Refiningand Downstreaming

Processingof Palmand PalmKernelOils

MohdSuriaAffandi,
Y

OFPALMANDPALMKERNELOILS
PROCESSING

lntroduction

The year 1974witnessedan importantevent in the colorfulhistoryof the

Malaysian palm oil industry. Encouragedby governmentincentivesfor the
establishment of value-addedprocessingindustries,palm oil refiningmade its
emergenceon the country'sindustrialscene. lt markedthe beginningof an activitythat
contributedsignificantly to the development of the Malaysianpalm oil industry.
Encouraged by government incentivesfor the establishment of value-addedprocessing
industries,palm oil refiningmadeits emergenceon the country'sindustrialscene. lt
markedthe beginningof an activitythat contributedsignificantly to the development
of
the Malaysianpalmoil industry.Wthin two years,a totalof 15 refinerieswereinstalled
thusmakingMalaysiathe largestpalmoil refiningcountryin the world. Today,Malaysia
is reputedto havethe largestedibleoil refiningcapacityin theworld.
In itsearlyyearsof inception thepalmoil refiningindustry
of Malaysia wasmainly
alkalFrefining based. Alkali refiningthen was the more established processfor edible
oils. lt was not untilthe late 1970s, that physical
refiningof palm oil in Malaysiastarted
to emergeas a betteralternative,in many ways, to alkali refining. Over the years,
physicalrefininghas provento be verysuccessfulfor palmoil, and modernrefineriesin
Malaysiaare mainlyusing physicalrefiningroutes. In recentyears,physicalrefined
productshaveaccountedfor morethan 95o/o of the totalexportsof palmproductsfrom
Malaysiacomparedto lessthan40%a decadeago.

Thesuccessstoryin thedevelopment of physicalrefiningfor palmoil in Malaysia

has resultedin the settingup of largemodernand efficientrefinerycomplexes.Today,
thereare morethan half a dozencomplexeswith a dailyrefiningcapacityof over 1000
tonnes. The largestoperatesat 3000tonnesper day usingtechnologies developedin
Malaysiaandoverseas.

In orderto caterfor a widerangeof markets,the Malaysian refinershavepalmoil

facilitiesin their refinerycomplexesand thus ftactionation
fractionation has becomean
integralpart of the processingindustry. Some refinersalso undertakerefiningand
of palmkerneloil andits products.
fractionation

Aim of refining

Palmandpalmkerneloilsconsistmainlyof glycerides and,likeotheroilsin their

crudeformmayconsistof smallandvariable portions of non-glyceride
components as
well. ln orderto renderthe oilsto an edibleform,someof thesenon-glycerides needto
be eitherremovedor reducedto an acceptable levels.

are of two broadtypes:oil insoluble

The non-glycerides and oil soluble. The
impurities
insoluble of mainlyfruitfibers,nut shellsandfree moisture
consisting which
are readilyremoved.The oil solublenon-glycerides whichincludefree fatty acids,
phospholipids, oxidationproducts
trace metals,carotenoids,tocopherols/tocotrienols,
and sterols,are moredifficultto removeand thus, the oil needsto under-govarious
stagesof refining.

Notall oftheabovenon-glyceride components areundesirable. Thetocopherols

andtocotrienols not onlyhelpto protectthe oil fromoxidation, whichis detrimental to
flavorand keepabilityof the finishedoil, but also havenutritionalattributes.a- and p-
carotene,the majorconstituents of carotenoids, are precursorsof VitaminA. The other
impuritiesgenerallyare detrimental to the oil'sflavor,odor,colorand keepabili$ and
thusinfluencetheoil'susefulness.

The aim of refiningis thereforeto convertthe crudeoil to qualityedibleoil by

removingobjectionable impuritiesto the desiredlevelsin the most efficientmanner.
This also meansthat,wherepossible,lossesin the desirable components are kept
minimal.

Pilotplantstudiesconductedby MPOBhaveshownthat it is possibleto produce

a red-color,carotene-richoil by lightrefiningwhichremovesonlythe undesirable free
fattyacids,oxidationproductsandodoriferous components whileretainingthe beneficial
carotenes,tocopherolsand tocotrienols.These componentsare knownto possess
specialnutritionalattributes.lt is expectedthat this new red-cookingoil will soon be
availablecommercially.

