Pop 1955 03

POPUL&.
111955H
25
CENTS
n U.S. and Canada
ELECTRONICS
RADIO TV R/C HI -FI ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONIC MIRACLES OF THE FUTURE
WHAT WE HEAR R/C RELIABILITY
RAOARANGE SHORT -WAVE FIREFIGHTING
CnNSTIDUCTU)?.r lETArç not

Frequerry %ieter-Monitc r Moisture Meter
Wireless Record Player Automatic Light Switch
CABINART
KIT
MODEL 80
MODEL 8112
MODEL 8115
Model 80 has iii lid, removable panels.

Bass reflex tuned for 12" or 15" speakers.
Overall dimensions: 33t /2"H, 23 "W,
16 "D. M80 tuner section, inside: 20 "H,
213/4 "W, 151/7 "D. M8112, M8115 baffle
are acoustically engineered. Assembly and finish volume: 6 cubic feet. Sk" white pine
are up to you! Precision -cut white pine and birch 80 equipment cabinet kif 527.00
key together perfectly. Assembled by anyone with 8112 12" speaker cabinet kit 18.00
only a screwdriver. 8115 15" speaker cabinet kit 18.00
Model 61, Model 63 12" speaker - $19.95

corner horn 11 15" speaker - $23.95
KITS
FEATURING KLIPSCH -DESIGNED
REBELenclosure development entails a
cavity and slot port, to form a resonant
chamber, and a horn coupled to the
slot. The slot is loaded by the horn; the
proportioning of slot, cavity and horn
DIRECT RADIATION OF HIGHS
provide bass response below 100 cy-
BACK RADIATION OF LOWS
cles which corresponds in efficiency
to the front -of -cone direct radiator re-
sponse above this critical 100 -cycle
point. There are two ways one might
consider the function of this horn. One
is a bass reflex with a horn acting as
a resistive load on the port. System
resonances are damped by useful
radiation resistance while the horn
11
does not cost anything. It is already
MODEL K -12
formed by the room corner. Again, if
MODEL K -15
a full horn were added below the
K. 12 36.00
100 -cycle point bass response would
K. 15 42.00
be boomy and unnatural. But, in the
ready -to- finish birch Rebel enclosures, the cavity -port com-
All kits precision -cut to size, baffles pre -cut for bination acts as an acoustic low pass
12" or 15 " speakers, Kits include Saran plastic filter. And its design is such that low-
acousticloth, glue, sandpaper, plastic wood, hard-
ware, assembly instructions and finishing instruc- end response will compare with re-
tions. Write for complete catalogs and nearest
Cabinart kit dealer. sponse higher in the sound scale.
all prices slightly higher west and south 75 North Ilth Street
CABINETS Brooklyn, N. Y.
u Trade Mark
1'
You Practice You Practice
iSERVICING
with Kits Send You
BROADCASTING
I with Kits I Send You
Nothing takes the place of PRACTICAL, As part of my Communications Course
EXPERIENCE. That's why NRI training I send you parts to build low -power
is based on LEARNING BY DOING. You Broadcasting Transmitter at left.
use parts I send to build many circuits Use it to get practical experience. You
common to Radio and Television. With put this station "on the air" ... per-
my Servicing Course you build the form procedures demanded of broad-
( modern Radio shown at left. You casting station operators. An FCC
build a Multitester and use it to help Commercial Operator's License can
jt r1P
.
F make $10, $15 a week fixing sets in
spare time while training. All equip-
ment is yours to keep. Coupon below will
be your ticket to a bright future. My
Communications Course trains you
to get your license. Mail coupon
-11 bong book of important facts. It shows Book shows other equipment you
other equipment you build. build for practical experience.
I Will Train You at Home in Spare Time

to be a RADIO TELE VISION TechniciaN
TELEVISION America's Fast Growing Industry
Making Jobs, Prosperity
25 million homes have Television
sets now. Thousands more sold
every week. Trained men needed
Offers You Good Pay, Success
to make, install, service TV sets. Training PLUS opportunity is the PERFECT COM-
About 200 television stations on BINATION for job security, advancement. When times
the air. Hundreds more being built. are good, the trained man makes the BETTER PAY,
Good job opportunities here for gets PROMOTED. When jobs are scarce, the trained
qualified technicians,operators,etc. J. t. SMITH, re ldeot man enjoys GREATER SECURITY. NRI training can
Notional tadle Ioshofe help assure you and your family more of the better
Washington, C. C. things of life. Radio is bigger than ever with over 3,000
N.R.I. Training Leads to Our 40th Year broadcasting stations and more than 115 MILLION
sets in use, and Television is moving ahead fast.
Soon to Make $10, $15 a Week Extra Fixing Sets

