupings in mind as you work through remembering the
-tables. These three groups are colour coded.

The Second Task

After the first elegant rule was formed, Panini would have looked at another table, such as the -table and

wondered how the first-cut -table, as shown below, using the rule proposed above, can be modified to

get the right -table.

)
( (First Cut)

Before we see Paninis solution let us observe the difference between the table one would obtain by using

the first rule, as shown above, and the actual -table. There are two forms in each of the five cells (1.2,
2.2. 7.1, 8.1, 8.1) and for our initial discussion we will concentrate only on the first form. The notation used
for each cell is n.m, where n 1, . . . , 7 (corresponding to ... ), and m 1, 2, 3 (corresponding to
singular, dual, and plural).

A few differences between the first cut -table
and the correct -table are:

1. Starting from the 1.1 entry (instead of ), the entries in 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 are very different.

2. The in the ending missing in 1.2, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.2.
of is
is
3. The last of missing in 1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3, 7.3.

With these observations we form three sets of cells called An , Bn , and Cn , where,
An = {1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3},
Bn = {1.2, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.2}, and
Cn = {1.1, 2.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3, 7.3}.
Based on our observations we can now make the following rules:

1. Modify cells in An of the -table
with the corresponding cells in the )-table.
(

2. Drop in the of for cells in Bn and then add the entries in the -table.
for
3. Drop of cells in Cn and then add the entries in the -table.

Apply all the three rules above and see if you can get the correct -table below.
Your Task 5

)
() ( Name
(
)
-
()

-

()







-

- -

The Third Task

Let us look at the -table
and observe that the only difference between the -table
and the -table

is that the in the ending of is never dropped. This can be brought in as a simple rule: Do not drop

in the ending of , and apply all the other rules that were used to form the -table.

) appears in various cells. Is there some-
Following on, let us look at the -table, and we observe that a (
thing common to the suffixes in those cells? What rule can we make from there?

)
() ( Birth Water
() ()








- -

Your Task

1. Memorise the -table. Recite the correct table 2-3 times loudly, if possible in a rhythm.
2. Get a new 64-page exercise book. Reserve two pages for each of the following tables (one from each
item in the following list).

3. Using the raw word and the -table, write down the First Cut table.
4. Copy the correct table on that page below the First Cut table.
5. Highlight the cell entries that are different between the two tables and identify if there is a pattern
among the entries that differ.

6. Suggest rules to obtain the tables using the raw word + -table.
7. By observing the difference in tables try to memorise all the 25 tables.
Your Task 6

Curd
() () )
() ( Light







-
-

() () Honey
Fruit
() ()

() ( )
World
() ( )
Victorious
-
-







-

)
() ( Mind
() ( )
Intelligent
(1)








Your Task 7

() ( ) River () () Creeper

() ( )
The Eating One Sun
() ()

)
() ( Wise () () Idea




-
-
-
-

Ram
() () () () River









Your Task 8

() ()
Saint Father
() ()

() () Cow Doer
() ()





-
-
-

-

() () Bride )
() ( Self









 9

The sutras used to derive the above tables are given below. The red part in the sutras is the The
description with the sutras below provide only hints on their applicability. After you memorise the above
25 tables use the following sutras to consolidate the memorised material.
A full derivation normally uses multiple sutras; to see this process please see books like ,
- , or visit http://lanover.com/lan/sanskrit/
, , ,
subanta.html that can be used to obtain a complete derivation of the entire -table. The site http://
avg-sanskrit.org/documents/ has many documents which have complete derivations of many words.

(1) 7-1-23

Sutra (1) is used to derive: , , , , and other

words for the {1.1} and {2.1} forms.

(2)
6-1-68

Sutra (2) is used to derive: , , , , , , , , a nd other words for the {1.1} (

) form.

