99 IC Projects 1982

99
PROJE(TS
ec 1982 EDITION $1.95
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THE STAFF
NEW PRODUCTS Editor
Ed Moran
Workbench Editor
Hank Scott
Sealing Cover for Pushbutton Phones Art Director
The first environment -proof cover for Ralph Rubino
standard single -line telephone push- Associate Art Director
button keyboards, Teleseel is now avail- David Pinder
able. The cover seals the keys of a Cover Art Director
pushbutton telephone set to keep out Ralph Rubino
dust, dirt, and moisture even coffee Art Editor
and soda spills. Each cover comes with Ron Kuliner
an adhesive backing and provides a Art Assistant
Theresa Fiorenza
Production Director
Carl Bartee
Production Manager
Carole Dixon
Production Assistant
Annette Simon
Newsstand Circulation Director
Don Gabree
Classified Advertising Director
Rose Wayner
Subscription Circulation Director
Robert V. Enlow
Subscription Circulation Manager
Eugene S. Slawson
National Advertising Manager
Ken Lipka
tough sheet of quality elastomer over President & Publisher

the complete face of a pushbutton CIRCLE 21 ON READER SERVICE COUPON Joel Davis
telephone (fixed or mobile). In addi-
tion to sealing the openings around dB down, and sensitivity of less than Sr. V.P. & Sec./Treas.
a microvolt on all bands and all chan-
Victor C. Stabile
each individual key, the cover also
seals the perimeter of the telephone nels. The unit operates on 6 AA bat- Vice President & General Manager
set face plate. Standard telephone teries and has a battery low LED indi- Leonard F. Pinto
nomenclature is molded on the key cator to signal when to recharge. The
unit's wide frequency coverage includes Vice President; Marketing-Editorial
covers in clear, legible characters. The Carole Dolph Gross
new keyboard cover is available in all all public service bands (low, high,
standard telephone colors including UHF, and "T" bands), both 2 -meter Vice President-Circulation
ivory, beige, white, blue, black, red, and 70 -centimeter amateur bands, plus Leonard Habas
yellow and green. Thus, placing the military and federal land mobile fre-
quencies. The unit has direct channel Vice President-Finance
Teleseel cover over a pushbutton tele- Fred Edinger
phone will leave the telephone appear- access and a built in automatic scan
ance unchanged. Suggested retail price delay. The package includes a sturdy
is $4.99 each. For literature and appli- carrying case, earphone, battery
cation assistance, write or call Teleseel, charge/AC adapter and has a suggest-
Inc., 44 Honeck St., Englewood, NJ ed retail price of $449.95. Complete
07631; or phone 201/569-5700. details are available by writing to Elec-
tra Company, 300 East County Line
Road, Cumberland, IN 46229.
Hand -Held Synthesized Scanner
The Bearcat 100 hand-held portable
Weatheradio 99 IC PROJECTS is published annually by
scanning radio is fully synthesized, and Davis Publications, Inc. Editorial and busi-
requires no crystals. The unit has a Radio Shack's new three -channel ness offices: 380 Lexington Avenue, New
York, N.Y. 10017. Advertising offices: New
full 16 channels with extended fre- VHF -FM weather broadcast receiver York, 380 Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y.
quency coverage. Power consumption features crystal control of tuning for 10017, 212-557-9100: Chicago, 360 N. Michi-
gan Ave., Chicago, IL 60601, 312-346-0712.
is kept extremely low by using a liquid instant station selection with a simple
crystal display and several low power three -position switch, eliminating the EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS must be ac-
integrated circuits. The Bearcat 100 problem of off -channel tuning and drift. companied by return postage and will be
handled with reasonable care; however, pub-
produces audio power output of 500 The new Crystal Controlled Weatheradio lisher assumes no responsibility for return or
milliwatts and a hefty one full watt (12-152) receives NOAA (National safety of manuscripts, artwork, or photo-
Weather Service) broadcasts on any of graphs. All contributions should be addressed
when used in conjunction with the ac- to the Editor, 99 IC PROJECTS, 380 Lexing-
cessory AC adapter included in the the three channels used: 162.550, ton Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. Copyright
1981 by Davis Publications, Inc.
package. The unit has patented Track 162.475 or 162.400 MegaHertz. Be -
Tuning, selectivity of better than 50 (Continued on page 4)
99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

CONTENTS
PROJE(TS 1982 EDITION
1 Son of Theremin 15 53 The Howler 46
2 Bird Blastar 15 54 Digital Modulator 47
3 Moriarty's Challenge 16 55 Featherweight Foghorn 47 21TRANSISTOR
4 Precision VOM Calibrator 20 56 Train Sound Effects 47
5 Multi -trace Scope Adapter 20 57 Sine Wave Generator 48
PROJECTS
6 Phone -call Logger 21 58 Lig'it Into Sound 49 1 Solar -Powered Metronome 71
7 Explosion Dn a Chip 22 59 Audible Logic Probe 49 2 Hi -Temp Alarm 71
8 Meterless Voltmeter 22 60 Musical Modulator 50 3 The Brain Teaser 72
9 Melodious Sequencer 23 61 Un versal Pulser 50 4 Square Wave Converter 72
10 Sonic -Control Receiver 23 62 Precision Rectifier 50 5 Home -Made NPO Capacitor 73
11 Frequency Divider 24 63 Active Low Pass Filter 51 6 Moose Call 73
12 Keyboard Encoder 24 64 Two -Tone Alarm 51 7 Three-Dial Combination Lock 74
13 Ramp Generator 25 65 Six -bit DA Converter 52 8 Microcomputer/AC Interface 74
14 Sonic -Control Transmitter 25 66 Torch -Sensitive Keyboard 52 9 General Purpose Pulser 74
15 Automatic Night Light 26 67 Miri -Digital Roulette 53 10 Zener Diode Tester 75
16 Temperature Monitor 26 68 Music Synthesizer 53 11 Penny Pinchers Utility Amplifier 75
17 Tri -Wave Synthesizer 27 69 Slide Trombone 54 12 Basic NOR Gate 76
18 Data Scrambler 27 70 Antenna -Bearing Indicator 54 13 Constant Current Ohms Adapter 76
19 High -Q Notch Filter 28 71 Go-Slo Wiper Control 55 14 Equipment Theft Alarm 77
20 Sample-and -Hold 28 72 High Frequency VCO 55 15 Shaped Output Code Oscillator 77
21 Sound -Level Meter 29 73 Mir -Micro Metronome
i 55 16 MOS-tc-TTL Logic Interface 78
22 Differential Amplifier 29 74 Auto Burglar Alarm 56 17 Fluid Detector 78
23 Digital Dice 29 75 Improvised Monostable 56 18 The Light Latch 79
24 DC-Motor Controller 30 76 Conputer-Controlled Keyer 57 19 Photoflood Dimmer #1 79
25 Intrusion -A arm Light 31 77 Conputer-Controlled Note 20 Portable Emergency Flasher 80
26 Mini -Strobe 31 Generator 57 21 Simple Touch Switch 80
27 Thermal Latch 31 78 Single Supply Signal Shifter 58
28 Multi -Pole Switch 32 79 SIo- Car Race Referee 59
29 Automotive Tachometer 32 80 Micro -Mini PA 59
30 Swimming Pool Sentry 33 81 Useful Noise
31 Squelched Microphone 33 82 Power Mike Amplifier
59
60
FEATURES
32 Pulsed Alarm 34 83 Octave Music Maker 60 Wire Wrap Breadboarding 81
33 Key Tone Generator 34 84 Due Polarity Power Supply
I 61 Circuit Board Etching 84
34 Guitar Tuner 38 85 Var able Regulated Power High -Amp Meters 86
35 Clean Switch 38 86 Supply 61 Basic Guide to Tune -Ups 87
36 Continuity checker 38 The Waveshaper 61 LED Weather Vane 91
37 Hands Off 39 87 Hig, Impedance Mike Amplifier 62 Multimeter Troubleshooting 95
38 Sobriety Tester 39 88 Peak -Level Detector 62 Slow -Scan TV 96
39 Jogging Pacesetter 40 89 Burglar Alarm 63
40 Crystal -Controlled TTL 40 90 Lightning Speed Reaction
41 Audio Bandbass Filter 41 Tes:er 63
42 Touch 'N Flip
The Whistler
41 91 Alternator Monitor 64 REGULAR
43 41 92 Coce Practice Oscillator 64 DEPARTMENTS
44 Positive Into Negative 42 93 Cassette -Based Control System 64
45 Coin Toss 42 94 VOM Light Meter 65 New Products 2
46 Video Pattern Generator 43 95 Re-Cycling Sequential Timer 66 Input/Output 7
47 Capacitor Match-Maker 44 96 Plant Moisture Meter 66 Cover to Cover 9
48 Pulse -Burst Generator 44 97 Milliohms Adapter 67 Reader Service Coupon 68
49 Mystic Fortune Teller 44 98 Telephone Pickup 67 Literature Library 99
50 LED Blackjack 45 99 Smart Porch Light 68 Classifieds 100
51 Op -Latch 45
52 Psuedo-Random Generator 46

es or meters to kilometers. Consumers
SEE COVER 2 FOR DETAILS will find many uses for the TI Con-
1 NEW PRODUCTS verter in day-to-day measurement prob-
1 (Continued from page 2) lems. In addition to making quick
Isaac Asimov's 1 measurement conversions, the TI Con-
cause of the precise frequency selec- verter offers all the basic functions of
1SF Magazine tion possible with drift -free crystal con- a calculator. Its liquid crystal display
:Box 1933 trol, stations can be accurately selected

with a three position switch instead of
shows up to eight digits. There are
three convenient memories. The TI
'Marion, Ohio 43305" the usual manual tuning knob. A "front
end" RF (radio frequency) amplifier in
Converter also features APD (automatic
power down) which automatically shuts
1 off the calculator after a few minutes
of non-use. Suggested retail price for
Enclosed is $6.97 for
introductory subscription (Outside USA
& poss. $7.99)
a 6 -issue
, the TI Converter Kit is $24.95. It is
available through retailers. For more
info, write to Texas Instruments Inc.,
1 Consumer Relations, P.O. Box 53 (Attn:
TI Converter Kit), Lubbock, TX 79408.
Name
Address
Linear Circuits Course
City --State__ Zip
A new"hardware -oriented" course
D1DU6-8 Circuits has been introduced
in Linear
ZIIIMMMIOMMEINIMia MO CIRCLE 22 ON READER SERVICE COUPON by Heathkit/Zenith Educational Sys-
SEE COVER 3 FOR DETAILS tems to meet the needs of the elec-
this new Weatheradio brings in NOAA
BOAT BUILDER VHF weather stations loud and clear at
a range of up to 50 miles, making this
380 Lexington Ave. receiver effective virtually anywhere in
N.Y., NY 10017 the United States. Signals are cap-
tured by an attached antenna, which
Enclosed is $ , including 50
for postage and handling for each set of telescopes down and folds behind the
Craft Prints I have checked below: unit. Power is provided either from a
#367 $5.00 plus 50C #343 $5.00 plus 50C 9 Volt battery (not supplied) or an
#364 $6.00 plus 50C E #344 $15.00 plus 50C optional AC adapter. The Model 12-152
#355 $5.00 plus 50C (full-size pattern set)
#75 $5.00 plus 50C #356 $5.00 plus 50C Crystal Controlled Weatheradio is avail-
#106 $5.00 #311 $5.00 plus
plus 50C 50C able now for $24.95 at Radio Shack
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED stores and participating dealers.
Name
Address
Converting Measurements
City
A new unit measurement converting/
State 7ip calculating kit, the TI Converter, in-
991 C-82 cludes the TI Converter, The Calculator
and Converter Handbook, and the TI
lag Converter Quick Reference Guide. You
r c ce
d can use the kit to calculate and con-

v d. vert English and metric measurements
CO coi
quickly. The TI Converter contains 194
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$
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amateur or computer enthusiast who
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would rather learn by doing than by
vvi 1 reading. The student learns how each
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circuit operates by building the cir-
CC in m - m cuit and observing its performance. And
W O .2 O) x when the course is finished, the in-
E ^. m built-in conversions for unit measure- dividual has a handy circuit reference
) f`
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V -P.,,
>+
m
rn
Cl)
ments of capacity, length, temperature
and weight. Users can convert pounds
file for future use. The Course is mail
order priced at $49.95, FOB Benton
co`W
y c w to kilograms, miles to kilometers, Fah- Harbor, MI 49022. For more details on
(}
(c
7 co renheit to Celsius, quarts to liters, and the EH -701 Linear Circuits Course, see
y
Ow
(q
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co CD m CD
many more. In addition, conversions the latest Heathkit Catalog. For a free
WC> h d V> copy, write Heath Company, Dept. 350-
mmn
W
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v eid goC
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E of measurement, such as yards to inch- 155, Benton Harbor, MI 49022.
4 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

INTERNATIONAL
CRYSTALS
FI THE
Foxy Scanner and KITS
lower case letters and true descenders
The Fox BMP 10/60 (base, mobile, provided as standard. Additional fea-
portable) is the world's first scanner
to offer the unique features of base,
mobile and portable systems in a sleek,
tures which are available to the PMC-81
user are: automatic repeat on every
key, print screen from keyboard com-
EXP. KIENTEI
OF -1 OSCILLATOR
compact and lightweight unit. The unit mand and shift lock command to switch
offers 60 pre-programmed active fre- the keyboard from BASIC mode (all $542
OIL
caps with shift to get lower case) to
typewriter mode and back. The new The OF -1 oscillator is a
keyboard routine is resident in perma- resistor/capacitor circuit
providing oscillation over a range of frequencies
nent memory in the PMC-81. A flashing by inserting the desired crystal, 2 to 22 MHz,
cursor is displayed when the routine is OF -1 LO, Cat. No. 35108. 18 to 60 MHz, OF -1
HI, Cat. No. 035109. Specify when ordering.
operating. A large flashing cursor des-
ignates the BASIC mode and a small MXX-1 Translator RF Mixer
3 to 20 MHz, Cat. No. 035105
flashing cursor designates the type- 20 to 170 MHz. Cat. No. 035106 $7.02 ea.
writer mode. The PMC-81 retails at SAX-1 Translator RF Amp
3 to 20 MHz, Cat. No. 035102
$740, and does not include disk drives 20 to 170 MHz, Cat. No. 035103 $7.02 ea.
and printer. For more information, write BAX-1 Broadband Amp
20 Hz to 150 MHz. Cat No 035107 $7.34 ea.
to Personal Micro Computers, Inc., 475
Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043. .02% Calibration Tolerance

EXPERIMENTER
CRYSTALS
(HC 6/U Holder)
$688 sa.
VHF Band Expander

quencies scanning the airwaves for up Cat. No. Specifications
to the moment breaking news on po- The MFJ VHF Band Expander, model 031300 3 to 20 MHz -
For use in
OF -1L OSC Specify when ordering
lice, fire, weather, marine and mobile
telephone calls. The scanner also offers
MFJ312 converts any two -meter syn-
thesized, VFO, or VXO rig to receive the
031310. 20 to 60 MHz -
For use in OF-1H OSC
Specify when ordering
1l
more common features of skip, pause VHF highband police, fire and weather Enclose payment with order (no C.O.D.) Shipping and post-
and action. Scanner listeners are able frequencies. If your rig cover 144-148 age (inside U.S. Candad and Mexico only) will be prepaid
by International.
to skip individual channels not cur- MHz, just insert the MFJ-312 in line Prices quoted for U.S. Canada and Mexico orders only.
Orders for shipment to other countries will be quoted on
rently of interest; activate a pre -select- with the antenna, connect power, and request. Price subject to change.
ed action channel of their choice, so turn on the converter, now you are WRITE FOR BROCHURE
no action is missed; and also pause ready to receive 154-158 and 160-164
longer on individual channels in order
to hear all of the two-way communica-
tions, between police car and dispatch-
MHz in two ranges. If your rig covers
a larger or smaller band segment than
144-148 MHz, then with the MFJ-312
ULiui]
International Crystal Mtg. Co., Inc.
er. In addition, the BMP 10/60 has a you can receive a correspondingly larg- 10 North lee.Oklahoma City. Oklahoma 73102
semi -automatic "Seek" feature that er or smaller segment of the VHF high -
seeks out unknown frequencies. The band. On the first range, 154-158 MHz,
you have direct frequency readout from
unit sells for $349.95. For more info,
write to Fox Marketing, Inc., 4518
Taylorsville Road, Dayton, OH 45424.
your rig. If your rig indicates you are AMAZING
New System
DEVICES
rte((( PHASERS ))))I'
Personal Micro Computers has add- PPF-1 PHASER PAIN FIELD - This device recently devel-
oped and patented in our labs is being evaluated by law enforce-
ed the PMC-81 microcomputer system ment agencies for riot and crowd control It Is now available but
soon will come under the Jurisdiction of weapons and internal
to its product line. The PMC-81 has machine control making it unavailable to the public The device
16K of RAM memory, 14K of ROM, is hand-held and looks like a BUCK ROGERS ray gun It Is hazar-
dous it not used with discretion.
utilizes a Z-80 microcomputer and pro- PPF-1 PLANS $15.00
vides a keyboard, cassette interface IPG-1 INVISIBLE PAIN FIELD GENERATOR - This
amazing, simple hand-held device is about the size of a pack of
cigarettes and generates a directional field of moderate to inten-
receiving 145.55 MHz, just turn the sive pain ,n the lower part of the head up to a range of 50' De-
converter on and you are receiving vice is simple and economical to make
IPG-1 PLANS $7.00 IPG-1K ALL PARTS $39.50
155.55 MHz. On the second range, 160- IPG-10 ASSEMBLED&TESTED FOR ANIMAL CONTROL $49.50
164 MHz, slight interpolation is re- LASERS
quired to know the megahertz range RUBY LASER RAY PISTOL -
Produces highly intense red
but kilohertz are still read directly. beam. capable 01 burning A hazardous device PLANS PARTS
SOURCES $15.00
The VHF Band Expander, model MFJ-
HIGH POWERED CARBON DIOXIDE BURNING AND CUTTING
312 is available from MFJ for $59.95 Complete plans and all parts sources $15.00
plus $4.00 shipping and handling. To SOLID STATE IR 12 WATTS with Dwll in power supply
plans $8.00 Complete kit with collimator $74.00
order call toll free 800/647-1800 or POCKET LASER pulsed, visible red. plans $7.00
mail order with check or money order Complete oit $39.50 Also complete plans and parts
sources for RUBY, YAG. NEODYNIUM, HeNe ARGON. DYE.
to MFJ Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box 494,
CIRCLE 26 ON READER SERVICE COUPON Mississippi State, MS 39762.
NITROGEN and many more lasers
SNP -2 SNOOPER PHONE

SECURITY
-
'Z
Dial home or office phone
while on vacation activating sensitive mike without phone
and video monitor interface in the unit. ringing. Excellent properly protection and intrusion device
The PMC-81 uses the EXP-100 Expand- Clean Sweep SNP2 PLANS $7.00
SNP2K ALL PARTS $49.50
er to add interfaces for minifloppy The new model 3015 Sweep/Func- SNP20 ASSEMBLED AND TESTED S99.50
disks, printer, RS232C and S-100 bus. tion Generator from B&K-Precision is a LONG RANGE XMTR PLANS S7.00
The PMC-81 has been added to the compact instrument, designed princi- SEE -IN -THE -DARK PLANS 510.00
DIRECTIONAL SHOTGUN MIKE PLANS $8.00
product line to fulfill the requirements pally for audio and ultrasonic applica- SUPER SENSITIVE PARABOLIC MIKE PLANS $8.00
for a disk oriented computer. The PMC- tions. The instrument covers a fre- SOUND & TELEPHONE OPERATED TAPE RECORDER $7.00
81 has a 15 key numeric pad and has quency range of 2 Hz to 200 kHz in CATALOG ON PLANS KITS & FINISHED UNITS S1 00
a complete professional keyboard with three ranges, with each range providing Send check or money order to
SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS, Dept. AID, Box 716
AMHERST. N.H. 03031
99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 CIRCLE 11 ON READER SERVICE COUPON

ternally generated sweep ramp voltage. TAK-20 is engineered for standard vehi-
Sinewave distortion conservatively rated cle trunks and hatchback designs. Also,
NEW PRODUCTS at less than 1% from 2 Hz to 20 kHz featured is a ball joint that permits a
-the full audio spectrum. It is avail- 45 -degree whip tilt in all directions for
1,000:1 frequency control. The 3015 able with power supply options for vertical positioning from most mount-
can be used for most measurement and either 120 or 220 VAC. Sells for ing angles. A stainless steel shock
troubleshooting applications in the $270.00. For additional information on spring is also provided. The new anten-
audio and ultrasonic ranges. Its built- the 3015, write to B&K-Precision na's base load with 42 -in. long semi -
in linear and log sweep capabilities are Product Group, Dynascan Corp., 6460
pushbutton selectable and may be op- W. Cortland Street, Chicago, IL 60635.
erated at three different sweep rates.
Memory Code Keyer

The new Heathkit SA -5010 Matic
Memory Keyer uses a custom micro-
processor to provide up to 10 buffers
for storing up to 240 characters of text
or commands. These variable -length
buffers eliminate wasted memory space
by letting the user store text in several
buffers and then string them together
in any sequence. Command strings can
also select the speed, weight, spacing
CIRCLE 28 ON READER SERVICE COUPON and auto -repeat count fr each mes-
sage so selected. The SA -5010 employs
For specialized applications, the sweep a 20 -position keypad for entries, and
rate may be further increased by add- features easy -to -use integral capacitive
ing an external ramp -timing capacitor CIRCLE 30 ON READER SERVICE COUPON
to terminals on the rear panel. By using
the sweep mode, the audio response of rigid whip may also be instantly re-
amplifiers, preamplifiers, tape record- mounted onto six other style mounts
ers and other devices can be quickly sold separately and operate at top effi-
determined. The sweep rate may also ciency. The TAK-20 with shock spring
be controlled by an external signal of has a suggested list price of $44.50.
0 to 1 volt. An output terminal is also The TAK-10, without shock spring, is
provided on the rear panel of the in - $40.50. For more data on this new CB
antenna and other antennas in the "All-
American" line, write to Armstrong In-
dustries, Div. of MCS, Inc., Route 24,
P.O. Box 237, Watseka, IL 60970.
WRITE NOW FOR
McGEE'S CIRCLE 29 ON READER SERVICE COUPON Desolder Pump

The new DP -1 Desolder Pump from
SPEAKER CATALOG
"touch" paddles. A rear panel jack is OK Machine and Tool Corporation of-
EVERYTHING IN ELECTRONICS provided for use of a mechanical pad- fers full industrial performance and
1001 BARGAINS IN SPEAKERS dle with the SA -5010, if so desired. A features at an economy price. The DP -1
"practice" mode sends random code features all metal construction with
TV AND RADIO PARTS groups of random length and select- precision components for maximum re-
COMPONENTS, RECORD
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INPUT/OUTPUT
Hit or Miss? ated Citizens Teams), with approximate- in class. What is its voltage output?
How come I hear so much talk on ly 2,000 teams and 30,000 members, has -E.N., Lodi, NJ
how computers can do everything, and been providing organized emergency
now I hear that computer controlled mis- communications services to local com- A Clark cell was formally used as a
siles have a high miss probability? What's munities throughout the U.S., Canada standard source of e.m.f. for reference
going on? and many foreign countries for nearly in laboratories for voltage comparison.
-A.N., Waterloo, Ont. 20 years. Believe me, what you hear is Used properly, it should be "nulled"
true CB radio owners and dealers wish- against a voltage to be measured so no
Missile accuracy is affected by several ing to know more about REACT may current flows through the cell. It con-
factors. The first is bias error. Created write to REACT International, Inc., 75 sists of a mercury cathode coated with
mostly by the combined gravity of the E. Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60601. mercury sulphate, and a zinc anode. The
earth and the moon, this tug on airborne Tell them Hank sent you! electrolyte is a zinc sulphate solution.
missiles can create a target error of up The voltage output is 1.4345 volts at 15 -
to several miles. Figuring the effect of Easy Stuff degrees Centigrade. The Clark cell has
gravity into a guidance system is too com- I'm looking at a functional black dia- been replaced by the Weston cell which
plicated because several unknown factors gram of a computerized machine and find produces 1.0186 volts at 20-degrees
are involved. The effects of the moon's abbreviations like SISO and PISO. What Centigrade. The Weston cell voltage out-
pull on different parts of our land and do they mean? put varies very little with room tem-
water surface, although generally known, -C.M., Harbor City, CA peratures.
change every day as the moon moves.
The earth is a mosaic of its own gravity Easy once you see it! Tweet
anomalies, patches of stronger and weak- Serial -In -Serial -Out SISO I've been fooling around with sound
er gravity created by the earth's rotation Serial -In -Parallel-Out SIPO recording for some time, and now I'm
and motion within the earth's core. Op- Parallel -In -Parallel-Out PIPO recording the sound of birds for a friend.
posing countries have naturally not tested Parallel -In-Series -Out PISO I need a parabolic reflector so I can as-
their missiles over opponent's territory. See what I mean! semble a directional longrange micro-
Thus, they have no idea what gravita- phone. Where can I get one?
tional patterns would do to the paths of First Line of Defense -L.P., Ridgefield, NJ
their missiles. In figuring gravity's effects, What is the cheapest burglar alarm
an error of even four parts per million .system I can buy? Edmund Scientific, East Gloucester
can throw missile accuracy off by 300 -G.A., Philadelphia, PA Pike, Barrington, NJ 08007 has an 18 -
feet. Once an ICBM has begun its de- in. job that goes for under $20. Get their
scent, its path cannot be changed. Travel- It eats hamburgers and goes, "Woof, catalog, and tell them who sent you.
ing at 16,000 mph, it becomes wrapped woof." Seriously, a good perimeter bur-
in an ionized shock layer that makes its glar alarm system using window tapes Wrap Up
computer guidance systems unreachable. and door switches goes for about $800 Hank, this wire-wrapping is a lot of
Circle of error probability (CEP) also installed. You can do it a lot cheaper bunk. It doesn't save time at all.
affects missile accuracy. Created by ran- by doing the installation yourself. I did -R.H., San Francisco, CA
dom errors in missile alignment, velocity it for under $150. Consider the value of
formulas, gyroscope guidance, rocket your home, possessions and loved ones Okay, you have your opinion. The
timing, computer instructions, and sim- first, then try to skimp on costs. By the other day I put together a small project
ple "glitches" in parts from ignition way, back up the burglar alarm system with four ICs and three LED displays.
switches to bomb fuses, this type of in- with a large dog-the results are out- If I tried to solder that project, I'd end
accuracy can be considerable. A system standing. up with one large glob of molten solder.
that is initially fairly correct can quickly Also, I'm human-I made a wiring er-
be thrown off substantially by vibrations ror. It was easy to find, and even easier
and changes in temperature and humid- T Up to repair. Patience and a little practice
ity. A CEP of 300 feet is often claimed What country uses T as a ham prefix may convert you yet!
for ICBMs, but 600 to 900 feet is more to a call?
likely. Bomb size can also throw off ac- -B.D., Riverdale, NY A Lot of Noise
curacy. There are many other considera- A -book I was reading said that linear
tions that the apparent strike capacity of None, but several use T as the first ICs are noisier than digital ICs. Then,
ICBM's out of the 100% hit class and letter: TA-Turkey, TF-Iceland, TG- nothing more was said on this subject.
reduce the hit score to the lower per- Guatemala, TI-Costa Rica, T19 -Cocos I., Hank, can you tell me if this is so, and
centiles. Computers would work fine if TJ-Cameroon, TL -Central African Em- why?
the world was truly round. pire, TN-Congo, TR-Gabon, TF -Chad, -1.0., Butte, MT
TU -Ivory Coast, TY-Benin, and TZ-
Cross My Heart Mali. I hope my dart was up-to-date be- I'm not too sure you are quoting the
I hear a lot about REACT. Is it all cause some countries change names text too carefully. I would say that linear
true? weekly, and others phase in and out! ICs generally require more external com-
-F.B., Columbus, OH ponents like capacitors and resistors than
What's It digital ICs when both types are hooked
REACT (Radio Emergency Associ- My teacher mentioned a "Clark cell" up into circuits. Thus, linear IC circuits
99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 7

and resecure. Recheck your work to be Good idea, but go a bit farther. Avoid
sure you fixed the defective contact(s) soldering whenever possible. Use solder -
INPUT/OUTPUT and introduced none of your own. Be less breadboard when possible. Also,
patient. Ribbon cable assembly testing think about wire -wrapping parts together.
have increased susceptibility to external should not be rushed. There are lots of little gimmicks you can
noise either generated by or picked up come up with to keep parts like new as
by these external components. However, Where to Buy you go from project to project. However,
the noise in one circuit is characteristic- I purchased a Panasonic multiband re- should you want to keep a project, think
ally different from the other, and I don't ceiver and overnight I became a SWLer. in terms of soldering it together for good
see how they can be compared. In my town there are no special outlets mechanical and electrical connection.
to assist me in my hobby. Do you know
Ring Them Bells of any? Broke a Leg
1 have four telephones at home. I own -A.N., Concord, NC Hank, how do you solder on a broken
them, but the phone company has been contact onto an integrated chip? I blew
informed that they are connected to my Even in the big burgs you will have it on an expensive chip and don't want to
telephone line. Their original phone was trouble finding an outlet. A local Radio go through the expense of buying a new
disconnected and returned to the tele- Shack may have some things you need. one.
phone company for credit. Now the Check them out. I suggest you write -A.N., Greenville, SC
phone company tells me to disconnect Gilfer Shortwave, Dept. E-1, Box 239,
one of my four phones because they are Park Ridge, NJ 07656 and ask for their How? Very carefully. In fact, more
equivalent to more than five phones. catalog. They're specialists to the short- carefully than the technique you used
Sounds like Ma Bell is double talking wave hobby. to break the leg of the bug. I've tried
me. Can you set me straight, Hank? on several occasions to do just that by
-1.K., Bronx, NY Tubes Never Die using a very low-wattage narrow-tip
Hank, no one advertises tubes for sale. soldering iron. My results on the "fix-
FCC rules place a limit of five ringers I'm fixing some 20- and 30 -year-old ables" were 331/ % successful. I saved
or ringer equivalences on single party radios and TVs and can use a reliable one chip and heat destroyed two others.
telephone lines. The ringer equivalence supplier. Can you help? Several chips were beyond saving be-
number on each telephone item tells how -W.A., Albuquerque, NM cause not enough of the leg protruded
many standard ringers the ringer in the from the insulating body of the chip. If
phone item is equal to. For example, a I checked around a bit and discovered you are salvaging chips from surplus
ringer equivalence number of 1.5 means three. They are: circuit board assemblies as I was, take a
the telephone item has a ringer equal to tip from one of my readers. His idea for
11/2 standard ringers. Since FCC rules Cornell "one of a kind" and very expensive chips,
place a limit of five ringers or ringer 4217-W University was to cut the board using a table jigsaw
equivalences per line, the customer can San Diego, CA 92105 all around the chip about 1/2 -in. space
use any combination of phone items so between the chip and cut. Attach wire
long as the total ringer equivalence is McGee leads to the cutout with a low-wattage
5.0 or less (most telephone company- 1901 McGee Street iron, then wirewrap these leads to a
supplied phones have a ringer equiva- Kansas City, MO 64108 standoff insulator or header that is sized
lence of 1.0). A total ringer equivalence to insert into an IC socket. My big fin-
of more than 5.0 can cause erratic opera- Steinmetz gers found the job very difficult, but it
tion. No, the phone company is giving 7519 -EE Maplewood worked. There must be better ways to do
it to you straight. Just disconnect one of Hammond, IN 46324 it, so please write and advise me. Finally,
the ringers and all will be well. no matter if the chip is new or old, cheap
When you write for information and or costly, always use care when inserting
prices, send a business sized envelope an IC into a socket. I use a magnifying
Ribbon Cables with postage attached to speed the return glass to check that all the legs on the
Hank, I'm having trouble with ribbon mail. chip are seated in the IC socket before
cables, and their press -on fittings. I tested I press down. Also, an IC insertion tool
two brand new cables only to discover (and IC puller) are invaluable during
that both had at least one open circuit. Generation Gap the hand operations.
And; would you believe, I once tested a I purchased an old book that gives tips
cable that had six open leads. My ques- on constructing old time radios and re -
tion is, since cables must be checked, receivers. The book, published in 1921, Solar Dollars
how can I do it quickly? gives details on a spark -gap transmitter. I truly want to use solar power elec-
-F.N., Melbourne, Australia I'm going to build one for the CB band. tricity, but find the initial cost is so very
How can I be sure I don't exceed the high. I don't see how I can justify an
If your cable terminates on a printed power input requirement? installation of any type.
circuit board, take a double -sided copper - -W.E., San Antonio, TX -H.O., Island Harbor Beach, FL
clad board, cut it to size, connect both
foil surfaces together and to the common By not turning it on! Home brew CB I agree to a limited degree. Solar
terminal of an ohmmeter. Use the other band transmitters are taboo! Also; spark - power electricity from solar cells requires
probe to check out each lead on the gap transmitters are not suitable for a large investment to avoid paying all or
other connector (or connectors, if there communication because they are broadly part of your electric bill. However, there
are more). At each touch of the probe tuned and very rich in harmonics. Forget is no reason why you cannot solar power
tip to the terminal connector point at the idea. your transistor radio for beach use. Dry
each jack and/or plug on the cable, a cell power is expensive, and solar cells
short circuit, or zero ohm indication, Dollar Saver can compete successfully. There must be
should appear. Should the meter pointer 1 find project building very expensive other ideas you can think of. One reader
not move indicating an open circuit either so I use IC sockets whenever I can, so l told me he uses solar cells to trickle -
at that point or the corresponding point can strip projects with little loss by dam- charge his car battery when he leaves
at the other end of the cable, you have aged parts. I think you should pass this his car behind for weeks during business
an open circuit. Guess which end it is at, tip on to your readers. trips.
open the connector, replace if necessary, -R.E., Pinellas Park, FL (Continued on page 98)

COVER TO COVER
YOUR ELECTRONIC BOOKSHELF
Computer Guide. Sybex has pub- grams using data transfer instruc- late and correct the fault in mini-
lished Your First Computer-A tions to simple I/O techniques, the mum time. A series of practical
Guide to Personal and Business author then examines logical op- exercises with answers on back
Computing by Rodnay Zaks. Origi- erations, arithmetic operations, pages enable the experimenter to
nally published in 1978 as An In- branches and loops, register -shift
troduction to Personal and Busi-
ness Computing, this widely ac- Soft cover
claimed best seller has been com- 110 pages
pletely revised, redesigned and ex- Soft cover $7.95
panded. The computer section has 414 pages
$13.95 Repair elec-
been totally rewritten and repre- tronic circuits.
sents an up-to-date summary of Circle number
Guide to 6502
Microproces- 44 on the reader
sors. Circle service coupon.
YOUR FIRST number 42 on
the reader
WRITER service coupon.
Soft cover
258 pages educate himself. Chapter 8 on lin-
$7.95 ear and digital integrated circuits
is worth the price of the text. Pub-
Your first lished by John Wiley & Sons, One
computer. instructions, indexed addressing,
Circle number Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 09973.
47 on the reader
subroutines, the stack, interrupts,
service coupon. and interval timers in Part on pro-
I
gramming. The experiments rein- Practical Guide. Here's a highly

force the concepts, building confi- organized and concentrated volume
dence in the reader to perform in- of data providing quick reference to
creasingly complex operations. Part 100 of the most commonly used
equipment available in the market- Il on interfacing extends the devel- electronics equations-A Reference
place. The business section has opment, concentrating on interfac- Guide to Practical Electronics by
been expanded to show actual ex- ing integrated circuits and devices Robert G. Krieger, Sr. The equa-
amples using a word processing up to and including I/O ports. The tions presented cover five major
system or a mailing list system, two basic theme is developed by con-
important applications for any busi- figuring several memory -mapped A 'f,
ness user. Your First Computer has I/O ports grouped by pin functions REFERENCE
been designed as both a basic in- specifically, the address bus in- GUIDE TO
troductory text and a reference cluding decoding and generating PRACTICAL Soft cover
manual, making it equally useful device select pulses, the control ELECTRONICS 212 pages
for people just becoming curious bus, and the bidirectional data bus.
ROBERT G ESGEGER SR $7.50
about computers as well as experi- The final chapter illustrates several Electronic
enced programmers about to pur- finished projects. Published by circuits made
chase their own system. Published Group Technology, Ltd., P.O. Box easy. Circle
No. 62 on the
by Sybex, Inc., 2344 Sixth Street, 87, Check, VA 24072; or telephone Reader Service
Berkeley, California 94710 or, tele- 7037651-3153. Include one dollar Coupon.
phone 415/848-8233. for shipping and handling.
Learning the 6502. Programming Fix it Fast. How many times have
& Interfacing the 6502 by Dr. Marvin you pondered over a simple transis-
L. DeJong conducts the reader tor radio or computer board unable areas of electronics: DC circuits,
step-by-step toward an understand- to discover a fault? To often, you AC circuits, active devices, circuit
ing and competence in assembly - say? Well, dig into Troubleshooting analysis, and communications.
language communication with 6502 - Solid -State Circuits by George Three indexes provide easy access
based microcomputers. Experi- Loveday and Arthur H. Seidman. to the equations by term, subject,
ments and examples are written so The text provides concise de- and actual equations. Each equa-
that a KIM, AIM, or SYM system scription of major solid-state de- tion presented in this guide is ac-
may be used to reinforce the ma- vices and their operation in prac- companied by a definition of the
terial presented. Proceeding from tical circuits, then, it illustrates cir- terms of the equation, a straight-
carefully worded instructions on cuit failures, and what troubleshoot- forward explanation of what the
writing and executing simple pro- ing techniques are employed to iso- (Continued on page 102)