Generally speaking, the refiningroutesof palmoil andpalmkerneloil arequite

identical.Thereare two routeswhichcan be takento processcrudeoil into refinedoil;
refiningandphysicalrefining.The methodsdifierbasicallyin the waythe
chemical/alkali
freefattyacidsare removedfromthe oil. Chemicalrefining,whichhasa highercostof
refiningandgenerallyfoundin olderrefineries, utilizesan alkalito neutralizemostof the
fattyacidswhichare removedas soap. Physicalrefining,whicheliminates the needfor
an effluentplantfor the soapstock,involvessubjecting the oil to steamdistillationunder
hightemperature andvacuumfor removalof thefreefattyacids.
There are very little, if any, differencesbetweenthe qualitiesof refinedoils
producedvia these methods. However,there are certainconsumerpreferences for
products
madeviathechemical routeandnormally,smallpremiumsareinvolved.

Chemical(alkali)refinlng

As the nameimplies,this methodof refininguseschemicalsin the form of

alkaliesand normallycausticsodais used. The processinvolvesthe additionof an
alkalisolution
to thecrudeoilwhichresultsin chemical andphysical
reactions changes.
Chemicalrefiningcan be carriedout eitherby batchor by continuous
process
andundergoes process
the following flow(Appendix l).
Beforethe startof the off-takefromthe crudeoil tank,the oil undergoesheating
at a steadyrate,up to the required temperature(about45. C) for easeof pumpingand
kepthomogenized to provide a finalproductconsistency.
 The crudeoil then undergoes gum conditioning.The crudeoil is pumped
througha heatexchangerwhereits temperature is raisedto about80' C. The oil is then
treatedwith0.05%- 0.1070 foodgradeorthophosphoric acidin a mixer.A reaction time
of 15 minutesis allowedduring which the gums(phosphatides) are precipitated
making
themeasilyremovable at the nextstage.

The acid treatedoil is then continuously dosed with causticsoda. The

concentrationand amountof the alkalito be usedwill varywiththe freefattyacid (FFA)
contentof theoil.

Intimatecontactbetweenthe alkaliandthe oil is ensuredby the choiceof a well

designedmixer. The alkalireactswith the FFA formingprecipitated soapswhich are
removed or settlingandwashing.Thelightphasedischarge
eitherthroughcentrifuge is
.tracesof soapand moisture
mainlyrefinedoil containing whilethe heavydischarge is
primarily
soap,insoluble gums,freealkaliand minutequantityof neutralized
materials,
oil.

A certainamountof neutraloil is saponifiedalongwith the FFA and is lost by

The efficiencyof the processis checkedby the use of a RefiningFactor
emulsification.
(RF).

oil loss%
RF=

FFA

Valuesof 1.5to 2.0werenormalfor chemical plants.

refining

oil thenundergoes
The neutralized washing.Herethe oil is washedwithwaterto
removethe soap impuritiespresent. The oil-watermixtureis passes through a
centrifugeseparatorwherethe heavyphasedischargecontainssoapywater and the
lightphasedischargeis water-washed oil witha soapcontentof lessthan80 ppmwhich
removedat the ne)t bleachingstage(Appendix
is subsequentfy ll).

The water-washed oil is then driedin a vacuumdryerand the resultingoil is a

semi-refined oiltermedneutralized palmoil (NPO)
oil. In thecaseof palmoil,neutralized
is exportedto someoverseascustomers(Table1).

TABLEI. PORAMSTANDARD FORNPO

SPECIFICATIONS

FFA(aspalmitic) max
0.25o/o
M&l 0.1%max
lV (nrrjs) 50-55
M . p (t ' c )
AOS(Cc3-25) JJ-JY

Thesoapproduced by thisprocessis spittedwithmineralacid(usually

sulphuric
calledacidoil (Table2).
acid)and soldas a by-product
 TABLE2. FOR PALMACID OIL
PORAMSTANOARDSPECIFICATIONS

TotalFattyMatter 95%min
M&l 3o/o fidx
FFA(aspalmitic) 50%min

After the above steps of phosphoricacid treatmentfor gum removaland

neutralizationfor FFAreduction, impurities,
the oil stillcontainsundesirable odorsand
color pigments thatneedto be removedbeforethe product
finished will be to
acceptable
the buyer. Someof theseremainingimpuritiesare removedin quantity by the process
of bleachingor usinga moreappropriate termof AdsorptiveCleansing.

The practiceof bleachinginvolvesthe additionof activatedclay(bleaching earth)

to removeany undesirable impurities
andthis improves the initialtaste,finalflavorand
oxidativestabilityof product. lt also helpsto overcomeproblemsin subsequent
processingby adsorption of soaptraces,pro-oxidantmetalions,decomposes peroxides
andadsorbs otherminorimpurities.

