Anthropometry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Anthropometry

Anthropometry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Anthropometry (from Greek anthropos, "human", and

metron, "measure") refers to the measurement of the human
individual. An early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used
for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical
variation, in paleoanthropology and in various attempts to correlate
physical with racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves
the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human
body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape.[1]
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) is considered to be the father of
anthropometry because of his many contributions to the field,
including what we know today as the mug shot. [2]

Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design,

clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data
about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used
to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic
composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of
body dimensions (e.g. the rise in obesity), and require regular
updating of anthropometric data collections.
The field of ergonomics employs
anthropometry to optimize human
Contents interaction with equipment and
workplaces.
1 History
2 Individual variation
2.1 Auxologic
2.1.1 Height
2.1.2 Weight
2.1.3 Organs
2.2 Aesthetic
3 Evolutionary science
4 Measuring instruments
4.1 3D body scanners
4.2 Baropodographic
4.3 Neuroimaging
5 Epidemiology and medical anthropology
6 Forensics and criminology
7 Ergonomics
8 Biometrics
9 United States military research
10 Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry
Resource ProjectCAESAR
11 Fashion design

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12 In popular culture
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links

History
The history of anthropometry includes and spans various concepts, both
scientific and pseudoscientific, such as craniometry, paleoanthropology,
biological anthropology, phrenology, physiognomy, forensics, criminology,
phylogeography, human origins, and cranio-facial description, as well as
correlations between various anthropometrics and personal identity, mental
typology, personality, cranial vault and brain size, and other factors.

At various times in history, applications of anthropometry have ranged

vastlyfrom accurate scientific description and epidemiological analysis to
rationales for eugenics and overtly racist social movementsand its points of
concern have been numerous, diverse, and sometimes highly unexpected. A Bertillon record for Francis
Galton, from a visit to
Individual variation Bertillon's laboratory in 1893

Auxologic

Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth

Height

Human height varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological,
genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its
measurement is also subject to considerable error in statistical sampling.

The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a
large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average)
within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are caused by specific genes or
endocrine abnormalities.[3]

In the most extreme population comparisons, for example, the average female height in Bolivia is 142.2 cm (4 ft
8.0 in) while the average male height in the Dinaric Alps is 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in), an average difference of
43.4 cm (1 ft 5.1 in). Similarly, the shortest and tallest of individuals, Chandra Bahadur Dangi and Robert
Wadlow, have ranged from 1 ft 9 in (53 cm) to 8 ft 11.1 in (272 cm), respectively.[4][5]

Weight

Human weight varies extensively both individually and across populations, with the most extreme documented
examples of adults being Lucia Zarate who weighed 4.7 pounds (2.1 kg), and Jon Brower Minnoch who

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weighed 1,400 pounds (640 kg), and with population extremes ranging from 109.3 pounds (49.6 kg) in
Bangladesh to 192.7 pounds (87.4 kg) in Micronesia.[6][7]

Organs

Adult brain size varies from 974.9 cm3 (59.49 cu in) to 1,498.1 cm3 (91.42 cu in) in females and 1,052.9 cm3
(64.25 cu in) to 1,498.5 cm3 (91.44 cu in) in males, with the average being 1,130 cm3 (69 cu in) and 1,260 cm3
(77 cu in), respectively.[8][9] The right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the
cerebellar hemispheres are typically of more similar size.

Size of the human stomach varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from
520 cm3 (32 cu in) to 1,536 cm3 (93.7 cu in) and weights ranging from 77 grams (2.7 oz) to 453 grams
(16.0 oz).[10]

Male and female genitalia exhibit considerable individual variation, with penis size differing substantially and
vaginal size differing significantly in healthy adults.[11][12][13]

Aesthetic

Human beauty and physical attractiveness have been preoccupations throughout history which often intersect
with anthropometric standards. Cosmetology, facial symmetry, and waisthip ratio are three such examples
where measurements are commonly thought to be fundamental.

Evolutionary science
Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate the evolutionary significance of differences in body
proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments. Human populations exhibit
climatic variation patterns similar to those of other large-bodied mammals, following Bergmann's rule, which
states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, and Allen's rule, which
states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates.

On a micro evolutionary level anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale

population history. For instance John Relethford's studies of early 20th-century anthropometric data from
Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of the invasions by the
English and Norse centuries ago.