Introducing
the Sinclair ZX81
If you're ever going to buy If you already own a ZX80
a personal computer, now is the The 8K Extended BASIC
time to do it. chip used in the ZX81 is available
The new Sinclair ZX81 is the as a plug-in replacement for your
most powerful, yet easy -to -use ZX80 for only $39.95, plus shipping
computer ever offered for anywhere and handling-complete with new key-
near.the price: only $149.95* completely board overlay and the ZX81 manual.
assembled. So in just a few minutes, with no
Don't let the price fool you. The special skills or tools required, you can
ZX81 has just about everything you upgrade your ZX80 to have all the
Mathematical and scientific functions
could ask for in a personal computer. powerful features of the ZX81. (You'll
accurate to 8 decimal places
A breakthrough have everything except continuous dis-
in personal computers
Unique one -touch entry of key words
play, but you can still use the PAUSE
The ZX81 is a major advance over like PRINT, RUN and LIST
and SCROLL commands to get moving
the original Sinclair ZX80-the world's Automatic syntax error detection and
graphics.)
largest selling personal computer and easy editing
With the 8K BASIC chip, your
the first for under $200. Randomize function useful for both
ZX80 will also be equipped to use the
In fact, the ZX81's new 8K Extended
games and serious applications
ZX Printer and Sinclair software.
BASIC offers features found only on com-
Built-in interface for ZX Printer
1K of memory expandable to 16K Warranty and Service Program**
puters costing two or three times as much.
The ZX81 is also very convenient The Sinclair ZX81 is covered by a
Just look at what you get:
to use. It hooks up to any television set 10 -day money -back guarantee and a
Continuous display, including moving
graphics to produce a clear 32 -column by 24 -line limited 90 -day warranty that includes free
Multi -dimensional string and numerical display. And you can use a regular parts and labor through our national
arrays cassette recorder to store and recall service -by -mail facilities.
Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors programs by name. "Does not apply to ZX81 kits.
for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual.
I
ahr
:. a..mor
NEW SOFTWARE:Sinclair has ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX 16K MEMORY MODULE: ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81
published pre-recorded pro- Printer will work with your ZX81, Like any powerful, full fledged comes with a comprehensive
grams on cassettes for your or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It will computer, the ZX81 is expand- 164 -page programming guide
ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. be available in the near future able. Sinclair's 16K memory and operating manual de-
We're constantly coming out and will cost less than S100. module plugs right onto the signed for both beginners and
with new programs, so we'll back of your ZX81 (or ZX80, experienced computer users.
send you our latest software with or without 8K BASIC). A $10.95 value, it's yours free
catalog with your computer. Cost is $99.95, plus shipping with the ZX81.
and handling.
Introducing
the ZX81 kit
If you really want to
save money, and you enjoy
building electronic kits, you
can order the ZX81 in kit form
for the incredible price of just
$99.95' It's the same, full -featured
computer, only you put it together
yourself. We'll send complete, easy -
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assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours.
All you have to supply is the soldering iron.
How to order
Sinclair Research is the world's larg-
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The ZX81 represents the latest
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picks up right where the ZX80 left off.
Thousands are selling every week.
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To order, simply call our toll free
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To order by mail, please use the
upon. And send your check or money AD CODE PRICEt QTY. AMOUNT
order. We regret that we cannot accept
ZX81 $149.95
purchase orders or C.O.D:s.
ZX81 Kit 99.95
CALL 800-543-3000. Ask for op-
erator #509. In Ohio call 800-582-1364. 1 8K BASIC chip (for ZX80) 39.95
In Canada call 513-729-4300. Ask for I 6K Memory Module (for ZX81 or ZX80) 99.95
operator #509. Phones open 24 hours
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Card or VISA ready. I To ship outside USA add $10.00
These numbers are for orders TOTAL
only. For information, you must write to
Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.
sinlair
Nashua, NH 03061.
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY/STATE/ZIP
t U.S. Dollars
99
PIROJE(TS 1982 EDITION
Enter the fascinating world
of miniature electronics
today and join the IC
generation!
YOU'VE BEEN PUTTING OFF YOUR INTRODUCTION into

the fascinating world of integrated circuit construction
for too long, and the time to get your feet wet is now.
The electroncs field is moving ahead so rapidly that you
really cannot afford to sit back and let it happen around
you. That in itself is the primary reason for the existence
of 99 Integrated Circuit Projects magazine. Contained
on the following pages is the necessary information, both
theory and construction, which will allow you to begin
utilizing the miniature marvels available right now at
your local hobbyist outlets.
No Excuses! Too expensive, you say? Wrong! Many
of the ICs used in the construction projects on the fol-
lowing pages can be had for $1.00 or less with some be useful to you in other areas. A glance at the Contents
sharp shopping techniques. page will indicate that the 99 integrated circuit projects
Too complicated, you say? Sorry, wrong again. If in this issue are grouped in categories for your conveni-
you've had any experience in following schematic dia- ence. Those of you who play musical instruments or
grams to build transistor projects, or, for that matter know someone who does will enjoy building projects
vacuum tube projects, you'll have very little trouble in such as the Slide Trombone, Touch Sensitive Keyboard,
adapting to the use of ICs. Again, we'll show you what Organ -Plus Tone Generator and Multi -Input Music Syn-
you need to know, both in circuit theory and in construc- thesizer. Computer operators will find the Simple 6 -Bit
tion theory. And to help build your confidence, we've D/A Converter a useful, low-cost addition to their sys-
included 25 Transistor Projects which are not only use- tem and security conscious builders will find a variety of
ful in themselves, but will help you come to grips with electronic burglar alarms, locks, robot "eyes" and "ears"
solid state construction and circuitry techniques before to strike terror into the hearts of the uninvited. Hobby-
you get involved with the more complex IC projects. In ists will delight in Automatic Train Sound Effects and
fact, you can actually "build" your own chip just to see both photographers and experimenters will find the
how the digital logic actually functions inside an IC. Thermostatic Bath very useful. Inveterate gamblers and
Heart of the Matter. Right now, let's get to the heart others who wish to test their skills are sure to find en-
of the book, the 99 IC construction projects. Even if joyment among several original electronic games such
electronics is your number one hobby, as it is for us, as LED Blackjack and Mini -Digital Roulette. You can
most likely you have other pastimes as well. With this use the money saved to build more projects.
thought in mind, we have tried to bring you a selection The list goes on and on, and we're sure that you can
of project ideas that will allow you to experience the find many alternative uses for these projects other than
satisfaction of building a working project that will also the ones which we've suggested. Additionally, you will

The most rudimentary (and least expensive) method which you
can use to breadboard a circuit is to use, well, a breadboard.
Obviously this is where the name came from. You can use Fahne -
stock clips (left, center) to secure components on the board.
soon see that many of the projects are compatible with

each other. For instance, many of the burglar alarm cir-
cuits for both home and car require some sort of alarm
device, such as a bell, buzzer, etc. You can combine
them with the Two -Tone Siren to create a really formid-
able protection system.
Perhaps the major reason for taking the time to in-
form you of these possibilities is that the actual text
accompanying the projects is very brief-there's just
enough there to let you know how to build the project,
and in some cases how to operate it as well. This was
done not because we're lazy, but because we wanted to
leave as much as possible to your imagination. The
schematics and parts lists have been checked, rechecked,
and then checked again to provide you with trouble -free
construction. We've also tried our hardest to limit the
amounts of different parts you will require to assemble
the projects. You will find that both the NPN and PNP
transistors used throughout the magazine are of the
"general replacement" variety, which means that you can
pretty much substitute freely from the junk box. The
same goes for the resistors and capacitors. You'll find
that we've adhered to the most common values and
tolerances-the ones which are easily found either around
the shop or any electronic and/or TV repair supply.
Pay Attention! We would undoubtedly be remiss if we
didn't pass along some of the do's and don'ts which per-
tain to the care and handling of integrated circuits during
construction. No matter what construction format you
choose-solderless breadboarding, wire -wrap breadboard-
ing (see the articles on these at the rear of the magazine)
or even printed circuit construction, if you're so inclined,
the followng tips apply throughout, and we suggest that
you read them carefully before you begin any work.
Here's what it is all about, a typical DIP (dual in -line package)

integrated circuit. This is a 14 -pin package, the most commonly
used in our projects, but 16-pin units are also used. Note inden-
tation at the left end-(facing towards you), the first pin to
the right is #1. Pin numbers ascend in counter -clockwise order.

991( If You Must Solder. If you plan on soldering the IC
leads directly into the circuit, something which we do not
recommend, there are several precautions which you'll
have to take to avoid ruining your precious ICs. To be-
gin with, put your heavy duty soldering gun on the shelf.
Use no more than a 15-watt straight iron. If the iron you
have, or the one you contemplate purchasing, does not
have a grounded tip, then you'll have to attach a ground
lead to the coolest point on the tip, much as you did for
personal grounding, as we mentioned earlier. Stray AC
in the tip can kill a chip just as surely as stray static
charges can. The reason we specify a low power iron, is
for the simple reason that the ICs are rather sensitive to
heat as well, and you stand a much less chance of doing
damage with a smaller iron than with a larger one.
Our strong recommendation is that you invest in IC
sockets which can be soldered into the circuit directly,
and which allow you to insert the IC at such a time as
you have checked all the wiring connections and all the
voltages to assure safe operating conditions for the IC.
A neat, clean professional -style printed circuit board made from The first time you find a potentially damaging wiring
a template. Nine of the ICs are not in their sockets. With the
right materials, all of your projects can be this neat and com- error in checking out a socket setup, the price you paid
pact. Take sufficient time to plan ahead for tight parts layouts. for the socket will have been refunded to you by saving
a more expensive chip from destruction.
Again, refer to the articles on solderless breadboard-
While integrated circuits are basically composed of ing and wire-wrap breadboarding for easy, convenient
groups of transistors and other standard electronics com- methods of wiring up your projects. The added feature
ponents, some types do require special handling on your of both these methods is that they both allow for easier
part. CMOS types in particular are susceptible to dam- troubleshooting when de -bugging a circuit that doesn't
age in the most innocuous ways. For instance, even work quite right the first time out.
though many of these chips are designed with resistor/ Troubleshooting. When de -bugging a circuit, or test-
diode protection circuits on the input leads, it is possible ing for signal levels or voltages prior to firing up your
for the slight static electrical charge which is normally project for the first time, it is important that you remem-
built up in your body (your body, by the way, happens ber to NEVER apply an input signal to a chip unless the
to be an excellent natural capacitor) to ruin part or all entire circuit is powered up. It is almost a certainty that
of a chip's circuitry just by touching the pins when re- you will cause an overload potential within the chip that
moving it from the packing. A good idea here is to cannot be safely dissipated without the power switch be-
ground yourself by wrapping a few turns of wire (be sure ing closed, thereby completing the circuit. The damage
to strip off the insulator if you use insulated wire here- will usually be irrevocable. For those projects which re-
otherwise bare wire will work fine) around your metal quire a separate input signal, such as a clock source, it's
wristwatch band, and connect the other end of the wire a good idea to power the clock source off the main cir-
to a good electrical ground. Alternatively, you can pur- uit's power supply if at all possible. This will minimize
chase a pair of non-conductive tweezers with which to the possibility of applying the signal to an unpowered
handle the ICs. There are also IC installers/removers chip. Alternatively, if it is impossible to utilize the same
made to handle the ICs when using sockets. power supply for both the signal source and the main
project, use a DPST switch which will allow you to con-
trol the power feed to both circuits simultaneously.
Of course, the same procedure should be used when
disconnecting a circuit as well. If you do not use simul-
taneous switching or a common power supply, make sure
that you remove the external signal source from the chip
before shutting down the circuit. Just try to reverse the
steps you took in hooking up the circuit in the first place,
and follow them in reverse when shutting down.
Solderless breadboarding is a convenient method for circuit

building, as components and jumpers can be repositioned at will.
The only drawback with this medium (and it's a minor one) is that
it's not really a permanent setup and care in handling is needed.

99 INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT PROJECTS
1982 EDITION
1. Son of Theremin 77977
Let's return now to prehistoric times, at least as far as Son of Theremin, for those of you too young to have ex-
electronic music is concerned. Way back then, nearly forty perienced the real thing. In this instance, photocells replace
years ago, an odd -looking and equally odd -sounding instru- the Theremin's antennas. To play, you move your hands to
ment known as the Theremin was born. Playing the There - cast shadows on two photocells, one of which controls pitch
min entailed waving one's arms spastically between two -the other, volume. PCI, the pitch -control photocell, varies
sets of antennas. The purpose of all this was to modulate in resistance as the intensity of the light shining on its sur-
the RF fields in the vicinity of these antennas, thereby pro- face varies. This causes a change in the frequency of square -
ducing accompanying changes in the frequency and volume wave oscillator ICI.
of the sound emitted by the instrument. Similarly, modulating PC2's resistance with light changes
Controlling the sound was both difficult and inexact. As a the voltage at pin 5 of IC2, which controls the gain of the
result, the Theremin never gained widespread popularity, circuit. High light intensity results in high frequency and
but was instead relegated to the domain of avant-garde high volume. Frequencies between 150 and 4800 Hz, ap-
composers and science -fiction -movie soundtracks. proximately, can be produced at a maximum amplitude of
Despite its shortcomings, the Theremin is great fun to about 0.5 volt peak -to -peak.
play, so we decided to create a simple solid-state circuit,
PARTS LIST FOR SON OF THEREMIN

+5V
C5 C9 Cl, C2-100 F, 16V electrolytic capacitor
.I 15K 2
cl 4 .33 C3, C5, C6, C1-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
100 4 3 R4
IC2 C4-.03 F mylar capacitor
0
470RI
50
C8-.01 F mylar capacitor
I
-vv.,- 5
ICI R2 R5 R8
150K 150 IC1-555 timer
2 PCI '
C8-
.01
1000
IC2-RCA 3080 transconductance op -amp
6 FREQ PC1, PC2-cadmium sulfide photocell (Radio Shack 276-116 or equiv.)
5
R1 -4,700 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R7
27K R3 -15,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C4 R4, R5 -150 -ohm, 10%, 1/ -watt resistor
.03 R6 -10,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R6 R7 -27,000-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
10K +5V R8 -1,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
PC 2
-5v ,LC2 VOL.
+T 100
2. Bird Blaster "77

Most of us would agree that birds are a very valuable by pulling up young seedlings before they have a chance
resource, since the bugs they devour would quickly ruin our to mature. Naturally, no one in his right mind would want
agriculture if left unchecked. There are times, however, to destroy the birds, so the usual course of action is to build
when the birds themselves can be a nuisance to the gardener a scarecrow. But the birds eventually see through this cha -

rade and return to peck, dig and yank. seconds and then drops low, only to be triggered again
Out of desperation the Bird Blaster was created to scare some 14 minutes later.
birds off with a periodic blast of noise. IC2 consists of an We used about a dozen buzzers dispersed at regular inter-
oscillator and a sixteen -stage binary divider. With the com- vals throughout our garden. Old tin cans make excellent
ponents chosen, a squarewave with a period of approxi- housings for the buzzers; just tie or nail the cans to wooden
mately 14 minutes is produced at pin 8 of IC2. This drives stakes driven into the ground. The buzzers specified in the
monostable IC3 which, when triggered, sends its output (pin parts list draw about 100 mA each, so you can use up to
3) high. This turns on Q2 and Q3 and produces a blast 20 units if you like. Pressing S2 will allow you to trigger
,-
from the buzzers. IC3's output remains high for about three the buzzers manually when necessary.
F2
2A OTHER
BUZZERS PARTS LIST FOR BIRD BLASTER
BZI 8Z2
BZ1, BZ2, etc.-12VDC buzzer (Radio Shack 273-051 or equiv.)
C1-4,700 F, 35V electrolytic capacitor
D5T C2-10 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
1isl
FI
TI DI -D4
C3, C5, C6-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
C7-10 F, 20V tantalum electrolytic capacitor
III 2 D1 thru D5 -1N5404 rectifier diode (Radio Shack 276-1173)
117 VAC
I
ICI
06-1N914 silicon diode
3 F1 -1/2-amp fuse
F2 -2 -amp fuse
CI C2 C3
4700 10 .1
IC1-7812 12 -volt regulator
1C2-Motorola MC14541B oscillator/divider
IC3-555 timer
R3
R4 Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor
220K
D6 270K Q2 -2N3055 NPN power transistor
R2
I
2
3
10 12
IC2
5 6 7 9
314
8 --i
C5
.1
--^ 236 4
5
8
3
1000
R5
R2-1.2 Megohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
1.2 M QI R4 -270,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

R5 -1,000 -ohm,10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C6
C7
10 pi S2 S1-SPST switch
S2-SPST normally open pushbutton switch
T 02 o T1-12.6 VAC, 3A transformer (Radio Shack 273-1511)
I
3. Moriarty's Challenge 7177

Recently, we received a rather curious letter accompanied RI - R8 +5V
by a hastily scrawled schematic diagram. Our first instinct 2200 +5V
was to send it directly to the circular file, along with a
writer's proposal for an article on CB in Bulgaria. However,
the signature on the note in question convinced us that the SI -S8
LED I
R9
0
matter might deserve more careful consideration. Readers 14 220
of an inquisitive mind are invited to examine the schematic 10 112
and excerpts from the letter that follow:
I peered quizzically at the odd black box Holmes was
manipulating. "What do you make of it?" said I, leaning
forward for a better look.
"Stand back, old fellow," snapped Holmes. "This deadly
5
little trinket is a gift from my old nemesis, Prof. Moriarty,
who has seen fit to issue me a challenge. I am to determine
13
the proper combination of switches necessary to ignite this 6
tiny light -emitting diode. In so doing, 1 shall obtain a clue
to the fiend's present whereabouts."
"Humpphh. Seems easy enough," said I. "There are but PARTS LIST FOR MORIARTY'S CHALLENGE
eight switches here. Therefore, the number of possible com- C1-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
binations is ...
Let me see ...
two, four, eight ..." IC1-7400 quad NAND gate
"Precisely two hundred and fifty-six, Watson." IC2-7402 quad NOR gate
"Yes, yes. Just what I was about to say. In any event, if LED1-light-emitting diode
we begin trying the various combinations now, we should R1 thru R8 -2,200-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
be finished by lunch, what." R9 -220 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

"Finished indeed, Watson. Look here." With that, Holmes S1 thru S8-SPST switches

The future belongs to the creative electronics technician.
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removed the cabinet's cover to reveal a quantity of plastic design thoughtfully and, before one could say "The Giant
explosive. Evidently, certain switch combinations were wired Rat of Sumatra," he made for the door in a mad dash,
to detonate the explosive, and us as well. shouting: "I have it, Watson!"
"We must resort to deductive logic, rather than trial-and- Needless to say, I still do not have it. Perhaps you or
error, to solve this fiendish puzzle, Watson." Thereupon, your readers would be so kind as to afford me an explana-
Holmes began tracing out the circuit's schematic diagram tion of this baffling conundrum.
with the assistance of several excellent books on the new Respectfully yours,
science of electronics. Once finished, Holmes pondered the Dr. John Watson, M.D.
4. Precision VOM Calibrator irem,

Until now, most of the calibrator circuits appearing in The circuit diagrammed here produces six useful refer-
hobby magazines could not be considered as primary reference voltages from .100 V to 10.0 V. As noted above, the
ence standards. Instead, they were transfer standards, since 1.235 -volt output is accurate to within 1%. All of the other
the builder would be instructed to align his calibrator using outputs are accurate to within 2% except for the 3 -volt out-
a voltage reference of known accuracy. The obvious reac- put, which has a tolerance of 4%. Reduced accuracy on
tion of most readers was: "If I had access to an accurate all derived outputs is the result of errors introduced by the
voltage reference to begin with, why would I want to build 1% resistor tolerances. Bear in mind, however, that worst -
this calibrator?" case accuracies are quoted here.
Our sentiments exactly. Now National Semiconductor Be certain that the input resistance of the instrument
comes to the rescue with a voltage -reference IC, the LM185, being calibrated greatly exceeds the resistance at the circuit
having an output of 1.235 volts 1%. What's more, this node being read. Most of you who worry about calibration
voltage remains stable in the face of changing ambient tem- have high -impedance (10-megohm) FET voltmeters, the
perature and supply current. loading effects of which are negligible here.
PARTS LIST FOR PRECISION VOM CALIBRATOR
+1.235v
B1-ten AA cells in series to yield 15 volts
SI RI C1-100 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
12K C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
0 0
R2 10.0V C3-.01 F polystyrene or mylar capacitor
1180 1.00V IC1-LM185 1.235-volt reference IC (National Semiconductor)
IC2-3140A FET-input op amp (RCA)
R3 R9
ICI 3480 4990 All Resistors 1w, 1% precision unless noted otherwise
81 I00CI 2 2 0 30V
15V R2 -1,180 -ohm, 1%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R4
1000 0.10V 3.00V R3 -3,480 -ohm, 1%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R4 -1,000 -ohm, 1%,' -watt resistor
R5
499
R8
2150
R5 -499 -ohm, 1%, 1 -watt resistor
I 0.0V R8 -2,150 -ohm, 1%, 1/2 -watt resistor

R9 -4,990 -ohm, 1%, 1 -watt resistor
SI-SPST normally open pushbutton switch
v. Multi -trace Scope Adapter 777

If you experiment with digital circuits, then you will ing as the CRT's electron beam returns from the right side
recognize at once the usefulness of this device. Our multi - of the screen to its starting point on the left. Try to find
trace adapter allows you to view four digital (TTL) wave- a positive pulse of TTL magnitude (5 volts or less). If all
forms simultaneously on the screen of your triggered -sweep you have is a negative pulse, exchange leads 4 and 5 of IC3.
oscilloscope. The four images are not traced out simultane- Each time the screen is blanked, IC3's output pulses
ously, however, but alternately. HIGH and clocks counter IC2, the outputs of which drive
Up' to four separate channels of information can be fed the address inputs of multiplexer ICI. Therefore, a differ-
into the inputs of multiplexer IC1. If all channels do not ent channel is selected after each trace. The output signal
have the same frequency, make sure that the channel whose fed to your scope's vertical input consists of the multi-
frequency is lowest is the one fed back to your oscilloscope's plexer output (pin 5 of ICI) summed with a voltage pro-
EXT. TRIG. input. portional to the count in IC2. The latter is necessary to
As noted above, this multi -trace adapter operates in the provide vertical displacement between the four separate
alternate mode; hence, it will be necessary to locate your traces. Use a vertical sensitivity of about 100mV/cm, and
oscilloscope's blanking pulse and feed it to comparator IC3. connect the adapter to your scope's input with a short
The blanking pulse prevents any visible image from form- length of coax.

+5V +5V
RIO
22K
C3 -
1C2 100
R9
T I1
F- BLANKING
i
I
820
12 RII
n-
IC3 DI D2 22K PULSE
PARTS LIST FOR MULTI -TRACE SCOPE ADAPTER
5
+5V
RI2 Cl, C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
10 R13
+5V 22K 22K C3-10 pF. polystyrene capacitor
D1, D2 -1N914 silicon diode
+5V IC1-74151 multiplexer
1- CI IC2-74193 binary counter
RI -R4
10K
T' IC3-LM319 comparator
16 4 II 16 R1 thru R4 -10,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
>-- 10 2
2
II
TTL ICI IC2
INPUTS 3 5 - R8 -1,500 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R9 -820 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
4
R10 thru R13 -22,000 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt
SLOWEST 8 9 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 14 15
resistor
1
I 11 111 1 11
TO SCOPE
EXT. TRIGGER
36K
R5
/ R7
12K
TO SCOPE
VERT INPUT
R6)/ R8
24K 1500
6. Phone -call Logger 71777

This inexpensive circuit is designed to let you know if phototransistor conducts and causes a pulse of current to
a telephone call was received in your absence. Of course, flow to the gate of Ql, a silicon -controlled rectifier. Upon
it won't answer the phone or take a message, but when you receiving the gate pulse, Ql latches in a conducting state
consider that the necessary cash outlay is about 5% of the and lights up LEDI. When you return home, you'll know
cost of a typical answering machine, this phone -call logger that cousin Clem called. Pressing SI extinguishes LEDI
begins to look appealing. until the next call comes in. Please note that if you are
Diodes D1 through D4 rectify the 20 -Hz phone -ringing hooked into a multi -party line, you will log not just your
signal and feed it to the LED inside optocoupler ICI. Light own calls, but those of everyone else on the line as well.
from the LED actuates a phototransistor inside ICI. The
CI
+9V
FROM
PHONE
LINE
PARTS LIST FOR PHONE -CALL LOGGER
C1-1.0 F, 200V mylar or paper capacitor LED1-light-emitting diode R3, R4 -12,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C2-220 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor Q1 -2N5060 sensitive -gate SCR R5 -300 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
D1 thru D4 -1N4003 1A, 200PIV rectifier diode R1 -10,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor Sl-SPST normally closed pushbutton switch
IC1-Monsanto MCI -2 optocoupler R2-2.2 Megohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

7. Explosion on a Chip
No, ICI does not disintegrate in a fiery blast when SI
is pressed, but it does feed a mighty impressive burst of
explosion -like noise to your amplifier. The more powerful +9V
your amplifier is, the more realistic the effect becomes. Just
be sure that your speaker can handle the power safely.
Maximum output from this circuit is about one volt peak -
to -peak, which you can feed to the high-level input of any
amp. One final note of caution: Don't overdo it, or you F-77-3 S
I CI
100
1 C2
15 25 9 14
-wr-
I
may find your home surrounded by the local SWAT team. RI

JI.'
7
I.5M
PARTS LIST FOR EXPLOSION ON A CHIP

C3
.68
H r8
ICI 12
C1-100 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor R2 10
R7
C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor 3300 39K
13
C3-.68 F mylar capacitor R3 de--ev.-
C4-.01 F mylar capacitor 150K
24 23 2 4 5 6
C5-330 pF. polystyrene capacitor
C6-.33 /If mylar capacitor C 5 C6
IC1-SN76477 sound -effect generator 330pf. I.33
R4 R8
300K 1 5000
TO AMP
R4, R6 -300,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor T
R5 -47,000-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor R5 R6
C4 300K
R7 -39,000-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor .0 1
47K -
R8 -5,000 -ohm audio -taper potentiometer
B. Meterless Voltmeter
Here is a DC voltmeter that is light, rugged and, best +4.5V
of all, cheap. Instead of a meter, it uses the National Semi-
conductor LM3914 display driver and ten light -emitting
diodes to measure voltage in five ranges. As the voltage
present at the instrument's input rises above ground level,
first LEDI lights, followed by LED2 and so on until,
finally, LED10 comes on. RI
We have chosen the dot -display mode, so only one LED 300K LED 10
is on at a time. This is more energy -efficient than a bar - R2 LED 9

graph display (which this chip is also capable of produc- I00K LED 8
5 2
ing). Capacitor Cl filters out any extraneous AC compo- R6 LED 7
R3 47K LED 6
nents of the input signal, thus eliminating display jitter. .10
51K 20 LED 5
Should you be inclined to absent-mindedness, take heart 50 LED 4
because you will have a tough time clobbering this meter R4
30K
22
T LED 3
regardless of how careless you are. Inputs as high as 100 LED 2
V on the 2 -volt range will just be shrugged off, and pro- R5 R7
20K LED I
1000
portionately higher overloads can be tolerated on the higher
voltage ranges. Full-scale sensitivities of 2, 5, 10, 20 or 50 R8
volts DC may be selected with Si. Each LED represents a 620
voltage increment one -tenth of full scale. Three AA cells in
series can supply power for this circuit.
PARTS LIST FOR METERLESS VOLTMETER
C1-.22 F mylar capacitor R1 -300,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor

C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor R2 -100,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor R6 -47,000 -ohm,5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3-100 F, 10V electrolytic capacitor R3 -51,000 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor R7 -1,000 -ohm,5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-LM3914 dot/bar display driver (National Semiconductor) R4 -30,000 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor R8 -620 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
LED1 thru LED10-light-emitting diodes R5 -20,000 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor Sl-SP5pos. rotary switch

9. Melodious Sequencer
Press pushbutton S1, and this circuit will play you a causing pin 2 of the counter to go HIGH, and pin 3 to
short melody up to nine notes long. The immediate effect return to a LOW state. Successive pulses from IC1 cause
of pressing the button is to reset counter IC2 and set pin 3 of the HIGH signal to advance along IC2's output (3, 2, 4
the counter HIGH. A voltage, determined by the setting ... 9) . The ninth pulse send pin 11 high, thereby turning
of the pot attached to pin 3 of IC2, gets fed to the input Q1 on and halting the oscillation of IC1. Pressing S1
of voltage -controlled oscillator IC3. sends pin 11 LOW and allows normal sequencing to resume.
IC3's output consists of either a squarewave or a tri- Potentiometer R3 controls the tempo, which can be
angular wave, one of which can be selected by S2. The varied from 5 notes per second to one note every two sec-
frequency of both these waveforms is identical and is deter- onds. Trimmers R6 through R14 are used to set the pitch
mined by the voltage fed to the VCO. Potentiometer R21 of individual notes over the range from 200 to 2000 Hz.
is the circuit's volume control. If you desire a shorter sequence of notes, omit pots and
Meanwhile, back at counter IC2, a pulse has just arrived diodes from the end of the sequence starting with pin 9
from oscillator IC1. This increments the counter by one, of IC2 and working backwards.
12V
R18
18K
R19 PARTS LIST FOR MELODIOUS SEQUENCER
C
001
6 6 8
3
18K
S2
M C1-100 4F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
5 IC3 820 C2, C4, C5-.1 F, ceramic disc capacitor
4700 C8
C3-3.3 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
7 4
^^ 47
R21
C6-.001 4F, polystyrene capacitor
o
C7 5000 C7-.02 4F, mylar capacitor
R17 02
68K C8-.47 F, mylar capacitor
D1 thru D9 -1N914 silicon diode
+12v
IC1-555 timer
IC2-40176 CMOS decade counter
IC3-LM566 voltage -controlled oscillator
Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor
CI J* C21 R6 -R14
IOOT IT D9 R1 -6,800 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
a-
R4
RI
6800
3900
16
12 R2 -47,000 -ohm, 10%, l/ -watt resistor
1+
2 - R3-500,000 trimpot resistor
14 4 R5 -33,000 -ohm, 10%, r/ -watt resistor
I
R2
47K
ICI IC2
7
10
1 .k,.
.ty.
----1----+--
! R6 thru R14-20,000 trimpot resistor
R3 R17 -68,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
500K R3 5 -"--4L-9H-
6 1 J.". N
C3
33
C4
IT 01 15 9 -4-'1.-104-- R20 -4,700 -ohm, 10%, r/ -watt resistor
2N3904 8 13 R21 -5,000 -ohm audio -taper potentiometer
RI5 SI S2-SPDT switch
47M _L
12V 0
H
C5
R16
1000
10. Sonic-control Receiver

This easy -to -build circuit will enable you to control an Hz tone. When such a signal is received, the tone decoder's
electrical device or appliance with an audio tone. The sec- output (pin 8) drops Low, thereby turning on LEDI and
tion diagrammed here is the receiver. If you have perfect clocking flip-flop IC3. After the input signal subsides, IC2's
pitch and can whistle at 2,000 Hz, this is all you will need output returns HIGH.
to build. Flip-flop IC3 drives a small relay through transistor Ql.
Audio signals picked up by the crystal microphone car- You can use the relay to control any electrical load as
tridge are amplified approximately twenty times by IC1 and long as the relay's contact -current rating is not exceeded.
fed to tone -decoder IC2. Using a highly selective phase - Successive tone bursts cause IC3 to flip and flop; hence,
locked loop, IC2 is designed to respond only to a 2,000 - relay Kl's contacts can be alternately closed and opened.

PARTS LIST FOR SONIC -CONTROL RECEIVER
TO
LOAD Cl, C4-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
C2, C3-30 pF polystyrene capacitor
+5V
C6-1.0 F mylar capacitor
+5V C7-4.7 F, 10V tantalum electrolytic capacitor
+5V
R7 C8-.047 F mylar capacitor
2200 D1 -1N914 silicon diode
BBB ICI-RCA 3140 FET-input op amp
23414
INC4 C5
.01
4 8
IC3
12
IC2-Exar 567 tone decoder
IC3-74LS73 J -K flip-flop
K1 -6 -volt, 500 -ohm relay or 5 -volt logic-type
hi
5 5 6 7 10 II
3 IC2
2 6
relay
1 7 LED1-light-emitting diode
MIC1-crystal microphone cartridge
C6 C8 Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor
I.0 C7 .047 R1 -47,000-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
47 R2-1 Megohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3
R3, R4-1.8 Megohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
30 pf.
R5 -10,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R6 -390-ohm, 10%, 1h -watt resistor
11. Frequency Divider 177"

Most digital frequency dividers are controlled by a R1 through R5 to yield a linear staircase waveform hav-
binary word-that is, a set of 4, 8 or more electrical sig- ing a maximum amplitude of 4.7 volts. When this stair-
nals that must be either HIGH or Low. These signals may case's level exceeds comparator IC2's reference potential
be supplied electronically or by means of a specially en- (set by R7), the output of IC2 goes HIGH. As a result,
coded thumbwheel switch. The circuit presented here, how- counter IC1 gets reset, which causes IC2's output to drop
ever, allows you to quickly and easily set the division ratio Low once again. The time between the pulses at IC2's out-
with just a potentiometer. put can be adjusted with R7. Frequency division ratios
The outputs of 4 -bit binary counter IC1 are summed by between 1:1 and 1:15 are possible with this circuit.
+9V
+9V
PARTS LIST FOR
RI
10 16 180K EASILY ADJUSTED FREQUENCY DIVIDER
6 --Ann-
ICI
11
R2
91K
R3
8200
R6 C2 -
'I
R8
1000
Cl, C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
C3-22 pF polystyrene capacitor
INPUT 43K OUTPUT
UTPUT
In >
I 5 14
2
-vv-+ ICI
R4
22K
T' 10KR7 TDIjD2
3
IC2 7
J UL
IC1-4516B CMOS binary divider
IC2-type 311 comparator
134 5 8 12 13 9 4 R3 -43,000 -ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
2
R5
12K R5 -12,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R7-10,000 linear -taper potentiometer
C3- R8 -1,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
22pF.T
12. Keyboard Encoder rite!

Undoubtedly, most readers are aware of the fact that The simple circuit in the accompanying schematic not
switches bounce, that is, their contacts vibrate and produce only debounces an entire hexadecimal keyboard (16 switch-
multiple closures on make or break. Although bouncing es), it also produces a unique binary code for each switch.
is generally of no concern in an analog circuit, it can be When a key is pressed, ICI waits long enough for key
extremely troublesome in digital circuits. Fast logic gates bounce to subside before sending its data available output
sense and respond to each bounce of the switch contacts, HIGH. This indicates to external circuitry that the data on
producing erroneous results. pin 14, 15, 16 and 17 is stable and ready to be used.

