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    Anonymous T7vjZG4ot
    The document discusses the process of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing crude palm oil. It describes the objectives of studying this process, including determining optimal parameters and measuring free fatty acid and moisture content before and after processing. It provides details on the physical refining process and pre-treatment processes of degumming and bleaching. Key steps in deodorization are outlined. Formulas for calculating free fatty acid content and moisture content are also summarized.

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    Obj N Intro RBD

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    Anonymous T7vjZG4ot
    28 views3 pages
    The document discusses the process of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing crude palm oil. It describes the objectives of studying this process, including determining optimal parameters and measuring free fatty acid and moisture content before and after processing. It provides details on the physical refining process and pre-treatment processes of degumming and bleaching. Key steps in deodorization are outlined. Formulas for calculating free fatty acid content and moisture content are also summarized.

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    The document discusses the process of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing crude palm oil. It describes the objectives of studying this process, including determining optimal parameters and measuring free fatty acid and moisture content before and after processing. It provides details on the physical refining process and pre-treatment processes of degumming and bleaching. Key steps in deodorization are outlined. Formulas for calculating free fatty acid content and moisture content are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    28 views3 pages

    Obj N Intro RBD

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous T7vjZG4ot
    The document discusses the process of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing crude palm oil. It describes the objectives of studying this process, including determining optimal parameters and measuring free fatty acid and moisture content before and after processing. It provides details on the physical refining process and pre-treatment processes of degumming and bleaching. Key steps in deodorization are outlined. Formulas for calculating free fatty acid content and moisture content are also summarized.

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    1.

    0 OBJECTIVES
    To study a plant scale experiment of refine, bleach and deodorize processing of crude
    palm oil.
    To identified range of optimal parameters: ( temperature, pressure and contact time)
    To determine the data value of free fatty acid content and moisture content before and
    after the experiment done for Crude Palm Oil, Bleached Oil and Refine Bleached
    Deodorized Oil.
    To identify the lovibond value for five samples of Refine Bleached Deodorized Oil.
    3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

    Physical Refining

    Physical refining is a modern alternative for processing crude palm oil where the removal of
    free fatty acid is by distillation at higher temperature and low vacuum. This replaces chemical
    reaction mode using an alkali (caustic soda) in chemical refining.

    Physical refining is also known as deacidification (deodorisation) by steam distillation in


    which free fatty acids and other volatile components are distilled off from the oil using
    effective stripping agent which is usually steam under suitable processing conditions.
    (Meirelles and Ceriani, 2005).

    In physical refining FFA is removed during the final stage; deodorisation, in form of palm
    fatty acid distillate (PFAD) including the carotenoids pigments, volatiles impurities and
    oxidation products.

    Pre-treatment - Degumming and Bleaching Process

    Degumming Process.

    In this unit operation, the incoming crude palm oil is first heated up to a temperature of about
    90oC - 110oC before it is treated with phosphoric acid. The dosage of phosphoric acid
    normally used is within the range of 0.05 0.1 % of oil weight with acid concentration
    approximately about 80 - 85 %. It is meant to decompose the non-hydratable phosphatides as
    well as to coagulate the phosphatides making them insoluble and thus easily removed during
    bleaching.

    Bleaching Process.

    During bleaching process in palm oil refinery, degummed oil is treated with bleaching earth
    and heated up to a temperature of about 100oC before entering the vacuum bleacher. The
    dosage of acid activated clay used is typically within the range of 0.5 2.0 % by weight of oil
    and the contact time with continuous agitation is about 30 minutes.
    Deodorisation

    The filtered oil (DBPO) is then channelled into the deodorizer for the deacidification and
    deodorisation treatment. This process utilises a combination of high temperature heating
    approximately about 240 - 260oC, under vacuum (2 4 mmHg) and direct steam injection of
    about 2.5 - 4.0 % by weight of oil (Leong, 1992).

    During this deodorization process, free fatty acid (FFA) in the form of palm fatty acid
    distillate (PFAD) is removed as refining waste, at the upper section of deodorizer. Apart from
    FFA, carotenoids pigments, primary and secondary oxidation products are also being
    removed as it may contribute to off-flavours. The deodorised oil is then cooled before it is
    filtered by means of a polishing filter and sent to storage tanks.

    Summarization of used formula

    Calculation for FFA content analysis:

    .
    FFA % as palmitic acid =
    (for palm oil and fractions)

    Where N = normality of NaOH solution

    V = volume of NaOH solution used in mL

    W = weight of sample

    Calculation for moisture content analysis:


    ,
    Moisture and volatile matter % = x 100
    ,

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