(3) 1-2-41

called
Sutra (3) says that a with only one letter like is

(4) 6-4-8

Sutra (4) is used to derive: , , , , Once a i s inserted for words by

sutra (53) in {1.3} and {2.3} positions, sutra (4) instructs to make the of the resulting word long and so
we get , , , , and

(5) 6-4-12

Sutra (5) prevents (due to (4)) for words ending in a nd words a nd u

nless the following
is the for

(6) 6-4-13

Sutra (6) instructs to have for words ending in a nd words a nd w

hen the following
Thus Sutra (6) is used to derive: from +
is |

(7) 7-1-94

Sutra (7) is used to derive: ; sutra (7) brings in as an for and then sutra (4) make the
thus getting the form and

(8) 6-4-11
 10

Sutra (8) is used to derive: | Sutra (8) is to make for all the words listed in the
sutra for all the positions while sutra (7) works only for {1.1}.

(9) 6-4-14

Sutra (9) is used to derive: ( -

), ( - ),
it applied to {1.1} only. Remember

that i s both a nd ; i s b ut not so sutra (9) does not apply to t hus but

(10) 7-1-70

Sutra (10) is used to derive: , , , , , , ,

8-2-23
(11)

Sutra (11) is used to derive:

(12) 7-1-24

Sutra (12) is used to derive:

(13) 6-1-107

Sutra (13) is used to derive:

(14) 1-3-4

7-3-110
(15)

Sutra (15) is used to derive:

(16)

8-3-59

Sutra (16) is used to derive:

6-4-134
(17)

Sutra (17) is used to derive:

(18)
6-4-137

, because of b efore
Sutra (18) stops the dropping of in,

(19) 7-3-120

Sutra (19) is used to derive:

(20) 1-4-7

(21) 7-1-75
 11

Sutra (21) tells that the final vowel in the words , , , and is replaced by from {3.1}
onwards when the starts with a vowel. This means that these -words take forms like the

words from {3.1} onwards; remember that the final disappears for {3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 4.3, 5.2, 5.3, 7.3}

(22) 7-1-12

Sutra (22) is used to derive:

7-3-105
(23)

Sutra (23) is used to derive:

(24)
7-1-73

Sutra (24) is used to derive:

(25) 7-3-111

Sutra (25) is used to derive:

(26) 7-3-113

Sutra (26) is used to derive:

(27) 7-3-112

Sutra (27) is used to derive:

(28) 1-4-3

Sutra (28) is a definition () sutra and says that the words that end in either or or are given
, some examples:

(29) 1-4-6

6-1-90
(30)

Sutra (30) is used to derive:

(31) 7-1-13

Sutra (31) is used to derive:

7-3-102
(32)

Sutra (32) is used to derive:

(33) 6-1-110
 12

Sutra (33) is used to derive:

6-1-111
(34)

Sutra (34) is used to derive:

(35) 8-2-24

Sutra (35) is used to derive:

(36) 7-3-116

Sutra (36) is used to derive:

(37) 7-3-119

Sutra (37) is used to derive:

(38) 2-3-47

Sutra (38) that in the sense of , is used.

8-2-8
(39)

Sutra (39) is used to derive: ,

2-3-49
(40)

and it says in , is called

Sutra (40) is the definition of

6-1-69
(41)

Sutra (41) is used to derive:

7-3-108
(42)

Sutra (42) is used to derive:

7-3-106
(43)

Sutra (43) is used to derive:

(44) 7-3-107

Sutra (44) is used to derive: , , , ,

7-1-19

(45)

Sutra (45) is used to derive:

(46) 7-1-18
 13

Sutra (46) is used to derive:

6-1-102

(47)

Sutra (47) is used to derive:

7-3-104
(48)

Sutra (48) is used to derive:

(49)
6-1-105

Sutra (49) stops the application of sutra (47) and results in says that this is not significant
for as sutra (47) would have given the same final result but there are situations where this sutra (49) is
needed. In the derivation of it is normally included to ensure that the right process is being followed.

7-3-109
(50)

Sutra (50) is used to derive:

7-1-20

(51)

are
,
Sutra (51) tells that for replaced by

1-1-42
(52)

Sutra (52) that is also called

7-1-72

(53)

r ) in {1.3} and {2.3}; i ncludes

words (that end in o
It is due to sutra (53) that is seen for all

the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th consonants of each (, , , , and ), and includes all the vowels.