Once the key is released, the data available signal im- put corresponding to its label in the schematic. For exam-
mediately drops Low, but the binary data on pins 14 ple, S7 produces a binary 7. Note that the D output repre-
through 17 remains latched. It will stay that way until sents the most significant bit, while A is the least significant.
another key is pressed. Each key produces an unique out- Any supply between +3 and +15 volts can be used.
+3 TO 15V
SO -S15 I
1 cl
.I
3 2 I .s__O
ti 1
L L6L5'.-4
ti 18
7 14 D
tll t10-
1
9L8
ti ` v
2
3 ICI
15
16
o C
o B
LATCHED
BINARY
OUTPUTS
PARTS LIST FOR KEYBOARD ENCODER AND DEBOUNCER
11/4.-15 14 *,-12
4 17 o A C1-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
11
10 IC1-74C922 CMOS keyboard encoder/debouncer
12 a SO thru S15-SPST normally open keyswitches
8 DATA
AVAILABLE
7
9
13 5 6
'1
.T T.68
C3
C2
.068
13. Ramp Generator

We present yet another application for the versatile 555 tude is 1.67 volts with respect to ground (3.3 volts peak -
timer. In this ramp generator, the 555 functions as a Schmitt to -peak). Potentiometer R1 allows you to trim the ampli-
trigger that controls the current fed to integrator ICI. Po- tude to any desired size. Note that this circuit produces a
tentiometer R4 determines the frequency of oscillation over very good ramp waveform with slow descent and a rapid
the range from 150 to 10,000 Hz. Maximum output ampli- climb back to maximum.
R2
6200
+5V +5V
Cl / R3 PARTS LIST FOR RAMP GENERATOR
I
30K
C5 Cl, C3, C6-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
005 R4
\ T TC2
100
2M C2, C4-100 F, 16V electrolytic capacitor
C5-.005 F polystyrene or mylar capacitor
4 8 R5 QI
IOK IC1-741 op amp
3
ICI
6 C2 3 l IC2-555 timer
+ C3 -2N3904 NPN transistor
6 5 Q1
4 .1
R6 R1 -2,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
1., C4 3300 R2 -6,200 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
100
TC6 R3 -30,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
.1
R4-2-megohm linear-taper potentiometer
-5V R6 -3,300 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
-5V
O
.-e
RAMP OUTPUT
14. Sonic -Control Transmitter 777

This audio transmitter is designed to produce the 2000 - based on the familiar 555 timer. The output of IC1 is
Hz tone needed to control the sonic receiver described in attenuated, filtered, and fed to audio amplifier IC2. Ap-
the previous section. IC1 is a standard squarewave oscillator proximately 250 milliwatts of audio power can he pumped

into an 8 -ohm speaker by IC2. Switch Si turns the unit turns on.
on and off, while R5 adjusts the output volume. R3 is used Cut back on the volume (with R5) until your receiver's
to tune the transmitter's frequency to match that of the LED extinguishes, and re -adjust R3 so that the LED comes
sonic receiver presented earlier. back on. Use successively lower power levels until you
Now for the tune-up: First, turn on your receiver cir- reach the point where the receiver can no longer be actu-
cuit. Get your hands on the transmitter, and set R3 to its ated. Leave R3 right where it is; tune-up is now complete.
midpoint. Now, adjust R5 for maximum volume, and press R5 can, of course, be adjusted to any desired level ac-
Si. If all is well, you will hear a high-pitched whistle. cording to the distance between transmitter and receiver.
Adjust frequency control R3 until your receiver's LED just
+ 6V
PARTS LIST FOR SONIC -CONTROL TRANSMITTER
SI
C1-.005 F polystyrene or mylar capacitor
C2, C6-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
C3, C4-.01 F mylar or polystyrene capacitor
*
C3
6200 .01
4 8 C5-.05 F mylar capacitor
C6
R2
47K
3 -
R4 2
.I T '7 470
C7
C7 -470F, 16V electrolytic capacitor
C8-220 F, 16V electrolytic capacitor
6
100K IC1-555 timer
R3 ICI IC2-LM386 audio amplifier (National Semiconductor)
IC2
3
R5 +4 .r. C8
220 R2 -47,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
5000 R6 R3-50,000 trimpot resistor
-
CI
10 SPKR I
R5 -5,000 -ohm audio -taper potentiometer
1.005
2 C4 C5-
05 R6 -10 -ohm, 10%, Y2 -watt resistor
Sl-SPST normally open pushbutton switch
SPKR1-miniature 8 -ohm speaker
15. Automatic Might Light 77711

When night falls, this night light turns on. Later, when +5v
daylight breaks, it turns itself off automatically. Potenti-
ometer R3 can be used to set the light level at which IC2
switches on and off. The lower you set R3's wiper, the
brighter the trip point becomes. Just one note of caution:
Do not let the light from I1 fall on PC1's photosensitive
face, or you'll end up with a flasher instead of a night light. 1
PARTS LIST FOR AUTOMATIC NIGHT LIGHT
C1-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor

D1 -1N914 silicon diode
11 -7 -watt incandescent lamp
IC1-311 comparator
K1 -6 -volt, 500 -ohm relay or 5 -volt logic-style relay
PC1-cadmium-sulfide photocell (Radio Shack 276-116 or equivalent)
RI, R2 -180,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3
R3-100,000 linear -taper potentiometer
R4 R5
R4 -100,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor IoOK I0M
R5-10 Megohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
1G. Temperature Monitor 77191

This handy circuit will alert you with a raucous buzz temperature drops below a level set by R4, IC2's output
whenever the temperature of a photographic solution (or conducts, and again the buzzer is turned on.
anything else) strays beyond user -defined bounds. As tem- Note that R3 and R4 are wired in such a way that the
perature increases, thermistor RT1's resistance decreases, lower temperature threshold must always be less than the
and the voltage across R1 rises. When the temperature upper threshold. With the values shown, the upper tem-
rises above a level set by R3, IC1's output (pin 7) con- perature threshold can be set anywhere between the ap-
ducts current and turns on buzzer BZ1. Conversely, if the proximate bounds of 60 and 80 F. The lower threshold
P6 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

can be from zero to 30F below the upper threshold. utes for the thermistor's resistance to stabilize. Adjust R3
Adjustment of the temperature thresholds is very sim- to the point where BZ1 just comes on. Now, place RT1 in
ple. First make sure that RTI and its lead wires are com- water at the desired lower temperature, and again allow
pletely encapsulated in epoxy. Then immerse RT1 in water two or three minutes for RT1 to stabilize. Adjust R4 until
at the desired upper temperature, and allow several min- BZ1 just comes on. Calibration is now complete.
+5V
PARTS LIST FOR TEMPERATURE MONITOR
BZ1-6-volt DC buzzer
D1 -1N4002 rectifier diode
ICI, IC2-311 comparator
R1 -12,000 -ohm, 10%, '/2 -watt resistor
R2, R5 -15,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3-10,000 trimpot
R4-5,000 trimpot
RTI-Fenwal GB41P12 glass -bead thermistor, 10K ohms @ 25C, or equiv.
17. Tri -Wave Synthesizer 777

Here is a new twist on the old trick of using a binary discrete levels and a frequency equal to the input fre-
counter and an R -2R -4R -8R resistance network to generate quency divided by thirty-two.
a staircase approximation to a linear ramp. We have hooked Use a 10 -volt squarewave or pulse input. Peak -to-peak
up a quad exclusive -OR gate (IC2) in such a way that it output amplitude is approximately one volt. This circuit
alternately generates true or complement versions of coun- should be especially valuable in electronic -music applica-
ter IC1's four outputs. IC2's outputs are then resistively tions. If desired, a small capacitor across R5 could be used
summed in the usual manner. The resultant waveform is to smooth out the steps somewhat, but the amount of
a staircase approximation of a triangular wave with sixteen capacitance needed will be frequency dependent.
+10V
PARTS LIST FOR DIGITAL TRI-WAVE SYNTHESIZER
C1-.1 /IF ceramic disc capacitor

C2-.47,F mylar capacitor
IC1-4024 CMOS binary divider
IC2-40706 CMOS quad exclusive -OR gate
R2 -62,000 -ohm, 5%,'/2 -watt resistor
R3 -30,000 -ohm, 5%, '/2 -watt resistor
R5 -820-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
18. Data Scrambler

When the topic of espionage comes up, we are inclined both forms of espionage, and this includes wiretapping.
to think of international intrigue and shifty -eyed sub- The accompanying schematic shows one way of trans-
versives wearing shabby trenchcoats. However, there is a mitting data in a garbled form to render it unintelligible
less publicized but equally sinister spy game, industrial to the wiretapper. The serial data link is illustrated here as
espionage, in which trade secrets rather than state secrets a simple wire, although modems and telepone lines or
are bought and sold. The same techniques are employed in fiber-optic cables might also be employed in communica-

tion. As far as we are concerned, however, the nature of
s
+5V SERIAL +5v
the transmission medium is irrelevent. Exclusive -OR gate DATA LINK
ICI receives both data and a scrambling signal, Si. When DATA 14
the scrambling signal is Low, unaltered data is transmitted,

but when S1 is HIGH, data polarity is inverted. S1 is not
static, but instead repeats itself in a fairly long, pseudo-
random digital sequence. Hence, what comes out of IC1 INTRUDERS
is digital garbage. WIRETAP
RECOVERED
GARBLED
However, at the receiving end of our link we have DATA DATA
another Ex -OR gate (IC2), fed by signal S2, which must SI S2
be identical to, and synchronized with, Si. This arrange- (SCRAMBLING ( IDENTICAL
TO SI
SIGNAL)
ment decodes the data to its original form so that it is
once again intelligible (to a machine, that is). Our intruder, PARTS LIST FOR DATA SCRAMBLER
meanwhile, is pulling his hair in rage and shredding his IC1, IC2-1/4 of a 7486 quad exclusive -OR gate
Ian Fleming novels.
19. High -Q Notch Filter 7717

A notch filter can be used to eliminate or notch out a Capacitance is measured in farads-resistance in ohms.
very narrow band of frequencies while passing all others With the values in the parts list, our filter has a notch fre-
with no effect. The high-Q circuit diagrammed here is quency of 1733.7 Hz. The unit's selectivity, or Q, depends
very selective when precision components are used. All ca- on how well the components are matched, so use the toler-
pacitors should be of the polystyrene type (5% or better), ances specified.
while resistors should have a tolerance of at least 5% (1%
if you're finicky). The notch frequency is given by: +9V
f 2,7R1 C2
where RI R2
o
180K 180K
3
yr = 3.14159 OUT
R1=R2=2R3 IC1
C2=C3=1/zC1 -""' .001
-9V,
PARTS LIST FOR HIGH -Q NOTCH FILTER R3

91K
C1-.001 F polystyrene capacitor (at least 5% tolerance)
C2, C3-510 pF polystyrene capacitor (at least 5% tolerance)
C4, C5-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor C2
IC1-LM310 voltage follower
SqpF. 5 10p
R1, R2 -180,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
20. Sample -and -Hold

Sample -and -hold circuits grab onto a transient voltage
+5v -5v
and store it for some interval of time. A capacitor is used
as the storage element, and it is extremely important that
the capacitor be loaded very lightly. Otherwise, charge
would drain away, and the voltage on the capacitor would
gradually diminish (or "droop," in professional parlance).
The circuit illustrated utilizes a high -quality polystyrene IN>
capacitor buffered by a voltage follower with FET inputs. VOUT
DI
PARTS LIST FOR SAMPLE -AND-HOLD

+5V
C1-.01 F polystyrene capacitor

C2, C3-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor CONTROL
D1 -1N914 silicon diode VOLTAGE R2
5 HOLD 47K
IC1-3140 FET-input op amp (RCA)
K1 -6 -volt, 500 -ohm relay
or 5 -volt logic-type relay 0- U SAMPLE
R1, R2 -47,000 -ohm, 10%, 1-watt resistor

Consequently, exceedingly little current is drained from the voltage, which can be read at ICI's output. Sample -and -
capacitor, and the voltage can be held for a relatively long hold circuits find application in electronic instrumentation
time. and as memory elements in music synthesizers based on
When the control signal goes Low, relay K1 closes and voltage -controlled oscillators. (Digital synthesizers, on the
allows the input voltage to charge Cl. Sending the control other hand, use digital memory elements, latches, to store
signal HIGH opens K1's contacts, leaving Cl holding the information.)
21. Sound -Level Meter '771

With this sound -level meter you can easily measure the applied to IC2, which functions here as a precision rectifier.
relative loudness of sounds in the range from 20 to 20,000 Meter M1 is tucked into one of IC2's feedback loops,
Hz. Although your readings will not be calibrated in terms where it measures a rectified and filtered direct current
of-or even be linearly proportional to-true sound power, proportional to the sound level. Potentiometer R6 allows
this circuit should very adequately fill the bill. you to adjust the instrument's sensitivity to match the
Amplifier IC1 multiplies the signals from microphone application-anything from audience -applause measurement
MIC1 by a factor of 100. This amplified signal is then to sound -system installation.
PARTS LIST FOR SOUND -LEVEL METER
Zr
C8 C9
C2 R3
7 ICI
4
3
l0t'0 .1
TT
+9"
Cl,
C2,
C7,
C3-82 pF polystyrene capacitor
82 pF. 100K 4
IRS C6, C8 -100F 25V electrolytic capacitor
+IO2 D1, D2 -1N914 silicon diode
C R2 iR4
IOK ' 2 _ C6
100
C7
.1 IC1-RCA 3140 FEE-input op amp
100K 10K 9V
.M IC2-741 op amp
20
MIC I
ii
I
RI
OO K
C3
e2pF
00
C4
I
.47
05
R9
1000
i D2
50N
T
M1-0-50 microamp DC meter
MIC1-crystal microphone cartridge
R1, R2, R3 -100,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
1.0 R5 -100 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R6 -2,000 -ohm linear taper potentiometer
22. Differential Amplifier 7111117

As its name implies, a differential amplifier measures +9V -9V
the difference between two signals. The amp illustrated here
has a gain of 10, which you can change if desired. Let us
point out first, however, that balance is extremely impor-
tant in a differential amplifier circuit, and this is why 1% -
tolerance resistors are specified. R4 must be equal to R5,
and R6 must equal R7. The gain is then equal to R7/R5
(or R6/R4). To null this amplifier, ground both inputs, VOUT =10
(VI -V2)
and adjust R3 for zero output voltage. R1 and R2 may
be eliminated if the inputs are to be driven by low -resist-
ance, direct -coupled signal sources (i.e., without coupling
capacitors).
PARTS LIST FOR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
Cl, C2-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor

IC1, IC2-LM310 voltage follower R1, R2 -470K (see text) R4, R5-10,000, 1/2 -watt, 1% precision resistor
IC3-3140 op amp (RCA) R3 -1,000 -ohm linear-taper potentiometer R6, R7-100,000, I/2 -watt, 1% precision resistor
23. Digital Dice

Dice, anyone? If the answer is yes, here is just the IC1, which clocks counter IC2 at a fast 1,000 -Hz rate. At
circuit you'll be needing. Pressing Si turns on oscillator the instant you release Sl, you cannot possibly know the

current state of counter IC2 because of the rapidity of the bination of LEDs to simulate the spots on the face of a
clocking signal. Hence, what you are in effect doing is die. Be certain to install the LEDs in exactly the pattern
depositing a random number in IC2. illustrated here. You can build two circuits if a pair of dice
IC3 decodes this random number and lights some corn- is desired, or just take two rolls with one device.
+9V
C2
100 'TT%
1C3
.I
LED 3
LED 5 PARTS LIST FOR DIGITAL DICE

1 -
H
I
R3
4 6 14 16 1800 14 C1-.001 F mylar or polystyrene capacitor
1 13 C2-100 F, 16V electrolytic capacitor
R4 LED 4
CI 8 220 e C3-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
.001 10 14 1I 10 IC1-4047 CMOS multivibrator
2 R5 IC2-4022B CMOS octal counter
RI
4 1800 LEDI LEDI
SI 220K 2 12 9 IC3-4025B CMOS dual NOR gate plus inverter
LED1 thru LED7-light-emitting diodes
ICI IC2 2 IC3 R6 LED LED
3 3 800 R1 -220,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
6 H-29"1:"...-)
4
5 LED ARRANGEMENT R3, R5, R6 -1,800 -ohm, 10%, V2 -watt resistor
7
15 R4 -2,200 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
7 8 9 12 8 13
R2
I00K
24. DC -Motor Controllftr

The obvious way to control the speed of a small DC the components specified, IC2's pulse duration can be set
motor is with a series rheostat. Although this has the ad- anywhere from 1 to 10 milliseconds. Transistors Q1 and
vantage of simplicity, it is far from a satisfactory solution. Q2 couple IC2's pulse output to the motor.
Motors "choke out" at low speeds because they lose torque Since IC2 is being driven by a 100 -Hz signal (with a
as well as rotational velocity. period of 10 milliseconds), this means that the signal at
A much better way to control the speed of a small, IC2's output will spend between 10% and 100% of its
permanent -magnet DC motor is with the pulse-width -modu- time HIGH. The lower this percentage is, the smaller the
lator circuit in the accompanying schematic. Oscillator IC1 average current applied to the motor becomes. Naturally,
operates at a constant rate of 100 Hz and periodically trig- this results in less velocity, but adequate torque is still
gers monostable IC2. Once triggered, IC2 sends its output maintained to prevent stalling. Be sure to mount Q2 on a
(pin 3) HIGH for a time interval determined by R5. With small heat sink.
+6 TO 12V FI
IA.
RI
22 PARTS LIST FOR DC -MOTOR CONTROLLER
CI
T C2
220
Cl, C3, C5, C6-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor
C4, C7-.05 pF mylar capacitor
D1, D2 -1N4002 rectifier diode
Fl -1 -amp fuse
IC1,1C2-555 timer
R2 R5 to 12 volts
10K MOT1-DC permanent-magnet motor, 6
R4 T DI 200K
Q1 -2N3904 transistor
NPN
I00K
Q2 -2N3055 NPN power transistor
R7
620 MOT R1 -22 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
D2 I
3 2 3 R2 -10,000 -ohm, 10%,

1/2 -watt resistor
I ICI C5 IC2 R3 -150,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

.I
7
R6 R5-200,000 linear -taper potentiometer
5 2 6 R3 5 6 7
IT.o5
18K
150K
I j R7 -620-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3 I C4 C6 02
'T IT T .05
C7

25. Intrusion -Alarm Light
This circuit evolved as an attempt to add lights to a circuit wiring without worrying about the polarity of the
commercial alarm system equipped only with a bell. There conductors.
is no need to modify your present alarm system, since this Once powered up, timer ICI proceeds to oscillate slowly
modification is powered by the 12 -volt bell circuit. and drive relay K1, which controls a high -current triac, Ql.
When your alarm bell is triggered, current flows through Flood lamp I1 is subsequently energized by the triac in a
the rectifiers (D1 -D4) and charges capacitor CI. Although 2-second-on/.5-second-off pattern that illuminates the culprit
the rectifiers are not absolutely essential, they are a handy and attracts attention.
convenience because they allow you to tap into the bell
RI
100 117 PARTS LIST FOR INTRUSION -ALARM LIGHT
VAC
12 VDC C2-2.2 F, 35V electrolytic capacitor
FROM
D1 thru D6 -1N4002 rectifier diodes
BELL
CIRCUIT I1-250- or 500 -watt flood lamp
IC1-555 timer
K1 -12 -volt, 1,200 -ohm relay (Radio Shack
275-003)
Q1-Motorola MAC11-4 200V 10-amp triac, or
R4 equivalent
1000
R2-1 Meg -ohm, 10%, lh-watt resistor
R3 -220,000 -ohm, 10%, r/ -watt resistor
2G. Mini -Strobe

Connect a small 6 -volt lamp to a 555 timer, and what +6V
do you get? A mini -strobe, that's what! Although the light
from lamp Il is nowhere near as intense as that from the
xenon flashtubes used in commercial strobes, you can still
obtain a stroboscopic effect in a darkened room. Because
incandescent lamps cannot be switched on and off as quick-
ly as flashtubes, ICI's maximum frequency has been limit-
ed to 5 Hz. Still, you can stop human motion for a novel
effect. Use a 6 -volt lantern battery or four D cells in series
to power the circuit.
PARTS LIST FOR MINI -STROBE
C1-2.2 F, 10V electrolytic capacitor

IC1-555 timer
I1-type PR -12 6 -volt, 500-mA lamp (Radio Shack 272-1123) R1-4,700 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor R3 -62,000 -ohm, 10%, r/rwatt resistor
Q1 -2N2222 NPN transistor R2-500,000 linear -taper potentiometer R4 -120-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
2Z Thermal Latch 777

This is a tricky control circuit based on temperature. volt or greater) between points A and B. If the meter de-
Touch thermistor RT1, and a moment or two later both flects backwards, reverse its leads. Adjust R2 for exactly
LED1 and K1 will be energized. They will stay in that zero voltage on your voltmeter's most sensitive scale. That's
condition after you release RT1. Later, if you decide to it.
turn things off, just touch RT2 until LEDI extinguishes. For those who care about such things, what we have
After you release RT2, the circuit will remain in the off here is a thermistor voltage divider driving a Schmitt trigger
condition. built around an LM311 comparator. As a thermistor heats,
One preliminary adjustment must be made before you its resistance decreases. Hence, the voltage at the junction
can use the circuit. Connect a voltmeter (20,000 ohms/ of RT1 and RT2 is a function of the heat supplied by

your finger or hand. This circuit is intended for use at
+5V
normal room temperatures, that is, 70-80 F. If the am-
bient temperature is in the vicinity of human body tem-
perature, clearly you will not have much effect on the
circuit by touching it.
PARTS LIST FOR THERMAL LATCH

D1 -1N914 silicon diode
IC1-311 comparator
K1 -6-volt, 500 -ohm relay or 5 -volt TTL-logic relay
LED1-light-emitting diode
R1, R3 -470 -ohm, 5%, 1/ -watt resistor
R2 -1,000-ohm trimpot
R5-1.5 Meg -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
RT1, RT2-negative-temperature-coefficient thermistors, 10K ohms or
greater at 25C. For example, Fenwal #GB41P12 or equiv.
28. Multi -Pole Switch 7777777

fl Suppose that you happen to be working in electronic +5 TO 15V
music, and that 30 poles of switching are needed to change CI
voices. Even if you could locate a mechanical switch to
do the job, it would be prohibitively expensive. Fortu-
nately, there is a method to switch an arbitrarily large set
of analog or digital signals electronically. You can add on 16 6 7 8
as many poles as you like at very little additional cost. 870 4
When S1 is in position 3, input A3 is connected to A - o'COMMON
B60 2
common, and input B3 is connected to B -common. As you B5 0 5
840 ICI
change SI's position, the input connected to common on B3 0
1
12 TO OTHER
B2 0
II
each IC changes likewise. Multiplexers ICI and IC2 are 15
"POLES"
BI0- 14 +5 TO 15V
bidirectional (which means, for example, that A0 -A7 can B00 13 DI - D 2
be inputs, and A -common can be the output; or that A - I I 10 9
common can be the input, and A0 -A7 can he outputs). RI
Supply voltages between +5 and +15 VDC can be used, 47K
R2
and input/output signals should fall somewhere in the 47K
range between ground potential and the supply voltage. R3
Extra poles can be added by connecting pins 9, 10 and 11 3 47K
of the additional 4051 multiplexers as indicated in the II 10 9
schematic. A70-
A6o
4
2
0
A5 0 5
SI
440 IC2 3 o
A
COMMON
PARTS LIST FOR MULTI -POLE ELECTRONIC SWITCH A3 o 12
A2 0 15
C1-.1 F ceramic disc capacitor Al o 14
D1 thru D12 -1N914 silicon diode
400 13
IC1, IC2-4051 CMOS 8:1 multiplexer/demultiplexer 16 6 7 8
R1, R2, R3 -47,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
Sl-Sp8pos. rotary switch +5 TO 15V
29. Automotive Tcachormeter

El For tune-up and maintenance of your car's engine, an age) side of your ignition coil. Readout is provided on a
accurate tachometer is a must. The one-IC tach featured 10-milliamp DC meter.
here 'is powered by your car's "12-volt" electrical system. Although you could purchase a meter for this unit, we
(Actually, the potential of a fully charged lead -acid stor- fed the output signal to our VOM (10-milliamp range),
age battery is equal to 13.8 volts.) Input signals for the thus saving seven or eight dollars in the process. Since our
tach come from your ignition system's breaker points, tach gets only infrequent use, this was a sensible move.
which make and break the circit on the primary (low-volt- Note that R3 should be 91K for an eight -cylinder engine

and 120K for six cylinders. A note to hot-rodders: A dashboard -mounted tach should
To calibrate the unit for six cylinders, feed a 300 -Hz, be equipped with a large, rugged, easy -to -read meter that
2 -volt peak -to -peak squarewave signal to the input, and swings through 300 of arc. Unfortunately, such special
adjust R5 until meter M1 reads exactly 6. The calibration meters are not generally available to the experimenter, ex-
is 1000 rpm per milliamp; i.e.: 6 mA = 6000 rpm. For cept by coincidence as surplus. We recommend, therefore,
an eight -cylinder engine, use a 400 -Hz signal, and proceed that you buy rather than build a tach for racing, and use
exactly as above. the unit presented here for its intended purpose: tune-ups.
+13.8V
PARTS LIST FOR AUTOMOTIVE TACHOMETER
DI
C1,C2-.02F mylar capacitor
D1-IN4002 rectifier diode
D2-IN5355 18V, 5W zener diode
TO IC1-LM2917 frequency to voltage converter
IGNITION MI -0-10 mA DC meter
COIL
Rt-10,000-ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
BREAKER
POINTS R3-91,000 (8 cyl.) or 120,000 (6 cyl.), 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor
R5 -500 -ohm trimpot
30. Swimming Pool Sentry 7771

13 Want to keep freeloaders out of your swimming pool printed -circuit laminate. Another possibility is to attach a
in the hot summer months ahead? Then build this pool series of copper or aluminum strips to a piece of plexiglass.
sentry. Whenever pool water splashes into the gap between Mount your sensor a few inches above water level. When
the conductors of sensor EFI, ICI triggers the silicon - someone jumps in, the crest of the wave that forms should
controlled rectifier (Q1 ), which latches in a conducting touch the sensor and trigger the alarm. Trimmer R1 ad-
state and turns on the buzzer. To turn the buzzer off, first justs the unit's sensitivity to match the conductivity of your
wipe the sensor dry, and then press SI. pool water. Greatest sensitivity occurs with maximum re-
You can easily fabricate EFI by etching a pattern of sistance. Incidentally, it should be apparent that the pool
two interdigitated conductors on a piece of copperclad sentry could be a real lifesaver.
+9 TO 15V
PARTS LIST FOR SWIMMING POOL SENTRY

i
BZ1-12 VDC buzzer (Radio Shack 273-051 or equiv.)
EFI CI DI C2-22 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
RI
.05 14
R2
= BZI
C3-.001 F mylar or polystyrene capacitor
13 I
IOK D1 -1N4002 1 -amp rectifier diode
IC I
TC3 EF1-etched-foil sensor (see text)
10 001 IC1-LM1830 fluid detector (National Semiconductor)
41 -2N5060 sensitive -gate silicon -controlled rectifier
9 12 OQI R1 -50K trimpot
I R2 -10,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor
S1-SPST normally closed pushbutton switch
T"
T22
i
31. Squelched Microphone 77771
Here is a way to eliminate unwanted background noise fier with squelch capability. This means that amplification
and conversation when using a microphone for communica- does not begin until the input signal exceeds a preset
tions or recording purposes. ICI, an LM370, is a preampli- threshold level. Since background noise is, in most instances,

not as loud as the voice of the person speaking into the
microphone, all ouput is squelched whenever speech stops.
So, instead of noise, you get silence. The squelch threshold
can be set by adjustment of R3.
PARTS LIST FOR SQUELCHED MICROPHONE

C1-47-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic capacitor
IC1-LM370 AGC amplifier integrated circuit
M1-dynamic microphone cartridge
R1 -120,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor (all resistors 10%)
R2 -39,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3 -10,000 -ohm, trim -potentiometer
R4 -220 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
32. Pulsed Alarm

This circuit is great for driving alarms because it pulses consumption. In the off state, before the panic switch Si
the bell or buzzer with a frequency you can select via R1 is thrown, the circuit uses microwatts of power, so it can
and R2. The pulsing action not only gets attention faster, sit ready for months. That's one of the beauties of
but saves battery power as well, because the alarm can CMOS.
run longer. And the beauty of this circuit is its low power
9V
PARTS LIST FOR PULSED ALARM

C1-0.68-uF tantalum capacitor, 15 VDC
D1, D2 -1N4001 diode
D3-small LED
IC1-4000 NOR gate
Q1 -2N4401
R1 -10,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R2 -1,000,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
1/2 -watt resistor
R4 -10 -ohm,
S1-SPDT toggle switch
33. Key Tone Generator 7777

This ignition key tone generator replaces the loud,
annoying buzzer in your car with a pleasing tone of o --+12v
c2
IGNITION
KEY
WARNING
PARTS LIST FOR KEY TONE GENERATOR SWITCH
C1-0.01-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC
C2-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 20 VDC
IC1-LM 3900 quad amplifier
Q1 -2N4401
R1 -2,700,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3, R4-10,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R6 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor SPEAKEF
R5 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker

If you like to make things work ...and
then find out why they work-
you could b getikg paid

for doing something y
really
enjoy!
Learn electronics...rightg on up to an
Associate De ree...in your own home
without giving up your present job I
or income.
People who really like their work get ahead

faster. And, when your natural abilities
match the job requirements, you have an
extra advantage. When you use
'1.
practical training to sharpen your
skills, your odds are better for
keeping your job even if others
START MAKING
are losing theirs. So, if you find THINGS WORK
satisfaction and interest in
making things work, a career FOR YOU
in electronics may be for you. Send today for the CIE school
catalog and complete package of career
information. It's all FREE, and it will help
WHY ELECTRONICS
IN THE 80's IN A CLASS BY you decide where you want to start and how
far you want to go. For your convenience,
Opportunity. YOURSELF we'll try to have a school representative con-
The field of electronics simply offers more One of the great benefits of home study is tact you to review the various educational
career opportunities
curity - -and more job se-
than most other fields today. Take
the independence it gives you. You study
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mail the postage -paid card or write, men-
digital technology, for example. Much of the fast as you can handle it. There's no class- tioning the name and date of this magazine.
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and production equipment depends upon classroom comes to you! But, you're never send for your FREE school catalog today!
sophisticated microprocessors to receive, alone. When you request help, the CIE
sort, and send digital signals in microelectronics expert best qualified will
seconds. Two of CIE's newest home study personally respond in writing.
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with actual experience on digital equipment. SET YOUR OWN GOALS
Successful completion of either one of those CIE's wide selection of courses gives you
courses is creditable toward CIE's Associate many options. You start with a Career
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an Associate Degree without attending a more than half of CIE's courses include a
single class session. series of optional lessons to prepare you to
pass the government -administered FCC
License exam, you can get an FCC License
MAKING THINGS WORK ...a requirement for some electronics jobs CIE's Microprocessor Training Laboratory,
Many of CIE's Career Courses stress "hands- and a credential for al! electronics jobs. You an integral part of the Associate Degree
on" training. We believe textbook knowl- may then go on and earn an Associate in
edge is important - but it's just as important
to know how to apply your book learning
Applied Science Degree in Electronics
Engineering Technology. It's all up to you!
program, lets the advanced student apply
digital technology in many of the same
ways electronics professionals do.
in practical situations. From basic circuitry
in CIE's Personal Training Laboratory in
several Career Courses, through the
Microprocessor Training Laboratory in the
Associate Degree program, CIE helps chan-
nel your desire to "make things work" into
skills you can sell.
CIE Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc.
1778 East 17th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114
about 2000 Hertz. One section of an LM3900 quad provided by Q1. The frequency of oscillation is deter-
operational amplifier is connected as a square wave gen- mined by Cl and R2. Total current drawn by the circuit
erator, which is rich in harmonics and produces a pleas- is about 75 milliamperes at 12 volts.
ant sound. Current amplification to drive the speaker is
34. Guitar Tuner '77771

By taking advantage of the frequency stability of the
555 timer IC operating in an astable mode, an oscillator + 5V
can be constructed which can be used as a tuning aid for
the guitar. The first string of the guitar, E, produces a
note with a frequency of 82.4 Hertz. The frequency of
the oscillator is set to twice this value, 164.8 Hertz, and
then followed by a divide -by -two stage to produce the
desired frequency. The purpose of the divide -by -two 14
12 9 8 11
stage is to guarantee that the waveform produced has a IC2 5

duty cycle of exactly 50'4 This produces a note with 2 6 10
no second harmonic distortion. The frequency of oscilla-
tion of the circuit is set by adjustment of R1, R2, and
C2 also determine the frequency of oscillation but these
components are fixed values and need no adjustment.
The output of IC2 is fed to an emitter follower to pro-
vide current gain to drive a loudspeaker. C3 acts as a
low-pass filter to attenuate harmonics and produce a
C3 -100 -uf electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
more natural sounding note. The circuit is powered by
IC1-555 timer
a 5 volt simply, and this voltage must fall within the
1C2-7490 decade counter
range of 4.75 to 5.25 volts for IC2 to operate properly. Q1 -2N4401
R1 -50,000 -ohm linear-taper potentiometer
PARTS LIST FOR GUITAR TUNER R2, R4 -4,700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
Cl , C4-0.1-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC R5 -33-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C2-15-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker
35. Clean Switch

There is nothing worse in a circuit than a noisy switch.
Even the slightest bounce will cause a double "on" and
lead to double digits on your calculator display, or extra
pulses into a million dollar computer system. So what to
do? This circuit shows the basic idea used throughout
the computer indusrty. The CD 4001 NOR gates are
hooked up in flip-flop fashion so that once they flip, they
stay that way. Double bounces still lead to a single, solid
"on" pulse at the output.
PARTS LIST FOR CLEAN SWITCH
IC1-4001 quad NOR gate
R1, R2 -870,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
S1-SPDT slide switch
36. Continuity Checker

After wiring a new electronic project or troubleshoot- the circuit are correct. In the days of vacuum tubes this
ing an old one, it is often good practice to make several was accomplished with an ohmmeter, but for today's
continuity checks to be sure that certain connections in solid state circuitry you can't use most ohmmeters for

several reasons. Some ohmmeters have far too much bat- current is passed through the circuit when continuity is
tery voltage and deliver as much as hundreds of milli- indicated. The circuit will not indicate continuity for re-
amperes into a short circuit. This can easily damage sistance values of about 35 ohms or greater, and will not
expensive solid state devices. Also, the ohmmeter is an register through an emitter -base junction or diode.
unreliable method to measure circuit continuity, since it The circuit is powered by a standard 9 volt transistor
will read through an emitter -base or diode junction. battery and draws about 1 milliampere when the input
This continuity checker is a handy accessory for leads are open. Shorting the lead causes an audio tone
troubleshooting circuits, and is safe to use on any solid to be generated and draws about 15 milliamperes of
state device or circuit. The maximum voltage at the battery current.
input terminals is about 40 millivolts, and negligible
PARTS LIST FOR CONTINUITY CHECKER

Cl-.001-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC
C2I
C2-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC RI 6 OI
IC1-741 op amp R4
Q1 -2N4401
TEST R8 C3 r
Q2 -2N4403 LEADS R2
9V
R1, R3, R4, R5, R8 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor o
R2 -100 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R5
SPEAKER
R7 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R3
R7
9022
R9, R10 -10 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor CI
SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker
3Z Hands Off
This circuit finds the 555 timer as a watchdog ready *6V TO 8V
to cry out if an inquisitive finger comes too close. The
trigger input is terminated with a one megohm resistor,
attached to a coin or some other small metallic object.
Hand capacity is sufficient to initiate the timer for about
five seconds. The output is fed not only to a warning
LED, but to a unijunction type oscillator, whose tiny
two-inch speaker can make itself heard throughout the
room.
PARTS LIST FOR HANDS OFF

01-small LED
D2 -1N4148 diode
IC1-555 timer
Q1 -2N2646 R4 -15,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R1 -470 -ohm, -watt resistor
1/2 SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker
R2 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor T1-audio output transformer 500-ohm primary/8-ohm
R3 -220,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor secondary
38. Sobriety Tester 777

It's a curious and unfortunate fact, but many people from someone acting as the tester, the person depressing
feel that a drink or two will improve their reflexes. Here's Si must remove his hand from that switch and use the
your chance to prove them wrong. Imagine for the mo- same hand to open toggle switch S2. When S 1 is released,
ment that Si is depressed (open circuited), S2 is closed, charging current begins to flow into capacitor C2 through
and C2 has been completely discharged. On command R1 and R2. This current is interrupted, however, as soon

as S2 has been opened. C2 will have accummulated a might react quickly enough to light LED 2 or LED 3,
voltage directly proportional to the reaction time, which while someone truly sloshed will light up LED 10. To run
is the interval between S1's release and the opening of another test, discharge C2 with S3, then press SI and,
S2. Longer times create higher voltages and cause higher- finally, close S2 once more. R1 should be adjusted so
numbred LEDs to light. For example, a sober person that a sober person lights one of the low -numbered LEDs.
PARTS LIST FOR SOBRIETY TESTER SI +18V

C1-250-uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 VDC 18
1
CI
C2-50-uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 VDC Elg
RI
2 17
IC1-LM3914 LED display driver
R2 16
LED1 through LED10-light-emitting diode 3 ICI
R1 -50K trimmer potentiometer S2 4 15
R3
R2 -5600 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% 5 14
R3 -33K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% C2 6 13

R4 -47 -ohm r/ -watt resistor, 10% R6
7 12
R5 -1800-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R5
8 II
R6 -1000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R4
S1-normally closed SPST pushbutton switch NC 9 10
S2-SPST toggle switch

S3-normally open SPST pushbutton switch S3
RESET
39. Jogging Pacesetter 777

El One of the problems faced by the beginning jogger, earphone in your ear driven by a 555 timer produces
especially on city streets, is that of maintaining a con- regularly spaced "ticks" just like a metronome. The pace
stant pace. Tractor -trailer trucks, careening cars, and ill- can be adjusted via R3 from a leisurely one stride per
mannered dogs can all interrupt your concentration. While second to a sole -blistering six paces per second. The
there is little that can be done about these nuisances, this whole circuit complete with a 9 -volt transistor radio bat-
little pacesetter may make them less severe. A miniature tery weighs only a few ounces.
PARTS LIST FOR JOGGING PACESETTER +9V

RI

C2-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC
C3-1.0-uF tantalum electrolytic capacitor, 20 VDC
IC1-555 timer
PH1-8-ohm miniature earphone
R1 -10K,
R2 -220K,
-watt resistor, 5%
1/2
-watt resistor, 5%
1/2
R3-1-Megohm trimmer potentiometer

dim
T1-miniature audio output transformer -1,000-ohm
primary/8-ohm secondary
40. Crystal -Controlled TTL 1'77

This inexpensive color -TV crystal of approximately
3.58 MHz can readily be persuaded to oscillate in the -9 ICId
RI
following 7404 circuit. The resultant waveform can be
divided down, via other popular IC chips, such as the
cl
4017 CMOS type. -H ICl/ a ICIb
PARTS LIST FOR CRYSTAL -CONTROLLED TTL XTAL I
C1-75-pF mica capacitor, 15 VDC

IC1-7404 hex inverter
R1 -1,000-ohm,' -watt resistor
XTAL-3.58 MHz crystal (color TV carrier type)

41. Audio Bandpass Filter
D There are two different approaches to bandpass-filter de- hooking in series) very sharp high- and low-pass filters.
sign. The first involves use of a high -Q resonant network. That's what we've done here. Ula and Ulb comprise a
You'll find this type of device sold as a CW filter, an sharp, 4 -pole Butterworth high-pass filter with a 300 -Hz
application in which it excels. However, the selectivity of cut-off. The two remaining stages function as a low-pass
a resonant bandpass filter is such as to favor a very few 4 -pole Butterworth filter having a 2500 -Hz cut-off fre-
frequencies to the exclusion of all others, and this makes quency. Overall circuit gain is 16. Insert the filter into
it useless in voice reception. To filter the garbage out of your receiver's audio chain at a point where the input
an SSB transmission, you need a filter that freely passes signal level will be less than 100mV peak -to-peak. If the
the band of frequencies between about 300 and 2500 Hz filter's extra gain causes problems, chop its output down
but drastically attenuates frequencies outside the passband. with a resistive divider. A dual supply furnishing anywhere
An audio filter of this type is constructed by cascading (i.e., between 2.5V and 15V can be used to power the circut.
RI
18K
R5
27K 0039
C6
-i I- C9
.0039
PARTS LIST FOR AUDIO
BANDPASS FILTER
Cl-C4-0.03-uF polystyrene capacitor
C5, C6, C8, C9-.0039-uF polystyrene
capacitor
C7, C10-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor
IC1-LM324 quad op amp integrated
circuit
INPUT
CI C2
.03 .03
I
3
2
+
ICI()
R4
47K
C3 C4
.03 .03
6
ICIb
R8
30K
7
R9
22rv
vK+1O-
RIO
9
V+
ICIc
68K
=
R12
I R13
IOrenti+
R14
12
13
\
v-
-flp
ICId
R16
82K
R1 -18,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all
resistors 5% unless otherwise noted.) R2 R3 R6 R7 C5 RII C8 R15 OUTPUT
22K 47K 16K 30K .0039 68K .00391 82K
R3, R4 -47,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 1 '
R7, R8, R14-30,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re- R10 -13,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R13 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
sistor R11, R12 -68,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R15, R16 -82,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
42. Touch 'N Flip

Ever wonder how a touch plate, like the kind you see
77'
on some elevator buttons, works? This circuit will give 18voc
you a good feel for how the touch plate works in a circuit C I - C 14
and lets you experiment further. The plate can be just a

small piece of metal or aluminum foil. Start by sliding S2
to "set" then back to R3. Now press S1. LED's D1 and
o SI
)
C
C
C4
2
3
13 C
IC 12C
II3
SET
S2

-
R3
D2 will flip. Now touch the plate to flip them back. The
sensitivity of the touch plate will depend on humidity in
C
C6
5 IOC
9C
-71
c
the room and on R3 and Cl. You can experiment with
C 7 8 C
those in various ways. TOUCH PLATE
PARTS LIST FOR TOUCH 'N FLIP

C1-4.7-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
01, 02-large LED R2 2
IC1-4011 quad NAND gate .N.
121, R2, R3 -2,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
Sl-SPST momentary contact pushbutton switch S2-SPDT slide switch
43. The Whistler 44'14444

D At the push of a button, this circuit lets forth with an positive potential placed on the non-inverting op amp
attention -getting whistle, which can be tailored to meet a input. Resistors R1, R2, and R3, together with capaci-
variety of formats. The circuitry is built around a Twin-T tors Cl, C2, and C3, determine the fundamental pitch,
oscillator, which is triggered into action by a varying with R3 providing a useful variation. When S1 is push -

ed, the potential stored in C4 is placed on the non - is modified by the setting of R4. At full potential, the
inverting input, causing the oscillator to function. The effect is a sharply rising tone, followed by a more gradual
duration is determined by RS. The format of the whistle decline. At about half setting, the effect is more bell -like.
PARTS LIST FOR THE WHISTLER

C1-100 to 200-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
C2, C4-0.001-uF ceramic capacitor, 1 VDC
IC1-741 op amp +6-8v
R1, R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor SI
R3, R4, R5 -10,000 -ohm linear-taper potentiometer R4

T1-audio output transformer 500 -ohm primary/8-ohm
secondary CI
44. Positive Into Negative 77777

2 Certain IC chips and other circuit elements often re-
quire small negative potentials of small current drain,
necessitating the construction of bulky transformer -oper-
ated supplies. Operating at 1 KHz or higher frequency, OUTPUT (-19V
the pulse generator shown below drives a voltage -doubler
circuit furnishing a negative potential approaching that
of the positive input supply. With a 10 volt input, an
output of about -9 VDC was measured into a 20,000
C3
ohm load. A voltage tripler or quadrupler circuit may
also be employed for higher potentials (positive or nega-
tive) as well. For loads requiring up to 50 ma, the type
555 timer in astable mode is an ideal choice.
PARTS LIST FOR POSITIVE INTO NEGATIVE

C1-0.01 to 0.1-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC
C2, C5-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC
C3-10 to 100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC
D1 through D4 -1N4001 diode
+12v
IC1-4011 quad NAND gate
IC2-555 timer 03
R1 -500 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor 04
OUTPUT+22V
c5 C6
R4 -4,700-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
45. Coin Toss 71117