Good Jobs Like These Startat My training to practical. complete; is hacked by 40 years of success training
,
men home My well -illustrated lessons give you basic principles you need
BROADCA ST - and my skillfully developed kits of parts "bring to life' things you learn
ITRAINED ovo
N G: Chief Tech- from the lessons. I start sending you special booklets that show you how to
I
nician, Chief fix sets the day you enroll. Multitester you build with my parts helps you
THESE MEN discover and correct set troubles, helps you make money fixing neighbors'
1perator, Power sets in spare time while training. Many make $10, $15 a week extra this way.
"I have progressed very rap-
idly. My present position is ]
>Ionitor, Record-
ing Operator, Mail Coupon -
Find Out What Radio -Television Offer You
Studio Supervisor with Remote Control Operator. SERVIC- Act now to get more of the good things of life. I send actual lesson to prove
KEDD Television, Wichi- ING: Home and Auto Radios,Televi- NRI home training is practical, thorough. My 64 -page book "How to be
ta. "-EMer ! bewaldt, 3026 sion Receivers, FM Radios, P.A. Sys- a Success in Radio -Television" shows what my graduates are doing and
Stadium, Wichita, Kans. earning. It gives important facts about your opportunities in Radio -
tems. IN RADIO PLANTS: Design Television. Take NRI training for as little as
"Fix sets part time in my Assistant, Technician, Tester, Serv- AVAILABLE $5 a month. Many graduates make more than
shop. Made about $500 first iceman, Service Manager. SHIP to all qualified the total cost of my training in two weeks.
three months of the year. t Mail coupon now to: J. E. SMITH, President,
AND HARBOR RADIO: Chief Dept. 5CD4 National Radio Institute,
Could have more but this is
about all I can handle." - Operator, Radio -Telephone Opera- VETERANS Washington 9, D. C.
Frank Borer. Lorain, Ohio. tor. GOVERNMENT RADIO: Op- UNDER G:1. BILLS Our 40th year.
"I've come a long wav in
erator in Army, Navy, Marine Corps,
Radio and Television since Forestry Service Dispatcher, Airways
graduating. Have my own Radio Operator. AVIATION RADIO:
business on Main Street. "- Transmitter Technician, Receiver MR. J. E. SMITH, President, Dept.5CD4
Joe Travers, Asbury Park, Technician, Airport Transmitter
New Jersey.
National Radio Institute, Washington 9, D. C.
Operator. TELE- Mail me Sample Lesson and 64 -page Book, FREE.
"I didn't know a thing VISION: Pick -up (No salesman will call. Please write plainly.)
about Radia. Now have a
Operator, Tele- Name Age
good job as Studio Engi-
neer at KMMJ."
Delzell,
-
Rill
Central City,
vision Techni-
cian, Remote Address
Nebraska. Control Operator.
City Zone.. .State
write in dote
of discharge
POPULAR ELECTRONICS is published monthly by Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, William B. 'Lin. Chairman of the Board (1946-
1903i at 64 E. lake st., Chicago 1, III. Entered as second class matter August 17, 1954 at the Post Office. Chicago. Illinois.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES One Year U.S. and possessions, and Canada $3.00; Pan-American Union Countries $3.50; all other foreign
countries $4.00.
March, 1955 3
POPULAR MARCH
1955
VOL. 2 - NUMBER 3
ELECTRONICS
EDITOR
OLIVER READ, WI ETI
ASSOCIATE EDITORS CONTENTS
W. A. STOCKLIN H. S. RENNE
C. TEPFER J. FRIEBORN Electronic Miracles of the Future... 17 V-
P. B. HOEFER N. EISENBERG
U.S. Air Force's New Radar Height Finder 20
ART
FRANK SAYLES (Director) What We Hear 22
A. J. REICH M. WHELPLEY
Kits of the Month 24
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
J. T. FRYE L. E. GARNER, JR. Radarange... 27
K. R. BOORD R. P. TURNER
R. HERTZBERG H. POLLACK Using the Decibel 30
DRAFTING Frequency Meter -Monitor for Ham Stations R P. Turner 33