Bleaching is carriedout undervacuumat a temperature of about100' C and

givena reactiontime of half an hour. The dosageof earthvarieswith the type and
quantity oil andis usuallyin the rangeof 0.5%- 1.0%.As mentioned
of starting earlier
the primaryfunctionof the bleaching through
impurities
earthis to reduceundesirable
adsorption.

However,a certainamountof bleaching(colorreduction)by pigmentadsorption

occursas a bonuseffect. Colorreductionis actuallyaffectedin the nextstagethrough
hightemperature
thermaldestructionof the pigments.

The slurrycontainingthe oil and earthis then passedthroughthe mainfilterto

givea clear,free-ftom-earth
particlesoil. Usuallya secondcheckfilteris usedin series
with the mainfilterto doublyensurethat no earthslipsoccur. The presenceof earth
foulsdeodorizes, reducesthe oxidativestabilityof the productoil and actsas a catalyst
andpolymerization
for dimerization activities.

Someoil is lost throughentrapmentin the wasteearthand it is usuallyin the

- 45o/oot the weightof dry earlh. The neutralized
orderof 20o/o bleachedoil is termed
NBOil (Iab,e3.).
 TABLE3. FOR NB PALM OIL
PORAMSTANDARDSPECIFICATIONS

FFA(aspalmitic) 0.25o/o
max
M&l 0.1Y0max
lv (Wjs) 50-55
M.pt(" c)
AOS(cc3-25) 33-39
Color(5%"cell) 20 red max

NB oil thenproceedsto the nextstagewherethefreefattyacidcontentand color

to producea productwhichis
are furtherreducedand, moreimportant,it is deodorized
stableandblandin flavor.

Deodorizationis basically a hightemperature, highvacuum,steamdistillation

process.A deodorization operatesin the followingmanner:deaeratesthe oil, heatsup
the oil. steamstripsthe oil and coolsthe oil beforeit leavesthe system(Appendixlll).
All materialsof contactarestainlesssteel.
can be carriedout in batch,continuousor semi-continuous
Deodorization style.
The presentpracticesin Malaysiaare to go for the more efficientand less costly
andsemi-continuous
continuous processes.

In a continuous heated220"C- 240'C

alkalirefiningroute,the oil is generally
undervacuum.A vacuumof 2 - 5 mbaris usuallymaintained by the useof ejectorsand
boosters. Heat bleaching of the oil occursat this temperaturethroughthe thermal
pigments.
of the carotenoid
destruction
The use of directstrippingsteamensuresreadilyremovalof residualfree fatty
acids,aldehydesandketoneswhichare responsible odorsandflavors.
for unacceptable

The oil leavesthe deodorizerstill undervacuumand cooleddownto less than

6O'C.lt passesthrougha polishingfilterbeforeit is sentto the storagetank. The oil is
nowtermedas neutralized, bleachedanddeodorized or NBDoil (Table4 and 5).

TABLE 4. FOR NB/RBD

PORAMSTANDARDSPECIFICATIONS
PALM OIL

FFA(aspalmitic) 0.1%max
M&l 0.1okmax
M.pt(" c)
AOS(Cc3-25) JJ-JV
Color(5% " cell)
Lovibond 3 or 6 redmax
 TABLE 5. NBD/RBDPALM KERNELOIL SPECIFICATIONS
FOR EXPORT

FFA(aspalmitic) O.1o/o
max
M&l 0.1o/omax
lVWrjs) 19 max at time of shipment
Colot(5% " Lovibond
cell) Red 1.5max

At the requestof buyers,antioxidants

suchas BHA,BHT,TBHQand criticacid
areusuallyaddedat the ex-deodorized
stagefor maximumefficiency.
Physicalrefining

As mentionedearlier,physicalrefiningof crudeoil is the morecommonprocess

in Malaysiafor the simplereasonsof its highereffciency,lesslosses(R.F< 1.3),less
operatingcosts,lesscapitalinputandlesseffluentto handle.

The presentmodernrefineriesusing the physicalrefiningroute are of the

continuous
types.

The pre-treatmentstageof physicalrefiningis exactlythe sameas that of the

alkafiroute(Appendix/y). Onceagain,phosphoric acidis used.At the bleachingstage,
however,relativelyhigherdosagesof earth are used. The "excess'earth is usedto
adsorbimpuritieswhichare removedwiththe soapstockandby washingin the chemical
route. Earthdosageusedfor PKOis usuallylessthan 1%. Thefilteredbleachedoil is
termedDegummed Bleached (DB)oil.