The continued versatility of the 4017 counter and DL - "Low Count," 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 count from the counter.
750 digital display is demonstrated in this Odd -Even or Even numbered counts (0 is considered even, for the
Coin Toss simulator. As an added feature, the decimal sake of symmetry) cause the display to present an E,
point of the display is illuminated for an Odd or Even while odd -numbered counts result in a 0. Segments A,

D, E and F are common to both 0 and E, but they are the pushbutton, causes C to discharge through R, giving
driven by the clock along with B, C, and G to stimulate an uncertainty period of five or seven seconds, depend-
all the segments into "random" motion. Holding down ine upon the size of the capacitor chosen. Good Luck!
+9V
QI
R4 TO LED
PINS 1,8,4,2
R5
DI -10
5
4 8
16 2 3 >1
ICIb 10 +9V
ICIc 14
6
9 02
TO
jR3 PIN
R6 LEDI
/RI CI+
II H
10,12
PIN I
R2
+9V
-C 13 3 D
+9V
C H
:I
SI 15 1
Q3
C2
8 12
2
53
9 C H
l +9V
R7
TO
PIN II
u I,J 04
NOTE: TO
ICI PIN 14 IS+, R8 PIN 6
GROUND PIN 7
PARTS LIST FOR COIN TOSS
C1-0.47 to 2.2-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R1-500.1 J0 -ohm, linear -taper potentiometer
C2-50 to 100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor
D1 through D10 -1N4148 diode R3 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-4017 decade counter R4 -560 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
Q1 through Q4 -2N4401 transistor R5, R6, R7, R8 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
LED 1-DL-750 7 -segment display S1-SPDT momentary -contact pushbutton switch
46. Video Puitern Generptor 717

Those of you with oscilloscopes might enjoy bread- +9V
boarding this pattern generator. Feed the signal at J1 to
14
your scope's vertical input, and connect the horizontal I
2 13
input to J2. Attach the clips to the selected pairs of test 3 12
points, then adjust potentiometers R14 and R15 to create 4 ICI I I
complex images. Output signals are about 1 -volt, peak - 5 10

6 9
to -peak.
-9V>
=C2
R9 RIO
PARTS LIST FOR VIDEO PATTERN GENERATOR
Cl, C2-250-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC
R5 R7 R8 RI I R12
C3-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC D2 =D4 C7 C8 D5t D7 =D8

C4, C5-100-pF polystyrene capacitor, 35 VDC
C6, C7-1.0-uF mylar capacitor (non -polarized), 35 VDC
C6T D3 =
TIT. DG
T
C9 CIO R13 TCII
C8, C9-0.5-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC JI J2

VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
C10-0.022-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC TRY CONNECTING CLIPS TO
R14 RIS
THESE PAIRS OF POINTS
C11-0.001-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC
CL1, CL2-alligator clip B C B B AAC JCLI
D1 through D8 -1N914 diode
IC1-40246E CMOS ripple divider
CEDBBFD .?=. CL2
J1, J2-phono jack
Q1, Q2 -2N3904 NPN transistor R7, R8 -33K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R1, R4, R5, R10 -100K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R11, R12 -47K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R2, R3-1.5-Megohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R13 -3300 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R6, R9 -68K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R14, R15 -250K linear-taper potentiometer

47. Capacitor Match -Maker 77177
This useful, but simple circuit will allow you to match
two capacitors or to tell if one has greater capacitance +9V
than the other. Suppose you have one capacitor of known I

value, say 1 uF. Put it where Cl is in the circuit. Sup-
pose you have another capacity of some unknown value. --C I
14 C
Put it where C2 is in the circuit. Now flip S1 from "set" C 2 13 C
R2
back to ground. Then press S2. If Dl goes off and D2 C 123
goes on, it means C2 is less than Cl, like 0.5 uF. If Dl o. C2 C4
3
IC
113- 02
stays on and D2 off, it means C2 is equal or greater than S2
C5 10} R3
Cl. You can use this circuit to help you quickly sort RI
-C 6 9 ,7--*
through a pile of old capacitors. C7 8C- T"
R4
.,. Oy
CI
PARTS LIST FOR CAPACITOR MATCH -MAKER

(SI DI
Cl, C2-see text

D1, D2-small LED R3, R4 -1,000 -ohm,
1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-4013 dual flip-flop S1-SPDT slide switch

121, R2 -30,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor S2-SPST momentary -contact pushbutton switch
49. Pauls9-Burst Generator 777

PARTS LIST FOR PULSE -BURST
V+
GENERATOR
C1-.01 uF-mylar capacitor 1C2
2J U
OUTPUT
LJ C4
.I
C5 yT R6
4.7M
1
I
C2, C3, C4, C5-0.1-uF ceramic disc

capacitor
IC1-555 timer integrated circuit
RI
6800
I I
7 8 16 SI
IC2-4017 CMOS decade counter inte- 14
grated circuit R2
2
ICI Ic2 15
IC3-4013 flip-flop integrated circuit 68K 555 4017
R7
Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor 5 4- 8 13 3 2 4 7 10 I 5 6 9 II
1000
R1 -6,800 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all re-
sistors 10% unless otherwise noted.)
CI C3
-.I
R2 -68,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor T.ol
R5
NOOK
R4
22K
This is a fiendishly clever circuit for the digital experi- R3
100K /T 3
14 5
menter. Just press SI, and this pulse -burst generator de- IC3 4
livers the exact number of glitch -free pulses you need (as
QI `1 4013
2N3904 = 2
determined by the setting of S2). You can select any- 67 891011
where from one to ten pulses, which the circuit furnishes
at a rate of 1 kHz. If necessary, the pulse rate can be
slowed down by using a larger value of capacitance for Cl. -"ILL
With a 10 mf electrolytic unit as the timing capacitor,
pulses arrive at a one -per-second rate, which is slow
enough for visual observation (on an LED display, for volts can be used, depending on the requirements of the
instance). Any potential (V+) between +5 and +15 circuitry you intend to drive.
49. Mystic Fortune Teller

In ancient times, if you needed help with a tough deci- gods. Those days are gone, unfortunately, but if you're
sion you went to the neighborhood oracle who, for a really desperate for advice, maybe this circuit will help.
small fee, supplied you with advice straight from the Ask the Optical Aracle a question, press and release Si,

and read your answer-YES, NO or MAYBE-on the lit definitive YES or NO the rest of the time. If your horse
LED. You'll get a MAYBE 25% of the time and a comes in a winner, simply send 10% of the purse to us.
+9V.
LED 2
NO
PARTS LIST FOR MYSTIC FORTUNE TELLER
R3 C1-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC

LED 3 C2-330-pF polystyrene capacitor, 35 VDC
YES
LEDI .,\\ R4
IC1-4022 CMOS octal counter
MAYBE 16 IC2-555 timer
8
r RI3
I
ZIC2
2
ICI
15 LED1, 2, 3-light-emitting diode
14 3 6 R14 Q1, Q2, Q3 -2N3904 NPN transistor
4 13 4 5 R1, R2, R3 -680 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
5 12 R4 through R11 -47K-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
6 II R12 -2200 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
7 10
IC2 R13, R14-18K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
8
9 S1-normally open SPST pushbutton switch
03
O. LED Blackjack
E The object is to see who can get closest to 21 LED being dealt a 5 in Black Jack. Do it again and add the
flashes without going over. Any number of people can second count to the first, etcetera, until you are as close
play. Press S1 until D2 starts flashing (1 second on, 1 as you can get to 21 without going over. If you go over,
second off) . Then count the number of pulses a f ter S1 you are out of the game. A fun game and easy to build.
is released. You may get 5 the first time. That is like The 9 volt battery will last for months.
PARTS LIST FOR LED BLACKJACK 9V

C1-4.7-uF tantalum capacitor, 15 VDC I 14 + II
C2-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC 2 13
D1 -1N4001 diode 3 IC 12
CI
D2-small LED 4 II
IC1-4000 NOR gate R2 SI
5 10
6 9 R4 R5
R2 -30,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor
R3, R4 -10,000,000 -ohm, V2 -watt resistor 7 8
D2
R3
R5 -1,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor C2
S1-SPST pushbutton (doorbell) switch
v1. Op -Latch 777

The perfect op amp has yet to be invented, but if you're
looking for the next -best thing, try the 3140. It is fast, +5V R5
1000
operates with supplies as low as 4 volts, has internal fre-
quency compensation, and is happy even in very-high -
impedance circuits (thanks to its FET inputs). Here is an
PARTS LIST FOR OP -LATCH

C1-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor SET RESET
D1, D2 -1N914 diode
SET
IC1-3140 op amp (RCA or equivalent)
R1 -12,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all resistors 5%)
RESET
DI

offbeat application using the 3140 as a digital latch that's low pulse to the RESET input sends the output low once
CMOS- or TTL-compatible. Driving the SET input mo- again. When both inputs are high, the circuit rests. Don't
mentarily low latches the output in a high state, while a send both inputs low at the same time.
52. Pseudo -Random Generator 71717

A pseudo -random sequence generator is like a scrambled lytic capacitor for C3, and you'll have a dandy idiot box,
counter. Instead of counting 1,2,3,4, ... , the PRSG might which will blink impressively on your desk, but do nothing.
yield an output of 2,9,7,1 ... The PRSG shown here sup- Or, you could hook up the resistor network diagram-
plies a sequence of 255 scrambled numbers, available in med, and use a 330 pF polystyrene capacitor for C3.
binary form at the eight outputs (Q 1 through 08). Some You'll get a 1 -volt peak -to -peak noise voltage at J1 which
applications: can be used to generate interesting percussive sounds in
First, you might hook up an LED and a 330 -ohm conjunction with the Musical Modulator presented else-
resistor to each output as illustrated. Use a 5-1iF electro- where in this issue.
PARTS LIST FOR PSEUDO -RANDOM

SEQUENCE GENERATOR 05 07
C2, C5-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 10 VDC 06 08
C3-5-uF, 10V electrolytic or 330-pF polystyrene capacitor
(see text) I
s 2
8
2
14
13
I
2
14
13
C4-1.0-uF mylar capacitor (non -polarized), 35 VDC lCl
6 01>---3 12 3 12
IC1-555 timer 4 5- R2
02>--41C2 II 4IC3I1
IC2-74164 shift register 03.--5 10 5 10 J
IC3-7486 quad EX -OR gate R32 04 9
R4
6 9
J1-phono jack +5V
LED1 through LED8-light-emitting diode *T

R1, R2 -6800 -ohms
R3 -100K linear-taper potentiometer C5
R4, R6 -1000 -ohms
E C = 5u F ( IDIOT BOX)
R5a through R5h-330-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% OR
R7 -2200 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% 330 pf (NOISE)
R8 -3900 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R9 -8200 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R10 -15K-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R5a-h..,.. L DI
R11 -33K-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%

R12 -62K-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
ANY 0
///1s +5V
C4
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
R6R7R8R93
USE 8 LEOS LIKE J
1RIORlI1RI21I4
-1
I
R13 -120K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor-, 10% THIS ONE FOR THE I
l +5v
IDIOT BOX
R14 -120 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% USE RESISTOR NETWORK LIKE THIS TO
GENERATE NOISE
53. The Howler

This howler will produce a loud dog -like howl that
TO AMPLIFIER
starts strong and slowly grows weaker and weaker until
it stops. To start it again, just press Si. Useful for
alarms, bicycle horns, a different type doorbell, or as a SI
Halloween trick. Changing R4 will change the frequency,
or pitch of the howl, but the main purpose of R4 is to set
the filter circuit into oscillation with the op amp. Adjust
R4 until oscillations begin. The output should go to an
amplifier rather than just to a speaker directly because
the effect is better.
PARTS LIST FOR THE HOWLER
Cl, C2-.001-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC
C3-.005-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC
IC1-741 op amp
R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R3, R4 -220,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R2 -1,000,000 -ohm, linear -taper potentiometer S1-SPST momentary -contact switch

54. Digital Modulator
When a high -frequency oscillator is gated by a much
lower frequency, modulation is accomplished. The fol-
lowing circuit provides a 1 MHz oscillator modulated or
gated by a variable frequency in the audio range. A
transistor-buffer is used for the output. The resulting
signal can be employed for a variety of AM radio testing RI
and each signal may be individually be taken off, in-

creasing the versatility of this little circuit. Note: Do not
use an antenna longer than 3 ft., or RF emission may
exceed allowable FCC standards and cause illegal RF
interference. C3Tg PIN 7
PARTS LIST FOR DIGITAL MODULATOR Q1 -2N4401 transistor

C1-0.01-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor
C2-100-pF mica capacitor, 15 VDC R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor
C3-0.1-uF to 0.22-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC R3 -2,200 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-4011A quad NAND gate R4 -150-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
55. Featherweight Foghorn 71717

Despite its small size, this circuit generates an au- right for driving the AUX or TUNER inputs of most hi-fi
thentic -sounding foghorn blast. Couple the output signal or PA amplifiers. You can change the pitch to suit your
to a good amp and loudspeaker, press switch Si, and own taste by substituting a different value of resistance
you'll unleash a blast that will untie the shoelaces of for R2; larger resistances lower the pitch while smaller
anyone within hearing distance. The output signal has a ones raise it. Be sure to use a socket with the IC.
1 -volt peak -to -peak maximum amplitude, which is just
PARTS LIST FOR FEATHERWEIGHT FOGHORN 3

Cl, C3-0.47-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC R
C2-0.01-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC R4
C4-1.0-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC 1 Cl
C2
RI
C5-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC 1 1 1 I T I 1 T
C6-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 16 VDC 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1!
IC1-SN76477 sound generator

.11-phono jack
R1-1-Megohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% ICI
R2 -470K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R3 -15K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14
R4 -10K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%

I I 1 I
R8 t c+9V
I+
1
C31 R6
R5-1.5-Megohm -watt resistor, 10% R5
C5 1
1/2
R9 C4y T T e6
R6 -180K -ohm 1 -watt resistor, 10%
R7 -150K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% IT R7 JI
OUTPUT
R8 -47K -ohm 1 -watt resistor, 10%
R9 -5K audio -taper potentiometer VOLUME
56. Train Sound Effects 777

Anyone with a model railroad layout will appreciate this speeds, while R18 sets the volume. Feed the unit's -volt 1
circuit. Normal output consists of the characteristic "chuff- peak -to-peak output signal to an amp rated at 10 watts and
chuff" of a steam locomotive. Pot R16 can be used to ad- a 12 -inch PA speaker for the utmost realism. (Note: This
just the chuffing rate to simulate faster or slower train may not be feasible for apartment dwellers unless, of
.99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 47

course, you're looking for a way to break the lease.) 2.5 seconds, depending on the setting of R2. If you wish
Mount a small, powerful Alnico magnet on your train to sound the whistle at several points on the track, or if
so that upon reaching a certain track position, the train you want to sound it manually, other switches may be
triggers reed switch SI with its magnet. This causes the wired in parallel with Si and located at the appropriate
circuit to produce a whistle blast that lasts between .5 and positions.
+9V
RI R5 R6 R9
22K 10K 47K 10K
28 19 15 14
R2 R20
IOOK
R7 30K
IOOK
--4 ICI
555
-27 1C2
SN76477
16
R19
12K
2 4 6 10 II 17 18 20 21 12 13
C3 R17
220pf 47K
R3 C7
C2 1.0
CI
100
02 RB
IOOK
y 03
rn
o
o
o
C5
OI
C6
.I 5K
TO AUDIO AMP
.e RII
47K
R13
150K

PARTS LIST FOR AUTOMATIC TRAIN SOUND EFFECTS
C1-100-uF, 16-VDC electrolytic capacitor R3 -470,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C2, C6, C8-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor R4 -33 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3-200-pF polystyrene capacitor R5, R9 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C4-390-pF polystyrene capacitor R6, R11, R17 -47,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C5-.01-uF mylar capacitor R7, R8, R12, R16-100,000, 1/2 -watt resistor
C7-1.0-uF mylar capacitor R10 -39,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-555 timer integrated circuit R13 -150,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC2-SN76477 sound generator integrated circuit R14 -51,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor
Q1 -Q3 -2N3904 NPN transistor (all resistor 10% unless R16 -1,000,000 -ohm, linear-taper potentiometer
otherwise noted.) R18 -5,000 -ohm, audio -taper potentiometer
R1 -22,000 -ohm, (1/2 -watt resistor (all resistors 10% unless R19 -12,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
otherwise noted) R20 -30,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor
R2 -100,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer S1-magnetic reed switch
57. Sine Wave Generator

Think it is possible to have a pulse stream turned into
a nice smooth sine -wave? This circuit will do it! In fact,
you can have the lowest sine -wave frequency you can
imagine by slowly pressing a button to generate your
-Cvn 2 15 7
9V
own manual pulse stream, if you like. The IC is a

3 147-
counter that has been made to divide the input pulse RI IC
PULSE
rate by ten. The outputs feed through resistors 121, R2, C 4 13 7 L
STREAM
INPUT
R
R3, and R4 to build up a sine wave. C 5 12 7 R

R3
AA C 6 II 7
1
7 107 OUT
PARTS LIST FOR SINE WAVE GENERATOR L-C 8 97 R5
TCI
IC1-4018 dividing counter
R1, R2, R3, R4 -20,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor

58. Light Into Sound
While another project in this book illustrates how
sound impulses could be converted into light signals, via R5
an LED indicator, here, a type FPT-100 phototransistor

turns light into sound. When connected, the system may
be quick -checked with a flashlight, while listening to the DI
speaker and/or observing the op amp output on a scope. C3 Ti
Modulating the light source m(chanically with a pocket r
comb produces a buzzing tone, as the teeth of the comb
alternately gate the light source. A modulated LED can
Rb :ila
SPEAKER
be used, with proper optical interfacing, as a communica- t
GND
tion source. The phototransistor is at its greatest sensi-
tivity with the base lead open, though this may introduce (SEE TEXT)
unwanted hum. A 100K to 1 Meg resistor (R6) may be

run to ground to check the best compromise.
R1-47,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
PARTS LIST FOR LIGHT INTO SOUND R2-1,000 to 10,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor
Cl C2-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R3 R4 -4,700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3-50-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC R5 -500,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-741 op amp SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker
Q1-FPT100 phototransistor T1-audio output transformer 500 -ohm primary/8-ohm
Rb -100,000 to 1,000,00 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (see text) secondary
59. Audible Logic Probe 9777

Here is the old familiar logic probe but with a new
twist. Instead of displaying logic status with LEDs, it SPKR
does the job aurally. The logic-1 state, 2 -volts or greater,
is signalled by a high tone. On the other hand, a low
+5V
tone sounds to indicate the logic -0 state, 0.8 -volt or less.
Inputs between 0.8 and 2 -volts produce no output. (Note RI I
that this probe is designed especially for TTL and cannot R4

=C1
R7 R9
be used for any other logic family.) The circuit requires II+
a regulated 5 -volt supply, which means that it can be DI 1JR2 ICIc 13
R8
powered by the same supply used by the TTL circuitry iC4 R5 lo
under test. Output can be taken from a miniature speaker,
R:
as shown in the schematic, or you may use a miniature c2TC3
earphone. Potentiometer R11 sets the output volume level. NC
PI D2 *R3 7 t4
ICIb
6 2
PARTS LIST FOR IC AUDIBLE LOGIC PROBE D4
8
C1-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC !1CLI
C2-0.005-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC R6

C4-1.0-uF tantalum capacitor, 10 VDC
CL1-alligator clip
D3, D4 -1N914 diode
IC1-LM339 quad comparator
P1-metal probe tip R7, R8, R10 -56K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R1 -10K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R9 -120K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R2, R3 -220K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R11 -1000-ohm audio -taper potentiometer
R4 -30K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% SPKR-8-ohm miniature speaker
R5 -12K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% T1-miniature audio output transformer -1,000 -ohm
R6 -8200 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% primary/8-ohm secondary

60. Musical Modulator
Feed this circuit a simple audio tone, and it gives you
back a musical note with selectable attack, sustain and
decay. Input impedance is 10,000 -ohms, output im-
Cl
pedance is 1000 -ohms, and the gain is unity. Best results JI Cr11 w.
will be obtained with signal inputs having amplitudes of INPUT
R2
1 -volt peak -to -peak or less. When Si is pressed, the out- PUT
OUTJ2
C4
put volume rises at a rate determined by attack control
R11. As long as S1 is pressed, the sound will be sustained. R5
R4 +SV.
Releasing Si causes the note to decay at a rate deter- R6
mined by decay control R10. Try sine, square or trian-

gular wave inputs for musical notes. With a noise input DI 02 o
you can imitate such things as gunshots and explosions. SI
Trimmer R7 can be adjusted to cancel out any audible R9
R7
"thumping" (noticeable with very rapid attack or decay).
R8 DECAY ATTACK C5
RIO II
PARTS LIST FOR MUSICAL MODULATOR -5V

C2, C3-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC
C4-0.005-uF mylar capacitor, 35 VDC R2, R3, R4 -1000-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
C5-2.2-uF electrolytic capacitor, 16 VDC R5-2.2 Megohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
D1, D2 -1N914 diode R6-15K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
IC1-RCA CA3080 transconductance amp R7-1 Megohm trimmer potentiometer
J1, J2-phono jack R8, R9 -5600 -ohm 1/ -watt resistor, 10%
Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor R10, R11 -250K linear -taper potentiometer
R1 -9100 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% S1-normally open SPST pushbutton switch
61. Universal Pulser 777

E The type 555 timer, in its astable mode, can furnish +5-10V
pulses ranging in duration from about one microsecond
to minutes. The version shown allows both frequency and OUTPUT
duty cycle (on -off ratio) to be adjusted. The 555 is husky
for its size, and can drive over ten TTL gates and a far J UT-
larger number of CMOS gates.
PARTS LIST FOR UNIVERSAL PULSER

fDI
Cl-see table LED INDICATOR

D3-small LED
IC1-555 timer
R1, R2-see table D2
R3, R4 -1,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor Tc2
62. Precision Rectifier

One of the problems with the conventional silicon recti- duction threshold. The precision rectifier circuit dia-
fier diode is its .6 -volt forward drop. Rectification cannot grammed here gets around the whole problem by tucking
occur until an input signal exceeds this voltage. So it is the rectifier into an op amp's feedback loop. Signals on the
impossible to rectify a signal with a 250 -millivolt peak -to - millivolt level can now be rectified with ease.
peak amplitude because it never exceeds the diode's con- In addition, the circuit has a gain of -10. The minus

sign means that this is an inverting circuit: positive peaks R3
come out negative, and vice versa. Half-wave -rectified posi- IOOK
tive -going signals are available through D1, while D2 pro- POSITIVE
vides the negative rectified output. Remember, positive input OUTPUT
cycles are multiplied by 10 and inverted; hence, they show
up at the negative output. To keep things from going awry,
use both loops (D1 -R2 and D2 -R3) even if you want
output of just one polarity.
INPUT
PARTS LIST FOR PRECISION RECTIFIER

Cl -1.0-mylar capacitor
C2, :3 -0.1 -ceramic capacitor
IC1-3140 op amp integrated circuit (RCA)
NEGATIVE
R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor OUTPUT
R2, R3, R4 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
63. Active Low Pass Filter 7771

As its name suggests, a low-pass filter passes signals
c2
with frequencies lower than some specific value, called
the cut-off frequency, but blocks passage of frequencies +9V. ' ' -9V.
above the cut-off. Illustrated here is an active low-pass
filter having a 1000 Hz cut-off frequency. You can shift =C3 C4
the cut-off by changing Cl and C2 together. To multiply
the cut-off by a factor of N, multiply the capacitances RI R2
7
of Cl and C2 by a factor of 1/N. For example, a 2000 JI
Hz cut-off would require 0.005 F capacitors, while a

ICI ?J2
2
500 Hz cut-off calls for 0.02 F capacitors for Cl and =C
C2. Drive the filter directly from the output of a preced-
ing op -amp stage for best results.
-
R4
R3
PARTS LIST FOR ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Cl, C2-0.01-uF polystyrene or mylar capacitor, 35 VDC
C3, C4-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC
IC1-741 op amp
J1, J2-phono jack R2 -22K -ohm 1/ -watt resistor, 5%
R1 -12K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% R3, R4 -68K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%
64. Two -Tone Alarm

When this circuit is triggered into action, it is hard to
ignore for very long! A 555 timer is operated in the
astable free -running mode, with its output powering both
a loudspeaker and clocking a 4017 counter. Pin 12 of
PARTS LIST FOR TWO TONE ALARM

IC1-555 timer
1C2-4017 decade counter
R3 -10,000-ohm linear -taper potentiometer
R4-2,200 to 10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (see text)

the counter provides a high -low output which changes strident warble that calls immediate attention. More
with every five input pulses counted. This output is ap- mellow, but interesting, tones can be obtained with the
plied via a resistor of from 2.2K to 10K ohms to pin 5, addition of the RC filter shown.
the modulated input of the timer. This produces a
G. Six-bit DA Converter
Here is a simple way to convert a digital code into an capacitor C3 can be added. The size of C3 can be deter-
analog equivalent. This circuit accepts a 6 -bit binary-coded mined experimentally by feeding in a digital sequence at
digital input. D5 is the most significant bit, and DO is the the desired rate, and trying capacitors until the right effect
least significant. Each one of the 64 possible digital input is obtained. This is most easily done while observing the
codes produces a unique analog level at the output. This output on a 'scope.
analog output varies between +2 volts (input = 111111) If the converter is to be driven by TTL circuitry rather
and +3 volts (input = 000000), with 62 discrete levels in than CMOS, tie a 4700 -ohm resistor between each digital
between. input and the positive supply. This will raise the TTL levels
For applications such as music generation, where you'd high enough to drive CMOS.
like to smooth out some of the steps in the analog output,
+ 5V
R7 +5V
30K "
RI
CI
PARTS LIST FOR SIMPLE 6 -BIT DA CONVERTER
Cl, C2-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor MSB DS 1_ .1.C2
IC1-4049 hex CMOS buffer integrated circuit 30K
---i =.1
IC2-3140 FET-input op amp integrated circuit (RCA) I`'/ ICI
4
30K
R1 -15,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all resistors 5%) 4049 7
R2, R7, R8 -30,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor ID3> 7 6 --vvr

fi2K
R4
3
1C2 6
ANALOG
OUTPUT
DIGITAL 3140
R3 -62,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor INPUT 120K 2
R4 -120,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor IO2> 9 10 4
R5
R5 -240,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 240K
-vw-1

R6 -470,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor DI 11 12
R9
R9 -1,500-ohm, 1 -watt resistor R6 1500
470K
LSB E>DO 14
8
15 -WV- 1
1 ICI
OPTIONAL
66. Touch -Sensitive Keyboard 777

There's nobetter way to add an exotic touch to a piece use the .6 -volt drop across D1 as a reference voltage.
of electronic equipment than by employing touch -sensitive NOTE: If you're running a battery -operated device in Dog -
switching. The set-up diagrammed here will enable you to patch, this touch -switching arrangement may not work.
employ one, two or however many touch -sensitive switches Most homes, however, have sufficient 60-Hz radiation to
you need. Electronic musicians, for example, may wish to trigger these sensitive switches.
use 37 units in a 3 -octave keyboard.
Each separate unit consists of a touch plate, a silicon -
diode detector system, and a 3140 op amp that functions + 5v
as a voltage comparator. Finger contact with a touch plate
D3
R3 1
IoI C2
feeds 60-Hz power -line radiation from your body, which
acts as an antenna, to the detector system. If the rectified
+5V
TPI >4
IOOK
3
7 -
RI D2 R2 ICI
AC exceeds 1.2 volts, the 3140's output swings high and 820 D2 IOM 3140
remains there for as long as you touch the plate. All stages 4
DI
ITOUCH RELEASE
PARTS LIST FOR TOUCH -SENSITIVE KEYBOARD TO PIN 2
+5V
C1-C4-.01-uF ceramic disc capacitor OF EACH
ADDITIONAL
D1 -D5 -1N914 diode STAGE C2
IC1, IC2-3140 FET-input op amp (RCA or equivalent) D5 IOOK 3 1
TP2 +
R1 -820 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all resistors 10%) 7
R2, R4 -10,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor

04C3 R4 IC2 6
10M 3140
R3, R5 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 4
TP1, TP2-touch plates (small, aluminum or copper)

G7. Mini -Digital Roulette
A more adult form of entertainment can be obtained quency should be 10 -Hz or higher and the Reset may
from the 4026 counter and display previously described. zero the display first, although there is statistically little
The clock input terminal is connected via a pushbutton or no effect upon subsequent outcomes. When the switch
switch to the "Basic Pulse Maker" and two to nine players is released, the counter holds on one number, which is
select a number. Then, press the button. The input fre- displayed until reset or new counts arrive. If a Zero ap-
pears on the display, it may be assumed that the Bank
/ /
takes all wagers, thus keeping the system in fresh
A
batteries.
2 F B 12
G
/ /
NOTE: USE ONE DRIVER II NOTE: GROUND PINS RESET 8 PLAY
(01-7) FOR 'EACH E C 10 3,5,9,14 OF
LED ELEMENT LED _cr,,,SI
I
+6V o
/
D
/
N L52
8 DI
16 ]- D2 p RESET
15
ICIo ICIb ICIc
5 8 R4
4 12 + 6V
l 13
A
01-7
IC2
10
12 }
3
3--
B
R5 II
CI
C2 13 C
TO DISPLAY
RIY 9}- D A
SEGMENTS
-G
OF LED
R2 1I E
I
FREQUENCY TIME 63-+ F
7] - G
PARTS LIST FOR MINI -DIGITAL ROULETTE

C1-0.47 to 2.2-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC Q1 through Q7 -2N4401 transistor
C2-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R1 -500 -000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
D1, D2 -1N4148 or 1N914 diode R2 -100,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
IC1-4011 quad NAND gate R3 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC2-4026 decade counter R4 through R11 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
LED 1-DL-750 7 -segment display Sl, S2-SPST momentary -contact switch
GB. Music synthesizer

PARTS LIST FOR MULTI -INPUT MUSIC SYNTHESIZER
IC1-4016 quad bilateral switch C4 o CThj.-I3-
mRl C 3
R1 through R5 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 2 13
S1 through S4-SPDT slide switch C5 o C 3 ICI 12 C 1.1 OUT

R
C 4 R5
C6 0 C5 IOC}
R3
R4
C 6 9 3
The inputs to this synthesizer can be from any musical
instruments. C4 can be from an electric guitar, C5 from
C7 7 8 --
an electronic organ, etc. Or the inputs can be from the
outputs of the "Octave Music Maker" project The volt- SI(C4INPUT)
age should not exceed 9 volts at these inputs. The output +9V
52 (C5)
will be a combination of the inputs, where you control
+-'7-3 S3 (C6)
the combining via the switches. The switch marked "Si" +9V
cr-m_
will put the C4 input through to the output when it is +9Voo S4 (C7)
switched to the down position.

69. !Slide Trombone
p This is a novel little instrument that can be played decay interval, and R10 controls the volume. Maximum
through your stereo system. IC1 and IC2 comprise a ramp signal amplitude at the output is 500 mV peak to -peak
generator, the frequency of which is adjusted by R3. The (sufficient to drive an amp's high-level input). To play, ad-
range of adjustment spans two octaves from 150 to 600 Hz. just R3 for a particular note; press S1; slide R3; then re-
The ramp signal is fed to modulator IC3, which imparts a lease Si. You can make things easy by calibrating R3 in
natural -sounding attack and decay to the note the sounds terms of musical notes. Either a slide or rotating pot can
when S1 is pressed. R12 allows adjustment of the note's be used for R3, depending on your playing preferences.
RI
5600K DI
PARTS LIST FOR SLIDE TROMBONE R2 R3
C1-0.15-uF mylar capacitor 33K I00K +9V -9V
C2, C3-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor / .
C4-3.3-uF, 25VDC electrolytic C2` C3

capacitor CI R6
C5-0.47-uF mylar capacitor 15
62K
D1, D2 -1N914 diode I I
IC1, IC2-741 op amp integrated circuit R9
9V R4 +9V
IC3-3080 transconductance amp inte- +
10K 3+ 100KK 2 7
grated circuit (RCA) 7 7 4
6
ICI 6 IC2 6 C3 C5
Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor 741 741 - I00K
R8 3083
+3083 47
3
R1 -5,600 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor (all 3
+ 4 4 RIO
resistors 10%) 5K
-9V -9V RII OUTPUT
10K R7 f 220K +9V o
R3, R12 -100,000 -ohm linear -taper 3900K,
potentiometer i
01
R4, R5, R13, R14 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt 2N3904 02
resistor R12 R13
R6 -62,000 -ohm, -watt resistor
1/2

I00K ,..
10K
R8, R9 -100 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor RI4

C4 IOK
R10 -5,000 -ohm audio -taper potenti- 3.3
ometer
R11-220,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
S1-pushbutton switch, normally open -9V
70. Antnna-Bearing Indicator 71717

Using an economy -type rotator with your TV, FM or
ham beam -type antenna? Then you probably have a
direction indicator that's hard-to -read, inaccurate, or in
the case of homebrew rotators, probably non-existent.
However, it's easy to add on a direction indicator using
LEDs for readout. Referring to the schematic, note direc-
tion -sensing potentiometer R 1. As its wiper moves away
from ground potential, first LED 1 will light, then LED 2
will come on as LED i extinguishes; this process con-
tinues in numerical succession until finally LED 10 is the
only lit LED. Coupling the pot to your rotating antenna's
shaft with pulleys and a belt allows the display of LEDs
to respond to antenna position. The potentiometer's pul-
ley should have a larger diameter than that of the an-
tenna shaft because most potentiometers cannot rotate
ANTENNA -SHAFT
through a full 360. PULLEY
PARTS LIST FOR ANTENNA -BEARING INDICATOR POTENTIOMETER

PULLEY
C2-5-uF electrolytic capacitor, 10 VDC R1 -25K linear -taper potentiometer
IC1-LM3914 LED display driver R2 -3900 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%
LED1 through LED10-light-emitting diode R3 -1200 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%

71. Go-SIo W.per Control
Ever have the problem of not being able to make your tween wipes (up to several minutes), so put R3 on a
car wipers go slow enough? And sometimes, would you knob you can turn while sitting in the driver's seat. R5
like to just press a button to make wipers flip one time? will control the length of the wipe; you just set it once
This circuit does both. Set S2 to the mode you want. If for your car. If S2 is set to "single wipe", then pressing S3
you pick "repeat", then R3 will determine the time be- will kick the wipers up once. A very handy circuit.
TO W/WIPER
FUSE(+12V)
PARTS LIST FOR SELECT -DELAY WINDSHIELD
WIPER CONTROL
SI --'
D1-1N4001 diode
IC1-555 timer CHASSIS
R1-10,000,000-ohm,'/2-watt resistor GROUND
R3 -500,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
S2-SPDT toggle switch
S3-SPST momentary -contact (pusbutton) switch
RELAY -9 VDC coil with normally open SPST switch
RU E OF
WIPER SWITCH
CUT HOT WIRE TO DASH SWITCH AND
TO HOT CONNECTION WIRE RELAY LEADS AS SHOWN HERE
contacts rated at 15 VDC/25 amps OF WIPER SWITCH
72. High Frequency VCO 77771

By varying the control voltage (a separate battery)
between 1 and 25 volts, the output frequency of this
oscillator will vary between about 500 Hz and 50,000
Hz. There are a host of experimental applications, such
as putting a microphone in series with the control voltage CONTROL
and having the output frequency go into an amplifier and RI VOLTAGE
speaker. Voice -like singing sounds can be made. Or run

the output of an electric guitar into the control voltage
input and listen to the music!
PARTS LIST FOR HIGH -FREQUENCY

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR -LrLrL
C1-0.1-pF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC 1
C2-500-pF mica capacitor, 15 VDC
IC1-LM339 quad comparator
R2 -50,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R5, R8 -3,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R3 -20,000 -ohm, -watt resistor
1/2 R6 -5,100 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R4 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R9, R10, R11 -30,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
73. Mini-Micro Metronome

Transforming IC pulses into sound, this tiny ticker should be a low leakage mylar type of about 2-uF or
goes both tick and tock, at a rate of about 2 seconds per else a quality tantalum of about 4.7-uF. Although the
tic to 6 tocks per second. The timing capacitor, Cl, reversed flow of current through the transformer's pri-

mary winding causes a different sound in the speaker ometer 115 can be added to make the "tock" more
from the positive -going inrush, diode D3 and potenti- definitive in its sound quality.
PARTS LIST FOR MINI -MICRO METRONOME

C1-2 to 5-uF low -leakage mylar or tantalum capacitor,
15 VDC
C2-2.2 to 10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
D1, 02, D3 -1N4148 diode
ICI -4011A quad NAND gate
R2, R3 -500,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
R4, R6-10-ohm,1/2-watt resistor
secondary
74. Auto Burglur Alarm 71977

This burglar alarm will sound your car horn if anyone
opens your car door. The timers allow you to leave and
enter the car without the horn sounding. To set, or arm,
the alarm circuit, open S2. This will give you five seconds " 8 3
(R1, Cl) to get out and shut the door behind you. If
I
R3
anyone opens a door for two seconds (R3, C2), the RI
horn will sound and will stay locked on until S1 is C2 7 3 2 7 3
ICI IC2
opened. If you open the door to enter, you have two +
6 3 6
seconds to close S2, which is plenty of time if S2 is cl
3
cz
conveniently located.
4 5 4 5
2
PARTS LIST FOR AUTO BURGLAR ALARM

C2-1-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC 6,9V
C
COIL 01
R2

>-,c;
IC1, IC2-555 timer NORMALLY CLOSED
RES
SWITCHES
Q1 -2N4403 TO CAR HORN
(OR HORN RELAY) NORMALLY OPEN
R3 -2,000,000-ohm, 1 -watt resistor 15 VDC/30 amps; 1 set SPST normally open, 1 set
RELAY -6 to 9 VDC coil with switch contacts rated at SPST normally closed
75. Improvised Monostable 777

Like the preceeding projects, this one is also dedicated In operation, when the input is made high, the output of
to the art of improvisation. While TTL and CMOS pre- the first inverter goes low. forcing the output of the
packaged monostable multivibrators are available, one CI 8 12
IN
may not be at hand when such a useful device is called
for. Once again, two very common gates, the 4001 quad 11O gip
13 14
NOR and the 4011 quad NAND will equally fill the bill. +6v
PARTS LIST FOR IMPROVISED MONOSTABLE