J. A. GOLANEK A. A. GANS
Single Layer Coil Design Chart 37
ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT
New York (MU 7 -8080) This Train Is Radio Equipped 38
L. L. OSTEN - Adv. Dir.
R/C Reliability W. Winter 41
WM. G. McROY - Sales
Chicago (AN 3 -5200) Splicing 300 -Ohm TV Ribbon W. Boyd 45
M. B. CROFFORD - Sales
Moisture Meter Is Novel Use of V.T.V M R C. Saunders 47
los Angeles (Mich. 9856)
JOHN E. PAYNE - West. Adv. Mgr. A Modern Wireless Record Player 49
\Ff'DAt-,r Neon Blinker- and -Buzzer Code Practice Set A Trouffer 53
- Y
- Copyright 1955 The Walkie- Talkie L. G. Sands 54
(All Rights Reserved
OF Hum B. Whyte 58
yNG 4
Disc Review B. Whyte 59
ZIFF-DAVIS Clark, WIKLS 60
The C -R Handy Tester C E
PUBLISHING COMPANY
W. B. ZIFF (1898 -1953) FOUNDEd How to Stop Automobile Radio Noise 62
Also Publishers of So You Want to be a Ham (Part 6) R. Hertzberg, W2DJJ 63
RADIO & TELEVISION NEWS
RADIO -ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Short -Wave Firefighting 67
Editorial and Executive Offices
366 Madison Ave., New York 17, N.Y. R/C Ground Control Units E. L. Safford, Jr. 68
PRESIDENT Power Supply 1 71
B. G. DAVIS
An Automatic Light Switch for the Home L. E. Garner, Jr. 75
VICE -PRESIDENTS
H. J. MORGANROTH M. FROELICH The Electronic Husband J. DeGood 79
SECRETARY-TREASURER Carl & Jerry J. T. Frye 80
G. E. CARNEY
Vaughan, Jr. 82
Ground that TV Antenna B C.
CIRCULATION MANAGER
The World at a Twirl K R. Boord 88
M. MICHAELSON
BRANCH OFFICES A Transistor Operated Light Meter 93
Chicago (1), 64 E. Lake St.
Los Angeles (14), Stotler Center
900 Wilshire Blvd. DEPARTMENTS
SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE:
All ubscription correspondence should letters from Our Readers 10
be ddressed to Circulation Dept., 64
E. Lake Street, Chicago 1, Ill. Please R/C Notes 66
allow at least 4 weeks for change of
address. Include your old address as
well as new-enclosing if possible an Tools & Gadgets 98
label from a recent issue of
this magazine. 104
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Tricks of the Trade
Contributors aree advised to retain a After Class 109
copy of their manuscripts and illus-
trations. Contributions should be mailed
to the New York Editorial Office and Standardized Wiring Diagram Symbols 125
must be accompanied by return postage.
Contributions will be handled with rea- 126
sonable
seeable but this magazine as- Glossary of Terms in This Issue
sumes no responsibility for their safety.
Any copy accepted is subject to what- 127
ever adaptations and revisions are nec- Abbreviations.....
essary to meet the requirements of this
publication. Payment covers all au- Resistor Color Code 1 30
thor's, contributor's, and contestant's
rights, title, and Interest in and to 130
the material accepted and will be made Capacitor Color Code
at our current rates upon acceptance.
All photos and drawings will be con-
sidered as part of material purchased. (Also see page 6)
4 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
GREAT OPPORTUNITY FIELDS START NOW -PAY LATER -Finance Plan
and Easy Monthly Payment Plan, Also part -
Conditions are changing. Many "one operation" jobs that time employment help for students,
have paid well will not last. Don't be satisfied with a "no future" Get FREE Book
job. Whether 17 or up to 45 years of age, train the Coyne Send coupon for 48 page
way for a better job and a real future in ELECTRICITY or illustrated book "Guide to
TELEVISION -RADIO, fields that offer a world of opportunities. Careen in Electricity and Tele-
vision- Radio." No cost; no
YOU can TRAIN in great CHICAGO SHOPS obligation; no salesman will
call. Get vital facts now !
Train on real, full -size equipment at COYNE where