Measuring instruments
3D body scanners

Today anthropometry can be performed with three-dimensional scanners. A global collaborative study to
examine the uses of three-dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007. The Body
Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental
volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether the Body Volume Index has the potential to
be used as a long-term computer-based anthropometric measurement for health care. In 2001 the UK conducted
the largest sizing survey to date using scanners. Since then several national surveys have followed in the UK's
pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and SizeThailand, the latter still ongoing. SizeUK showed that

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the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected. Since 1951, when the last women's
survey had taken place, the average weight for women had gone up from 62 to 65 kg.

Baropodographic

Baropodographic devices fall into two main categories: (i) floor-based,

and (ii) in-shoe. The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from
piezoelectric sensor arrays to light refraction,[14][15][16][17][18] but the
ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either
a 2D image or a 2D image time series of the pressures acting under the
plantar surface of the foot. From these data other variables may be
calculated (see data analysis.)

The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by

commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to
10 mm and 25 to 500 Hz, respectively. Finer resolution is limited by
sensor technology. Such resolutions yield a contact area of
approximately 500 sensors (for a typical adult human foot with surface
area of approximately 100 cm2).[19] For a stance phase duration of
approximately 0.6 seconds during normal walking,[20] approximately
150,000 pressure values, depending on the hardware specifications, are
recorded for each step. Example insole (in-shoe) foot
pressure measurement device
Neuroimaging

Direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or more recently, imaging techniques such
as MRI, which can be used on living persons. Such measurements are used in research on neuroscience and
intelligence. Brain volume data and other craniometric data are used in mainstream science to compare modern-
day animal species, and to analyze the evolution of the human species in archeology. With the discovery that
many blood proteins vary consistently among populations, followed by the discovery of the DNA code, the
invention of the polymerase chain reaction that amplifies trace amounts of DNA, and the decoding of the human
genome, phylogeographers largely switched away from craniofacial anthropometry whenever DNA is available.

Epidemiology and medical anthropology

Anthropometric measurements also have uses in epidemiology and medical anthropology, for example in
helping to determine the relationship between various body measurements (height, weight, percentage body fat,
etc.) and medical outcomes. Anthropometric measurements are frequently used to diagnose malnutrition in
resource-poor clinical settings.

Forensics and criminology

Forensic anthropologists study the human skeleton in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the
identification of a decedent through various skeletal analyses that produce a biological profile. Forensic
anthropologists utilize the Fordisc program to help in the interpretation of craniofacial measurements in regards
to ancestry or race determination.

One part of a biological profile is a person's racial or ancestral affinity. People with considerable European

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ancestry generally have relatively no prognathism; a

relatively small face; a narrow, tear-shaped nasal cavity; a
"silled" nasal aperture; tower-shaped nasal bones; a
triangular-shaped palate; and an angular and sloping eye
orbit shape. People with considerable African ancestry
typically have a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or
nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial
projection in the jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a
rectangular-shaped palate; and a square or rectangular eye
orbit shape. People with considerable East Asian ancestry An early set of finger- and handprints by Sir
are often characterized by a relatively small prognathism; William Herschel, 2nd Baronet (18331917)
no nasal sill or dam; an oval-shaped nasal cavity; tent-
shaped nasal bones; a horseshoe-shaped palate; and a
rounded and non-sloping eye orbit shape.[21] Many of these characteristics are only a matter of frequency
among particular races: their presence or absence of one or more does not automatically classify an individual
into a racial group.

Ergonomics
Today, ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems
and working methods in order to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includes physical
ergonomics in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics; cognitive
ergonomics in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including humancomputer
interaction, mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training,
and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource
management, work design, schedules, teamwork, participation, community, cooperative work, new work
programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected
by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others.[22][23]

Biometrics
Biometrics refers to the identification of humans by their
characteristics or traits. Biometrics is used in computer science as a
form of identification and access control.[24] It is also used to
identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. Biometric
identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to
label and describe individuals.[25] Biometric identifiers are often
categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics.[26]
Example applications include dermatoglyphics and soft biometrics.

United States military research

Iris recognition system based on pattern
matching
The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of
U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including the 1988
Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures. Statistical data from these
surveys encompasses over 75,000 individuals.[27]

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Civilian American and European Surface