(54) 6-4-10

Sutra (54) is used to derive:

(55)
8-3-58

here changes
Sutra (55) is a part of the w to

(56) 6-1-103

Sutra (56) is used to derive:

8-2-7
(57)

Sutra (57) is used to derive:

(58) 7-1-9
 14

Sutra (58) is used to derive:

(59) 7-3-103

Sutra (59) is used to derive:

(60) 7-1-54

Sutra (60) applies to all the words with a vowel ending and makes the effective {6.3} for the vowel
ending words as i nstead Sutra (60) is used to derive: , , , , , ,
, ,
| After sutra (60), sutra (61) is applied to the words with the endings to get the final
form.

(61) 6-4-3

Sutra (61) is used to derive: , , , , ,

8-3-16

(62)

Sutra (62) is used to derive:

(63) 7-1-17

Sutra (63) is used to derive:

(64) 7-1-14

Sutra (64) is used to derive:

(65) 7-1-15

Sutra (65) is used to derive:

7-1-52
(66)

Sutra (66) is used to derive:

(67) 7-3-114

Sutra (67) is used to derive:

7-2-102
(68)

Sutra (68) changes the last letter of , , , , , , and to

(69) 7-2-106

Sutra (69) is used to derive:

1-1-63
(70)
 15

Sutra (70) is used to derive:

(71) 7-2-103

Sutra (71) says that b ecomes for the purposes of obtaining the -tables.

(72) 7-1-53

Sutra (72) is used to derive:

(73) 7-2-99

Sutra (73) is used to derive:

(74) 7-2-100

Sutra (74) is used to derive:

(75) 6-4-4

Sutra (75) is used to derive: ,

(76) 7-1-98

Sutra (76) is used to derive:

7-1-55
(77)

Sutra (77) is used to derive:

(78) 7-1-22

Sutra (78) is used to derive:

(79) 6-4-7

Sutra (79) is used to derive:

(80) 6-4-79

Sutra (80) is used to derive:

6-4-82

(81)

, ,
Sutra (81) is used to derive: Please note that


188 More 16

188 More
Like You
() () Eye
() ()









-
-

() () Protector of the Universe

() () Clean










-

-

- -

- -

-

Husband
() ()
Great Intelligence
() ()

Friend
() ()

() () Intelligence






















188 More 17

() () Prosperity () () Brahma




-
-
-
-

-

() () Woman () () Earth


- -

-

-


-
-

-

Friend
() () Man
() ()







-

Many
() () () () Sister




-
-
- -
- -
-

188 More 18

() () Mother Moon
() ()

Giver
() () () () Boat



-
-
-
- -
- -
-

Wealth
() () )
() ( East

Cow
() () () )
( Cloud

-








188 More 19

() () Speech

-


() ( ) Garland

-

-



(
() ) Praiseworthy







() ( ) Saffron



() ( )
Trader



-



() () Lizard

-

-


() ( )
Sovereign


-
-


() ( )
Wind





-


() ( )
Priest









188 More 20

() ( ) World () ( )
Great







() ( )
The Giving One

-
-
- () () Winter


-
() ( ) The Troubling One

-
-
-


-
() ( ) The Cooking One
Foot
() ()







() ( )
Great





- Heart
() ()

() ( )
Tooth





()
() Kind-hearted

-





188 More 21

() ( ) Firewood () ( )
Indra

-





)
() ( Youth

-


() ( ) Hunger













() ( )
Dog





)
() ( King







() ( )
Horse





)
() ( Indra






188 More 22

)
() ( Head
() )
( With Good Qualities






-


-



- )
() ( Traveller



)
() ( Smaller













)
() ( Day



-
-
)
() ( Greatness



-
-
-

)
() ( Imminent
-


)
() ( Temporary









-

188 More 23

() () Water () ( ) City

() () Splendour () ( ) Sky

() ( )
Pond
() ( ) Direction

-







-

() ( ) Voice () ( )
House











188 More 24

() ( )
Like You () ( )
Dislike

() ( )
Like You

() () Rain

-










-
() ( ) Night

)
() ( Learned


- - - -


- - - -

- - - -


--
-



() ( )
Like That



)
() ( Younger


-


() )
( Very Lustrous











188 More 25

() () Fairy )
() ( Better

)
() ( Brahma () ( )
Person

)
() ( Moon
)
() ( Arm













-

)
() ( Month

() () Light







-



188 More 26

() () Wish






() () Shoe



)
() ( Oblation






() () Lotus




() )
( Body



()