thousands of successful men have trained for over 55 years B. W. COOKE, President
-largest, oldest, best equipped school of Its kind- established COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL
500 S. Paulina St., Chicago 12, Ill., Dept.3S-71H
in 1899. No advanced education or previous experience
Send BIG FREE book and details of your
needed. TRAINING APPROVED FOR VETERANS. training offer. This does not obligate me and
no salesman will call. I am interested in:
B. W. COOKE, President FOUNDED 1899 Electricity Television -Radio
Name
A TECHNICAL TRADE INSTITUTE CHARTERED NOT FOR PROFIT Address
500 S. PAULINA STREET, CHICAGO, Dept.. 35.71H
ELECTRICITY * RADIO * TELEVISION * REFRIGERATION * ELECTRONICS City State
The future is YOURS in TV- RADIO! SEND COUPON FOR FREE

A fabulous field -good pay -fascinating work
a
-
prosperous future! Good jobs, or independence
BOOK
and full details,
in your own business! including easy 4UUß10111mES
Coyne brings you the first truly lower cost,MODERN-QUALITYTelevi- Payment Plan. ïäi.1
sion Home Training; training designed to meet Coyne standards. Not an No obligation, no
old Radio Course with Television "tacked on ". Here is MODERN TELE- salesman will call.
VISION TRAINING including working knowledge of Radio. Includes
UHF and COLOR TV. No Radio background or previous experience needed.
Personal guidance by Coyne Staff. Practical Job COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL
Guides to show you how to do actual servicing I. W. COOKE, Prssldsil Television Home Training Div.
jobs -make money early in course.With Coyne
Television Home Training you pay only for 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago 12, III.,
your training, no costly "put together kits". Dept. 35 -HT7
Send Free Book and details on Television
Home Training. This does not obligate me and
no salesman will call.
Coyne-the Institution behind this Name

500 S. Pauline St.. Dept. 35 -HT7, Chicago 12 training ... the largest, oldest, best
Address
A TECHNICAL TRADE INSTITUTE OPERATED equipped residential school of its
NOT FOR PROFIT kind. Established 1888, City State
March, 1955 5
ITEMS OF INTEREST
This Month's Cover 14
COMING NEXT MONTH
World's Smartest Electronic Brain 26
"TV Eye" Selects Car Spaces in Parking Lot 26 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
TV Provides Double Vision for Movie Makers 32
Radio Network Helps Launch Aircraft Carrier 32 Electronic Music With The Theremin
"Electronic Heat" for Large Plant 32
Compact AM Tuner
A Simple Carbon Microphone Speech Amplifier 36
Electronics Measures Ocean Waves 46
Transistor Push -Pull Oscillator
Canadian Wins "Ham" W /VE Contact Contest 48 20 Watt Novice Transmitter
Foolproof Electrical Combination Lock 57 Simple Power Supply for the Experimenter
Crystal Receiver Built in Soapbox 74
Project Cyclone
Lamp Flasher Made from Surplus Relay 74
Unique Crystal Receiver 92
Plus More On
New Radar Pinpoints Enemy Fire 96 High -Fidelity Audio Kits Radio Control
Learn Tube Construction 97 Short -Wave Listening What's New
Hidden Heater Voltage Trouble 103
New Audio Catalogues
How It Works How to Make It How to
123
Code Oscillator Used as Signal Generator 124 Use It Carl & Jerry
NEW PRODUCTS IN THIS MONTH'S