C1-0.1-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC Q1 -2N4401
01-small LED R1, R2 -47,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-4001A or 4011A quad NAND gate R3 -470 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor

second high, charging the capacitor C through resistor LED indicator. In this elementary circuit, it is only
R2. For a while, the output of the third gate is driven necessary that the turn -on signal remain high for at least
low, causing the output stage to go high, activating the the duration of the timed interval.
7G.Computr-Controlled Keyftearrcr
D This is a good companion to the computer -controlled note's amplitude rise linearly during attack, which means
note generator. Your computer should have available an that the code will be incremented at regular, fixed time in-
8 -bit parallel port with which to control the keyer's gain. tervals. Since we wish to take 255 steps in 10' milliseconds
Feed the desired audio tone to the keyer's input, and hook (10,000 microseconds), it will be necessary to increment
an amplifier to its output. the code by 1 every 40 microseconds or so.
A binary zero on the 8 lines from your computer yields Linear attacks and decays are easy to figure, but not
zero output, while a binary 255 (11111111) provides max- very realistic-especially for decay. The notes from most
imum output. (D7 is the most-sinificant bit, and DO is the musical instruments attack and decay exponentially. This
least. significant.) During a note's attack interval, count up- circuit gives you unlimited potential in the specification of
wards from 0 to 255. Conversely, count down from 255 a note's envelope, and it lets you change the envelope
to 0 to make the note decay. Take tiny steps for best from note to note.
results. Large steps generate thumping sounds in the output. The audio input should be in the neighborhood of 1 volt
Let's say we want a fast attack time of 10 milliseconds. peak -to-peak. When using the 12 -volt signal from the com-
Using all available codes, it will take 255 steps to climb puter-controlled note generaor, raise R12 to 15K ohms to
from zero to full output. For simplicity's sake, we'll let the accommodate the increased input amplitude.
RI
15K
PARTS LIST FOR COMPUTER -CONTROLLED KEYER MSB
R2
C1-.01-uF ceramic disc capacitor 30K
C2-1.0-uF mylar capacitor
R3
C3, C4-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor 62K
C5-.005-uF mylar capacitor
IC1-3080 transconductance integrated amplifier R4 R9 QI
circuit
120K 1000 de2N3906
(RCA)
Q1 -2N3906 PNP transistor cl
240K
R1 -15,000 -ohm, -watt resistor (all resistors 5%)
1/2 .01
470K +5V
R3 -62,000-ohm, 1 -watt resistor
IM C3
R5 -240,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor CM>
RIO =.1
100
R6 -470,000-ohm, 1 -watt resistor R8 3
7 AUDIO
I.BM
R7 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor LSB OUTPUT
R8 -1,800,000-ohm, 1 -watt resistor 3080 t
R9 -1,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor yC5
T.005
R10, R11 -100 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C2
R12
y C4
AUDIO
INPUT
LO
1200 =.1
IV P -P -5V -
MAX.
7'Z Controlled Note Generator

Computer music can be created in many different ways. the twelve notes within that octave.
One method is to specify all of a note's parameters-fre- The lowest octave is selected by a binary 0 on lines D6
quency, harmonic structure, amplitude, and attack/sustain/ through D4. A binary 1 selects the next higher octave, and
decay times-as well as special effects by means of software. so on until you reach the highest octave, coded by a binary
Naturally, this gobbles up a lot of memory, thus making 4 (100). (Note: D6 is the most significant bit; D4 is the
such an approach impossible for the owner of a very small least significant.) Codes higher than 4 yield no output.
computer. All is not lost, however. By augmenting your The note -selection lines behave similarly, except that 12
system with some inexpensive hardware, the software codes are used. (Here D3 is the most significant bit, and
burden is diminished. DO is the least significant.) Binary 0 gives you a C#. D is
This computer -controlled note generator produces 5 oc- produced by a binary 1, and binary 2 yields D#. This con-
taves of the equally tempered chromatic scale under the tinues on up the scale until you reach binary 11, which
control of one of your computer's 8 -bit parallel ports gives the twelfth note, C. Codes above binary 11 give no
(only 7 bits of which are used). Lines D6 through D4 output.
select the octave, while lines D3 through DO select one of Tuning can be accomplished by adjusting R1 to produce

a 1,000,120 Hz signal at pin 13 of IC1, or you can tune we'll leave to you. In general, your programming burden
by ear against some pitch reference. The output at pin 12 has been reduced to the generation of a rhythmic sequence
of IC5 is a square wave that can be filtered and/or shaped of 7 -bit binary codes.
(see the computer -controlled keyer circuit). The software
1+12V
RI
10K 14 16 15 4 24
-12 10
i'
3 2 14 3
4 5 6 14
-.
-
2 IC4 13 2 IC5 OUT
tl -
1C2
4024 12
IC3 6
4051 7 5024012 74CI50
-
2
-
ICI
1
I
PARTS LIST FOR IROKS CI

4047 H 5 8
3Opt 13 I
II 23
COMPUTER -CONTROLLED
--I 9 2 13 --+ 10 22 5
NOTE GENERATOR
C1-30-pF polystyrene capacitor 3 4 14 9-21 6
-_ 8-20 7-4
---
7 8 9 12
IC1-4047 CMOS multivibrator inte- 15
8--'
grated circuit
IC2-4024 CMOS binary divider inte-
grated circuit
2 7 9 10 II
- 7
-18
6
5
19
17
9
12
IC3-4051 CMOS 8:1 multiplexer inte-

grated circuit R3
0 1RIO 3
1
4 16
11 13 14 15
IC4-50240 Mostek top -octave generator +12

integrated circuit RII
02 =
IC5-74C150 16:1 CMOS multiplexer in- OCTAVE R4
D5
tegrated circuit (National) SELECT
Q1 -Q7 -2N3904 NPN transistor
R1 -10,000 -ohm trim potentiometer (all D4
R5 0a RI2
+12
resistors 10% unless otherwise 04 -L R13
noted.) R6
R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1
-watt resistor Cif
R3 -R9 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R1 O -R16 -33,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
NOTE R15
SELECT
RI6
R3 THRU R9 (...,R10 THRU RI6

ALL IOOK ALL 33K
78. Single Supply Signul Shifter rimir7

Op amps, like the popular 741, are usually operated eter, if it is desired to adjust the no -signal output level so
with matching plus and minus power supplies. However, that high-amplitude signals will not be clipped. Sometimes,
for simple signal amplification applications, the single intentional clipping is desired, so this feature may be re-
positive supply shown below has been found to work tained for general experimental applications. Note: If a
quite nicely. Resistors R3 and R4 may be fixed at about potentiometer is used for R3, R4, connect center termi-
5000 ohms each, or replaced with a 5K or 10K potentiom- nals of pots to pin #3 of IC1.
PARTS LIST FOR SINGLE SUPPLY SIGNAL SHIFTER

C1-0.01-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC (gain=l0) CI
-0.10-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC (gain=100) . RI R2
C2-1 to 100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC (in-

+9V
crease value with frequency)
C3-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R3
IC1-741 op amp OUTPUT
R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor
R2 -100,000-ohm, 1 watt resistor (gain=10)
R4 i-
-1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor (gain=100)
R3, R4 -5,000 -ohm, 1/2 watt resistor or 5,000-10,000
ohm linear taper potentiometer

79. Slot Cur Race Referee
Build this optoelectronic judge and end forever those
quarrels over who really won the race. Install photo-
transistors Q1 and Q3 at the finish line, but in separate +5V
lanes of your slot -car track so that the light-sensitive
face of each device is facing upwards. The best method
would be to cut a small hole into the track for each
phototransistor, and mount each unit flush with the R2
track's surface. Arrange for light to fall on both Ql and
Q3; a small desklamp will work well, but ambient room
light will usually suffice. Press Si and both LEDs will go
off. The first car to cross the finish line interrupts the
light beam and causes the appropriate LED to light up.
QI 4(
PARTS LIST FOR SLOT CAR RACE REFEREE Q2 03
C1-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC LANE A 04
IC1-7474 dual D -type flip-flop
LED1, LED2-light-emitting diode
LANE B
Q1, Q3-FPT-100 NPN phototransistor LEDI +5V
LANE A
Q2, Q4 -2N3904 NPN tranistor R4
R1, R2 -18K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R3 -3900-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R4, R5 -330 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% NOTE: NO CONNECTION TO BASE 44( LED 2
LEAD OF QI AND 03 LANE B
S1-normally open SPST pushbutton switch
80. Micro -Mini PA 977

E Designed for very private listening, this little amplifier
sports a tiny loudspeaker of 11 to 2 inches diameter.
The gain may be varied through the feedback resistor
from about 1 to 100. Only a single power supply, which SPEAKER
may be a nine volt transistor radio battery, is required.
R6
PARTS LIST FOR MICRO -MINI PA GD
C1-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 100 VDC INPUT
C2-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 6 VDC HIGH
C3-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 10 VDC IMPEDANCE -D
INPUT
IC1-741 op amp
R1, R2 -5,600 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor
R3 -1,000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor
R4 -50,000 -ohm V2 -watt resistor R6 -100,000 -ohm audio taper potentiometer
R5 -100,000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor SPKR-8 ohm, 2 -in. PM type
81. UsefuG Noise rerrt

Noise, more or less "pure white" from some source of simulated sounds of rain on the roof. There are various
uncertainty, can be filtered and shaped for various pur- naturally random impulse sources available to the experi-
poses, ranging from radio alignment, to music, or the menter, including the plasma from gaseous discharges

occurring in neon lamps. On the semi -conductor level, ous hiss in the output speaker, simulating rain. The
there are diodes and transistors purposely configured and signal can also be used in the development of "elec-
biased into noisiness. But under certain conditions, many tronic music" and the testing of hi-fi filters and systems.
semiconductor junctions develop wide band RF noise
When amplified by a type 741 op amp, which has in- +10 TO I2VDC
ternal frequency roll -off elements, the result is a continu-
RI
R5
PARTS LIST FOR USEFUL NOISE R2 C2
Cl-.005-uF ceramic capacitor, 15 VDC 01
SPEAKER
C2, C3-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC
C4-75-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC CI R3 C4 1I Cril
IC1-741 op amp I TI
Q1 -2N4401 R4
C3
R1 -100,000-ohm linear -taper potentiometer
R3, R4 -4,700 -ohm, 12 -watt resistor
R5 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor T1-audio output transformer with 500 -ohm primary/8-
SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker ohm secondary
82. Power Mike Amplifier 777

A popular accessory to a CB radio is a power micro-
phone. This circuit provides an adjustable gain of 1 to
10 which will increase the output of a dynamic micro-
phone for higher modulation levels without shouting.
The circuit has very low output impedance and will drive
the microphone input circuit of any CB radio.
IC1A provides voltage amplification and is adjustable by
potentiometer R 1. IC B is a buffer amplifier which pro-
1
vides isolation between the amplifier and output termi-

nal. The circuit draws about 7 milliamperes from a 9
volt supply and can be powered by an ordinary 9 volt
transistor battery.
PARTS LIST FOR POWER MIKE AMPLIFIER R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
Cl, C2,C3-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 10 VDC R3 -220,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
IC1-3900 quad amplifier R4 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R1 -100,000 -ohm audio taper potentiometer R5, R6 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
83. Octave Music Maker

This circuit will provide you with musical octaves that
are very well reproduced from the top octave that you
TONE INPUT 9V
feed as an input. Putting in any tone, like the tone from
FROM OSCILLATOR 14
an electric guitar, or from an organ, or from a CMOS
13
oscillator, will cause C4 to be four octaves lower, C5 to
12
be five octaves lower, and so on. Output A is a special c7
waveform that is a saw -tooth made up of octaves that c6 II
are one, two, and three times lower than the input. The C5 10
sounds of these outputs can be changed with resistor and c4 9
capacitor circuits before feeding into your hi-fi. a
PARTS LIST FOR OCTAVE MUSIC MAKER R2 -22,000 -ohm, -watt resistor
1/2
IC1-4024 binary counter R3 -47,000 -ohm, -watt resistor

1/2
R1 -12,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R4 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor

84. Dual Polarity Power Supply 117117
Many operational amplifiers require both positive and
negative supplies for proper operation. With this simple
circuit you can take a floating power supply and con-
vert it into a dual polarity supply. To provide 15 volts
as most op amps require, you will need a 30 volt supply
to drive the circuit. The output voltages of this circuit
are set by the voltage divider action of R1 and R2 and INPUT - UTPUT
are well regulated. Current output is limited only by the
unbalance between the loads on the positive and negative
outputs, and should not exceed the rating of the tran-
sistors, 200 milliamperes.
PARTS LIST FOR DUAL POLARITY POWER SUPPLY

Cl, C2-15-uF electrolytic capacitor, 30 VDC Q2 -2N4403
IC1-741 op amp R1, R2 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
Q1 -2N4401 R3, R4 -10-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
85. Variable Power Supply 7771

These are lots of good power supplies on the market,
but why not build your own and save a bundle? This
circuit can provide voltages between 5 and 15 -volts DC
at currents up to one ampere. Be sure to heat -sink the
A78GKC regulator by bolting it to either a commercial
aluminum heat sink or to your supply's cabinet (if it's
made of aluminum) Mount C2 and C3 as close as pos-
. FLAT
sible to pins 2 and 4 of IC1. If you cannot locate a
28VCT transformer, go to something slightly higher, say
32 VCT. The same goes for the transformer's current
rating; for example, you could use a 2 -amp device.
ICI
yiA78GKC '" 'CASE IN CONTACT
WITH PIN 4
Fl -0.5 -Ampere slow -blow fuse

PARTS LIST FOR VARIABLE REGULATED ICI-A78GKC adjustable voltage regulator
POWER SUPPLY M1 -0 -to-1 Amp DC meter
BP1, BP2-binding post M2 -0 -to-15 -Volt DC meter
C1-2200-uF electrolytic capacitor, 40 VDC R1 -10K -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
C2-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35 VDC R2 -4700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%
C3-100-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC S1-SPST toggle switch
D1, D2 -1N4003 (1A, 200 PIV) rectifier diode T1-28VCT, 1.2 -Amp power transformer (see text)
86. The Waveshaper 7777

This little circuit illustrates the principle behind multi- hold of an oscilloscope, use it to observe the effect of R1
kilobuck laboratory -style waveform synthesizers as well through R10 on the output. At the same time, feed the
as some of the more advanced music synthesizers. Into output to an audio amp so that you can hear the changes
J1 you should feed a square -wave signal swinging from in timbre that occur as the waveshape is altered. Capaci-
ground to almost 5 -volts. The input signal's frequency tor C5 can be used to smooth out the chunky shape of the
should be ten times that of the desired output. Adjusting output. With a 10 kHz input, start with a value of 0.1 F
potentiometers R1 through R10 will enable you to literally for C5 and experiment. Make sure at least one poten-
design the shape of the output waveform. If you can get tiometer is set to maximum resistance and that at least

one is set to minimum. This guarantees a full 1 -volt +5V TYPICAL OUTPUT
peak -to -peak output. You might also try feeding some WAVEFORM
interesting waveforms into the Musical Modulator (else- --

where in this issue) and listening to the notes formed. RI
c1
R I I 16
- NORMAL - -,
R2 2 15
1 SMOOTHE
R3.41:2 3 14
-vLRR44v- 5V
RI
R4 4 0
tV,/w- ICI
13
1
PARTS LIST FOR THE WAVESHAPER R5 ra 5 12 NC INPUT
I
Cl, C2, C3-0.01-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35

VDC N---Vr7-
C5-see text
R6
R7 -a-NVrvw-
6
7
II
10
ja _4:14R9
R8
+5V -5V
IC1-4017 CMOS decade counter 9 -43-,Z/0

R RIO Li_C2 =C3
IC2-741 op amp
J1, J2-phono jack
R1 through R10-2-megohm linear-taper potentiometer R2I 3 7
4
R11 through R20 -68K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% IC2 J2
2 TPUT
R21, R22 -15K -ohm 1/2-watt resistor, 10% C = V P-P
R22 I
C5 (OPTIONAL
NOTE OUTPUT FREQUENCY= INPUT FREQUENCY =10
87. High Impedance Mike Amp 71717

A high impedance microphone will drive this circuit RI
nicely. The output can drive a 1000 ohm earphone di-
rectly, or it can drive a transistor to, in turn, run a
speaker. The gain is determined by the ratio of R1 to HIGH
R2 and, in practice, can get up to about 50 dB. MPEDANCE
MICROPHONE
PARTS LIST FOR HI -IMPEDANCE MIKE AMP

IC1-741 op amp
88. Peak-Level Detector

In many situations, particularly in recording, it is more +5v
important to know a signal's peak level than its average
level. While VU meters are customarily employed for such
C2
PARTS LIST FOR PEAK -LEVEL DETECTOR
Cl, C2, C3-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor R3
Dl -D4 -1N914 diode
IC1-LM324 quad op amp integrated circuit RI
39K
2
IC o
DIY
LED I
O
CI 39K R7 R12 tt
LED1-light emitting diode R4 100 270
50K
R1, R2, R3, R6, R10 -39,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor (all
\2=
R2 R5 C3 R8
resistors 5%) 39K 10003 10 IM ICIc
V +
.I
R4 -50,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt trim -potentiometer
INPUT? R6
ICIb
5
+
5K
it D4
39K
R7 -100 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor 9 RIO RII
R8 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 39K 3900
II 12 13
R9 -51,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor D3
R11 -3,900 -ohm, 112 -watt resistor

purposes, you'll find this circuit's LED output easier to threshold from _ .zJ mV to 1 V. Whenever the input
interpret and, as a result, more accurate. ICla gauges the exceeds either the positive or negative threshold, LED1
positive peaks, while ICIb does the same for the negative flashes on for approximately one -tenth of a second. That's
peaks. Both the positive and negative signal thresholds are long enough to attract your attention and warn you to cut
determined by pot R4's setting. You can choose any back on the volume.
89. Burglar Alarm

This burglar alarm circuit uses one integrated circuit flip-flop or latch circuit. When the circuit is in standby,
and operates from a 6 volt battery. It is activated upon pin 1 of IC1 is held to almost zero volts by the continuous
the breaking of a circuit. Since the sensing loop operates loop of sensing wire. This causes pin 3 to assume a volt-
in a high impedance circuit, there is virtually no limit to age of 6 volts, cutting off Q1 and Q2. When the sensing
the length of wire you can use. You can protect every circuit is broken, Cl charges to battery voltage through
window and door in your house. Practical operation by R2. This causes the latch circuit to change state and
using four D cells for power is accomplished through the pin 3 goes to zero volts. BI becomes forward -biased
use of a four -section CMOS integrated circuit which through R4 and turns on Q2 which operates the buzzer.
draws only a few microamperes from the battery. Thus, The circuit will remain in an activated state once the
battery life will be equivalent to its shelf life unless the alarm is set off, even though the broken circuit is re-
alarm is activated. The heart of the circuit is a pair of stored. A reset switch has been provided to return the
NOR gates connected in a bistable configuration called a latch circuit to its original state and shut off the alarm.
+12v PARTS LIST FOR HOME BURGLAR ALARM

GND
RI DI
D1 -1N4148 diode
SENSING
LOOP
Q1 -2N4403
02
Q2 -2N4401
R5
RESET
SI R1, R3 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R4, R5 -10,000-ohm, V2 -watt resistor
C2 R3 R6 -100 -ohm,
1/2 -watt resistor
S1-SPST momentary -contact pushbutton switch

V1-6 VDC buzzer
90. Reaction TSter

This circuit uses the two flip-flops of the CD 4013 in-
tegrated circuit to test your eyesight. Start by moving Si
from ground to "set" and back to ground. This will light
D1 and D3. Now press S2. D1 and D3 will go off and
D2 will go on, but D3 must go off slightly later than D3
due to built-in delays in the circuit. Can you see the dif-
ference in the two LED's? This makes a great experi-
ment for kids to take to school.
PARTS LIST FOR LIGHTNING REACTION TESTER

D1, D2, D3-small LED
IC1-4013 dual flip-flop
S1-SPDT slide switch
S2-SPST momentary contact pushbutton switch

91. Alternator Monitor
E This circuit will monitor the output of the alternator of cuit, connect an adjustable DC power supply to the +
any car with a 12 volt electrical system and indicate if -
and inputs of the circuit. Set the power supply to 13.4
the charging system is either undercharging or overcharg- volts and adjust R3 so that the voltage at pin 5 of IC1A
ing. This is accomplished by using 2 sections of a quad is maximum. Then adjust R4 so that the LED just goes
voltage comparator IC and connecting the outputs in an out. Set the power supply to 15.1 volts and adjust R3 so
"OR" configuration so that the LED will become lit if that the LED just goes out. The LED will now become
section A or section B of the comparator detects an lit if the voltage is outside the permissable range of 13.5
improper voltage level. The circuit is connected into any to 15.0 volts when the engine is running.
circuit which is active when the car is in operation, such
as the ignition or radio circuit. This prevents drain on the
battery when the car is not in use. To calibrate the cir-
+12V
PARTS LIST FOR ALTERNATOR MONITOR

D1-9 VDC zener diode
D2-large LED
IC1-339 quad comparator
Q1 -2N4403
R3, R4 -50,000 -ohm linear -taper potentiometer
92. Code Practice Oscillator 717177

E Boning up for your Amateur code exam? Pushbutton
RI
SI makes a very inexpensive Morse code key. The tone
out of the circuit, at point A, can drive an amplifier or a
pair of high -impedance headphones.
2 13
PARTS LIST FOR CODE PRACTICE OSCILLATOR ICI
3 12
C1-0 1 4 II

5 10
R2 -220 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 6 9
R3 -500,000 -ohm, linear -taper potentiometer 7 8

S1-SPST momentary -contact pushbutton switch
93. Control System M771

E Let's say that you need a programmable control system tected and used to clock one half of a dual flip-flop
that can perform a timed sequence of operations. This (U2). Each tone burst toggles the flip-flop, causing relay
sounds like a job for a high-priced computer, doesn't it? Kl to alternately open and close. These high -frequency
In many instances, however, just a cheap cassette recorder audio signals have no effect on low-pass filter Ulb, but
can do a respectable job-provided, of course, that you frequencies below 500 Hz will produce the same effect
build this 2 -channel controller. in the lower channel as high frequencies in the upper
High -frequency signals (above 5000 Hz) at the control- channel, with the result that K2 alternately opens and
ler's input are amplified by high-pass filter Ula, then de- closes on successive bursts of low frequency audio.

Feed the signal from your recorder's speaker output and serve as convenient indicators of channel activity.
jack to the controller's input. Record a short sequence of Pushbuttons Si and S2 can be used to change the status of
tones-about 300 Hz for the low channel, and 7500 Hz a channel independently of the audio input. Whistles, tun-
for the high channel. Play back the tape-recorded sequence, ing forks and electronic oscillators can all be used as tone
and adjust Rl somewhat past the point where toggling of sources. Whichever you use, strive to keep the level of the
the relays starts. The LED go on and off with the relays recorded signal constant.
TO
LOAD
+5V 1
PARTS LIST FOR CASSETTE -BASED R2
CONTROL SYSTEM 36K '
C1, C2-.002-uF polystyrene capacitor .00C2

C7
R20
C3-.039-uF polystyrene capacitor 2 002 47K
C4-.02-uF polystyrene capacitor
C5, C6-0.47-uF mylar capacitor
H I 3
8 IOOK
324
C7, C8-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor 2
D1 -D7 -1N914 diode RI
R4
56K
1
IC1-LM324 quad op amp integrated
circuit 623
IC2-4013 CMOS dual flip-flop inte- 00 8200

grated circuit
INPUT
K1, K2-6-VDC, 500-ohm relay
LED1, LED2-light-emitting diode 2
Q1 -Q4 -2N3904 NPN transistor
R1 -100 -ohm trimpot (all resistors 10% R7
unless otherwise noted.) 24K 5
R2 -36,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 5% R6
R3 -6,800 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% 5100
R4 -56,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor 5%
Ej
R8 -33,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%
039 T 33K
R9 -240,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5% li
R10, R17 -1,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
LOAD
R11, R18 -220,000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor Al
R14 -3,900-ohm, 1/2-watt resistor
R19, R21 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt R20, R22 -47,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor S1, S2-pushbutton switch, normally
resistor R23, R24 -22,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor open
94. VOM Light Meter

The beauty of this light meter is that it is almost per-
fectly linear over a wide range of light inputs. It provides
you with the basic operation of a camera light meter
and can be made to read directly in f-stops and shutter
speed. Phototransistor Q1 senses the light level and
passes that on to the 741 op amp where the small voltage
is amplified. Meter M is any you currently have around 1+9V
-
the house, or any inexpensive meter you can buy. If you
do not have a meter, see the meter eliminator circuit in
this book. Rl provides a zero adjustment for the meter.
ANY VOLTMETER
PARTS LIST FOR VOM LIGHT METER

IC1-741 op amp
Q1-FPT100 phototransistor R3 -30,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R1 -10,000-ohm, linear -taper potentiometer R4 -100,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
R2 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor R5 -2,000-ohm, 1/: -watt resistor

95. Sequential Timer
Press Si, and relay K1 pulls in for a time interval de- longer timing intervals, simply increase the size of the
termined by the setting of R3. When IC1 times out and timing capacitors (C3, C5 and C7) and/or the timing
K1 opens once again, IC2 gets triggered. This causes K2 to resistors (R2 -R3, R6 -R7, and R9 -R10). One application
pull in for an interval determined by R7's setting. Finally of the circuit that comes to mind is in flash photography.
IC2 will time out and trigger IC3, thereby causing K3 now Let each relay fire a separate, cheap flash unit. With the
to pull in. Once IC3 times out and K3's contacts open, timers adjusted for rapid fire, you'll be able to take
action ceases if S2 is flipped to the right. However, if S2 stroboscope -like pictures that you couldn't take with a
had been flipped to the left, IC1 would have once again single conventional flash unit because re -cycle times (.3-.5
been triggered as IC3 timed out, thus starting the whole second) are too long. With three units, each flash has
cycle over again. ample time to re -cycle while the others are firing. You
With the values shown, each timer can be adjusted for might also try using color film and putting a separate
times from .1 to 1 second. If your application demands colored filter over each flash tube.
PARTS LIST FOR RE -CYCLING

SEQUENTIAL TIMER RI R5 R8
Cl, C4, C6--.001-uF mylar capacitor I00K I00K IOOK
RECYCLE
C2-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor .. 1+9V
C3, C5, C7-10-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic R2 R6 R9
capacitor DI 10K D3 10K D5 10K
D1 -06-1N914 diode 4 8 I 4 8 I 4
IC1, IC2, IC3-555 timer integrated cir-
I uit
K1, K2, K3-6-VDC, 500 -ohm relay CI

R3
ICI
555 3
C4 100K
IC2
555 3-H C6
RIO
100K
IC3
555 ---e
I00K
R1, R5, R8 -100,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt re- 001 7 001 7 I
001 7
sistor (all resistors 10% unless other-
wise noted.) SI -
R2, R6, R9 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re- C3 KI C5 K2 C7
D4
sistor
R3, R7, R10 -100,000 -ohm, linear -taper
potentiometer
C2 R4 ^
10+
3.3M
10 +
I
10 +

S1-pushbutton switch, normally open
S2-SPDT switch
96. Plant Moisture Meter

Talked to your houseplants recently? Well, if they
could talk back, you'd hear plenty of complaints-most +9V -9V.
RI
of them about water. Too much of the wet stuff is just
as bad as too little. To assist you with the watering, try
this little moisture meter. Note that you will need to
construct a probe assembly consisting of two metal spikes
mounted in a wooden or plastic block. For the sake of
uniformity, use the dimensions supplied. The spike can be
nails or pieces of heavy wire (#8) Stick the probe as-
. R6
sembly into the soil surrounding a just -watered plant and
adjust R5 for a deflection around mid -scale on Ml.
Thereafter you can use the meter to tell whether your
plants are too wet or too dry. Note that different plants 0-I mA
are apt to prefer different degrees of wetness. PLASTIC
INSULATOR
PARTS LIST FOR PLANT MOISTURE METER
Cl, C2-0.01-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 35
VDC .-METAL SPIKE
D1, D2 -1N914 diode
IC1-741 op amp
M1-0-1 mA DC meter
R1 -6800 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R4 -10K -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%
R2 -15K-ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R5 -100K trimmer potentiometer
R3 -1000 -ohm 1/2 -watt resistor, 10% R6 -3300 -ohms 1/2 -watt resistor, 10%

97. Milliohms adapter
Few experimenters have the equipment to measure re- rent through whatever resistance lies between probes P1 and
sistances of less than one ohm, and even fewer of them P2. U1 amplifies the voltage generated across the resis-
could care to do so. But the ability to measure resistance tance by the current flowing through it. You read the
in the milliohm range can be very handy. For insance, voltage at U1's output on your VOM and multiply by
motor manufacturers routinely check their coils with milli - the appropriate scale factor-10V/ohm with Si up, 1V/
ohmmeter. Since the net resistance is proportional to the ohm with S1 down-to get the resistance. Before reading,
length of wire on the coil form, measuring the resistance short the probes together, and adjust R4 for zero output.
provides a simple, non-destructive method for checking Use needle-type probes, since they easily pierce surface
the number of turns on a coil. With a milliohmmeter you oxide films (which can introduce significant resistance of
can even check the relative quality of switch contacts and their own). Keep the output voltage below one volt; in
solder joints. other words, the maximum resistance you can measure is
Current source Q1 drives a constant 10-milliamp cur- one ohm.
D2-
I.
D6
PARTS LIST FOR
MILLIOHMS ADAPTER +9V
C1-1.0-uF mylar capacitor R2
CI
C2, C3-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor DI 470
D1-5.6-VDC, 1/2 -watt zener diode 5.6V R7
R3 IOOK
D2 -D6 -1N914 silicon diode 01
50K -M
2N3906
ICI -741 op amp RI R4
1800 62K +9V -9V
P1, P2-test probes
Q1
R1
-2N3906 PNP transistor
-1,800 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor (all re-
9V
10V/S2 7
C2iC3
=.1 =.1
sistors 5%, unless otherwise noted.) R5
100
R2 -470 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor SI
Ve
R3 -50,000 -ohm linear taper
I
potenti- R6
ometer 1000
PI O - VOM
IV F. S.
R6 -1,000-ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor Q + OR LESS
P2
Sl-SPDT toggle switch
98. Telephone Pickup

You can pick up and amplify the voice signals from
your telephone by using this simple IC circuit and a C5
small pickup coil. The circuit has sufficient output to

drive a loudspeaker. One section of a quad op amp is R3
used as a high -gain voltage amplifier. This increases the R2
relatively low output of the pickup coil (a few milli- cl
3 R5
volts) to a sufficient level to drive the loudspeaker. The ,vsn.
RI
14
R4
circuit draws about 60 milliamperes from a 12 volt IC IA ve
+
power source. You can purchase a ready made pickup 7 R6
coil or construct one yourself using about 200 turns of LI
PICKUP
fine enamel wire wound around an iron core. Place the COIL
pickup coil near the telephone receiver for best results.
SPEAKER
PARTS LIST FOR TELEPHONE PICKUP Q1 -2N4401

C1-10-uF electrolytic capacitor, 25 VDC R1 -1,000 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor
C2-.01-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC R2, R4 -1,000,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C3, C4-15-uF electrolytic capacitor, 15 VDC R3 -470,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor
C5-.001-uF ceramic disc capacitor, 15 VDC R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 -10,000,00 -ohm, 1 -watt resistor
IC1-3900 quad amplifier R10 -100 -ohm, /watt resistor
L1-inductance pickup coil (see text) SPKR-8-ohm PM type speaker

99. Smart Porgmh Light
D For convenience and security, you can't beat this smart fooled, he'll think twice about breaking in. After all, there
porch light. Whenever someone rings your door buzzer are likely to be more electronic booby traps and alarms
with Si, on comes the front porch light. One to three waiting for him inside.
minutes later, depending on the setting of R3, it goes off. You can activate the light timer without ringing the
If a burglar rings the doorbell while you're away (trying buzzer by pressing S2. Do this as you leave the house at
to ascertain whether or not the house is empty), the light night, and you'll never stumble over a skateboard.
will fool him. But even if he's smart enough not to be
PARTS LIST FOR SMART PORCH LIGHT

BZ1-6-VAC buzzer R2 R3
C1, C2-220-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic capacitor 220 ADS IM
C3-100-uF 25-VDC electrolytic capacitor
C4, C5-0.1-uF ceramic disc capacitor R4
CI 470K
D1 -1N4003 rectifier diode RI 4 8
D2-15-VDC, 1/2 -watt Zener diode 10K
2 ICI 7 R5
D3 -D5 -1N914 diode 555 6 68
DI
Di
IC1-555 timer integrated circuit I 5 3 o
I1-incandescent porch light D2
K1-6-VDC, 500 -ohm relay C
-. KI C3
00 ^
+
117
VAC
Q1-200-VDC, 6-A triac
R1 -10,000 -ohm, 1/ -watt resistor (all resistors 10% unless
S210 T
D4
I I
TD3,;
U CI
220
otherwise noted.) 1
T'
1
II
R3 -1,000,000 -ohm trim potentiometer R6 -1,000 -ohm,
-watt resistor
1 . ,.
R4 -470,000 -ohm, 1/2-watt resistor Si, S2-pushbutton switch, normally open R6 QI
R5-68-ohn, 1 -watt resistor T1 -6.3 -VAC transformer 1000
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Easy-to -Build
ransistor Projects
ONE OF THE BEST WAYS to begin ponents, could be purchased as a then i,t frees you to come up with
your mastery of electronic cir- single integrated circuit, such as a your own innovations, and to accu-
cuitry construction is to work with GE IC -77, for less than the cost of rately troubleshoot your creations
discrete components before diving the individual components. Not only when you run into the inevitable
headlong into integrated circuit con- that, but it would require only one - bugs or "glitches."
struction. After all, integrated circuits tenth the physical space of the dis- This brings up another point.
are nothing more than these indivi- crete components setup. While some ICs are relatively sensi-
dual components and circuits in a We don't feel that it's of much tive to miswiring and are easily de-
more compact package. The only value to simply "plug in" black stroyed, these discrete components,
problem is that they don't come in boxes without the understanding of as a rule, are not. It's a lot better
see-through packages to help you what actually goes on inside them. to make your mistakes here than on
identify the individual working areas. This then is the purpose of the 25 an integrated circuit project, where
A project such as the "Penny Transistor Projects section. If you ruining an IC due to a reversed diode
Pincher's Utility Amplifier," which can learn what the circuitry of an polarity might set you back two or
requires 6 individual electronic com- integrated circuit is supposed to do, three dollars. So have fun, but learn!
1. Solar Metronome
You'll never miss a beat because of merrily. The six series -connected solar wish to lower the output volume, a
dead batteries with this metronome. As cells provide a supply potential of 3 - small resistor on the order of 10 -ohms
long as there is a little sunlight or lamp- volts for the PUT relaxation oscillator. may be installed in series with the
light to illuminate the silicon solar Potentiometer R1 can be adjusted to speaker.
cells, the circuit will keep ticking away yield the desired pulse rate. Should you
PARTS LIST FOR

SOLAR -POWERED METRONOME
C1-220-uF, 25VDC electrolytic R3

R1 -2,000,000 -ohm linear -taper
capacitor potentiometer
C2-0.39-uF, 25-VDC mylar ca R2 -470,000 -ohm, '/Z -watt re-
pacitor sistor, 5%
PV1 thru PV6-0.5-VDC silicon R3 -1,500,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
solar cells (Radio Shack #276- sistor, 5% R4
120 or equiv.) R4 -2,400,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
Q1 -2N6027 programmable uni - sistor, 5%
junction transistor SPKR-8-ohm PM miniature speaker
2. Hi -Temp Alarm
Has a temperature -control problem coefficient device whose resistance signal. Whenever ambient temperature
got you hot under the collar? Well, this varies between 10K -ohms at 77 F, rises above the alarm setting, the tran-
little temperature alarm/thermostat may and about 1000 -ohms at 200 F. Po- sistors conduct current through the
be just the thing to cool you down. tentiometer R sets the exact tempera-
1 buzzer, which then emits an attention -
Temperature -sensing is done by ther- ture at which the Q1 -Q2 Darlington getting shriek.
mistor RR5, a negative -temperature - pair gets turned on by the thermistor's Note that the thermistor must be

located away from the control circuitry control circuit is not adversely affected zer, you get a thermostat capable of
-as indicated by the dashed line in the by temperature extremes. If a 6 -volt, turning on a fan or turning off a small
schematic-so that the operation of the 500 -ohm relay is substited.for the buz- electric heater.
PARTS LIST FOR

HI -TEMP ALARM
BI 9 VDC
B1 -9 -volt transistor
battery
BZ1-9-VDC buzzer (Radio Shack R4
#273-052)
C1-220-uF, 10-VDC electrolytic
R5
capacitor
D1-1 N752A, 5.6 -volt, 1/2 -watt
zener diode RANGE =800FITO 200F
Q1, Q2 -2N3904 NPN transistor
R1 -2,000 -ohm trimmer potenti-
ometer
R2, R3 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 5%
resistor
R4-820 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 5% re-
sistor
R5-thermistor rated 10,000 -ohms
@ 25C (Fenwal part #RB41L1)
3. The Brain Teaser

Ordinarily, we tell you how the cir- LED1-light emitting diode rated
cuit works, but this time the tables are 20mA @ 1.7-VDC
turned. Your job is to figure how to Q1 thru Q6 -2N3904 NPN tran-
make LEDI light by applying the cor- sistor
rect combination (or combinations) of R1 -330 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, 5%
input signals to points A and B. Sig- R2 thru R7 -22,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt
nals must be either +9-VDC or 0-VDC resistor, 5%
(gnd). Check your answer by bread- S1-SPST toggle switch
boarding the circuit; then, present this
R4
quiz to a friend. (HINT: You must
consider four possible combinations.)
PARTS LIST FOR
THE BRAIN TEASER
BI -9 -volt transistor battery
4. Square Wave Converter

Got a yen to go digital but few PARTS LIST FOR SINE -TO - +5VDC
bucks to spend? Well, if you happen to SQUARE WAVE CONVERTER
have an old audio signal generator at
hand, you can convert its sinewave out- C1 -1.0-u F, 25-VDC non -polarized
put to a squarewave and save yourself mylar capacitor
the expense of a squarewave generator. Q1 -2N3904 NPN transistor
R1 -4,700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor,
_L
The converter consists of an ordinary 10v
saturating transistor switch which, when 5% P -P
driven by a large amplitude (about 10- R2 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor,
VDC peak-to -peak or greater) sine - 5%
wave, yields squarewaves with reason-
ably fast rise and fall times. Be certain TTL flip-flops in particular, may fail majority of ICs will clock readily when
to use as large an input amplitude as to clock on a waveform whose rise and driven by this converter.
possible. Certain edge -triggered ICs, fall times are too long; however, the