- -
-






-
- -



- -
-

() ( ) Standing

()






-
-
-




- -

Licking
() ()
- - -



188 More 27

() ( )
That

-
-

() ( ) This



- - -
( )

() ( ) That
() ( )
This



- -
-



-
-
() ( )
That
() () This



- - -
-


-
-
() ( )
This
() () This


-
-
- - -

-

- )
() ( That
-

() ( ) This



- - -
-

188 More 28

() ( )
What



() () This













() ( ) What


)
() ( This










-


() ( )
Who

() ( ) What







-


All
() ()


() () Who












() () All
() () Who



-


188 More 29

() ( ) Another

() () All








-

() ( )
You
() ( ) Other







-


() () Before



-


() ( ) You


-



-

-

() ( ) You () () Before









() ( )
Another



() () Before




188 More 30

-
, )
() -- (,
() ( ) Other








() ( ) Other

() () One







() ( )
Other











() () Two
() () Both








() () Three

Both
() ()









() ( ) Four

188 More 31

- -
- -
- -

-
-

() - (), ( )
80-90-100





-
() - ,
( , )
5-6-7
- -

- -
-
- -
-

-
-


( 103 ), ( 104 ), ( 105 ), ( 106 ),
() (107 ), ( 108 ), ( 109 ), ( 1010 ),
(1011 ), (1012 ), () (1013 ), ()
(10 ), ( 10 ), ( 10 ), ( 10 )|
14 15 16 17

() -
- ,
( , )
8-9-10
() () Descendant of Ishvaku


-

-

-

-
----
-

A name
() ()

-



() -- ( ) 20-30-40





-
-
-
-
Descendant of Uduloman
() ()


() -- () 50-60-70



----


188 More 32

Warrior
() ()








-
() () Old Age
Swift Antelope
() ()
- -

- - -
-
-
-
- -
-

- -
- --

() () Ageless
Jackal
() ()
- -
- -
- -
-
-
- () ( )
Eastern
- -
- -



Frog
() ()








)
() ( Western






A Name
() ()

188 More 33

() ( )
Northern


() ( ) United




() ( )
Following



()
() Having Good Feet










)
() ( Horizontally


() ( ) Sun








)
() ( Indra
() ( ) Bright

-


-



) -
() ( Sage



)
() ( Summer

188 More 34

-

() ()
Indra
() ( ) Horse








() ( ) Indra




() () One who Milks










)
Shukaacharya
() (


() () One who bears hatred

--
)
(
-

() ( )
Time
- -

- -
- -


-


-

Sustainer of the Universe

() () Ox
() ()


188 More 35

() ( ) Door () ( ) Eastern




-

)
() ( Western




() () Flame


-

)
() ( Following






-

)
() ( Northern
() () Companion




-


)
() ( Horizontal






() () A Metre -



188 More 36

() ( ) Eastern -

-
-

-

- One with a good Ox
() ()

)
() ( Western







-


-
God
() ()
)
() ( Following
- -
- -
-

-

-

-
- -
-
)
() ( Northern - -
- -





-

)
() ( Horizontal






-

() () One who Milks

-

One who bears hatred

() ()

 (Ordinals) 37

(Ordinals)

() (Ordinals)










,













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 (Ordinals) 38

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 (Ordinals) 39

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,


Word Index 40

Word Index

In the list below the first 25 words are in the order in which they are listed in the --
book. After that words with regular declension are organised in the Devanagari alphabetical order with
respect to their endings; this is followed by pronouns and then words for numbers; finally special words are
listed as per the book. Remember, in most pdf viewers Alt + left-arrow takes back after visiting
a link. The number to the left of the words is its -table number.
The words and comments in the list below are taken from various sources; mainly from the two books: -

- and .