Thepre-treated oil entersthe deodorizer

at an FFAcontentwhichis muchhigher
than NB oil. As such,deodorization has to be of a muchheavierduty usinghigher
lemperatures of 250"C- 270"Clor palmkerneloil, morestrippingsteamand a bigger
vacuum(AppendixV). The fattyacidsdistilled-off are condensedand collected.They
aretermedFattyAcidDistillate(Tables6 and 7).

TABLE6, PORAM STANDARDSPECIFICATIONSFOR PALM FATTY

ACID DISTILLATE(PFAD)

Saponifiable
Matter 95%min(basis97%)
M&l 1.0o/o max
FFA(aspalmitic) 70o/omin
 TABLE7. (PKFAD)
PALMKERNELFATTYACIDDISTILLATE
FOREXPORT
SPECIFICATIONS

FFA(aspalmitic) 50%max(basis97%)
M&l 1o/o ftlAX
TFM 95% min

Theoil leavesthe deodorizeras a refined,bleached anddeodorized

or RBDoil.
of
Exportspecifications RBD oilsarethe same as NBD oils.

of palmand palmkernelolls
Fractionation
In orderto caterfor a wide rangeof markets,the Malaysianrefinersalso offer
products whichare'harde/(stearin) thanpalmoilor palmkernel
and'moreliquid'(olein)
oil. Theseareaccomplished througha simpleprocessof fractionation.

of palmand palmkerneloils can be described

Fractionation as follows. The
foundin the oil havedifferentmeltingpoints. At certaintemperatures,
triglycerides the
lower melting temperaturetriglycerideswill stay liquid while the higher melting
temperaturetriglycerides will crystallizeinto solid separatingthe oils into both liquid
(olein)andsolid(stearin)fractions.Thefractionscanthenbe separatedby filtration.

It is worthmentioning palmoleinis the premium

that in palmoil fractionation,
productand the palmstearinis the discountproduct. However,the reverseis true for
products.
palmkerneloilfractionated

of palmoil
Fractionatlon
In Malaysia,fractionationof palm oil into palm olein and palm stearinis
accomplished usingtwo typesof processes
viz dry anddetergentfractionation.A third
method,whichusessolvent,is no longereconomically feasiblefor the normalolein-
(Figurc1).
stearinftactionation
 Liquid Solid
Fraction Fraction

Yield (o/o) 65-85 15-35

Figure1.Fractionation
of PalmOil
Dry fractlonation

The more commonof the two processes,dry fractionation, operatesin the

followinglashion(AppendixVI). The oil is kepthomogenized at about70'C beforethe
start of crystallization.The idea is to destroyany crystalspresentand to induce
crystallization
in a controlledmannerin the crystallizers.Crystalformationand growth
occursas the oil is agitatedand cooledusingchilledwatercirculationin the jacketsor
coolingcoilsof the crystallizers.
Coolingcanbe governed eithertheoil or
by controlling
watertemperature.

Whenthe oil reachesthe required usuallyaround22"C,coolingis

temperature,
stopped.Theoil,whichappearsas a thicksemi-solidmass,termedslurry,nowcontains
stearincrystalsin liquid olein and is ready for filtration. The slurry is then fed
continuously to a filterin a controlledmanner.Thetypesof filtersusedare drumrotary
filters (Stockdale)and stainlesssteel belt filters (Florentine)which operatesusing
vacuumsuctionto separatethe liquidolein from the stearincrystals(AppendixVll).
Over the last eight years or so, membranerecessedplate FilterPresses,using
'squeezing techniques', havegainedpopularity.
Generally, biggercrystalsare requiredfor easeof filtration
usingthe vacuum
suctiontypefilters. However,this tendsto makethe crystalsgrouptogetherin clumps
whichwill occludepartof the liquidand,as a result,someoleinis lostin the stearin.
Oleinyieldsof 65%to 68% are normalfor filtrationusingvacuumsuctionfiltersvia the
dryfractionation
route. Thestearinobtainedis generallytermedsoftstearin(TableA).