New Small Craft Radar Boasts 16 Mile Range 26
(Lavoie Laboratories, Morganville, N. J.)
Most Powerful Transistor Hearing Aid 26
RADIO & TELEVISION NEWS
(Sonotone Corp., Elmsford, N. Y.)
(March)
A Novel TV and FM Antenna 46
(Plantenna Corp., Silverton, Oregon)
Audio Noise Check List
A Low -Cost "Visual Experimental" Kit 70
(Crow Electri-Craft Corp., 1102 Shelby St., Vin- TV Stations on the Air
cennes, Indiana)
Loudspeakers-The Weakest Audio Link
Geiger Counter Kit 70
(J. Young Sound Engineering Co., 800 Stockton St , New British Power Amplifier
San Francisco, Calif.)
Narrow -Band Speech Unit
If you are unable to find these listed products locally,
write direct to the manufacturers at the addresses given. The Audio Squelcher
Also see the monthly review of new items of interest to
the electronic hobbyist in "Tools & Gadgets" appearing Light Amplifier
on pages 98, 99, 100, 101 and 102 of this issue of POPULAR
ELECTRONICS.
ffiMC EXCLUSIVE PLUS FREE...with this special

Model CRA (Picture tube adaptor
offer
for model 208) $4.50
BASIC SERVICE SHOP TEST 2 Model IS (Instrument stands) 1.96
Total retail cost if purchased $6.46
EQUIPMENT for only $6855*
You get ALL

three of these
precision
instruments
...in this
sensational
offer! --l \l ía R
EMC model 106 EMC model 500 R.F. EMC model 208
VTVM Signal Generator Tube Tester
Price of this individual unit Price of this Individual unit Price of this individual unit
Model 106 (wired and Model 500 (wired and Model 208 (wired and
tested) $35.90 tested) $29.75 tested) $24.90
Model 106 (in kit form) $23.90 Model 500 (in kit form) $19.75 Picture tube adapter available
Accessory probes available
HOW TO GET IN ON THIS SENSATIONAL OFFER!
Start your own service shop with professional precision test equipment at solid savings plus the free
Picture Tube Adaptor and Instrument Stands given in this special EMC offer.
Go to your favorite local jobber, purchase the above three instruments (Models 106, 500, 208), mail the
three enclosed guarantee cards to EMC and receive by return mail your free $6.46 worth of
valuable accessories. This is a limited offer so act TODAY!
IE M.0
Write Dept. PE -3 for new complete catalog of precision test equipment TODAY! *Total price if modals 106 and 500 are not
-
purchased in kit form $90.55
Note these instruments can be purchased
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS CORP. individually.
2e0 LArAYETTE ETREET, NEW YORK IS. N. Y.
INVENTORS 1
Learn how to protect your invention. The U. S. Patent

Laws provide that any new and useful art, machine, article of
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and
useful improvement thereof, may be patented if the act of
invention is involved. Therefore, every inventor with a
valuable invention should take advantage of the Patent Laws
and proceed for patent protection in order to safeguard
his rights.
A patent gives the inventor the exclusive right to prevent
others from making, using, or selling the invention claimed
in the patent for a period of seventeen years.
The Patent Laws were enacted for the benefit of the inventor
to give him protection for the features of his invention which
are patentable. These features must be properly and con-
cisely set forth and claimed in a formal application for patent,
in order to comply with the requirements of the Patent Laws.
For that reason, unless the inventor is familiar with patent
matters, he should engage a competent registered patent
attorney or agent to represent him. We are registered to
practice before the U. S. Patent Office and are prepared to
serve you in the handling of your patent matters.
A specially prepared booklet entitled "Patent Guide for
the Inventor ", containing detailed information with respect
to patent protection and procedure, together with a "Record
of Invention" form will be promptly forwarded to you without
obligation upon request.
CLARENCE A. O'BRIEN & HARVEY JACOBSON

Registered Patent Attorneys
59 -C DISTRICT NATIONAL BUILDING
WASHINGTON 5, D. C.
March, 1955 7
e
SERVÍCE
MEN! < i1 ,1
GET IN ON THIS
11.
2 BILLION DOLLAR PLUM!