() ( ) Name, , , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , () () Father, , , ,
() () Birth, , , ; , ,
, , , , Doer, , , , ,
() ()

() () Water, except the fol- () () Ram, , , , , , , , , , -
lowing four, , , , and , , , , , , ,
, ,
, all have the , , , , , , , , , ,
same declension as , , , , , ,
() () Curd, , , and , , , , , ,
,
() () Honey, , , , () () Creeper, , , () () Self, , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

() ( ) World , , , , , () () Like You, ,
() () Mind, , , () () Sun, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , () () Protector of the
, , , , , , , , , , , , , Universe, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
() () Light, , , , , , , , () () Husband; and
, , - , , , , are irregular bases in . The
, compound words ending with
() () Fruit, , , , () () Idea, , , , however are declined like , e.g.,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , ; , () () Friend
() ( ) Victorious , , etc., have two forms in () () Eye
() () Intelligent, , the singular of , , , and () () Clean, for
, , , , , and adjectives,
, , , , ,
() () River, , , the corresponding forms
, ; ,
, , , , , , , are used in , , , and
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , () () Great Intelligence
, , , , , () () Intelligence, ,
() () River, , , , , , , ,
, , () () Saint, , , , () () Prosperity;
() () The Eating One, , , , , , , , , - - , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , () () Cow, , , , ,
, , ,
() () Wise, , , () () Bride, , , , ,
Word Index 41

------ () () Lizard () ( ) Smaller

() () Wind, , , () () Greatness,
, , , (), , , , ,
() () Woman () () World; , , , ,
() () Friend , ---
() () Many, , , ,
, () ( ) Temporary
, ()
() With Good Quali-
() () Brahma, , , , ties, , ,
() () The Giving One, () ( ) Traveller
() () Earth , , , , ,
() () Day
() () Man ; ( () ( ) Imminent
() () Sister ) () () Water
() () Mother, , () () Splendour
() () Giver; , , , () ( ) The Troubling One, () ( ) Pond
, , etc., are used as adjec-
; () () Voice
tives and so they take forms in all () ( ) City,
three genders, here the () ( ) Sky
forms are given. () ( ) Direction
() () Wealth () ( ) The Cooking One, () ( ) House
() () Cow; , , , , , ,
() () Like You, ,
and words decline , , , , , , , , , ;
like the () and , , ; , ,
() forms, respectively; , ; ,
, , , , ;
----
() ( ) Like You
() () Moon () ( ) Night
() () Boat () ( ) Great () ( ) Like That
() ( ) East () () Great
() () Very Lustrous
() () Cloud, () ( ) Tooth () ( ) Dislike
but , , , and () () Winter () () Rain
form differently as they are de- () () Foot () () Learned; ,
rived from the () () Heart , , ,

() () Speech, , , () () Kind-hearted, ,
, , ,

, ; , , , , () ( ) Younger, ,
, , , , , , ,
() ( ) Firewood, , ,
- , , , ,
() () , ()
() () Hunger
() , () ( ) () () King; () () Fairy;
, () ()
() ()
() () ( ) Indra () () Brahma

() () Praiseworthy () ( ) Indra () () Moon, ,
() ( ) Trader () () Youth; , , , ,

() () Sovereign, , , , , ,
,

() ( ) Priest, ,
, () ( ) Dog () ( ) Month

, () ( ) Horse () ( ) Better
() () Garland () () Head () ( ) Person
() ( ) Saffron
Word Index 42

() ( ) Arm cases of this word in all the gen-

() () Light ders, e.g., -
() () Wish , etc. , ,
() ( ) Oblation, , () ( ) What

, , () ( ) What () -- () 50-60-
() ( ) Body () () All 70
() () Standing () () All () - (), ()
() () Licking () () All 80-90-100
() () Shoe () ( ) You () () Descendant of Ish-
() () Lotus
() () You vaku
() ; the optional short () ( ) You () () A name
forms of and viz., , , () () Another () () Descendant of
, and , , , are never used () ( ) Another Uduloman
at the beginning of a sentence or of () ( ) Other () () Warrior, ,
a foot () of a , nor can they be () () Before () () Swift Antelope
used immediately before particles () () Before () () Jackal
, , , and () () Before () () Frog
() () ( ) Other () () A Name
() () That () ( ) Other () () Old Age
() ( ) Other () () Ageless