TABLES. DRYFRACTIONATION.PRODUCTCHARACTERISTICS

Palmolein Palmstearin

Cloudpoint("C) 8-10
lodinevalue(Wrjs) 56-59 42-46
Meltingpoint('C) 22-24 48-52

Occludedoleincan be removedby applyingpressureon the stearincake. Here

anothertype of filter needsto be usedr.e.the membranefilter press. This plateand
frame type filter is operatedby pumpingthe slurry throughthe filter cloth covered
chambersof the filter(AppendixVil). f he stearincrystalscoatthe clothand buildup in
the chambers.\Men the chambers are full,the pumpingis stoppedand pressureis
appliedto the flexiblemembranewallsof the chambersto squeezeout entrainedolein.
Oleinyieldsof 75Voto 78o/oareobtained.Thequalityof oleinobtained is unchangedas
pressureis appliedonlyto recovertrappedliquidolein. However,the stearinis harder
(Table9).

TABLE9. PALMSTEARIN
FROMMEMBRANE
FILTERS

lodinevalue (\ fijs) 33-37

Meltingpoint("C) 52-54

Forthe productionof highlV/lowcloudpointolein,dubbedsuperolein,different

sets of processingconditionsare used, either using one-stageor more stages of
(Table10).
fractionation

TABLE10. SUPEROLEIN
FROMPALMOILBY DRYFRACTIONATION

lodinevalue(Wrjs) 80-65
Cloudpoint("C) J - O
SlipMeltingpoint,('C) 13-16

Detergentf ractionation

Beforethe introductionof membranefilters,detergentfractionationenjoyeda

distinctadvantageover dry fractionationby offeringabout 15% more olein yield. In
Malaysia,detergentfractlonation
is onlycarriedoutwithcrudeoils.
The processinvolvescooling palm oil (crystallization)
and separationof its
fractions(fractionation) (sodiumlaurylsulphatesolution)and an
aidedby a detergent
electrolyte(magnesium sulphate).
 As in dryfractionation,theoil in thecrystallizers
is cooledusingchilledwaterand
is aflowedto crystallize.Whenthe oil reachesa set temperature of about22C, the
semi-solidmassis pumpedto the fractionation stagewhereit is mixedwithan aqueous
solutioncontainingthe electrolyteandthe detergentat the sametemperatures as the fat
mass. Fractionation is carriedout by centrifugal
techniques.
The electrolytehelpsin the agglomeration
of the oil dropletsformedduringthe
mixingprocess. The presenceof the detergenthelpsin fractionation as it wets the
stearincrystals
anddisplaces occludedandentrained olein.Thestearinfractionandthe
detergentthen from a discretephaseof higherdensitywhich is easilyseparatedby
centrifuging.

The lighterphaseleavingthe centrifugeconsistsof oleinandtracesof detergent.

Thisis washed,driedandthe oleinis sentfor storage.The heavierphasecontaining
mostof the detergentis heatedto meltthe stearinandthensentto a secondcentrifuge
wherethe stearinis separatedfrom the detergent.The stearinis then washed,dried
andstoredwhilethe detergentis recycled(Table11).

TABLE11. DETERGENT
FRACTIONATION.PRODUCT
CHARACTERISTICS

Palmolein Palmstearin

Cloudpoint('C) 8-10
lodinevalue(W'rjs) 56-59 32-38
Meltingpoint('C) tn tE

fn Mafaysia,Alfa-LavalLipofrac(Appendix/Xl is the populardetergentprocess

and as mentioned earlieruses crudepalm oil. The crudeoleinand crudestearin
producedare eithermarketedor undergorefiningand madeintoediblegradesas NBD
or RBDoils.

Solventfractionation

As mentioned earlier,it is merelyuneconomical at present

to ftactionate palmoil
for normalolein-stearin productsvia the solventroute. Highinvestment costis involved
due to stringentsafetyfeaturesand the solventrecoveryequipmentthat needsto be
incorporated.Operatingcosts are also high as skilledmanpowerand additional
processing for the solventrecoveryand purificationare required.lt is not surprisingto
knowthat by 1981,two out of threesolventfractionation plantsin Malaysiaceased
operations whilethe thirdwasconverted to producehighvalueffactionated productslike
palmmidfraction (PMF).

The processinvolvescrystallizingthe oil in a solvent(Figurc2). The hvo

commonsolventsusedare hexaneand acetone.Solventis mixedwithoil in a 1:3 ratio
and then pumpedinto the crystallizers (see Appendix)0. Coolingis done either by
chilledwateror brine. Brineis usedif verylowtemperature crystallization
is fequired.
Themiscella containingpartially
crystallized
oil andsolventis thensentto a filterwhere
vacuumsuctionis usedto seoarate the oleinfromthe stearin.The olein/solvent and

10
 mixturesare then sent to solventrecoveryplantswherethe solventis
stearin/solvent
separated theoilfractions
from andrecycles.Oleinyieldsarein the rangeof 80%- 83%.
products,the oleinis rerouted
lf there is a needfor specialdouble-fractionated
backintothe plant to producePMFand double-fractionatedoleinor superolein witha
lowcloudpointanda highiodinevalue.