200,000 - That's how many service men will be needed to handle
radio -television -electronics industry requirements in the next few
years. That's the figure given in a recent speech by Harold J.
Schulman, director of product service for CBS- Columbia
in a position to know.
a man - L. C. lane, B.S., M.A.
President, Radio -Television
2.7 billion dollars being spent just for service and installation of Training Association.
Executive Director, Pierce
TV sets in American homes by 1957! School of Radio & Television.
industry -
That's the figure given in another speech recently by one of the top men in the entire
Frank M. Folsom, president of the Radio Corporation of America.
THINK
Here is a field still in its infancy -
New jobs with top
-
pay and a secure future are being created everyday
( Here is a chance for you to get into an ever- expanding
WHAT THIS CAN field with unlimited opportunity for advancement Here - VETERANS!
is your chance to set up your own business and be your
\MEAN FOR YOU!) own boss - Here is your opportunity to get in on a
2 billion dollar plum by becoming a Television Technician.
My school fully
Top -paying jobs go to the men who prepare themselves. approved to train
You can prepare yourself without giving up your present
Veterans under new
(TRAINED MEN job or interfering with your social life. My lessons are
especially prepared for you to study at home -
even if Korean G. I. Bill.
Write discharge date
GET THE you have absolutely no experience in this field. All you
TOP JOBS!
need is a grammar school education or its equivalent - on coupon.
and the sincere desire to prepare yourself for a better
future and a chance to make more money.
I CAN DO FOR YOU WHAT I DID FOR THESE MEN:

AIRCRAFT INSPECTOR AT GOOD PAY MANAGES TWO SHOPS $60 A WEEK IN SPARE TIME
'With RTTA training and through re- "I manage two radio and television "I have the skill and know -how to do
pairing radios and televisions for the shops, one here and one in Pompano the work I love best and to enjoy
right people at the right price, I was Beach. RTTA training increased my better things in life, thanks to RTTA.
able to make the right con- knowledge of TV circuits and I am working at TV servicing
tacts. I am now an Inspector showed me new, quicker meth- and making $60 a week spare -
for Douglas Aircraft at about ods of repairing. Lessons as
presented are very concise and time."
04* $125 a week." clear." Harold Gimlen,
Hugh Maddox, William Phillips, Flint, Michigan
Los Angeles, Calif. Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
RADIO- TELEVISION TRAINING ASSOCIATION -52 E. 19th Street, New York 3, N. Y.

8
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
CHOOSE FROM
THREE COMPLETE COURSES #

My courses cover all phases of Radio, FM and TV
Radio, FM and Television Technician Course- No
previous experience necessary.
You learn by practicing with the professional equipment I
send you. Many of my graduates now hold top -paying tech-
nician jobs with such firms as RCA, NBC -TV, CBS -TV, Dumont
TV and other TV studios and plants.
2e
FM -TV Technician Course
ence in radio required.
-
previous training or experi-
You can save months of time if you have previous Armed Forces
or civilian radio experience! Train at home with kits of parts.
plus equipment to build BIG SCREEN TV RECEIVER. ALL
FURNISHED AT NO EXTRA COST!
EXTRA TRAINING IN N. Y. C. AT NO EXTRA COST! LEARN BY DOING
After you finish your home study training in Course 1 or 2
you get two weeks, 50 hours, of intensive Laboratory work on As part of your training, I give you the equip-
modern electronic equipment at our associate resident school ment you need to set up your own home labora-
in New York City, Pierce School of Radio & Television. THIS
EXTRA TRAINING IS YOURS AT NO EXTRA COST WHAT- tory and prepare for a BETTER PAY TV JOB. You
SOEVER! My courses are complete without this extra training, build and keep a professional GIANT SCREEN
but it is an added opportunity for review and practice.
TV RECEIVER complete with big picture tube
Cameraman and Studio Technician Course-advanced
3e TVtraining
(designed and engineered to take any size up
for men with Radio or TV training or experience.
I train you at home for an exciting top pay job as the man
...
to 21 -inch) also a Super -Het Radio Receiver,
RF Signal Generator, Combination Voltmeter -
behind the TV camera. Work with TV stars in TV studios or
on location" at remote pick -ups! Ammeter- Ohmmeter, C -W Telephone Transmitter,
An optional 30 -hour, one week course of practical work on TV Public Address System, AC-DC Power Supply.
.audio equipment at Pierce School is offered upon completion
of Course 3. Everything supplied, including all tubes.
FREE FCC COACHING COURSE

Important for BETTER -PAY JOBS requiring FCC License. You
get this training AT NO EXTRA COST! Top TV jobs go to
FCC -licensed technicians.
GW Telephone Transmitter
Public Address System
RF Signal
Combination Vollmeter. Generator
Ammeter.Ohmmeler Super -Het
Radio Receiver
EARN WHILE YOU LEARN!