Anthropometry Resource ProjectCAESAR
CAESAR began in 1997 as a partnership between government and
industry to collect and organize the most extensive sampling of
consumer body measurements for comparison. The project collected and
organized data on 2,400 U.S. & Canadian and 2,000 European civilians
and a database was developed. This database records the anthropometric
2009 photo showing a man having a
variability of men and women, aged 1865, of various weights, ethnic
retinal scan taken by a U.S. Army
groups, gender, geographic regions, and socio-economic status. The
soldier
study was conducted from April 1998 to early 2000 and included three
scans per person in a standing pose, full-coverage pose and relaxed
seating pose. Data collection methods were standardized and documented so that the database can be
consistently expanded and updated. High-resolution measurements of body surfaces were made using 3D
Surface Anthropometry. This technology can capture hundreds of thousands of points in three dimensions on
the human body surface in a few seconds. It has many advantages over the old measurement system using tape
measures, anthropometers, and other similar instruments. It provides detail about the surface shape as well as
3D locations of measurements relative to each other and enables easy transfer to Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) or Manufacturing (CAM) tools. The resulting scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to
standardize. Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to automatically extract anatomical
landmarks from the 3D body scans. Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject. More than 100 univariate
measures were provided, over 60 from the scan and approximately 40 using traditional measurements.
Demographic data such as age, ethnic group, gender, geographic region, education level, and present
occupation, family income and more were also captured.[28][29]

Fashion design
Scientists working for private companies and government agencies conduct anthropometric studies to determine
a range of sizes for clothing and other items. Measurements of the foot are used in the manufacture and sale of
footwear: measurement devices may be used either to determine a retail shoe size directly (e.g. the Brannock
Device) or to determine the detailed dimensions of the foot for custom manufacture (e.g. ALINEr).[30]

In popular culture
In art Yves Klein termed his performance paintings anthropometries, where he covered nude women with
paint, and used their bodies as paintbrushes.

See also
Anthropometric cosmetology Guidonian hand
Biometrics Digit ratio
Cephalometry Eigenface
Chironomia Human height
Craniometry Human weight
Dermatoglyphics Kinanthropometry
Genetic fingerprinting Mandibulometry

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Morphometry Reflexology
Morphometrics Samuel George Morton
Osteometry Single transverse palmar crease
Palmistry Statistical shape analysis
Phrenology World Engineering Anthropometry Resource
Physiognomy