5. NPO Capacitor
From time to time, all of us encoun-
C2
ter circuits that require large, non -po- )l'
larized capacitors. Unfortunately, these
are scarcer than the proverbial hen's
teeth. Looking through some catalogs,
DI 2
you'll soon discover that capacitors
larger than 10-4 are usually electro-
lytics, which are polarized devices. PARTS LIST FOR
Electrolytic capacitors cannot be used HOME MADE NPO CAPACITOR
in AC circuits, where the voltage under- Cl, C2-identical electrolytic ca- Note: Be sure to match voltage
goes periodic reversals in polarity. Such pacitors ratings of rectifiers and capaci-
reversals destroy the insulating layer D1, D2-identical silicon rectifiers tors.
between the plates of an electrolytic
capacitor, and the device soon fails.
So what can be done when you need electrolytics back-to-back as we've value needed for proper circuit opera-
a non -polarized capacitor for a hi-fi diagrammed here, then add two cur- tion. Make sure that the capacitors
crossover or a motor -starting circuit, rent -steering diodes. These diodes en- have working voltages equal to about
and all that you can find are electro- sure that each capacitor sees only three times the RMS value of the AC
lytics? One alternative is to get some voltage of the correct polarity. Cl and voltage in the circuit. Also, choose
aluminum foil and roll your own, but C2 should be identical, and each one diodes having a PIV rating greater than
there's an easier way. Just hook two should have a capacitance equal to the or equal to the capacitor's rating.
6. Moose Call
If "Hey, Bullwinkle" is your idea of citor Cl is buffered by Q2 and fed iod, rotate R3 to boost the pitch as the
a moose call, you're in for a surprise. through level control R6 to the output level increases. During decay, let the
The little circuit diagrammed here pro- jack. The signal at J1 has a peak -to - pitch drop. The circuit is also capable
duces deep, resonant grunts and bellows peak amplitude of about 1.5 -volts, of realistic imitations of horns of all
when used in conjunction with a PA which can be fed into the TUNER or kinds; just remember that a horn's at-
or stereo amp. Q1, a programmable AUX inputs of your amp. tack is usually much more abrupt than
unijunction transistor (PUT) func- To use the device, manipulate pitch its decay. Finally, apartment dwellers
tions as a relaxation oscillator. The control R3 and level control R6 in should note that this circuit attracts
sawtooth voltage produced across capa- unison. During the sound's attack per- police as well as moose.
PARTS LIST FOR MOOSE CALL
B1-9 -volt transistor battery

C1-0.39-uF, 25VDC mylar ca-
pacitor
C2-1.0-uF, 25-VDC non -polarized
mylar capacitor
J1-RCA-type phono jack
Q1 -2N6027 programmable uni -
junction transistor
Note: All resistors rated 1/2 -watt,
10% tolerance unless noted
otherwise.
R1 -3,000 -ohms
R2 -1,200 -ohms
JI
R3 -100,000 -ohm linear -taper po- OUTPUT
tentiometer
R4 -33,000 -ohms
R5 -10,000 -ohms
R6 -10,000 -ohm linear -taper po-
tentiometer

7. Combination Lock
Here's an effective little combination Q I's gate terminal, causing the SCR the correct combination so that nobody
lock that you can put together in one to latch in a conductive state. This gets a look at it. The lock will remain
evening's time. To open the lock, sends a current through relay Kl, open and your load will remain on
simply dial in the correct combination which responds by closing its contacts because the SCR is latched on. To lock
on the three rotary or thumbwheel and actuating whatever load is at- things up, it's only necessary to inter-
switches. With the correct combination tached. After opening the lock, twirl rupt the flow of anode current through
entered, curent flows through RI into the dials of SI through S3 away from the SCR by pressing pushbutton S4.
PARTS LIST FOR THREE -DIAL

COMBINATION LOCK
TO LOAD
C1-500-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic
capacitor RI D2
K1-relay with 6 -volt coil rated @
250 -ohms, with SPST contacts TI
Q1 -2N5050 SCR i
R1, R2 -4,700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resis- SI S2 ..S 3

DI 117
VAC
tor, 5% S.
A
Si, S2, S3-single pole, 10 -posi-

tion rotary or thumbwheel
switches
S4-normally closed SPST push-
button switch
T1 -120 -VAC to 6.3 -VAC @ 300mA
power transformer
8. Computer/AC Interface
Here's one of the simplest and best
ways to harness your microcomputer PARTS LIST FOR
for the purpose of appliance control. MICROCOMPUTER/AC cl
Let an output line drive relay K1, a INTERFACE
OI
117 VAC
ANA
small, 5 -volt device designed expressly TTL INPUT iu
C1-0.1-uF, 50-VDC ceramic ca- DI Al/
for TTL. The relay's contacts supply rz R2 FI
gate drive to Triac Q which, in turn,

1 pacitor LOAD
does the hard job of controlling the D1 -1N4002 diode RI
relatively large load current. Besides F1-3AG 10 -amp fuse (fast -acting
controlling the Triac, relay K1 also type only)
isolates the logic circuitry from the AC K1-relay with coil rated 5-VDC @
line. Cl and R2 prevent false turn on 50 -ohms, with SPST contacts Q1-Triac rated 200 -volts @ 10 -
of the Triac with inductive loads, and (use 1/2 of Radio Shack part Amps (Motorola part #MAC11-
F I protects the Triac should the load #275-215). Note: For very high 4, Sylvania part #ECG5624)
short out. Of course, this circuit can speed switching applications, R1 -1,000 -ohm, 1 -watt, 5% re-
be used to interface any type of logic use a reed relay with similar sistor
circuit-not just a microcomputer-to specifications. R2 -10 -ohm, 1 -watt, 5% resistor
the AC line.
9. General Purpose Pulser

Here is a simple pulse generator that lator, Ql. Potentiometer R1 adjusts the from 0.5 ppS (pulses per second) to
can be useful in a variety of applica- repetition rate over a range of one 5000 ppS, which is more than enough
tions, from audio to logic. The heart decade, while range switch S l allws for most purposes. Voltage spikes
of the circuit is the familiar UJT (uni - selection of one of four decade ranges. across resistor R4 are amplified and
junction transistor) relaxation oscil- The total range of adjustment goes "squared up" by transistor Q2. The

output consists of 5 -volt -high pulses the pulses through a 1.0-1LF capacitor). serve circuit operation easily. If you
that may be used to drive TTL, CMOS Range "A" is slow enough to be use- attach a wire lead to the output and
(if a 5 -volt supply is used) or an audio ful when breadboarding logic circuitry, set SI to range "D", you can generate
circuit (in which case, you can couple since slow clocking allows you to ob- harmonics up to several MHz.
PARTS LIST FOR R1 -25,000 -ohm linear -taper po -

GENERAL PURPOSE PULSER +5V Dc
tentiometer
R2 -2,700 -ohms
C1-15-uF, 10-VDC tantalum ca
R3 -470 -ohms
pacitor
C2-1.5-uF, 25-VDC non -polarized R4-47 -ohms
R5 -100 -ohms
mylar capacitor
R6 -1,000 -ohms
C3-0.15-uF, 25-VDC mylar ca-
pacitor Sl-single pole, 4 -position rotary
C4-0.015-uF, 25-VDC mylar ca-
switch
pacitor
RANGE FREQUENCY
Q1 -2N2646 unijunction transistor JUL
Q2 -2N3904 NPN transistor A 0.5 to 5 Hz OUTPUT
Note: All resistors rated 1/2 -watt, B 5to50Hz
C 50 to 500 Hz
5% tolerance unless otherwise D 500 to 5,000 Hz
noted.
10. Zener Diode Tester

if you're at all familiar with the sur- components. The zeners you find may limiter Ql and the diode under test. Ql,
plus market, you know that zener be legibly marked, but unless you hap- regulates the current to a value of
diodes presently abound in surplus-at pen to have a data sheet for those about 10 mA regardless of the zener
tremendous discounts, too. The prob- particular diodes, they will require test- voltage. You can use your VOM or
lem with buying surplus, however, is ing to identify the zener voltages. You voltmeter to monitor the voltage drop
that many diodes are unmarked or in- can do your testing quickly and easily across the zener; values as high as 25 -
correctly marked. Consequently, these with the circuit presented here. volts can be reliably tested in this cir-
must be tested to verify their working TI, D1 and Cl comprise a simple cuit. If you get a very low reading, say
voltages. Another problem crops up half -wave rectifier system. Pressing SI 0.8 -volts, you have the diode in reverse.
when you buy so-called "grab bags" of sends a DC current through current Interchange the zener's connections .
PARTS LIST FOR ZENER

SI
DIODE TESTER DI
BP1, BP2-binding posts

411
D S
DI
C1-500-uF, 50-VDC electrolytic O BPI
capacitor
ZENER TO VOLT
D1 -1N4002 diode 117 VAC UNDER
CI METER
Q1 -2N5363 n -channel JFET TEST I
(junction field effect transistor) O BP2

S1-normally open SPST push- i
button switch
T1 -120 -VAC to 24 -VAC @ 300 -
mA power transformer
11. Penny Pinchers Amplifier

Here's high gain with just a hand- on the transistors to help assure a Add it to an inexpensive record or
ful of parts for a zillion audio appli- strong, clean output. This amplifier tape player for a quick and easy
cations. 01 and 02 are Darlington has many test bench applications, checkout. Or tie a high output crystal
connected to deliver a lot of gain from signal tracing to loudness boost- mike to the input and use it as an
and make this a really hot circuit. ing to checking out new sound ef- electronic stethoscope.
Transformer TI reduces the loading fects.

PARTS LIST FOR PENNY
PINCHER'S UTILITY AMPLIFIER
SI
R2 TI
B1-9VDC battery
Cl, C2-.1-uF capacitor
SPKR Q1-PNP transistor, 2N3904 or
equiv.
b
Q2-PNP transistor, 2N2222 or
equiv.
C2
01
BI R1 - 1-Megohm
audio taper
potentiometer,
02
R2-1.8-Megohm resistor, 1/2 -watt
Sl-SPST switch
SPKR-8-ohm speaker
R3 T1 -500:8 -ohm transformer
J1-RCA phono jack (or any two-
conductor jack)
12. Basic NOR Gate

Integrated logic is certainly a won-
PARTS LIST FOR +5 vDc
derful thing, but we often lose sight
of how logical operations are performed BASIC NOR GATE
when dealing with integrated devices. RI
Cl, C2-optional (see text)
The circuit diagrammed here is a Q1, Q2 -2N3904 NPN transistor OUTPUT
throwback to pre-IC days when all R1 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, CI c2
logic was implemented with discrete
devices (resistors, transistors and diodes
for the most part). This NOR gate is
R2,
5%
R3-10,000- ohm,
sistor, 5%
1/2 -watt re -
R2
Mite
01 02
R3
typical of the circuitry used. Whenever
base drive is applied to either input A
or input B, the output drops to a low
potential. If desired, extra inputs could transistors, but for clock rates of less Is this circuitry just a museum piece?
be added simply by adding more tran- than MHz or so, you can forget about
1 Definitely not. Try it the next time you
sistors and tying their collector ter- the capacitors. Generally, if speed-up need something strange like a 6 -input
minals to Rl. In high-speed applica- capacitors were to he used, their values NOR or when there are no ICs at hand.
tions, capacitors C and C2 could be
1
would have to be determined experi- With the values shown, this NOR gate
added to speed up switching of the mentally with a 'scope. interfaces directly with TTL circuitry.
13. Ohms Adapter

Ever notice how confusing it is to lated current flows out of Q1's collector When measuring resistance, use the
read the OHMS scales on your multi - and through the resistor. By Ohm's following conversion formula:
meter? The numbers are so crowded Law, this current generates a voltage
together at the high end that meaning- across the resistor that's directly pro- RESISTANCE (kilOhms) =
ful readings are almost impossible to portional to its resistance. Any one of VOLTAGE
make. Top -of -the -line meters get five test currents-from 10 -mA to CURRENT (mA)
around the problem by employing a 0.001-mA-can be selected via Sl.
constant -current source, and so can you To calibrate the test currents, hitch For example, a resistor that produces
with this adapter. You'll be able to a multimeter to the adapter's output a 7.56 -volt reading when fed a current
read resistances accurately and unam- terminals; make sure the meter is set of 0.01 -mA must have a resistance of
biguously on the linear voltage scales to measure current. Press S2 and adjust 756-kilOhms (756K). Use smaller cur-
of your meter. the trimmers one at a time to obtain rents with larger resistances, and don't
In the schematic, note that the resis- the five required currents. No resistor exceed a level of 10 -volts during test-
tor under test is tied between BPI and should be connected to BP and BP2 1 ing. If you do, switch SI to the next
BP2. Whenever S2 is pressed, a regu- during calibration. smaller current. Finally, for best ac -

curacy, make sure that the input resist- than that of the resistor under test. under test should be no larger than 1 -
tance of your meter is much greater With a 10-megOhm meter, the resistor megOhm to keep errors under 10%.
BI 82
S3 9 VDC 9 VDC
fHIIII1-+-1IIIIit
PARTS LIST FOR CONSTANT
CURRENT OHMS ADAPTER R2 R3 -4R4 R5 R6
B1, B2-9 -volt transistor battery R7 R8 R9 RIO 2RI

BPI, BP2-binding posts
C1-10-uF, 20-VDC tantalum ca- c
B
pacitor D
D1-1N748A, 3.9 -volt, /-watt SI

E
zener diode S2
Q1 -2N3676 PNP transistor QI BPI
Note: All resistors rated 1/2 -watt, A
RI TO VOLTMETER
5% tolerance unless otherwise RESISTOR 5
UNDER TEST IO VDC MAX
noted.
R1 -2,200 -ohms BP2
R2 -100 -ohm trimmer potentiome-
ter R7 -270 -ohms
R3 -1,000 -ohm trimmer potenti- R8 -2,700 -ohms S3-SPST toggle switch
ometer R9 -27,000 -ohms
R4 -10,000 -ohm trimmer potenti- R10 -270,000 -ohms RANGE CURRENT
ometer R11 -2,700,000 -ohms
A lO mA
R5 -100,000 -ohm trimmer poten- S1-single pole, 5 -position rotary B 1 mA
tiometer switch C 0.1 mA
R6 -1,000,000 -ohm trimmer po- S2-normally open SPST pushbut- D 0.01 mA
tentiometer ton switch E 0.001 mA
14. Equipment Then Alarm

As an electronics hobbyist, you very PARTS LIST FOR
likely own one or more pieces of ex- EQUIPMENT THEFT ALARM
pensive equipment, and these can be
very tempting targets for thieves or B1-6, 9, or 12 -volt battery
vandals. To protect your investment, BZ1-6, 9, or 12 -volt buzzer
why not install the simple alarm pic- D1 -1N4002 diode
tured here in some of your more valu- Q1 -2N5060 SCR
able possessions? Things like Amateur R1, R2 -4,700 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
or CB transceivers, computers, oscil- sistor
loscopes and stereo equipment ate all S1-normally open SPST mercury
excellent candidates. switch
SI
In the schematic, mercury switch SI S2-normally closed pushbutton
is normally open. However, should the switch
equipment in which the alarm has been S3-SPST toggle switch
installed be picked up and tilted, SI
closes and thereby supplies gate cur- flow through buzzer BZ1. The buzzer results, use an electromechanical, rather
rent to the SCR. Q I then latches in a will sound until pushbutton S2 is than piezoelectronic buzzer, since it
conducting state, causing current to pushed to reset the circuit. For best will emit more noise.
15. Code Oscillator

[] Most code -practice oscillators are However, the sound of a CPO is like signal devoid of "kerchunks," you have
keyed by switching the oscillator trans- Chinese water torture to the uninitiated, to shape the rise and decay of the tone.
sistor's supply voltage on and off or by so public opinion usually dictates that Here's a circuit that does just that.
driving the transistor into and out of you practice with headphones. What The basic tone is generated by a
saturation. This has the advantage of you hear then is the "kerchunk" that multivibrator (Q1 & Q2) at a pitch
being simple, and it provides tolerable occurs each time the key is opened or determined by S I; low pitch with SI
results if a speaker is to be driven. closed. If you want a nice, pure tone open, high with SI closed. This tone

is fed through C4 to a clipper (D1,
D2) and FET Q3, which functions as
a signal attenuator. How much of a
signal passes through the FET is deter-
mined by its gate potential, controlled
by current source Q4 together with
capacitor C5, the associated resistors,
and your key. With the key down, the
signal from Q3's drain is available for
recording (JI) and for headphone lis-
tening (J2). R15 controls the volume.
Smaller values of C5 will yield a J2
more abrupt attack and decay, while 8 -OHM
PHONES
larger values can be used to produce
mellower results. If you cannot find a
2N3994 FET for Q3, substitute a
2N5461. The great majority of these
will work fine, but if you still hear a
tone with the key up, try a different
2N5461. PARTS LIST FOR
CODE OSCILLATOR
B1 -9 -volt transistor battery Q1, Q2, Q4 -2N3904 NPN tran- R9 -22,000 -ohms
C1-220-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic sistor R11 -33,000 -ohms
C2, C3-0.22-uF, 25-VDC mylar Q3 -2N3994 or 2N5461 p -chan- R12 -82,000 -ohms
capacitor nel JFET (junction field-effect R13 -51,000 -ohms
C4-2.2-uF, 10-VDC tantalum ca- transistor) R14 -22 -ohms
pacitor Note: All resistors rated 1/2 -watt, R15 -1,000 -ohm audio -taper po-
C5-0.22-uF, 25-VDC mylar ca- 5% tolerance unless otherwise tentiometer
pacitor noted. S1-pPST slide switch
D1, D2, D3, D4 -1N914 diode R1, R6 -1,000 -ohms S2-SPST toggle switch
J1-RCA-type phono jack R2, R3, R4, R5, R8, R10 -56,000 - T1 -1,000 -ohm to 8 -ohm audio
J2-standard 2 -conductor phone ohms transformer
jack R7 -4.700 -ohms
16. MOS-to-TTL Interface

Here is a problem encountered from Q1's source (S) lead goes to the nega- level -shifted output signals have been
time to time by the advanced computer tive supply potential of the MOS inverted: negative-going input pulses
hobbyist: How do you mate the signals circuitry, and its gate (G) gets driven swing positive at the output, and vice
from MOS logic (the foundation of by the MOS input signal. TTL loads versa. The circuit works well at data
many microprocessor and peripheral can be driven directly by the output transmission rates less than 1 or 2
ICs) to TTL logic (the most con- signal available at Q1's drain (D). MHz. To interface faster clock signals
venient and readily available logic form Finally, note that R l is tied to the or very abrupt pulses, use one of the
from which to construct add-on cir- +5-VDC TTL supply and that the commercially available level -shifter ICs.
cuitry)? The problem stems from the fact
+5VDc
that MOS signals swing between ground PARTS LIST FOR MOS-TO-TTL
and some negative voltage (-V in the LOGIC INTERFACE RI
diagram), while signals for TTL should r-
swing from ground to something Q1 -2N3971 n -channel JFET - J TTL I
-
L_i /
01
greater than +2.8-VDC (+3.5-VDC (junction field effect transistor) MOS I
usually). One of the easiest solutions R1 -2,200 -ohm, 1/2 -watt resistor, INPUT
requires just one resistor and one n-
channel field effect transistor. Note that
5% tru- o L
rluf1L +5V
17. Fluid Detector

For those of you anticipating the sent a handy device to warn you of less dramatic, applications should be
melting of the polar ice caps, we pre- the deluge. Many other useful, though obvious as well. Basically, this a circuit

capable of detecting the presence of ing machine and most aqueous solu- shunted away from QI by the fluid's
any ionic fluid, that is, any fluid that tions are all readily detectable. resistance. Consequently, Q l's collector
can conduct an electrical current. Ul- With no fluid between the probes, potential rises, thereby turning on the
tra -pure water will not be detected AC current flows through RI into Q l's Q2 -Q3 Darlington pair. This causes K 1
because so few ions exist that scarcely base, turning the transistor on at a 60 to pull in and turn on a pump or what-
any current can flow. However, the Hz rate. C2 filters the signal at Q l's ever load you attach. Because only a
water that seeps into your cellar, the collector to a low DC potential. Should small AC voltage exists between the
water that overflows from your wash- the probes be immersed, base current is probes, no troublesome plating occurs
PARTS LIST FOR

FLUID DETECTOR
TO
C1-500-uF, 25-VDC electrolytic LOAD
capacitor
C2-0.5-uF, 25-VDC mylar capa-
citor
D1, D2, D3 -1N4002 diode TI
K1-relay with coil rated 6-VDC @ 117VAC
250 to 500 -ohms, with SPST DI
contacts
Pl, P2-stainlesssteel or alumi- PI P2
num probes
Q1, Q2, Q3 -2N3904 NPN tran-
sistor
R1 -300,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 5% R2 -470,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 5% T1 -120 -VAC to 6.3 -VAC @ 300 -
resistor resistor mA power transformer
18. The Light Latch

Looking for a novel way to control BI 9V DC
SI
electrical apparatus or appliances?
Here's a bright idea: Why not use a 1
beam of light? This little light latch TO
can be readily actuated by a flashlight RI
beam and is capable of controlling as
much current as your relay's contacts
will allow (1 to 3 -Amps, typically).
When phototransistor Ql is momen-
tarily illuminated, relay K l is latched
in its closed position and your appliance
is ON. To turn your load OFF, shine
a beam of light briefly on Q2's light-
sensitive face. Feedback between Q3 Q3, Q4, Q5 -2N3904 NPN tran-
and Q4 via R3 and R4 is responsible PARTS LIST FOR LIGHT LATCH
sistor
for the latching action. Be sure to B1-6 or 9 -volt battery R1, R2-10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
mount phototransistors Q and Q2 so
1
D1, D2 -1N914 diode sistor, 5%
that room light does not fall on them. K1-relay with 6 -volt coil rated @ R3, R4 -100,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
Recessing the phototransistors within 500 -ohms, with SPST contacts sistor, 5%
small -diameter pieces of tubing is a Ql, Q2-FPT-100 phototransistor S1-SPST toggle switch
good way to exclude extraneous light.
19. Photoflood Dimmer#1

If you dabble in photography, you tremely difficult to visualize a shot with ness of illumination across the field
know that in addition to natural light, flash because the light appears only at and shadow placement.
there are two other light sources avail- the instant of exposure. High -intensity As the photofloods burn, however,
able: flash or photoflood. Flash units photofloods, on the other hand, are on they generate a great deal of heat,
are very popular because of their speed, continuously; therefore, the photogra- which can he discomforting both to
which allows action to be captured, pher can readily compose a shot, pay- the photographer and the subject. In
and their portability. However, it's ex- ing attention to details such as even- addition, it's wasteful of the photo -

flood lamp's already limited lifetime
(about 8 hours for an EBV No. 2) to
have it on any longer than absolutely
PARTS LIST FOR
PHOTOFLOOD DIMMER
SI
./'. I
DI
necessary. You can use this simple D1 -1N5404 rectifier rated 400 I17VAC II
dimmer to cut down the lamp's inten- PIV @ 3 -amps
sity during composition, thereby reduc- I1-EBV No. 2 500 -watt photo-
ing the heat generated and extending flood lamp with contacts rated 10 -Amps @
the lamp's useful life. With SI in its S1-single pole, 3 -position switch 120 VAC
middle position, power to the lamp is
cut in half because of rectifier Dl. to full power. NOTE: On half -power, ward the red, so he careful not to make
When you're ready to expose, flip S1 the lamp's color balance is shifted to- exposures at half -power with color film.
20. Emergency Flasher

For camping or highway emergen-
cies, here is a solid-state light flasher
that's compact and reliable. Q1, Q2
and the associated resistors and capa-
citors comprise a conventional 2 -tran-
sistor multivibrator. Q2's emitter signal
drives the Q3 -Q4 Darlington pair,
which turns on high -current lamp I1.
The light flashes on for about 0.4 -
second, then darkens for about the
same period of time before turning on
again. Power for the circuit comes from
a standard 6 -volt lantern battery. You
could probably build the entire flasher
circuit inside the housing of your lan-
tern, and actuate it only when neces-
sary. If longer battery life is desired,
and decreased illumination is accept- PARTS LIST" FOR PORTABLE
able, you could substitute a less power- EMERGENCY FLASHER
hungry 6 -volt lamp for Il.
B1 -6 -volt lantern (heavy-duty) I1-#82 lamp rated 6.5-VDC @ R1, R4 -10,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
battery 1-amp sistor, 5%
Cl, C2-1.0-uF, 25-VDC non -po- Q1, Q2, Q3 -2N3904 NPN tran- R2, R3 -390,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt re-
larized mylar capacitor sistor sistor, 5%
D1 -1N4002 diode Q4-2N3724A NPN transistor S1-SPST toggle switch
21. Simple Touch Switch

Looking for a way to add a touch
of class to your digital projects? Try PARTS LIST FOR
this touch switch. Not only does it add SIMPLE TOUCH SWITCH +svDC
a note of distinction to a project, but C1-0.1-uF, 50-VDC ceramic ca-
it's bounce -free as well. Whenever a pacitor TOUCH R4
finger touches the contact plate, stray D1, D2 -1N914 diode PROBE
60 Hz powerline interference is coupled Q1 -2N5953 n -channel JFET OUTPUT
into the circuit due to the antenna ef- (junction field effect transistor)
fect of your body. The 60 Hz pickup 02
is rectified and filtered to provide a Note: All resistors rated 1/2 -wait,
negative bias on Q l's gate, thus caus- 5% tolerance unless otherwise
ing Q1 to turn off and Q2 to turn on. noted. OPTIONAL
As a result, Q2's collector drops to EARTH GND
R1 -100,000 -ohms
ground potential. When the touch plate R2 -22,000,000 -ohms
is released, the potential at Q2's col- R3 -27,000 -ohms TP-copper or aluminum touch
lector terminal once again jumps high. R4 -1,000 -ohms plate
You can use the output to drive either

p.
n'p'n'nV
..V'V'+',uu u
un n n-
u Oun
...
on n.non n.4
no
un On
A survey of this method

and its special tools
THE LAST FEW TEARS, there have components together on a circuit board
fboard
OR
been two major methods of circuit
construction dominating the
has been around for close to twenty
years, but was mainly used only in in-
hobbyist field: etched printed circuit dustrial applications before printed cir-
boards, and solderless breadboards. cuitry came into widespread acceptance,
Both have their respective advantages bringing with it miniaturized compon-
and disadvantages. The printed circuit ents. Many of you will recall the ad-
offers compactness and ease of actual loaded terminals allow the insertion of vertisements -of the Zenith Television
assembly of components onto the component leads without trimming, Corporation in the early 1960's, extol-
board. However, the initial startup cost thereby extending their value in that ling the virtues of their completely
for the hobbyist can be expensive, they remain completely reuseable in hand -wired television receivers. If you
when the cost of materials necessary other circuits at a later time. However, still have one about the house, a quick
for the production of a printed circuit the drawback with solderless bread- gander at the chassis will reveal the
board is added up. Additionally, there boards is that they lack permanency in presence of wire -wrapped connections,
is the time involved in the design of a the sense that components can become running from point to point between
printed circuit, where component shapes dislodged from their terminals due to tube sockets and tie points for such
and sizes often dictate departures from careless handling and through exposure components as capacitors and larger
simply transferring the flow of the sche- to the elements, if not used in a con- resistors. And those sets really did last.
matic onto the board. trolled environmental setting (meaning Through the good offices of the OK
However, the finished product is that you'll require a heavy degree of Machine and Tool Company, and
rugged and, if designed with care, usu- weather -proofing if the circuit is to he Vector Electronics, we've illustrated. a
ally compact in size. used anywhere outside the home). fair cross section of the tools and ac-
To Solder or Not. Solderless bread- The Best of Both. This brings us to cessories necessary and available to the
boards, on the other hand, offer the the relative newcomer in the hobbyist hobbyist for wire -wrap construction.
hobbyist the opportunity to literally construction field, the wire -wrapped Made for You. Perhaps the primary
transfer a schematic on paper to a breadboard. We use the term "relative reason for the emergence of wire
physical working circuit by utilizing newcomer," because in fact wire - wrapping on the hobbyist level has been
point-to-point construction. Spring- wrapping as a method of connecting the increase in complexity of the pro -
An excellent example o9 a "basic" matrix board is this model 3662 A basic wrap tool, such as OK's WSU-30 allows the user to wrap
PlugboardTM from Vector. In addition to the edge-pin terminals, and unwrap connections with ease. The built-in wire stripper is
this model has hole spacing which accomodates that of DIP ICs. seen in the middle of the tool in both photographs above.
99 INTEGRATED CIFCUIT PROJECTS 1982 81

it has become necessary to apply the stopping the wrap on one terminal,
latest technology to keep up with the stretching the unbroken wire to another
WIRE -WRAP demands of the hobbyist builder. There-
in lie the advantages of wire -wrapping.
terminal, and then wrapping again. As
your proficiency increases, you'll find
jects available for the hobbyist to build. What You'll Need. The basics you'll that this process can take less than a
One can literally build her or his own require for wire -wrapping are: the second, and that you'll be producing
microcomputer from scratch these days, wrapping tool, wire (usually the wrap- the kind of tight mechanical connection
and the complexity of the circuitry in- ping tools can accommodate anything that can stand by itself or take solder
volved dictates that the medium upon just as easily. (Everyone who has ever
which the circuit is constructed be flex- read about or been instructed on proper
ible enough to allow rearrangement of solder techniques has heard about the
components and connections as modifi- necessity for a "good mechanical con-
cations (and yes, sometimes mistakes) nection" underlying the solder joint.
are made, yet it must be rigid enough There is no better example of that con-
to allow the circuit to be put to practi- nection than a wire -wrapped junction.)
cal use. Let's face it-the days of the The base for your wire -wrapped cir-
electronics project as a conversation cuitry can be as simple as a regular,
piece are almost gone. Today's hobbyist perforated phenolic board, or some-
builds for more pragmatic reasons, and thing as esoteric as an epoxy/glass
copper -clad board. The simpler perfor-
ated boards require that you merely
insert wire -wrap terminals at the points
where component leads meet on the
board, and then simply wire up the
junctions. Some of the more expensive
boards available (and there are none in
the hobbyist category that would be
considered prohibitively expensive even
for the most budget-minded builder)
A good starter kit is OK's WK -4B, which

contains all you'll need to begin to execute
your projects in wire-wrapped formats.
Make sure the terminals you buy are the
correct diameteu for your boards' holes.
from #22 to #30 gauge insulated

wire), a perforated matrix board, and
the terminal posts upon which to wrap Vector offers push -in flea clips which are
both component leads and interconnect- extremely suitable for pre -wrap circuit test-
ing leads (meaning jumpers). ing. They can be crimped and soldered for
A basic wrapping tool, such as OK's permanent use as well. Circle number 79 on
the reader service coupon for more info.
WSU-30, allows the user to strip insu-
If you're willing to spend a few more dol-
lation from the wire, wrap connections
lars for convenience, OK's "Just Wrap" tool
has a built-in wire dispenser, allowing for with one end, and unwrap connections have staggered hole spacing which can
one -handed operation. Circle number 40 on (just as quickly) with the other end. As accommodate the DIP (dual in -line
the reader service coupon for more info. you can see from the photos, connec- package) pin spacing required for inte-
tions between terminals are made by grated circuits (or IC sockets) at cer-
tain areas on the boards.
Some Nice Touches. Additionally,
there are many specialized board de-
A further improvement signs available for computer -type cir-
upon the basic ter-
cuitry, with special end terminal acces-
minal is the "Klip-
wrap"TM type, which sories for .mating with standard ribbon
can accommodate up connectors and/or PC card 44 -pin edge
to three component connectors. For breadboarding periph-
leads on top of the eral circuitry for home computers, wire-
board, the wrapped wrap construction offers the unique ,ad-
wire connection un- vantage of having all junctions exposed
derneath the board. and accessible for signal tracing and
These are used on the logic testing with probes. Any of you
large, unetched perfo- who have ever attempted to force a
rated matrix boards.

probe tip into a standard solderless
breadboard hole in order to trace a
pulse will no doubt appreciate this.
The more complex copper -clad
boards which we referred to earlier
also allow the builder to create "hybrid"
circuit boards, utilizing the copper
traces for standard printed circuit as,
sembly of some components, while still
being able to insert terminals through
This PlugboardlM (model 3682-4) has etched

copper bus strips for soldering as well as
If you decide to go into wire -wrapping in holes for wire -wrap terminals. This allows
a big way, a battery -operated wrapping tool you to build rugged, yet flexible circuitry
can be a real time and work -saver. Inter- for virtually any electronic application.
changeable bits accommodate all wire sizes
The high -voltage circuit board of this mid - commonly used for wire -wrap construction.
1960's TV shows the use of wire -wrapped
terminals combined with printed circuits.
This type of hybrid can be built using the
type of matrix boards seen on this page.
the same holes or busses for the flexi-

bility of rapid changeover of certain
other components. This allows for much
experimentation with differing compon-
ent values without having to rip up an
entire board, (something of a -nuisance
if the circuit is a functional, in -use
item already installed in a cabinet or
another piece equipment) while still
maintaining the physical integrity of the
circuit's other connections.
Where to Get Them. If the possibili-
Buying your wire in a dispenser will keep For safe and sure removal of delicate CMOS
ties we've presented here appeal to you, it handy and always ready for use. Some (as well as other types) ICs, an insertion
then by all means do some further in- dispensers have built-in cut/strip mechan- tool is recommended. OK's MOS-40 has a
vestigating on your own, either at your isms, which make them all the more useful. lug for grounding the tool, this prevents
local electronics supplier, or by con- Most types of dispensers are refillable. damage caused by static electrical charges.
tacting the manufacturers directly. OK
Machine and Tool Company, one of the
largest hobby supplier of wire -wrap-
ping tools and accessories, has a free ,:
catalog available, which can be had by
writing them at: 3455 Conner St., :rK'4sN.I:;:1:ki:s. n:
Brooklyn, NY 10475, or by circling . :.

number 40 on the reader service cou- Vector's "Any DIP"TM
pon. A listing of one of the widest as- Plugboard is designed
Pa.,,.
sortments of matrix boards available to specifically for S-100 etti . .
the hobbyist can be obtained by writing microcomputer acces-
rentinintirla
A,
dd
to: Vector Electronics Company, 12460 sory circuitry. It comes ioC88o80o0e .
Gladstone Avenue, Sylmar, CA 91342, complete with a built - ..An

on heatsink for power
or by circling number 79 on the reader
service card. supply voltage regu- 1 `1111rfif f f ( i I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
lator chips.

CIRCUIT
BOARD
ETCHING
A step-by-step guide to
making project boards
WHILE', PFRFORAII I) PROJI"CT BOARDS,

or perf boards, are relatively cheap
and easily obtained, a circuit hoard
etched for its particular usage will pro-
vide neater, more professional results.
Projects with the circuitry foundation
of an etched board will be less prone
to vibration damages as well as have
greater impact resistance --in all, an
etched board provides sturdier construc-
tion and greater safeguards.
In addition to the quality of con-
struction. in contrast to perf boards.
etching lessens the chances of undesir-
able oscillations caused by crossed or
jumpered output signal wires producing
feedback in sensitive component ele-
ments. Also, electrical noise interference
caused by spurious radiations in the cir-
ctija environment are more easily sup-
pressed as a result of the close prox-
imity of ground and voltage supply
leads. Decoupling capacitors can easily
span supply and ground distribution
lines with correct board layout.
Only the etching process will be dis-
cussed in this article. The actual circuit ments with a fine-toothed saw suc pans to etch in, because the etchant will
board layout should be considered care- a hacksaw. act on the pan metal. Instead. use a
fully and fully in advance. 2. Etchant Solution. There is a variety glass or plastic pan close to board size
Materials. The materials required for of etchant solutions currently on the to conserve the etchant solution. An
hoard etching can he found in nearby market, both in crystal form and al- inexpensive set of plastic photographic
electronic retail stores, and the sup- ready mixed. An inexpensive. pre -mixed developing trays would be a good in-
plies, once purchased, should last solution of ferric chloride is good for vestment for etching projects. Photo-
through a number of etchings. A list a starter: it conveniently provides a graphic trays are available in a variety
of the materials needed includes: uniform end product. Although the of sizes.
1. Copper Clad Board. solution used during an etching (sev- 5. Heat Source. A thermostatically
2. Etchant Solution. eral boards may he etched at once) controlled heat lamp would be the
3. Resist Pen. cannot be reused. the bottles of solu- ideal heat source to be used during the
4. Shallow Pan. tion commercially available contain etching process. However, an ordinary
5. Heat Source. enough fluid for a number of board 60 -watt light bulb suspended near the
6. Template. projects. solution pan will accomplish the same
7. Drill Bits. 3. Resist Pen. Most electronic retail thing for less expense. A droplight with
1. Copper -Clad Board. For good outlets have on stock pens specially de- a 60 -watt bulb works well. Use a plas-
results on initial etchings. use boards signed for circuit hoard etching. How- tic photographic darkroom thermometer
with copper coating on one side only. ever. most discount or five-and-dime for temperature checking. In fact, with
A little experience is best before at- stores sell the Sanfords Sharpie pen, or warm (60F or above) air temperature,
tempting double -sided boards. As for one like it, guaranteed to write on simply placing the plastic tray in warm
board dimensions, any convenient thick- metal, plastic, etc. for one -quarter to water will provide the needed heat dur-
ness or size will do depending upon the one -halt the price of the special resist ing the etching process.
individual project. Copper -clad boards pens. Both types give good service. 6. Template. A template, or exact
can easily be cut to fit exact measure- 4. Shallow Pan. Do not use metal board layout, can be hand drawn. Often

'..
Some practice is
ed to etch involved
circuit boards like
need-
this one, but even a

hoard of this complex-
ity is within reach of
4 9,1 s .--o
-
hobbyist who is will-
4#-
ing to learn etching.
the resist pen. store the pen with its tip but the results are not as certain.
down for several hours prior to use. Finishing The Board. After the etch-
Whet-, drawing on the copper, use long ing process has been completed, pour
smooth lines and stop marking only at off the solution and rinse the board
connecting points, otherwise there will well under running water. Do not pour
be fine lines in the resist ink that will the used solution back into the solution
cause hairline cracks in the finished bottle with unused etchant-this con-
product. Do not hack -up while mark- taminates the entire contents of the
ing or retrace lines for best results. bottle. To remove the resist ink, gently
Wide lines can be drawn by using the rub with a steel wool pad. Rinse, then
This photo shows all of the vital items side of the pen point. Two lines drawn dry the etched hoard.
needed to etch custom-made circuit boards. side 'ay side can produce a wide area. Drill holes for connection wires with
but generally the end product is better a 1/16 -inch drill hit. For transistor or
using one mark. When mistakes occur. other component leads, use a bit size
t isprovided in electronic project plans. erase with a pencil eraser. Store the of l /32 -inch. To use these tiny bits in
7. Drill Bits. For board projects, get resist pen point down to prevent the an ordinary hand drill, wrap the hit
drill bits size 1/16 -inch and 1/32 -inch. point from drying between usages. shank with masking tape before insert-
Bits in these sizes can be found in most Etching. The etchant itself is an acid ing it into the drill.
hardware or hobby stores. and therefore handle the solution with During etching, hairline cracks may
Marking The Board. A board layout, care. Take the same precautions neces- form in critical paths on the hoard.
or template, provided with an electronic sary when handling any acid. Do not Repair these cracks with solder before
Project may already be drawn in re- store the fluid where it is accessible to attaching components to the board.
verse. This is necessary, since circuit children. 1f during the etching process The etched circuit board is now
designs are drawn from the compo- the solution splashes into the eyes, flush ready for whatever project you have
nent side of the board, leaving the cop- the affected area with water immedi- in mind.
per clad rear of the board an exact re- ately and see a physician. Avoid body
verse. contact with the fluid and wash well if
If the design to be etched onto the the etchant touches skin.
circuit board is an original hand drawn Poor only enough etchant needed to
llayout, though, a reversed drawing can cover the resist marked board to a
be easily accomplished by placing a depth of 1/2 -inch or slightly greater into
carbon ink side up beneath the draw- the shallow tray. Use the etchant solu-
ing and retracing the lines of the lay- tion in a well ventilated room, and
out topside. When the carbon is re- avoid breathing the fumes. Place the
moved. an exact reverse remains on the hcatlamp or light bulb near the solution
back of the original drawing. This car- to raise the fluid temperature to ap-
bon reverse is the template for etching. proximately 100F-the exact degree of
Before transferring the template draw- temperature is not critical. Carefully
ing to the copper clad board, lightly slide the board into the etchant, copper .s.,
rub the copper with a steel wool pad, side up. Gently agitate the solution
then rinse and dry. Cleaning the board every few minutes. By using the proper qe
in this way permits the resist ink to temperature of near 100F, the etching
adhere better. should be completed within 15 minutes
Taking the template, punch small or sc. Keep a close eye on the board
nodes in the paper at each connection and remove immediately upon comple-
Point. Place the template over the cop- tion of the etching. Tilt the pan care-
ier and use the resist pen to mark each fully to one side to determine if all
connection point through the holes. unwanted copper is gone.
Remove the template. If the circuit is The etching process can be under-
simple, draw the rest of the template taken with success using no heat source
drawing onto the board. If lines are if the etchant solution temperature is
complicated, use a ruler as straightedge. above 60F. The process takes approxi- The final step is drilling holes to mount
To get the most accurate results using mately one hour with no applied heat, components. Use a 1/16- or 1/32 -inch bit.

