Systematic errors tend to be consistent and can be corrected through additive or proportional adjustments. They are usually caused by issues with measuring instruments or their improper use. Random errors vary unpredictably and cannot be corrected, but their average is likely more accurate than individual measurements. They are caused by unknown changes in experiments or their environments. Desirable characteristics of manometric liquids include high chemical and thermal stability, low viscosity, capillary constant, coefficient of thermal expansion, volatility, and vapour pressure to maintain accuracy and avoid transmission lags or zero reading changes.
Systematic errors tend to be consistent and can be corrected through additive or proportional adjustments. They are usually caused by issues with measuring instruments or their improper use. Random errors vary unpredictably and cannot be corrected, but their average is likely more accurate than individual measurements. They are caused by unknown changes in experiments or their environments. Desirable characteristics of manometric liquids include high chemical and thermal stability, low viscosity, capillary constant, coefficient of thermal expansion, volatility, and vapour pressure to maintain accuracy and avoid transmission lags or zero reading changes.
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Questions and answers in metrology and instrumentation
Systematic errors tend to be consistent and can be corrected through additive or proportional adjustments. They are usually caused by issues with measuring instruments or their improper use. Random errors vary unpredictably and cannot be corrected, but their average is likely more accurate than individual measurements. They are caused by unknown changes in experiments or their environments. Desirable characteristics of manometric liquids include high chemical and thermal stability, low viscosity, capillary constant, coefficient of thermal expansion, volatility, and vapour pressure to maintain accuracy and avoid transmission lags or zero reading changes.
Systematic errors tend to be consistent and can be corrected through additive or proportional adjustments. They are usually caused by issues with measuring instruments or their improper use. Random errors vary unpredictably and cannot be corrected, but their average is likely more accurate than individual measurements. They are caused by unknown changes in experiments or their environments. Desirable characteristics of manometric liquids include high chemical and thermal stability, low viscosity, capillary constant, coefficient of thermal expansion, volatility, and vapour pressure to maintain accuracy and avoid transmission lags or zero reading changes.
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1) Distinguish between systematic errors and random errors.
systematic errors random errors
Systematic errors tend to be consistent in random errors vary in magnitude and magnitude and/or direction. If the magnitude and direction. It is possible to calculate the direction of the error is known, accuracy can be average of a set of measured positions, improved by additive or proportional however, and that average is likely to be corrections. Additive correctioninvolves adding more accurate than most of the or subtracting a constant adjustment factor to measurements. each measurement; proportional correction involves multiplying the measurement(s) by a constant. Systematic errors in experimental observations Random errors in experimental usually come from the measuring instruments. measurements are caused by unknown and They may occur because: unpredictable changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring there is something wrong with the instruments or in the environmental instrument or its data handling system, or conditions. because the instrument is wrongly used by the experimenter
Two types of systematic error can occur with
instruments having a linear response:
1. Offset or zero setting error in which the
instrument does not read zero when the quantity to be measured is zero. 2. Multiplier or scale factor error in which the instrument consistently reads changes in the quantity to be measured greater or less than the actual changes.
Examples of systematic errors caused by the Examples of causes of random errors are: wrong use of instruments are: electronic noise in the circuit of an errors in measurements of temperature electrical instrument, due to poor thermal contact between the irregular changes in the heat loss rate thermometer and the substance whose from a solar collector due to changes temperature is to be found, in the wind. errors in measurements of solar radiation because trees or buildings shade the radiometer. 2) Enumerate the desirable characteristics of manometric liquids. Commonly used manometric liquids are mercury, water or alcohol. Some of the important and desirable properties of the manometric liquids are: 1) High chemical stability 2) Low viscosity 3) Low capillary constant 4) Low coefficient of thermal expansion 5) Low volatility 6) Low vapour pressure
High thermal stability and low volatility are important for maintaining a constant. Specific gravity. High viscosity causes transmission lags .Thermal expansion causes changes in zero reading. While measuring low pressures, vapour pressure of the manometric fluid is an important consideration.