References

1. Md. Ariful, Islam; Md. , Asadujjaman; Md. , Nuruzzaman; Md. Mosharraf, Hossain. "Ergonomics Consideration for
Hospital Bed Design: A Case Study in Bangladesh". Journal of Modern Science and Technology 01 (01): 30-44.
2. "Anthropometry" (https://biologydictionary.net/anthropometry). biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
3. Ganong, William F. (Lange Medical, 2001) Review of Medical Physiology (pp. 392-397)
4. Shortest man world record: Its official! Chandra Bahadur Dangi is smallest adult of all time
(http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/2/shortest-man-world-record-its-official!-chandra-bahadur-dangi-
from-nepal-is-smallest-adult-of-all-time/) Guinness World Records
5. "Tallest Man" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100319004913/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records
/human_body/extreme_bodies/tallest_man.aspx). Guinness World Records. March 19, 2010. Archived from the
original (http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/human_body/extreme_bodies/tallest_man.aspx) on March
19, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19. at Wayback machine
6. Chivers, Tom (2009-09-24). "Human extremes: the tallest, shortest, heaviest and lightest people ever"
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6226095/Human-extremes-the-tallest-shortest-heaviest-and-
lightest-people-ever.html). The Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
7. Quilty-Harper, Conrad; Andrew Blenkinsop; David Kinross; Dan Palmer (2012-06-21). "The world's fattest
countries: how do you compare?" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-
countries-how-do-you-compare.html). The Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
8. Cosgrove, KP; Mazure CM; Staley JK (2007). "Evolving Knowledge of Sex Differences in Brain Structure, Function
and Chemistry" (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322307001989). Biol Psychiat. 62 (8): 84755.
PMC 2711771 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2711771) . PMID 17544382
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544382). doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001 (https://doi.org
/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2007.03.001).
9. Allen, JS; Damasio H; Grabowski TJ (2002). "Normal neuroanatomical variation in the human brain: An MRI-
volumetric study" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/96515947/abstract). Am J Phys Anthropol. 118 (4):
34158. PMID 12124914 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12124914). doi:10.1002/ajpa.10092 (https://doi.org
/10.1002%2Fajpa.10092).
10. Cox, Alvin J. (1945). "Variations in size of the human stomach" (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC1473711/pdf/calwestmed00012-0041.pdf) (PDF). California and Western Medicine. 63 (6): 267268.
PMC 1473711 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1473711) . PMID 18747178
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18747178). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
11. Wessells, H.; Lue, T. F.; McAninch, J. W. (1996). "Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: Guidelines for penile
augmentation". The Journal of Urology. 156 (3): 995997. PMID 8709382 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
/8709382). doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2801%2965682-9).
12. Chen, J.; Gefen, A.; Greenstein, A.; Matzkin, H.; Elad, D. (2000). "Predicting penile size during erection".
International Journal of Impotence Research. 12 (6): 328333. PMID 11416836 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
/pubmed/11416836). doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijir.3900627).
13. Morber, Jenny (2013-04-01). "The average human vagina" (http://www.doublexscience.org/the-average-human-
vagina/). Double X Science. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
14. Lord M 1981. Foot pressure measurement: a review of methodology. J Biomed Eng 3 91-9.
15. Gefen A 2007. Pressure-sensing devices for assessment of soft tissue loading under bony prominences: technological
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17. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP 1997. Plantar pressure distribution measurements: technical background and clinical
applications. J Foot Ankle Surg 3 1-14.
18. Orlin MN, McPoil TG 2000. Plantar pressure assessment. Phys Ther 80 399-409.
19. Birtane M, Tuna H 2004. The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults. Clin Biomech
19 1055-9.
20. Blanc Y, Balmer C, Landis T, Vingerhoets F 1999. Temporal parameters and patterns of the foot roll during walking:
normative data for healthy adults. Gait & Posture 10 97-108.
21. Forensic Anthropology - Ancestry (http://www.redwoods.edu/Instruct/AGarwin/anth_6_ancestry.htm) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20120206061745/http://www.redwoods.edu/instruct/agarwin/anth_6_ancestry.htm)
2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
22. International Ergonomics Association. What is Ergonomics (http://iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130520090316/http://iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html)
May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Website. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
23. "Home Page of Environmental Ergonomics Society" (http://www.environmental-ergonomics.org/). Environmental-
ergonomics.org. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
24. "Biometrics: Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107071003/http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/info.html).
Biometrics.cse.msu.edu. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original (http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/info.html) on
2012-01-07. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
25. Jain A.; Hong L.; Pankanti S. (2000). "Biometric Identification" (http://helios.et.put.poznan.pl/~dgajew/download
/PUT/SEMESTR_10/IO/FACE_RECOGNITION/BiometricsACM.pdf) (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 43 (2):
9198. doi:10.1145/328236.328110 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F328236.328110).
26. Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008). "Introduction to Biometrics". In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A. Handbook of Biometrics
(http://www.springer.com/computer/image+processing/book/978-1-4419-4375-0). Springer. pp. 122.
ISBN 978-0-387-71040-2.
27. U.S. Military personnel (http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0000/40/29/54083.PD0) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20041016064120/http://assist.daps.dla.mil/docimages/0000/40/29/54083.PD0) October
16, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
28. CAESAR fact sheet, SAE International (http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/cooperative/caefact.htm)
29. Robinette, Kathleen M, Daanen, Hein A M, Precision of the CAESAR scan-extracted measurements, Applied
Ergonomics, vol 37, issue 3, May 2007, pp. 259265.
30. Goonetilleke, R. S., Ho, Edmond Cheuk Fan, and So, R. H. Y. (1997). "Foot Anthropometry in Hong Kong".
Proceedings of the ASEAN 97 Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1997. pp. 8188.

Further reading
Anthropometric Survey of Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics 1988 (http://www.dtic.mil
/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a225094.pdf)
ISO 7250: Basic human body measurements for technological design, International Organization for
Standardization, 1998.
ISO 8559: Garment construction and anthropometric surveys Body dimensions, International
Organization for Standardization, 1989.
ISO 15535: General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases, International Organization
for Standardization, 2000.
ISO 15537: Principles for selecting and using test persons for testing anthropometric aspects of industrial
products and designs, International Organization for Standardization, 2003.
ISO 20685: 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases,
International Organization for Standardization, 2005.
Pheasant, Stephen (1986). Bodyspace : anthropometry, ergonomics, and design. London; Philadelphia:
Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-85066-352-0. (A classic review of human body sizes.)
Redman, Samuel (2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674660410.

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External links
Anthropometry (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/)
Look up anthropometry in
at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wiktionary, the free
Anthropometry and Biomechanics (http://msis.jsc.nasa.gov dictionary.
/sections/section03.htm) at NASA
Anthropometry data at faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at Wikimedia Commons has
Delft University of Technology (http://www.dined.nl) media related to
Manual for Obtaining Anthropometric Measurements Free Full Anthropometry.
Text (http://www.ngds-ku.org/ngds_folder/M02.pdf)
Prepared for the US Access Board: Anthropometry of Wheeled Mobility Project Report Free Full Text
(http://www.udeworld.com/anthropometrics.html)
Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource ProjectCAESAR
(http://www.store.sae.org/caesar) at SAE International

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