HIGHAMP METERS Keep up with current events by expanding your meter's amp -ability
ITH THE RISING COST Of test equip-

ment it is advantageous to be able
Meter Resistance Determination
to perform several operations with one
meter. For instance a DC milliammeter
can be converted to read higher values
of current by adding a shunt to bypass R meter = ?
the bulk of the current around the deli-
cate meter. By following a few simple R3
steps a milliammeter can be converted R2 0-10000
to read 10 to 20 amps or more. The 0-10000
first step is to determine the internal re-
sistance of the meter. From this you S2
can calculate the shunt resistance need-
ed and the type of material to be used.
To find the internal resistance of the
meter, construct the test circuit illus-
--
-
POWER
SUPPLY
RI
4.7K
trated here. The 4700 ohm resistor is
used to limit current and serves no oth-
er purpose. Start with the power sup-
i SI f
ply set to zero volts, leaving S2 open
and SI closed. Slowly increase the cur- To determine the internal resistance of a meter construct a circuit like the one illustrated
rent flow by varying R3 until the meter above. If you don't have the parts in your junk box then check an electronics surplus outlet.
needle moves to full-scale deflection.
A shunt resistor bypasses the bulk of the current around the meter while allowing a
Without touching the setting of R3,
regulated amount to pass through the meter's coil and give an accurate reading. A shunt
close S2 and adjust R2 until the meter can be a resistor or a measured length of wire. Make sure it will handle the current.
reads half of full scale. According to
Ohm's Law the resistance of the meter
and of R2 are now equal. Open switch Shunt Hookup
S2 and measure the resistance across
R2. This value will be equal to the
internal resistance of the meter.
Shunt. Precise shunt resistance is im- METER COIL
portant for accurate current readings RESISTANCE R meter =100 OHMS
and must be chosen carefully. With the .01 AMPS
shunt connected across the meter, most
of the current is diverted past the me- 10 AMPS
ter. This is the theory behind a small
meter being able to read high currents.
The shunt can be a wire, steel or cop-
per bar, or almost any material that
will offer the proper resistance. To de- O R shunt =0.10 OHMS
9.99 AMPS
termine the needed shunt resistance we SOURCE LOAD
will consider an example. If we want a
O EXTERNAL SHUNT
0 to 10 milliammeter to be able to
read full-scale for a current of 10 amps.
Therefore 10 mA will flow through the
meter when 9.990 Amps are diverted
through the shunt. If the meter resist-
ance was 100 ohms, using Ohm's Law solving Ohm's Law for resistance the In this case the milliammeter would
the voltage across this parallel circuit proper shunt can be found. This deri- be capable of giving a readout directly
is found by using the following equa- vation is shown below: in amperes.
tion:
E = (Current) X (Resistance)
Resistance -
Voltage
Current
By following these few simple steps
you will greatly expand the versatility
= (0.01 amps) X (100 ohms) 1 Volt of your test equipment. It will increase
= volt
1 9.990 Amps your ability to handle a greater variety
Using the calculated voltage and =.1001 Ohms of test and trouble shooting situations.
A Bask Guide to Using
rune -up Instruments
Do Your Own Electronic Tune-ups, and Save On Gas and Repairs
WHENHEN ONE HEARS THE WORDS "engine which are being used by both profes- more elaborate instruments also include
tune-up," they usually bring to mind sional and amateur car mechanics alike. additional functions, such as voltage
an automotive service which can result If possible, you should refer to the measurements, resistance measure-
in a bill approaching $100.00 or more. automobile manufacturer's specifica- ments, and current measurements. For
As a result, many of us are content to tions and tune-up procedures as a sup- a small additional cost, some instrument
forget about this facet of automobile plement to the information provided by manufacturers have included an alter-
maintenance until we are forced to do this article. At the very least, refer to nator test function which determines the
something because the engine runs very the tune-up information which is con- condition of the alternator diodes by
poorly or not at all. The irony of this tained on a decal and prominently dis- measuring the level of AC ripple volt-
situation is that while the engine is in played in the engine compartment of age appearing on the alternator output
such bad condition, it's costing you your car. This will give the proper terminal.
money in excessive gasoline consump- specifications for ignition timing, spark The tachometer section of the dwell
tion. Automobile tune-ups are not com- plug gap, and idle speed adjustments. tach measures engine RPM by respond-
plicated, and the investment in parts is Tachometer. The basic automobile ing to the pulses which appear at the
so small that there really is no reason tune-up instrument is a combination distributor side of the ignition coil (neg-
why anyone, especially anyone who has tachometer and dwell meter, which is ative terminal). This is the point where
a serious interest in electronics, should commonly referred to as a "dwell/ the sensing lead of the instrument is
drive a car that is badly in need of a tach." This instrument is capable of connected. Referring to Fig. 1, a typi-
tune-up. The purpose of this article is measuring engine RPM, and in those cal schematic diagram of a conventional
to discuss the elements which comprise cars which are not equipped with fac- (non -electronic) automotive ignition
an engine tune-up, and to discuss some tory installed electronic ignition, point system, note that each time the points
of the various electronic instruments dwell. (More about dwell later). The open, the collapsing magnetic field of
HIGH DWELL
VOLTAGE DWELL-TACH
CONNECTED HERE
IS F._ ANGLE
BALLAST IGNITION
RESISTOR COIL
12V
BAR
BATTERY
I
+
CONDENSER
POINTS
OPEN
N NPOINTS
CLOSE
POINTS
OPEN
DISTRIBUTOR
CAM
Fig. 2. This is a waveform representation of what occurs as
POINTS
points open and close. Dwell measurement is by averaging.
Fig. 1. A simplified schematic of an automotive ignition system

using mechanical points (not electronic or "breakerless.")
V+
IIR4_
ie:
.
R2
4 8
2 3
R5
RI ICI 7
RPM
QI 555 CAL
INPUT
CI C3
5 6
C4 C5
o
Fig. 3. This is a schematic of a simplified tachometer. It oper- Fig. 4. This simplified dwell meter operates by reading voltage
ates by counting pulses which appear at distributor side of coil. which is inversely proportional to that seen across the points.

the coil produces 20,000 -volts or more measurement of the number of degrees 60 and 90 degrees respectively. Proper
at the secondary of the coil, and 100 - that the ignition points in non -electronic point dwell angle for these engines is
volts or more at the primary. Fig. 2 systems remain closed during the rota- usually slightly more than half the
illustrates the waveform appearing at tion of the rotor in the distributor. This maximum. Typical dwell angles for 8,
the primary of the ignition coil, which measurement is directly related to the 6 and 4 cylinder engines would be 28,
is the voltage across the points. Since point gap, and is a more accurate meth - 36 and 56 degrees respectively.
engine RPM is directly related to the or of properly tuning an engine. This The dwell meter measures dwell
number of pulses -per -second at the igni- measurement is made at the same test angle by producing a meter reading
tion coil, it can be seen that a simple point in the system as used for the which is inversely proportional to the
frequency -to -voltage converter circuit tachometer connection. Factory in- average voltage across the points. One
can be used to measure engine RPM. stalled electronic ignition systems have such circuit that does this is shown in
Fig. 3 is a typical schematic diagram no points, and therefore no need for Fig. 4. The voltage appearing at the
of a tachometer circuit. Each time a dwell measurement. points is fed to the base of Q1, so that
pulse appears at the input to the circuit, The number of degrees of point dwell it is cut off when the points are closed,
Q1 conducts current and feeds a nega- depends on the number of cylinders in and saturated when the points are open.
tive pulse to the trigger input of a one the engine. One full rotation of the The collector of Q1 controls the base
shot multivibrator, U I. The pulse dura- distributor rotor is 360 degrees, and of Q2 which is connected as a constant
tion of UI, about 4000 microseconds, this is divided up in equal amounts for current generator. Meter current is ad-
is fixed. A resistor capacitor network, each cylinder. Thus, an eight cylinder justed to full scale value (45, 60 or 90
R5/C5, acts as a low pass filter to engine can have a maximum point dwell degrees) by R4 when the sensing lead
smooth the voltage pulses fed to the of 45 degrees. 6 and 4 cylinder engines at the base of Q 1 is shorted to ground,
meter. The meter responds to the aver- have maximum point dwell angles of simulating closed points. As the points
age of the voltage generated by U1,
and is calibrated in RPM. Since the
number of pulses -per-minute generated
CRI
by 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines is not XENON
the same, the meter circuit must incor- Fig. 5. Atiming light CI FLASH
DC-to -DC TUBE
porate a scale factor which automati- uses a
cally provides the correct RPM reading. converter to obtain

This is the cylinder select switch which the necessary high
voltage used to trig-
appears on tach's front panel. ger the flash tube.
C2
Electronic ignition systems provide a Stroboscopic action TO SPARK
special test point which produces pulses freezes flywheel mo- PLUG
for use with standard automotive tach- tion to observe cam- 12V CR2
ometers. Refer to the service manual shaft/valve timing.
for your car, or ask your dealer for the
location of the tachometer connection. R3
Dwell Meter. Point dwell is a

Tune-Up This is a typical igni-
tion tune-up kit for a
4-cylinder car. From
left to right: distribu-
open and close at a rapid rate when the tor cap, rotor, spark
engine is in operation, the meter read- plugs, points, and
ing becomes the average of the two con- condenser.
ditions and is the actual dwell angle
f the points.
Timing Light. One final electronic in-
strument which is required for engine
tune-up is the timing light. Quality tim-
ing lights are referred to as "power"
timing lights, which means that the en-
ergy which fires the xenon flash .tube
is derived from a built-in power supply.
Most units in use today use the car's
12 -volt battery as`the source of power.
Refer to Fig. 5 which is a typical tim-
ing light schematic diagram. A DC to
DC converter circuit charges two ca-
pacitors in a voltage doubler circuit to
the high voltage (250 to 450-volts)
necessary to fire the flash tube. The The input lead to the Dwell/Tachometer is
Almost all pre -1975 Delco (GM) distribu,
spark voltage generated by the car's tors have a window through which point connected to the distributor side of the
ignition system provides the triggqr gap (dwell) can be adjusted while engine coil. You can find this terminal by tracing
which causes the flash tube to conduct, is running. This saves the time needed to back the wire from the condenser to the
producing a burst of light perhaps remove cap and rotor to reset gap. coil. Clip on the lead at the coil terminal.
1/1000 second in duration. The car
manufacturer has provided a timing replaced as necessary. The last item on to the distributor side of the ignition
mark on the flywheel of the engine, and this list are the carburetor and choke coil and chassis, observing correct po-
a timing scale next to the flywheel. linkages, which should be cleaned with larity. On negative ground automobile
When spark plug number one fires, the a carburetor spray product made for electrical systems (as in all American
stroboscopic action of the timing light the purpose. Once these procedures made cars), the positive lead of the
enables the mechanic to visually deter- have been completed, you are ready to meter is connected to the ignition coil.
mine if the flywheel is in the proper perform the instrument checkout. Follow the meter manufacturer's in-
position. This shows engine timing. The electrical checkout of the engine structions for dwell measurement, and
The best timing lights on the market is made with the engine running and refer to the decal in the car engine
provide inductive coupling to the spark warm. On those cars which use ignition compartment for the permissible range
plug wire so that it is not necessary to points, it will be necessary to set the of dwell. If your measurement falls
insert an adapter in series with the dis- point gap to the proper spacing so that out of this range, the point gap will
tributor wire and number one spark the engine can be started. The only have to be decreased (for readings too
plug. Spark plug wires must never be exception to this is on General Motors low) or increased (for readings too
pierced to make a timing check. To cars which use external adjustment high). On most General Motors cars,
do so will render the wire defective. Delco Remy distributors. Replacement this is a simple adjustment which can
The Engine Tune -Up. In addition to points in these distributors usually are be made with an Allen wrench while
making the electrical measurements de- preset to such a gap that will permit the engine is running. On other cars
scribed above when tuning up an en- the engine to be started without any you will have to stop the engine, re-
gine, there are certain mechanical pro- prior adjustment. move the distributor cap, and reset the
cedures which must be performed to do A word of caution before making point gap making it greater or smaller
a complete job. These procedures should the instrument checkout of the engine: as necessary. Recheck dwell angle with
be performed before making any elec- At no time should you permit your the instrument after readjustment of the
trical measurements or adjustments on hands to come in contact with the point gap.
the engine. It is not the purpose of this metal portion of the test instrument's Timing. After the proper dwell angle
article to deal in depth with the clip lead as you are connecting or re- has been attained, the ignition timing
mechanical procedures, and they will moving it from the engine, if the engine can be checked and set if necessary.
simply be mentioned briefly. is running. The test point may have Ignition timing should always be
A complete_ and proper engine tune- sufficient high voltage to cause electrical checked after changing ignition points
up will include replacing spark plugs,. shock. This may result in personal in- or point gap since any change in dwell
ignition points, and condenser (if so jury as you jerk your hand away. If in angle will cause a corresponding change
equipped). In addition to these items, doubt, make your connections with the in timing. Improper timing will affect
the distributor cap, rotor, fuel filter, engine shut off. gas mileage, engine power, and exhaust
and PCV valve should be either re- Dwell Angle. The first measurement emissions levels.
placed or examined to make certain and adjustment to be made is dwell Before starting the engine, you can
that they are still in serviceable condi- angle, which is necessary on all cars facilitate the timing measurement by
tion. The air filter and crankcase venti- that have conventional (non-electronic) cleaning the engine flywheel and locat-
lation filter should also be cleaned or ignition systems. Attach the meter leads ing the timing mark, which is usually a

narrow groove impressed in the fly- manufacturer's instructions so that the should have an automobile that per-
wheel. If possible, apply a small quan- meter reads engine RPM. Follow the forms as well as it was designed. Keep
tity of white paint or chalk to this information provided on the tune-up a record of the date and speedometer
groove to make it more visible. You decal as to whether the transmission mileage, so that you will be ready to
must also locate the vacuum advance should be in neutral or drive, and if perform the next tune-up when due.
mechanism which is located at the bot- the air conditioning or lights should be
tom of the distributor housing, and returned on. (Be sure to set the parking
move the vacuum advance hose which brake securely before placing the trans-
is connected to the mechanism. Plug the mission in Drive!)
open end of the hose with a pencil. This Adjust the idle mixture screw or
procedure is necessary if the timing of screws for maximum engine RPM. Do
an engine is to be made with the auto- this very carefully since only a small
matic vacuum advance disabled. Check adjustment is usually necessary. Now
to see whether or not your car requires adjust the engine idle speed adjustment
this procedure. to the engine RPM as specified on the
tune-up decal. Very carefully turn the
Connect the timing light to the num- idle mixture screws clockwise to attain
ber one spark plug according to the a 20 RPM drop in engine idle speed.
directions provided by the timing light Reset the idle speed adjustment for the
manufacturer. Connect the timing light recommended engine RPM.
power leads to the car battery, observ- The method just described is known
ing correct polarity. Check to make as the "lean roll" method of setting the
sure that no wires will be caught by the idle mixture. With this method, the ve-
fan or other moving parts. Start the en- hicle exhaust emissions should be with-
gine and measure the timing. Refer to in specifications, and it avoids the
the tune-up decal in the engine com- With cap and rotor removed on this Delco
necessity to use an exhaust gas analyzer distributor, the point gap adjusting screw
partment, which should have an illus- for adjustment of the idle mixture. can be seen. Litt the window in the dis-
tration of the timing scale for your par- If you have performed the various tributor cap and you can turn this screw
ticular engine. If the timing is out of engine adjustments as specified, you to perform point gap (dwell) adjustment.
spec, adjustment is made by loosening a
clamp at the bottom of the distributor
housing and rotating the unit to the
correct spot. Tighten the clamp, and re-
check the timing to make sure it did not Release the distribu-
change. Stop the engine and replace the tor clamp bolt at the
vacuum hose if it was removed earlier. base of the distribu-
Carburetor Adjustments. All carbu- tor to adjust timing.
retors have some form of adjustment Some engines need to
have their timing ad-
which controls engine idle speed. Single
justed with the vac-
barrel carburetors have one adjustment uum advance (round
for idle fuel mixture, and two and four object mounted on
barrel carburetors have two fuel mix- the side of the dis-
ture adjustment screws. These adjust- tributor) connected,
ments are performed with the aid of the and some need it dis-
tachometer, since engine RPM will vary connected. Check in
as these adjustments are made. Since your owner's manual
the order in which these adjustments or with your dealer.
are performed is important, the best
practice would be to follow the vehicle
manufacturer's sequence. Some tune-up
decals in late model cars contain the
proper adjustment sequence. The fol-
lowing procedure should prove satis- Use of the timing
factory for most cars. Note: Some cars light allows you to
equipped with extensive emission con- freeze the action of
trol equipment have plastic caps cov- the flywheel and read
ering the idle mixture screws, which the timing adjustment.
limit the adjustment range of these A decal under the
screws. Under no circumstances should hood will list number
of degrees (either in
these caps be removed to set the mix- BTDC or ATDC) to
ture screws beyond the normal adjust- which pointer on the
ment range. To do so may upset the flywheel must point to
engine exhaust emissions and/or affect on scale next to the
driveability of the car. flywheel. Timing is
Allow the engine to reach normal op- adjusted by rotating
erating temperature before adjusting the the distributor body.
carburetor. Connect the tachometer to
the ignition system according to the

LED
WEATHER
Which Way
Lets You
PANE
Know With to Bend the Breeze
BY T. J. BYERS
WNETHER YOU ARE A PILOT, farm- are plenty of books available on that
er, sailor, kite flyer or just plain fascinating subject. Or, you can ask
curious about tomorrow's weath- an old-time sailor or farmer to tell
The LED weather so you can go to the beach, this you some of the tricks of weather
er vane should low-cost electronic weather vane will watching.
be mounted tell you which way the wind blows. Wind Direction. Essentially, meas-
high above a All you need are two readily available uring the direction of the wind is a
roof and clear of IC chips, some variable resistors, simple and ancient process. Although
any obstructions LEDs, and a handful of junk -box there are a couple of methods (the
that might dis- parts to put it together. airsock, so familiar at small airports,
tort the flow of By learning how the weather and the vane), only the vane is suited
the wind.
changes with the shifting winds you for our needs.
can learn to predict what is going to A vane is fabricated from a flat
happen over your head over the next sheet of material. A pivot point is
few hours, rather than trusting that selected. The material is cut (or fash-
last night's six-o'clock forecast was ioned, as in the case of the weather-
accurate. We don't have the space to cock rooster) so that one surface
teach you meteorolgy here, but there about the pivot has considerably more

LED Weather Vane/Tells you which way the wind blows
area than the other. with this device when the input volt- the decoder) goes high.
The vane is placed into the wind. age exceeds full scale. The last LED In this situation, the only lamp to
Now as the air strikes the surfaces, a will remain constantly lit. We are cas- light is the last one LED16. What was
force is developed. A greater force is cading the two units to increase the a problem for the first series of indi-
exerted on the larger area. This im- number of indicators and unless ad- cators becomes a solution for the
balance of forces causes the vane to ditional circuitry is incorporated, this upper set. The remaining LEDs are
twist, seeking an equilibrium; this oc- situation would prove intolerable. accordingly distributed.
curs when the vane is pointing into Two indicators at the same time would The circuit also has two adjustments
the oncoming wind. When people talk be confusing. Eliminating this pin cir- to it. R6 controls the input voltage of
about wind direction they always refer cumvents the problem. U2 so LED9 can take Over after LED
to the direction the wind is coming In the case of U2, we want the last 8 has extinguished. R5 is necessary to
from. In other words a northwest wind LED to light. To understand the rea- overcome the initial voltage required
is blowing out of the northwest to- soning behind this we must look at the to begin the ladder process.
wards the southeast. The weather vane potentiometer. The resistance element Constructing The Sensor. Since the
would be pointing northwest. To isn't continuous; it has a break in it. wind vane will undoubtedly be less
translate this into usable information When the wiper reaches this position, familiar than the electronics, let's start
a transducer is used. the output voltage (input as seen by there. Begin by obtaining a steel bev-
A transducer converts the outside
world into a more appropriate form., PARTS LIST FOR WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR
For us, a potentiometer is the logical
choice. By connecting the vane to the LEDI-LED16-Jumbo, red light emitting tegrated circuit
control shaft, it will rotate in accord- diodes Misc.-cabinet, prescription vial (11/2" x
ance to wind direction. R1 -22,000-ohm, 1/2 -watt, 10% resistor 21/2'1, coat hanger, bezel, beverage can
R2 -3,300 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 10% resistor (vane), P.C. board, counterweight, epoxy,
When a voltage is applied across it.
R3; R4 -1,000 -ohm, 1/2 -watt, 10% resistors hardware, wire, etc.
the wiper becomes a voltage divider R5 -200 -ohm, trimmer potentiometer
with the resultant voltage relative to R6 -1,000 -ohm, trimmer potentiometer Note: An etched and drilled printed circuit
the shaft position. R7 -2,000 -ohm precision linear potentiome- board is available from Danocinths, Inc.,
The Circuit. But voltage is a very ter, 360 -degree-free rotation (Bourns P.O. Box 261, Westland, MI 48185, for
abstract value and in its raw form model 6538 or 6638 preferred-next $7.93 plus $1.50 shipping and handling.
doesn't lend easily to interpretation of choice Bourns 6537 or 6637). Michigan residents add 4% sales tax.
wind direction. So, we incorporate a U1, U2-LM 3914 dot/bar display driver in- Specify RW-102 when ordering.
decoder of sorts. (The two circuits

will analyze the voltage as it comes
from the sensor; the conversion is
merely for our sake.)
The input voltage is converted to a
display representative of a compass
(the standard used to indicate wind
1111111111111
direction). The decoder and display
consists of two ladder-type LED driver
ICs-the ones so popular with graphic TRANSDUCER
1 I 18
i8 17 i6
16 15
UI
14 13 12
i2 i
power and tuning displays. U1 and R7

LM 3914
U2 are LM 3914s connected in cas- 2K12 2 5 6 7 4 8
cade. They are programmed with a C
jumper from pins 9 to 11 for dot dis- RS
play. 20012
When a voltage is presented at the
input (pin 5), a LED corresponding
to that voltage will light. By matching LED
the potentiometer range to that of the
display, we represent 16 positions of
the shaft, which is the number of com-
1111111.1) 16
pass points associated with wind direc-

tion. 7 16 15 14 13 12 II 10
Arranging the LEDs in a circle 3

U2 9
LM 3914
completes the concept, giving us the
2 6 7 4 8
visual effect of a compass. There are. 5
however, a few not so obvious points

about the circuit.. R4
IK12 R6
Each IC carries a complement of IKn
eight LEDs instead of its capacity of
10. In the case of U1, it was neces-
sary to eliminate the topmost indica-
tor, pin 10. A curious thing occurs

the metal. Lay the vane over a thin
metal rod along the designated lines
and run a piece of wood over it. A
notch in the end of the wood will im-
part a deeper groove.
Cut out a 10 -inch section of coat
hanger. Remove the paint and solder
it to the center groove of the vane.
This must be done in a well ventilated
area. The stannous fumes are poison-
ous!! Avoid inhaling any fumes com-
ing from the tin plating, which will
vaporize as soon as you apply heat.
A counterweight is necessary to re-
move lateral pressure from the poten-
Use tin snips to cut the sheet metal to LEDs mount on the foil side of the print- tiometer bearing. It can be fabricated
the appropriate shape (see next page). ed circuit board (see text instructions).
in a number of ways; ours is the
decorative end from a curtain rod,
erage can. But be wary, most contain- along with a short piece of coat han-
ers nowadays are aluminum and won't ger filled with_ solder.
work for our application. However, Here's where it all comes together.
almost all canned teas come in steel, Obtain a plastic prescription vial, one
as do some colas. With an opener, re- about 11/2 inches in diameter by 21
move the top and bottom; next cut inches deep. The plastic bottle will
down the seam with a pair of tin snips. serve to keep rain and dirt out of the
Don't attempt to flatten the metal. sensor pot as well as provide a con-
Remove the outside edge with the venient method of assembly.
snips, then smooth the metal. Shape Drill two 7/64 -inch holes near the
the vane according to the template. bottom. Locate them so a single piece
This isn't a necessary step-merely of wire will pass through the center,
aesthetic. A rectangle will work equal- barely clearing the bottom. Drill a
Use a blowtorch to solder the vane ly well. hole in the center (1/2 inch of the bot-
to the rod. Beware of dangerous fumes Rigidity is given to the finished tom just large enough to accept the
released from the tin plating by heat. piece by bending three grooves into potentiometer shaft. It should be a
snug fit. Push the support wires from
the vane and counterweight into the
LED 13 side holes and adjust the length of the
LED 12
counterweight until the system is in
balance.
Epoxy It. Epoxy will hold every-
LED 15
thing together, but first you must pro-
vide the rheostat shaft. Take the drill
bit used to make the hole and cover
it with a light vegetable oil coating.
LED 16
Place it shank end down into the
hole. Line up everything and fill the
bottom of the vial with a layer of fast -
setting epoxy just thick enough to
O LED I
cover the support wires. Make abso-
lutely sure the drill bit is straight up
and down, lest you develop a wobble
when the casting is dry.
After the epoxy has set remove the
O LED 2 drill. Now, set aside to harden over-
night.
The transducer pot is mounted in-
side a 3/4 inch plastic coupling. Let's
O LED 3
pause for a moment and examine the
sensor pot. It's a special precision pot,
in that the resistance element has 340 -
degrees of electrical contact. An ordi-
LED 5 nary control has only about 260, may-
be 290, degrees of resistance path.
The above diagram shows where the parts are installed on the printed circuit Attach three wires to the potenti-
board. Be sure to mount the LEDs on the foil side with cathodes on the out- ometer and seat it into the coupling
side ring. The flat edges of the LEDs should face the middle of the board. with silicone adhesive. Avoid getting
93
LED Weather Vane; Tells you which way the wind blows
LED 10
LED II LED 7
LED 12 LED 6
T
I-1/2"
LED 13 LED 5
T-
3/4'
I1 LED 14 LED 4
I -I/2"-1
The above pattern is just a sample of a possible weather LED 15 LED 3
vane design. This one worked well and has proven itself
quite. durable. Be sure it points straight at the axis. LED 16 LED 2
The drawing at the right shows the spacing relation-

ships of the LEDs. Be very careful locating the holes DIAMETER = 4 INCHES
and mounting the LEDs on the printed circuit board. SPACING 22.5 (DEGREES)
any on the shaft or bearing. The vane assembly on the shaft and push into the bearing.)
coupling is glued to a section of 3/4 down all the way. Apply a drop of Assembling The Display. As previ-
inch water pipe, which becomes the glue to the exposed shaft and im- ously discussed, we arrange the LEDs
support. mediately move the assembly upward in a circle, thus mimicking a compass.
Slip the vane assembly over the pot about 1/4 to 3/s -inch. This eliminates We'll start by drilling the required
shaft and glue with Crazy Glue or the possibility and frustration of the sixteen holes in the cabinet; the reason
equivalent. (Here's a hint: Slide the adhesive running down the shaft and will become very apparent later when
you arrange the indicators.
A full-sized layout of the LED posi-
tions is on these pages. Remove (or
o trace) the template and fasten it to
the front panel of the cabinet with
tape. With a center punch locate each
hole to be drilled. Drill the holes with
13/64 -inch bit to accommodate the
jumbo LED called for.
Obviously the best way to locate and
properly space the LEDs is with a
printed circuit board. The LEDs solder
to the clad side of the PC board, while
the components assume the conven-
tional position. But before soldering
in place, read the following.
Since it's highly unlikely you'll be
able to eyeball the LEDs into place
sufficiently close to match the drilled
holes, use this procedure. Begin ar-
ranging the LEDs on the board two at
a time, LED 1 and LED 9 first (ob-
serve polarity). Place the board in the
cabinet, adjustments up, and the LEDs
into their respective holes. The lamps
lead length is adjusted so the hase is
1/4 -inch from the board.
Gently remove the assembly and

without disturbing the relative posi-
tions of the indicators, solder them in
o place. Repeat this procedure, two at

a time, until all are secured. You'll
(Continued on page 98)

TROUBLESHOOTING WITH
A DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Check out your ignition system for fun and profit
'F YOU WANT to measure the large including the running lights, use about of the region of the cable where the
current from your car's alternator or 12 amperes. With the headlights on, voltmeter reads 12 millivolts.
starter, here are a few tricks on how measure the voltage drop across the The taps are combination jacks ac-
to do it with your digital multimeter. ground cable. Suppose this turns out cepting probe tips, banana plugs, or
Digital multimeters (DMM) are sen- to be .020 volts. alligator clips (GC F2-883 or Allied
sitive and accurate devices. They have Therefore, a starter draw of .192 920-0222). Make the electrical connec-
a much greater range than common volts across the cable means that 12-i- tion with a small sheet metal screw,
analog multimeters; with a little help, 20 or .6 of 192 amperes are flowing: #4, 1/4" long. It will separate the
they can measure very large currents. about 120 amperes. Approximately .6 strands of wire in the cable and be held
The help is from a low resistance shunt. of the millivolts read on a DMM are snug to the taps.
A Small Resistance. A one milliohm the amperes through it. Tape it securely. This is a more sat-
shunt is a very small resistance, but it If the 12 ampere headlight had isfactory way to measure all currents
still behaves as a resistor and every caused a .005 volt drop across the in the car, even down to tenths of am-
ampere through it causes a one milli- cable, 12=5 or 2.2 times the DMM peres for small lights or electronic sys-
volt drop. Digital voltmeters can read reading of millivolts across the cable tems, provided your DMM reads to
millivolts and most will read and dis- represents the amperes through it. tenths of millivolts.
play tenths of millivolts. This extreme Needs A Strong Battery. This cali- Even a 20% error is acceptable
voltage sensitivity allows them to work bration is best done with a strong when looking for trouble and will tell
as ammeters when connected across a battery. Check the cable on the posi- the difference between a shorted starter
one milliohm shunt. tive terminal, running to the solenoid. motor and a solenoid that isn't closing.
A DMM connected across the It might be more convenient to use. A third way to read currents in your
ground cable thus becomes a high-cur- If you do not like the mental arith- car with a DMM is to build or buy a
rent ammeter. Similarly, a charging metic involved in converting millivolts one milliohm shunt that can be
current of 40 amps into the battery into amperes, connect taps to the bat- clamped in between the battery ground
produces a voltage drop of .040 volts tery cable to produce a 12 millivolt cable and the negative terminal.
across the cable. drop when the low beams are on. With this value of shunt the milli-
The key is to calibrate your battery Puncture the cable insulation with a volts on the DMM connected to the
cable. It's easy. Most car low beams, sharp pin. Place the tap in the middle shunt read accurately as amperes.

Co SSTV
DE MIKE IN IOWA
SLOW SCAN TV
Set Up a Bargain Basement TV Broadcast Station
About two dozen years ago, a strange new warble was an aspect ratio of 1:1 (meaning it's square).
added to the dah-dih-dahs, buzzes and whistles on the Audio to Video. In order to send and receive their pic-
Amateur bands. It was no convolution of a ham's voice, tures with standard ham transmitters and receivers, the
no alphabetic code, no teletypewriter signal; instead, hams SSTV pioneers were faced with the problem of how to
were sending and receiving pictures of each other! modulate and demodulate the voltages that SSTV pictures
In the early days of this new mode, called Slow Scan are made of. For once, the easy and obvious answer worked!
Television, the picture shows resembled your Aunt Harriet's They decided to translate these voltages into tones (audio
favorite vacation slides, or call letters pasted on Playboy tones) for transmission, and to translate their received tones
pictorials. For many, a chalkboard or signs hastily cray- back into voltages.
oned on cardboard were the stars of the show. In making this decision, they were also providing them-
But Slow Scan TV (or SSTV) has come a long way since selves with an easy way to record SSTV pictures-standard
those early days. There have been experiments with color, audio tape. Even the cheapest cassette recorders with rea-
with 3-D, and with home computer -generated graphics. sonable speed stability proved capable performers.
Slow Scan Basics. It takes just a tad longer than 81/ In order to be sure that their signals would be compatible.
seconds for a complete SSTV picture to appear. That's be- with each other's equipment, a set of standards was de-
cause SSTV is the result of a challenge met and conquered veloped. The highest frequency, 2300 Hz, was set to repre-
by its ham pioneers: to fit a video signal into the narrow sent white. Black was to be at 1500 Hz; and 1200 Hz, a
bandwidth of a voice transmission. The bandwidth of an blacker -than -black frequency, used for synchronization.
SSTV signal is only about 2500 Hz, which means it can be Sync Or Swim. Synchronization standards for SSTV were
transmitted over voice channels like telephone lines and also crucial to its development. If a receiver didn't go to
the amateur voice bands; compare that to the 4 to 6 the next line exactly when the camera and transmitter did,
million Hz of bandwidth required by a standard (fast scan) the result would be a picture that swims-one with undu-
TV signal, which builds a complete picture thirty times a lating edges and bits of one line appearing on the next. At
second -256 times as often. best, the picture looked like it was printed on a balloon
This difference in frame rate was the first major conces- being stretched out of shape; at worst, it was indecipherable.
sion these hams had to make in order to meet the narrow - So sync standards were devolped using 60 Hz AC power
band challenge; the second was resolution. line frequency as its standard, and provisions were made
You know that television pictures are made up of lines. on SSTV monitors to de -skew slightly off-standard signals.
A standard television picture (in the U.S.A.) includes a First, the 60 Hz signal was divided by 4 to come up with
total of 525 lines from top to bottom. By comparison, an a 15 Hz line rate. Once every 1/15th second, a 5 milli-
SSTV picture has only 128 lines from top to bottom. Also, second burst of 1200 Hz sync signal (a total of only 6
while a standard TV picture has an aspect ratio of 4:3 cycles) is inserted onto the transmitted signal as a prompt
(meaning it's 3/4 as tall as it is wide), an SSTV picture has to the receiving monitor to go to the next scan line.