High lV / SuperOlein

Figure2. Flowdiagramof simpletwo-stagesolventfnctionation

OF SUPEROLEINANDPALM
TABLE12. TYPICALANALYSIS
MIDFRACTION

Palmolein Palmstearin

Cloudpoint("C) 8-10
lodinevalue(VMjs) 56-59 32-38
Meltingpoint("C) 50-55

1l
 TABLE13, PORAMSTANDARDSPRECIFICATIONS
FORPALMOLEIN
PRODUCTS

1. CrudePalmOlein FFA(AsPalmitic) 5.0%max

M&l max
0.25o/o
l.v. (\ r|js) 56 min
M.Pt'c (AOCSCc3-25) 24 max

2. Neutralized
PalmOlein FFA (As Palmitic) max
0.25o/o
M&l 0.1Yomax
l.v.(Ws) 56 min
M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25) 24 max
3. Neutralized
& Bleached FFA(As Palmitic) max
0.25o/o
PalmOlein M&l 0,1Yomax
l.v. (Vvijs) 56 min
M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25) 24 max
Colot(5 %" Lovibondcell) 20 Redmax

Refined,Bleached& FFA(As Palmitic) O.1Vo max

Deodorized(RBD)/ M&l O,1omax
Neutralized, l.v. (Wjs) 56 min
Bleached& M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25) 24 max
Deodorized(NBD) Color(5 %" Lovibondcell) 3 or 6 Red max
PalmOlein

5. DoubleFractionated FFA (As Palmitic) 0.1o/ofiix

PalmOlein M&l 0.1%max
l.v.(Ws) 60 min
M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25) 19 max
Color(5 %" Lovibondcell) 3 Red max

Fractionationof palm kerneloil

Just likepalmoil, palmkerneloil can also be fractionated

via the detergent,solvent
and dry processes.The principlesappliedin processingare quiteidentical.As mentioned
earlier,in palmkerneloil fractionation,
the stearinis the premiumproductand,therefore,
higherstearinyieldsare sought. Stearinyieldsvarybetween20%to 40%.

A fourthmethodinvolvinghydraulicpressingof the chilledcakesis also practiced.

12
 TABLE14. PORAMSTANDARDSPRECIFICATIONS
FORPALMSTEARIN
PRODUCTS

1. CrudePalmStearin FFA(As Palmitic) 5.0olom?X

M&l U.ZC7o max
LV. (Wrjs) 48 min
M.Pt'C (AOCSCc3-25) 44 min

2. Neutralized
Palm FFA (As Palmitic) 0.25o/om?x
Stearin M&l 0 . 1 %m a x
l.v.(wjs) 48 max
M.Pt"C (AOCScc3-25) 44 min

Neutralized& Bleached FFA(As Palmitic) 0.25o/omax

PalmStearin M&l 0.1Vomax
l.V. (Wijs) cb mtn
M.Pt"C (AOCSCc3-25) 24 max
Color(5 %" Lovibond
cell) 20 Red max

4. Refined,Bleached
& FFA(As Palmitic) 0.2o/omax
Deodorized(RBD)/ M&l 0 , 1 5 %m a x
Neutralized, l.v. (wjs) 48 max
Bleached& M.Pt'C (AOCScc3-25) 44 min
Deodorized(NBD) Colo((5 %" Lovibondcell) 3 or 6 Red max
PalmStearin

TABLE15. FOREXPORTi|ARKETS(MEOMA):
SPECTFTCATTN
PALIIIKERNELOIL FRACTIONATED
PRODUCTS

1. CrudePalmKemel FFA (As lauric) 5.0%max

Olein M&l 0. 5% max
l.v. (wjs) 21 min

2. CrudePalmKernel FFA (As lauric) 5.0%max

Stearin M&l 0.5%max
l.V.Mr'js) 8 max

3. RBDPalmKernel FFA(As lauric) 0.1o/o

lnax
Stearin M&l O.lYomax
l.v. (wijs) 21 min
Colot(5 %" Lovibond
cell) Red1.5max

4. RBDPalmKernel FFA (As lauric) 0.1%max

Stearin M&l 0.1Vomax
l.V. (nrrjs) 8 max
Colot(5 %" Lovibond
cell) Red 1.5max

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