() () Both () () Eastern

() () Both () ( ) Western
() () That () -- (, , ) () ( ) Northern
() () That () () One () () Following
() ( ) This () () Two () ( ) Horizontally

() () This () () Three () () Bright
() ( ) This () ( ) Four () ( ) Sage
() () This; The op- () - - ( , , ) 5- () ( ) United
tional forms of and , viz., 6-7
() () Having Good Feet
, , etc., are to be used () -
- ,
( , ) 8- () ( ) Sun
when there is , i.e., when 9-10 () () Indra
their proper forms have already () -- () () ( ) Summer
been used in a previous clause; 20-30-40 Numer- () ( ) Horse
(he has studied als 20 and above , ,
() ( ) Indra
grammar), (teach , , , , , () ( ) Shukaacharya
him ( prosody)), etc. , , () ( ) Time
means the subsequent mention of , () () Sustainer of the
a thing already mentioned. , Universe
() () This () () Indra
() () This () () One who Milks
() ( ) That - () () One who bears ha-

() () This tred
() ( ) This , () () Ox
() () Who , () ( ) Door
() () Who () () Flame
() () Who - -- - () () Companion
() () What; Indefinite , () () A Metre
pronouns are formed by the addi- , () ( ) Eastern
tion of , or to the various
Useful Resources 43

() ( ) Western Ox ing the final to of up

() () Following God
() () to , e.g., , , etc.
() ( ) Northern () (Ordinals) The Note that the following 4 cardi-
() ( ) Horizontal ordinals from and above nals and have only the first form,
()
() Eastern have two forms; the first form e.g., , , , and
() ( ) Western is by adding invariably; e.g., In the compounds of
() () Following , , , etc. The (, , , , etc.), ,
() ( ) Northern second form is: (a) by dropping and , are changed to ,
() ( ) Horizontal of , group and forming and necessarily before ,
()
() One who Milks its compounds, e.g., , , and a nd optionally be-
() () One who bears ha- etc., (b) by dropping of , fore , , , and
tred , and g
roups; , . Before they remain
() One with a good
( ) , and , (c) by chang- unchanged.

Useful Resources

1. http://www.tinyurl.com/samskritam (vyakaranam/temolat folder) - , -

-
2. , , , ,
(http://sabda.sriaurobindoashram.org).
3. Sabda Manjari, K.L.V. Sastri & Pandit L. Anantharam Sastri, Sanskrit Made Easy Series, Sanskrit Ed-
ucation Society, 148-150 (98/99), Luz Church Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004, India, 2008.
(---),
4. - , ,
5. - ( - ), ,
6. The Tested Easiest Method of Learning and Teaching Sanskrit: the study of Sanskrit by the Ash-
tadhyayi system in six months without cramming, Brahmadatta Jijsu; Rmalla Kapra rasa,
Sonepat, Haryana : Ram Lal Kapoor Trust, 1982, (Address: 2596 Nai Sarak, Delhi, Phone 0130 -
3290276, 2100285).
7. - ( - -) - ( ),

, ,
, - ()
8. - ( - -) - ( ),
, ,
, - ()
9. http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/archives/advaita-l/2006-February/015904.html
List of Sanskrit Grammar Books
10. - (3 Vols) - , , ,
11. , - , -
, , ,
12. The Astadhyayi of Panini (English Commentary in 6 Vols), Rama Nath Sharma, Munshiram Manohar-
lal, Delhi, 2002

13. -- - , ( - ), , , , -,
14. These sites can be very useful - http://sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/index.jsp and http://tdil-dc.
in/san/skt_gen/generators.html
15. Dictionaries: (i) http://www.aupasana.com/stardict, (ii) http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.
uni-koeln.de/, and (iii) http://dsal.uchicago.edu/
16. The AVG-Sanskrit site - http://avg-sanskrit.org/about/
17. A Most Useful Site - http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tools/
Document Home 44

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The latest copy of this document can be downloaded from http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_
tools/SubantaRuupaNi.pdf, the LATEX file used to create the pdf is at: http://sanskritdocuments.
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skrit learning documents at: http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tools/.