The Robot l.eyboard is used to enter ASCII _oded charac-
ters to the SSTV transmitter for broadcast over the air. This
arrangement is used instead or more expensive camera.
Video strveillance
cameras, such as this
one from RCA, are at
the top of SSTVers'
wanted lisle. Picture
quality is excellent.
A less expensive
video canera is the
RCA 1000 series.
Available with a
i
varie y of lens con-
This proud exhibitor at an SSTV hamfest shows off the sophisti- figurations, they
cated gear used in the pursuit of his hobby. On the right side serve the Amateur
of the table is the transmitter, to the left an audio amplifier SSTVer as well as
with a cassette deck, and above the amplifier is the monitoring higher priced units.
CRT screen. Below is a view of a ham shack with all of the
equipment fired up and an SSTV QSL broadcast on the CRT dis-
play. As equipment becomes available, Amateur SSTV will grow.
This 15 Hz signal is again divided by 128, and once

every 8.5333 seconds a 66 millisecond burst (80 cycles) of
1200 Hz sync tone is transmitted as a signal to start scan-
ning a new picture (raster). In this way, exactly 128 lines
are counted out for each picture.
SSTV provides a resolution of 128 dots (or pixels, short
for picture elements) on each scan line. Theoretically, this
means that each dot is transmitted during I/128th of the
period between sync pulses, which is 80/86th of 1/15th
second. This, according to my pocket calculator, is 1 /2064th The Robot SSTV transmitter has provision for all the
of a second, meaning that pixels should appear at a 2064 varieties of TV transmission possible: plain ch.racters,
Hz rate. In practice, this is difficult to achieve over a com- sound tracks, =_can variations. Memory circuit preserves all.
munications channel, but modern equipment has made it
possible over closed circuits, and come close to it over
the air as well.
Freezing The Image. Compared to the homebuilt receiv- mitting slow scan.
ers with long-persistence phosphor cathode ray tubes (their As pictures change, a horizontal line proceeds from the
dim green glow had to be viewed in near darkness) that top of the screen to the bottom. As it "wipes" down the
were the only way to watch SSTV in its early days, the state screen, it discloses the new picture behind it. The new pic-
of the art has advanced by leaps and bounds. Today scan ture appears above the line, replacing the old picture which
converters let you watch SSTV pictures on a standard TV still can be seen below the line.
monitor. State-of-the-art equipment usually incorporates a good
It works the other way, too. Camera tubes that coula be size chunk of data memory, and uses memory to store and
scanned at SSTV rates are rare and expensive, so standard (Continued on page 98)
TV cameras are used and their signals sampled' at SSTV
scan rates. This offers the advantage of being able to see Amateur Television Magazine, Box 1347, Blooming"on, IN 47402.
what the camera sees on a standard TV, even while trans - Domestic subscriptions $7.00 per year, sample copies $2.00 each.

commercial SSTV equipment. It con-
Slow Scan TV nects to a transmitter, receiver, tele- Input/Output
(Continued from page 97) type loop, TV monitor, CW key or (Continued from page 8)
any combination, and communicates
in ASCII (computer format code-
recreate the picture. now authorized on the Amateur radio Lamp Lighter
Digital Pictures. We've already seen bands), Baudot (teletype code), Hank, I've gone into business repair-
ing household lamps. Don't laugh! It's a
that the SSTV picture is composed of Morse code or SSTV. When used on
nice part time business and with the prof-
128 scan lines with 128 pixels per line, SSTV, it can generate both alphanu- its I bought a new (small) car in two
giving a total of 16,384 pixels per pic- merics and graphics. Actually a small years. My full time occupation is student,
ture. This fits exactly into 16 Kbytes computer based on an 8085 micro- and I'm only eighteen years old. Tell your
of microcomputer data memory. processor with 4K of ROM and 2.5K readers what I'm doing so they can get
involved also and pick up extra dollars.
Each of these pixels is character- of RAM, this 13 -pound marvel is well -I.B., Brooklyn, NY
ized by a gray level, a value of bright- worth its $845 price.
ness somewhere on a scale from black Robot also manufactures a versatile Good for you. In fact, many simple
(no brightness) to white. scan converter, the Model 400, for appliances can be repaired at home for
profit. A small part time business helps
Modern SSTV equipment provides SSTVers who want to be in pictures. support your hobby needs, and improves
for 16 different gray levels; these are It interfaces with standard TV cam- your lifestyle.
represented as a four -bit binary words, eras and monitors to SSTV standards
or bytes. A binary value of 0000 rep- for communications over the air, over TVX
resents full brightness (white), and phone lines, or recording and play- Don't you think some computer maga-
zine should come up with a conversion
the level proceeds through progres- back via audio tape. All solid state plan to modify an old TV set into a
sively darker values as the byte in- and ready to hook up, it's priced at video monitor? Also, keyboards are avail-
creases to its maximum binary value, a dirt-cheap $795. able, why not make it a dumb terminal?
1111, which is used to represent black. It's not all that hard or expensive -LA., Birmingham, MI
Cameraless SSTV. There's even a for anyone to get involved in SSTV,
Old TV sets are usually "baked" near
way to get on SSTV with no camera over the ham bands or in some other to death after several years of average
at all. It's the Model 800 Super Ter- form. Once you do, you'll find that home use. Any and most parts are ready
minal from Robot Research, Inc., a the future presents some fascinating to give up the ghost, so give up the idea!
veteran manufacturer. of Amateur and pictures. I
Heads Up Only
Hank, I was told that when you prop-
erly notch the flip side of a floppy disk,
side world. one could reverse its position in the drive,
LED Weather Vane The wind vane is mounted atop a and the flip side of the disk can be used.
(Continued from page 94) 3/4 -inch plastic water pipe (schedule Is this true?
40 or similar) and the wires are chan- -W. N., Sykesville, MD
neled through the center. The pipe
is then secured with conventional I tried it and it almost works! Yes, it
notice this gets easier as it goes. along!
mounting hardware to a convenient can be done; but before you do it, take
The power supply is also construct- a look inside the single -side disk drive.
ed on a PC board. Transformer T2 location. Note that a pad presses one side of the
mounts on the board. UI must be pro- The calibration is performed in two disk against the record/playback head.
vided with a heat sink, since it will steps. With a voltmeter on pin 5 of After a few runs, strange things began
supply the current for the readout. the IC, rotate the pot so voltage is at a to happen to my BASIC program. Then,
Wire Wrap. Wire wrap posts are minimum. Now adjust R5 to light the entire disk crashed because the boot -
soldered to the board to supply the LED1. Rotate the control until LED8 up sectors were destroyed. We know that
voltages. Although we use only the just extinguishes. If indicators LED9 the normal recording side of a single -side
through LED16 light during this pro- floppy has a quality surface; a test sec-
5-volt line for this particular board,
tor check always proves this point. But,
the finished project will require all the cedure, ignore them. However, should the flip side has several, and they in-
sources (notice all but one are regu- the vane rotate the opposite direction crease with time due to the effect of a
lated). of the moving display, reverse the out- pressure pad pressing against the surface.
Ease the completed display board side leads from the sensor pot.
into the mating panel holes. A dab of With LEDS off, adjust R6 until Scan
silicone glue around a couple of the LED9 lights. Further rotation of the I'd like to join a scanner club because
LEDs will secure it in place. The potentiometer will consecutively light I'm not doing too well with the unit I
power transformer (Tl) mounts to the the remaining lamps until the cross- now own. I know it's me and not the
bottom of the chassis. Along side the over point is reached; the gap in the scanner. Any suggestions, Hank?
transformer resides the power supply resistive strip. LED16 should light at -R.R., Deerfield, MA
board, which is held in place with this point. If the spacing of the indi-
Write to Scanner Association of North
plastic circuit board guides fastened to cators seems uneven, you can juggle America. I read their publication SCAN,
the bottom. Wires interconnecting the the value of R2. and it is packed with interesting tid-bits.
voltage sources may be wire wrapped Now point the vane due north and that'll spice up your hobby experience.
or soldered, as you prefer. A feed rotate the support pipe so that the Their address is: SCAN, Suite 1212,
through terminal strip attached to the north indicating LED is lit. Turn it 111 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL
back provides connection to the out- loose and you're in business! 60601.

LITERATURE
of various education
_ LIBR,ARY _
396. Creative Computing's first software catalog
and recreation simulation
programs as well as sophisticated technical ap-
301, Get into the swing of microcomputer and
microprocessor technology with CREI's new Pro-
gram 680. New 56-page catalog describes all pro-
grams of electronics advancement.
384. B&K Precision has issued BK -81, a test In-
strument catalog featuring over 50 products In-
cluding oscilloscopes, frequency counters, digital
an analog multimeters and accessories.
plication packages is now available.
397. Instant Software, Inc. is offering a special 310. Compumart Corp., formerly NCE, has been 386. If you're looking for books on computers,
holiday catalog for all kinds of year 'round soft- selling computers by mail since '71, and is offer- calculators, and games, then get the latest BITS,
ware package gift giving, as well as their regular ing a 10 -day return policy on many items featured Inc. catalog. It includes novel Items.
microcomputer catalog. in their latest catalog. 388. The CP/M HANDBOOK (WITH MP/M) from
401. AP Products' "Faster and Easier Book" is 313. How to plan and control effective informa- SYBEX will tell you everything you wanted to
designed to eliminate any problems with bread- tion systems development is the subject of know about the popular CP/M Disk Operating
boarding, interconnection and testing devices. "Data D'ctionaries and Data Administration" System, but were afraid to ask.
All -circuit evaluators with power are featured. from the McGraw-Hill Bookstore. 389. You can't buy a bargain unless you know
402. Technical Electonics has descriptions ga- about it! Fair Radio Sales' latest electronics sur-
lore of all kinds of electrical gadgets -transistors, 320. Over 150 pages and more than 500 software
plus catalog is packed with government and com-
computer power supplies, and logic probes -in its entries are included in Commodore Business
mercial buys.
latest (6-80 B) mail order catalog. Machines, Inc. publication, "Commodore Soft-
ware Encyclopedia." 390. Hayden Book Company is publishing a new
403. PAIA Electronics gives you "Advanced Elec- book telling all about musical applications of
tronics For The '80s and Beyond." Brochure fea- 327. Prentice -Hall, Inc. has released a popular - microprocessors. In fact, it is called "Musical
tures computerized music synthesizers. priced series of softcover books on personal Applications of Microprocessors," certainly an
411. Interactive Microwave, Inc., publishes a pro- computing, computer programming and debug- appropriate title.
gram that lets your 48K Apple II plot complex sci- ging, computer repair, and digital and computer
design. 391. A new software products catalog for the
entific graphs. Called Scientific Plotter it is Just
Apple II Computer has just been Issued by
one of many programs available. 328. Tab Books has just published "Pascal," an Charles Mann & Associates. The booklet contains
412. Ohio Scientific produces a Word Processor in depth book describing all the ins and outs business accounting, accounts receivable, Inven-
program for its various personal computers called of the popular Pascal language. It explains how tory, BASIC teaching and other special purpose
OWP-3-1. It features no -line -numbering, elaborate to read syntax diagrams, use write statements, business applications.
cursor editing and color prompting. The company and much more.
offers a vast catalog of software. 395. OK Machine and Tool explains the technol-
330. There are nearly 400 electronics kits in ogy of wire -wrapping, complete with Illustrations,
413. Asteroids in Space is just one of many pro- Heath's new catalog. Virtually every do -lt -yourself in its catalog of industrial and hobby products, a
grams available from Quality Software. This space interest is included -TV, radios, stereo, hi -fl, 60 -page book (80-36N).
game pits the would-be star ship commander hobby computers, etc.
against an impenetrable field of asteroids. Runs 405. Everest House's "Owning Your Own Com-
on a 32K Apple II. 333. Get the new free catalog from Howard W. puter" by Robert Perry answers almost every
Sams. It describes hundreds of books for hobby- question you could bring to mind about owning
414. For the small business operator who needs
ists and technicians -books on computer con- your own computer. One chapter offers 99 com-
to keep track of customer orders and fulfilment,
struction protects and computer programming. mon things to do with a home computer. Quite
B&B Software has added CORP (Customer Order
a book!
Review Program) for TRS-80 computers to its 335. The latest edition of the Tab Books catalog
software listing. describes over 450 books on electronics, broad- 407. Poly Paks Inc. carries a diversified line of
415. Texas Instruments is making available a casting, do-it-yourself, and computers and com- electronic equipment at bargain prices. They
wide variety of software for its TI -99/4 personal puter -related items. cover computer products, electronic games, tools
computers. Statistics is just one of many solid for the hobbyist and professional, and much more.
state program modules available. 345. Computer Science Press, Inc. is publishing
408. PanaVise Products, Inc., a manufacturer of
a full line of computer -related books, including
416. HEXDOS 2.3 from the 6502 Program Ex- precision vises for holding electronics projects,
"Structured Basic and Beyond," "Jewels of computer circuit boards and other devices re-
change is not a demonic glitch excorcisor, but Formal Language Theory," and "Algorithms for
rather an ingenious 2K disk operating system quiring precise, steady support is offering their
Graphics." new eight page color catalog. The PanaVise
for OSI Challenger 1P and Superboard II per-
sonal computers. 354. Everything the small businessman needs to system uses a series of Interchangeable base
417. Microsoft Consumer Products, who publish
know about computers is contained in "Small mounts and accessories to accommodate a
the famous and almost universal Microsoft BASIC, Computers for the Small Businessman," from great variety of applications.
are now offering COBOL and FORTRAN for Apple Dilithium Press.
409. Connecticut MicroComputer Inc. has Issued
II computers with dual disk drives. 359. Electronics Book Club has literature on how a new catalog describing their computer Inter-
418. Included in the Heath Company's large soft- to get up to 3 electronics books (retailing at faces for PET, APPLE, TRS-80, KIM and others as
ware catalog is its version of Digital Research's $58.70) for only 99 cents each .. plus a sample
. well as data acquisition modules and accessories,
CP/M operating system. CP/M allows Heath com- Club News package. including a variety of connectors.
puters to use any of the vast libraries of CP/M 380. Software Publishing Corporation has re- 410. Howard W. Sams' book division has started
compatible software. leased two data -based programs for the Apple publishing personal computer software. Many of
419. Hayden Publishing Company has gone into II. PFS and PFS: Report are high -quality per- their programs are related to electronics con-
software publishing in a big way. Its Data -Graph sonal information management systems. struction. Send for brochure.
program converts raw data into lively, colorful
and useful charts.
421. Osborne/McGraw-Hill Publishing has pro-
duced a program that contains 76 assorted and 99 IC PROJECTS 1982 Edition
very useful number crunching programs for math
and business use. Entitled: Some Common BASIC Box 1849, G.P.O. Void After March 5, 1982
Programs, this is in cassette and book form New York, NY 10116
for PET, CBM and TRS-80.
422. The Troll's Hole Adventure is just one of
Please arrange to have the literature whose numbers I have circled below sent to me as
many programs from Micro -Video that deal with soon as possible. I am enclosing 500 for each group of 10 to cover handling. (No stamps,
fantasy and adventure. A large vocabulary lets please.) Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.
you move through an underground maze fraught
with danger. If you are on your toes you might 301 310 313 320 327 328 330 333 335 345 354 359
have a chance of surviving.
380 384 386 388 389 390 391 395 396 397 401 402
423. Your personal computer can help you track
your Wall Street fortunes with this Apple Com- 403 405 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416
puter, Inc., program: Dow Jones Series Portfolio
Evaluator. With a modem you can access more 417 418 419 421 422 423 424 425 426
than 6,000 stock quotes through the Dow Jones
News Retrieval System.
425. Fasten your seatbelt for Scott Carpenter's
Great Race -a 600 -mile computer road race, pro-
duced by the 80 -US Journal. The company pub- NAME (print clearly)
lishes many programs for Z-80 based machines.
426. One package containing 13 various business
programs for TRS-80 computers is available from ADDRESS
Management Systems Software. Called Business
Package Program, it performs many useful ac- CITY STATE ZIP
counting and analysis chores for the small busi-
ness user.

Classified
immili mommniwum
MARKET
........aim ........ ei m um al m m mmilm ara
99 INTEGRATED PROJECTS-is published annually. The rate per word for CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS is $1.00
payable in advance-minimum ad $15.00. Capitalized words 400 per word additional.
ADDITIONAL INCOME BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES - Cont'd EDUCATION & INSTRUCTON-Cont'd

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tails. OWL Publishing, Box 1711, Grafton, VA 23692. "MAGIC PENCIL" makes food and drinks taste
FREE CATALOGUE. OVER 300 BOOKS: HOW-TO, MAKE two to three times your cost on hundreds better! Lasts years. Guaranteed! Send 87.98 ppd.
SELF-IMPROVEMENT, GAMES, SPORTS, GAM- Phlogistics, P.O. Box 1411, Ventura, CA 93002.
BLING, MARRIAGE, OCCULT. GE LOUIS SMITH of products. Gift items, novelties, toys, carded mer-
CO., BOX 137, ALTADENA, CA 91001. chandise, 1001 others. $2.00 brings Giant Catalog,
refundable on first order. My Company is Lamont GOVERNMENT SURPLUS
Specialty Gift World, 50 Knightsbridge Road, Great
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Neck, NY 11021. SURPLUS JEEPS $19.30! CARS $13.50! 650,000
ITEMS! GOVERNMENT SURPLUS-MOST COMPRE-
STAY HOME! EARN BIG MONEY addressing en- HENSIVE DIRECTORY AVAILABLE TELLS HOW,
velopes. Genuine offer 100. Lindco, 3636 -DA, Peter- BUY IT WHOLESALE WHERE TO BUY-YOUR AREA-$2-MONEY-BACK
son, Chicago 60659. GUARANTEE, "GOVERNMENT INFORMATION
400,000 BARGAINS Below Wholesale! Many Free! SERVICES," DEPARTMENT E-11, BOX 99249, SAN
FREE BOOK "2042 Unique Proven Enterprises." Liquidations . Closeouts . Job Lots FRANCISCO, CA 94109.
Fabulous "unknowns," second inflation income. Single Samples. Free Details. Worldwide Bargain -
Haylings-E12, Carlsbad, CA 92003. hunters, Box 730 -IO, Holland, MI 49423. HYPNOTISM
$75.00/HUNDRED POSSIBLE STUFFING ENVEL- AMAZINGLY Profitable! Approved certified virgin FREE catalog. Hypnotism, self hypnosis, sleep
OPES! GUARANTEED PROGRAM. Send stamped solvent, electronic cleaner degreaser. 18 oz. can $7 learning, hypnotic tape cassettes. DLMH, Box 487,
envelope: Nationwide, Box 58806, Dallas, TX 75258. value. Send now, $3 plus $1 handling. Moneymaking Anaheim, CA 92805.
Facts informative catalog, Diversified product selec-
DISTRIBUTORS. Immediate Cash Profits! Revo- tion, below wholesale. Send $1 Pro -Spray Inc., 17
Hickory, Oakland, NJ 07436. $1 catalog cost refund- IMPORT-EXPORT
lutionary Automotive Bargain. Free Details. Moteloy, able with first purchase. Quantity discount!
Box 4457D5, Downey, CA 90241. "MARKET 2500 Exciting New Fast -Sellers Without
CB RADIOS Risk." Free Brochures! Brighter), Box 91309-N11,
FREE Details. Start Your Own Business on a Cleveland, OH 44101.
Shoestring. Write: Cavco, 3490 President Circle, Las
Vegas, NV 89121. CB FREQUENCY EXPANDERS, modifications, un-
usual goodies not available elsewhere! Catalog $2. INVENTIONS WANTED
BECOME an ordained minister. Start a non-profit CB CITY, Box 31500IP, Phoenix, AZ 85046.
organization. Many benefits! Credentials and infor- MANUFACTURER Seeking Inventions. Generous
mation $10.00. Universal Life Church, 1335 Seabright DO IT YOURSELF Royalties Offered. Advantek International, 1100 17th
Ave. (8M), Santa Cruz, CA 95062. NW, Washington, DC 20036.
SAVE! CALCULATOR REPAIRS. Most failures
PLASTERCRAFTI Moneymaking home business. Be can be fixed by electronic hobbyist. Troubleshooting JEWELRY
your own boss. Free details. Mailway, 24949HF9, and repair guide. $3.75. Sandalwood House, 12
Nashville, TN 37202. Sandalwood Rd., Dept. E9, P.O. Box C-5525, So. CLOSEOUT JEWELRY. 550 Dozen. 25t gets cata-
Burlington, VT 05401. log. ROUSSEIS, 107-310 Dow, Arlington, MA 02174.
GOOD INCOME WEEKLY Processing Mail! Free
Supplies, Stamps! Information: Rush stamped en- SAVE 90%. Build your own Micro or Minicom- LOANS BY MAIL
velope! Foodmaster-DC3, Burnt Hills, NY 12027. puter. FREE details. Digatek Corporation, Suite S,
2723 West Butler Drive, Phoenix, AZ 85021. "BORROW by mall! Signature loans, No col-
FRANCHISES, over 800 companies. Complete list lateral! Free details. Write MBG-DP1181, Box 2298,
and information $1.50. Refundable. Franchise Re- EDUCATION & INSTRUCTION Sandusky, OH 44870.
search Corp., Box 1528610, Chattanooga, TN 37415.
UNIVERSITY DEGREES BY MAIL! Bachelors, THE ARABS HAVE MILLIONS TO LOAN IN -
"$25.00/Hr. Possible Mailing Circulars Spare Time." Masters, Ph.D.s . Free revealing details. Coun- VEST! FREE DETAILS! Arab -DP, 935 Main. *ridor,
Reason 28-01F Box 1080, Orange Park, FL 32073. seling, Box 389 -IP, Tustin, CA 92680. TX 77662.
THERE IS NO CHARGE FOR THE ZIP CODE -PLEASE USE IT IN YOUR CLASSIFIED AD

i. -----i PLACE ...
LOANS BY MAIL-Conf'd
To be
BORROW $30,000 without interest! All eligible.

Repay anytime. Free details. Infohouse. Box 1004-
IP82, New York, NY.
FREE book describing loans to deserving individ-
uals refused elsewhere. Many plans included. Try
us! Associates, Box 98-D, Brooklyn, NY 11235.
BORROW $25,000 "OVERNIGHT." Any purpose.
Keep indefinitely! Free Report! Success Research,
Box 29070 -SW, Indianapolis, IN 46229.
GET cash grants-from Government. (Never repay.)
included in the next issue, please send order and remittance to R. S. Wayner,
DAVIS PUBLICATIONS, INC., 380 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10017
Also, cash loans available. All ages eligible. Complete

Information, $2 (refundable). Surplus Funds -DG,
MONEYMAKING OPPORTUNITIES-Conf'd
CRIME PAYS! 150% Profit. Distribute Security
Products. Free Catalog. Evergreen, Box 1320(DP),
Lakegrove, OR 97034.
EARN BIG MONEY stuffing envelopes. Guarantee.
Free details. Ideal Enterprises,
Marietta, MS 38856.
P.O. Box 137,
Sruyw Envelopes, $500/thousand, Free supplies,

Rush Stamped, Addressed Envelope, Hawaii Mail
Company, P.O. Box 88106, Honolulu, HI 96815.
APHRODISIACS; Bibliography, Compendium, Excit-
ing Recipes. $4.00. Moneymaking information en-
closed. Halyung, Box 641T, Detroit Trolley Station,
Classified
okaa, HI 96727.
Masters, Phl.D.s
PERSONAL-Conf'd
MEET sincere, beautiful people-like YOU. Very
. .
. FreeTY e
i
low fees. Call DATELINE toll -free: 800-451-3245.

MARRIAGE Minded Ladies from the Far East.
Thousands of Photos. Cherry Blossoms-DAV, Hon-
reveY aling detail . Coun-

seling, Box 389-DP11, Tustin, CA 92680.
BECOME A Legally Ordained Minister. Free De-
tails. ULC-DPM1181, Box 2133, Sandusky, OH 44870.
1629 K St., Washington, DC 20006.
SINGLE? Meet sincere, beautiful people like you,
MI 48231. in your area! Lowest fees. Call free 1-800-643-8780.
$LOANS$ on signature for any amount & purpose. FILIPINO, Oriental Ladies seek marriage, friend-
Elite, Box 454 -DG, Lynbrook, NY 11563. ship. $2.00 details, photos. Sampaguita, Box 742,
Jasper, IN 47546.
BORROW $1,000-$50,000 secretly-"overnight." Any-
one! Credit unimportant. Repay anytime. Incredibly
low interest. No interviews, collateral, cosigners.
Unique "Financier's Plan." Full information, $2
How To Write o s.l BECOME ORDAINED Minister legally. Free "Rev-
erend" credentials. Church of God Within, Box
398475-A, Miami, FL 33139.
(refundable). Spectrum, 120 Wall St. -16, NY 10005. Classified Ad
F MIGRAINE Headaches! Stop the Misery. Stop the
QUICK MAILOANS! FREE APPLICATION FORM
AND COMPLETE DETAILS RUSHED IMMEDIATE- That Pulls Y Drugs. Start Preventive Nutrition. Satisfaction Guar-
LY! Lenco, Box 724-W11, McMinnville, Oregon 97128. What to Soy and
anteed. Instructions $3.50 postpaid. Prevention
Happy, Box 351-H, Lincoln, RI 02865.
Now to soy
MAIL ORDER OPPORTUNITIES !?
ORIENTALS. Malaysians, Indonesians, Thais,

Filipinas need boyfriends, Husbands. Photos! Golden
LEARN HOW TO Make Money In Mailorder. Dy-
namic home study program makes you professional
in 16 weeks. Free Book! Mediascience 28-03M, 676
Worth Its Heart, Box 2423, Yakima, WA 98901.
Kingsley, Orangepark, Florida 32073. PHOTOGRAPHY-PHOTO FINISHING

KNOW WHICH MAIL-ORDER OPPORTUNITIES
ARE RIPOFFS! I KNOW, I ANSWERED 1000 OF
Weight In Gold SAVE HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS!!!! Make your
own S & M Densitometer. Send $5.00 for detailed
THEM. FREE INFORMATION SETHCO,
NORTH CLARCK, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60626.
-7131
drawings and insrtuctions. A must for successful
photography in your darkroom. Order direct: S & M
Instruments, Dept. B9, 380 Lexington Ave., New
MEMORY IMPROVEMENT York, NY 10017.
MAKE YOUR CLASSIFIED AD PAY
INSTANT MEMORY Get "How to Write A Classified Ad That Pulls." RADIO & TELEVISION
NEW WAY TO RE-
.
Includes Certificate worth $2.00 towards a classified
MEMBER. No memorization. Release your PHOTO- ad in this publication. Send $1.75 (includes postage)
GRAPHIC memory. Stop forgetting! FREE informa- CABLE TV DF-SCRAMBLERS and CONVERTERS.
tion. Institute of Advanced Thinking. 845DP Via- to R. S. Wagner, Davis Publications, Inc., Dept. CL, PLANS and PARTS. Build or Buy. For information
380 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 10017. send $2.00. C&D Electronics, P.O. Box 21, Jenlson,
Lapaz, Pacific Palisades, CA 90272.
MI 49428.
PLEASE Be sure to include your zip code when
MISCELLANEOUS ordering merchandise from classified advertisements.
You'll receive faster delivery. RECORDS & SOUND EQUIPMENT
SAVE! Fabulous Gems For Jewelry, Collecting!
Gemcutter to You! Details Free. Taylor's, 113-A $1500 WEEKLY POSSIBLE STUFFING ENVE- FREE Promotional albums, concert tickets, stereos,
Martin, Indian Harbor Beach, FL 32937. LOPES! GUARANTEED PROGRAM. Send stamped etc. Information: Barry Publications, 477 82nd Street.
envelope: Financial, Box 34474, Louisville, KY 40232.
Brooklyn, NY 11209.
TECHNICAL SECRETS-Electronic Surveillance,
Lock -Picking, etc. Free brochures: Mentor -DP, 135-53 HOW TO become wealthy in the 80's. "Find the "FASCINATING! !" Golden -era Mystery, Scl-Fi,
!
No. Blvd., Flushing, NY 11354. Money Tree." Roland Davis, 1506 Golden Gate Ave., etc. Radio Program Cassettes. "Outstanding Selec-
San Francisco, CA 94115. tion!" "Inexpensive!" FREE Catalog: Heritage -DC,
RESTRICTED BOOKS & MANUALS: Electronic 412 Redbud, Oxford, MS 38655.
Surveillance, Locksmithing, Investigation, Weapons,
Explosives, and more. Free Brochures: MENTOR FIND your fortune. Wealth building information.
Details free. Write: Secrets, Box 131, Mt. Carmel, ROBOTS
PUBLICATIONS, Dept. DP, 135-53 No. Blvd., Flush-
ing, NY 11354. PA 17851.
COMPLETE details and drawings for working robot
MONEYMAKING OPPORTUNITIES DAILY income possible. 500 Mail Order Ideas $5.00. including sources for parts. $15.00 plus $1.00 postage.
Kuntry, Route 2 Box 122A Blue Street, Trussville, Add $3.00 for catalog of robot parts. ROBOT MART,
AL 35173. 19 West 34th St., New York, NY 10001.
$300 WEEKLY SPARE TIME-Mailing Salesletters.
Details: Delta, Dept. -D, Box 2902 -CRS, Rock Hill,
SC 29730. MOTION PICTURE PROJECTORS, & SLIDES SONGWRITERS
$1500 WEEKLY POSSIBLE STUFFING ENVE- BREATHTAKING GLAMOUR SLIDES, CLASSIC POEMS WANTED. Songs recorded and published.
LOPES! GUARANTEED PROGRAM. Send stamped NUDES. Catalog, six samples, $3.00. Photographic Radio-TV promotions. Broadway Music Productions,
envelope: Nuway, Box 548, Woodinville, WA 98072. Place, Box 806 -IP, Royal Oak, MI 58068. Box 7438 -DA, Sarasota, FL 33578.
$80/100! Stuff Envelopes. No Limit. Free Details. OF INTEREST TO ALL SONGWRITERS: Exciting offer! Poems, songs
Greenwood, Box 776(DP), Tualatin, OR 97062. needed. Free evaluation. Creative Music Productions,
FREE CATALOG! Extra Income Reports: Ander- Box 1943 -All, Houston, TX 77001.
YOUR Road to riches. Try it. Send self addressed son's, 2053 West 6000 South, Roy, Utah 84067.
stamped envelope: Arnold Lange, RD 4, Box 657E, TREASURE FINDERS-PROSPECTING EQUIPMENT
Greenwood Lake, NY 10925. OLD GOLD WANTED
TRANSLATE YOUR IDEAS INTO MILLION DOL- $25,000,000 Dollars Found! Build your own Metal
LAR BUSINESSES. FREE INFORMATION. SETHCO, BUYING Gold, Silver, Platinum, any form! Infor- Detector and Get your share! Seven designs, Free
7131 NORTH CLARK STREET, CHICAGO, IL 60626. mation write: American Metals, Box 30009, Charles- Details. Digatek Corporation, 2723 West Butler Dirve,
ton, SC 29407. Suite 52, Phoenix, AZ 85021.
"$25.00/Hr. Possible Mailing Circulars Spare Time."
Rexson, 28-02F, Box 1060, Orange Park, FL 32073. PERSONAL WATCHES, WATCHMAKING & REPAIRING
$60.00/Hundred stuffing envelopes!! Offer -details HAVE CONFIDENTIAL CHICAGO MAILING AD - WATCH and clock repairing books, tools, mate-
RUSH stamped addressed envelope: IMPERIAL -P460, DRESS or branch office. Business, Personal; Since rials. Free Catalog. North America, Box 78, I0-83,
Box 17410, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33318. 1944! Mall Center, 323(g) Franklin, Chicago 60606. Fox River Grove, IL 60021.
For Greater Classified

Savings... Results ... and Profits...
Place your ad in one of our SPECIAL COMBINATIONS: Combo #1, Combo #2, or Combo #3.
Each combination is designed to give your ad the largest audience available. For further information write
to R. S. Wayner, Classified Ad Director, Davis Publications, Inc., 380 Lexington Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10017.

Soft cover you've been seeking. AP Systems
112 pages has put out an instructive book on
COVER TO COVER Free
how to build various communica-
(Continued from page 9)
Interesting and tions amplifiers that range from a
exotic equip- small 5 -watt add-on amplifier for
equation means, and examples of ment for VHF radios to a tremendous two-
hobbyist and stage 1 -kW linear amplifier cover-
how it is used to solve actual prob- experimenter.
lems. The equations progress logi- Circle No. 63 on ing a 2-30 MHz frequency spread.
cally from page to page, making the Reader There are lots of applications in
the guide useful as an effective sup- Service Coupon between. Each project gives a com-
plementary learning tool for school, plete schematic, PC board, overlay,
FCC exam preparation and hobby thusiasts, professional and amateur parts list, theory of operation, and
use. Available at bookstores, or astronomers, homeowners and stu- construction instructions. This is a
contact Richard Reskow, Product dents. All products are covered by must addition to the library of any
Manager, Gregg /McGraw-Hill, 1221 a full 30 -day, money-back guaran- communications enthusiast! Pub-
Avenue of the Americas, New York, tee. The new Fall/Winter catalog lished by AP Systems P.O. Box 263,
NY 10020. may be obtained at no charge by Newport, RI 02840.
writing to Edmund Scientific Co.,
7082 Edscorp Bldg., Barrington, Home Telephone Books
Leading Language. BASIC, a pro- New Jersey 08007.
gramming language, is the most We receive many letters asking
popular language among computer for reviews of books on home tele-
users today. BASIC Programming Great Buy. Plessey Semiconduc- phone, and telephones in general.
Primer by Mitch Waite and Michael tors put together a Frequency Syn- No wonder, since there are about
Pardee will serve as an invaluable thesis IC Handbook for the purpose 180 million telephones in the United
tool to anyone who wants to learn of selling their semi -conductors, In
States and 460 million in the entire
world. Through cables, land lines
FSrequency and satellite relays, the U.S. resi-
Soft cover dent now has access to more than
Soft cover IC Handbook 267 pages 98 percent of the world's tele-
236 pages $3.00 phones. Here's a list of titles, au-
$8.95 thors, publishers, and mini -descrip-
All about fre-
Learning guide quency synthe- tions for your consideration:
to BASIC. sis. Circle
Circle number number 45 on
43 on the reader the reader
service coupon. service coupon. All About Telephones, by Van
.^. Ph., ., ,. .. n.
Waterford. Tab Books. How and
where to obtain equipment, and
doing so, you profit by obtaining an what one can or can't do with a
up -to -the -moment state-of-the-art private phone system within gov-
BASIC. Seven chapters explain the
fundamentals of BASIC, program text book on frequency synthesis ernment regulations.
control, organization and a game theory and Plessey products for a
program, additional functions, and very low price. If you are interested How to Buy, Install and Maintain
variations of BASIC. Appendices in learning about VHF or UHF syn-
Your Own Telephone Equipment, by
provide information on numbering thesizers, then write to Plessey J. Lacarrubba and Louis Zimmer.
systems and ASCII character Semiconductors, 1641 Kaiser Ave- Almar Press. Two independent tele-
codes. Published by Howard W. nue, Irvine, CA 92714.
phone engineers give consumers an
Sams & Co., Inc., 4300 West 62nd easy -to-read booklet, a detailed de-
St., Indianapolis, IN 46268; or tele- Quiet Down Good Buddy! If you scription of the steps for purchas-
phone 317/298-5400. have been looking for a source of ing, installing and maintaining your
high quality amplifiers for your com- own telephone equipment.
munications equipment, The Linear
Famous Catalog. The Edmund Amplifier Planbook II is just what
Scientific Company introduces 435 More Telephone Accessories You
intriguing new science-related prod- raw' 3]J12.1.3 Can Build, by Jules H. Gilder. Hay-
ucts for hobbyists and experiment- den Books. Among the projects in
ers. Among these new products, 21.La;1:31i !1.4 : Soft cover the book are a "touch-tone" dialer,
Edmund Scientific now offers the 92 pages. music -on -hold adaptor, telephone
$11.95 intercom, telephone call length
Texas Instruments Home Computer
and Color Monitor. The computer is Listen in to far limiter and many more.
pre-programmed in BASIC, and will away places
with these
accept command modules to modi- amplifiers.
fy the computer's functions to suit Circle No. 64
your needs. The new catalog also on the Reader The books listed above may be
features more than 4,000 unusual Service available at your library. Most of
Coupon. these titles will be found under the
and hard -to -find items designed for
experimenters, craft and hobby en- numerical listing 621.385.

BUILjb THE REAL THING YOURSELF!
GET TOP MILEAGE FROM YOUR OWN CRAFT SKILLS
.`=',i;
74/
BOAT BOAT BOAT

BUILDER
BUILDER earn 364 BOAT Rtil OIR
PEE 361 Bt81INR
367. ROBIN is a versatile skiff that 364. HOUSEBOAT has plenty of interior 355. MAXIMUS is a sporty two-seater 343. MINIMOST is an 8' outboard
:an be used for hunting or fishing, as space for live-aboarc comfort, or the designed for non -sanctioned racing sports hydro you can build in just 15
a yacht club tender, or a work boat. It scow type hull can be finished as a and water ski towing. Longitudinal lift hours, and at a cost of less than $25
is rugged, yet its plywood construc- sports utility or a fishing boat; all are rails on the bottom give this hull di- for materials. Its advanced underhull
tion makes it easy to build; no special shown on the plans. Use outboards of rectional stability, and non -trip chines design makes speeds in the 30 mph
iig or tools are needed. It can take a 15 to 100 hp for potier. Construction allow it to take sharp turns at high range possible with a 10 hp motor.
rotor of 7.10 hp. L.O.A., 12'; beam, is of plywood. L.O.I., 25'8"; beam, speed. Use outboard motors of 10 to L.O.A., 8'. $5.00
5'1". $5.00 7'11". $6.00 15 hp. L.O.A., 12'6"; beams 5'. $5.00 Full-size pattern set 344 $15.00
MAKE IT WITH CRAFT PRINTS AND SAVE HUNDREDS OF $$!
356. TABU gets up on plane, just like 75. KINGFISHER is a modern version 311. JON BOAT is a sportsman's skiff 106. PETREL can be built with an open
an outboard, to provide speeds up to of the Scandinavian pram developed of featherweight construction and cockpit, or as a cabin model with ac-
!our times higher than those possible hundreds of years ago. It rows easily, squared ends that combine to make it commodations for overnight cruising.
with a conventional hull of the same sails well, and propels nicely with a easily transportable on a cartop car- It takes a fixed keel or centerboard.
rile. Hull is of plywood, covered with small outboard motor Its 90 lb. weight rier. Use for fishing, hunting, explora- and a 6 hp outboard motor for auxiliary
resin and Dynel cloth. L.O.A., 16'; and small size make it ideal to car- tion on protected waters. It will take power. L.O.A., 16'; beam, 6'; draft with
beam, 4'8"; draft, centerboard down. top; construction is plywood. L.O.A., outboard motors to 6 hp. L.O.A.. 12'; fixed keel, 2'; with centerboard down,
2'6"; sail area, 165 sq. ft. $5.00 9'; beam, 4'. $5.00 beam, 5'. $5.00 2'6"; sail area, 152 sq. ft. $5.00
_
BOAT BUILDER
S ARNIE 380 Lexington Ave., NY NY 10017
G
Enclosed is $ , incfL.ding 50t1 for postage and handling for each set of
Craft Prints have checked below:
I
#367-$5.00 plus 50 #343-$5.00 plus 50e

_#364-$6.00 plus 50 #344--$15.00 plus 50 (full-size pattern set)
#355-$5.00 plus 50 #356-$5.00 plus 501V
#75-$5.00 plus 500 #311-$5.00 plus 501V
#106-$5.00 plus 50e
NAME ADDRESS
CITY STATE ZIP

991C-82
SEE PAGE 4 FOR EXTRA COUPON

TOPFLIGHT CONDENSATIONS
OF THE
BEST NEW NOVELS IN CRIME,
MYSTERY, ESPIONAGE
AND... SUSPENSE!
1. DIGEST
s("RIBF NOW
at low charter rates
Send to: CRIME DIGEST Box 1938 Marion, Onio 43305

ENTER MY CHARTERYES!
SUBSCRIPTION TO
CRIME DIGEST
Bill Me Payment Enclosed ieMbdie
6 issues (one year) for $7.97 7 issues for $7.97 1low
(includes one bonus issue)
name
address
city state zip
Outside U.S.A. and Possessions: add $1.75 (Payment must accompany order)
Allow 6 to 8 weeks for delivery of first issue
DIDU4-I
SEE PAGE 4 FOR EXTRA COUPON

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99

GAMES AND PUZZLES

Box 1933 Marion, Ohio 43305

Outside U.S.A. & Possessions (cash or credit card only)

DESIot tzorG List $19.95

ELECTRONICS ....etIC `rDUfi 1 C7f;iPtru

7very good reasons to try

CIRCLE 8 ON READER SERVICE COUPON

tough sheet of quality elastomer over President & Publisher

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

39 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

:Box 1933 trol, stations can be accurately selected

4 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

CIRCLE 25 ON READER SERVICE COUPON

VHF Band Expander

SNP -2 SNOOPER PHONE

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 CIRCLE 11 ON READER SERVICE COUPON

Memory Code Keyer

McGEE'S CIRCLE 29 ON READER SERVICE COUPON Desolder Pump

11 Meter 811.85 120 VAC Heathkit PS -5012 Power

6 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 7

8 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

gramming. The experiments rein- Practical Guide. Here's a highly

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 9

YOU'VE BEEN PUTTING OFF YOUR INTRODUCTION into

12 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

soon see that many of the projects are compatible with

Here's what it is all about, a typical DIP (dual in -line package)

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 13

Solderless breadboarding is a convenient method for circuit

14 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

PARTS LIST FOR SON OF THEREMIN

2. Bird Blaster "77

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 15

1.2 M QI R4 -270,000 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

3. Moriarty's Challenge 7177

be finished by lunch, what." R9 -220 -ohm, 10%, 1/2 -watt resistor

16 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

NEW FROM NRI...

4. Precision VOM Calibrator irem,

PARTS LIST FOR PRECISION VOM CALIBRATOR

I 0.0V R8 -2,150 -ohm, 1%, 1/2 -watt resistor

v. Multi -trace Scope Adapter 777

20 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

6. Phone -call Logger 71777

PARTS LIST FOR PHONE -CALL LOGGER

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 21

may find your home surrounded by the local SWAT team. RI

PARTS LIST FOR EXPLOSION ON A CHIP

is on at a time. This is more energy -efficient than a bar - R2 LED 9

PARTS LIST FOR METERLESS VOLTMETER

C1-.22 F mylar capacitor R1 -300,000-ohm, 5%, 1/2 -watt resistor

22 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

10. Sonic-control Receiver

99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982 23

11. Frequency Divider 177"

12. Keyboard Encoder rite!

24 99 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PROJECTS 1982

13. Ramp Generator