Almost from the very start you can earn extra money while learning by
repairing Radio -TV sets for friends and neighbors. Many of my students MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY!
earn up to $25 a week . pay for their entire training from spare time
start their own profitable service business. NO SALESMAN WILL CALL!
earning . . .
I'LL SEND YOU MY NEW BOOK,

rimomilmolor
Mr. Leonard C. lane, President
RADIO -TELEVISION TRAINING ASSOCIATION
FREE! AISFREEO SAMPLE LESSON, AND

OTHER LITERATURE SHOWING
0
4Pè $
Dope.
Dear Mr.
E -3, 52 Pott Phil Street, New York 3, New York
Lane: Mail me your MEW FREE ROOK, FREE SAMPLE
HOW AND WHERE YOU CAN GET A BETTER PAY JOB LESSON, and FREE ads That will show me how I ton make RIG MI
IN TELEVISION. MONEY IN TELEVISION. I understand I e m under ne obligation and
no salesman will call.
(PLEASE PRINT PLAINLY)
HAS OWN BUSINESS
1
"I have a shop at home and have been
working on radio and TV after working
Nome Ape_
hours of my regular job. I average $50 Address 1
a week for this part time work.
RTTA training helped me in Oty Zane state
making extra money and giv- FREE
ing me experience in the elec-
tronic field."
48 -STATE LIST I AM !WRESTED IN: VETERANS! 1
-1
OF FUTURE Rcd o.rM.;V Technician Course Write discharge date
Richard Hennis, TV STATIONS FM -TV terhnlr'an Course
Little Rock, Ark.
1V Cameraman / Srudio
Licensed by State of New Yorke Approved for Veteran Training Terhnirion
® NISI
Course
OM ® MI IN II
March, 1955 9
now...
you can make
LETTERS
FROM OUR READERS
an accurate,
PM VS FIELD COIL SPEAKER
highly sensitive " AM no electronics wizard or audio engineer,
I but I do know that the permanent magnet
type loudspeaker is supposed to be an advance
TRANSISTORIZED over the field coil type, since the field coil requires
energizing voltage and the PM type does not.
"Well, the other day, a friend of mine, listen-
VOLTMETER ing to my table model radio (which has a 5 -inch

PM speaker), told me I could improve the sound
of the set by hooking up a larger speaker to it.
So far, so good; this makes sense -except, the
speaker he suggested using happens to be an old
field coil type. True, it is a 10 -inch job and looks
pretty husky-but how about its field coil volt-
age? Where will I get it from? And will it be
worth the trouble? My friend says it will, and
hinted at a separate power supply for same. Is
he nuts, or am I badly informed? Do you people
think this is a practical thing to do ?"
R. S. Lewis
Wichita, Kans.
There is little doubt that the larger speaker

will provide better tone, assuming its voice coil
impedance is correct with respect to the output
transformer of your set. Energizing its field coil is
something of a problem, however, and requires a
lengthier explanation than can be given in these
columns. We suggest you read an article on this
very subject entitled "Interchanging Loudspeaker
Types" which is to be published soon.
* * *
CK722 TRANSISTORS "\DICE
TV SOUND ON HI -FI SYSTEM
going on your story `The High Fidelity
The current -amplifying ability of Raytheon Hobby' (Jan. issue, page 13). With reference
CK722 junction transistors makes it possi-
ble for you to build à highly sensitive, to the photo diagram on page 17 showing the
low cost Voltmeter for many electronic various components of a hi-fi system, what about
test and service uses. This easy -to -make, this business of feeding TV sound through the
rugged, compact (3 "x4 "x5 ") Voltmeter hi -fi channels? How come you didn't show this ?"
is portable. It is powered by a single Larry Bernard
1.5 volt flashlight cell so you don't need Little Neck, N. Y.
to rely on AC supply.
For FREE circuitry information on Reader Bernard is right, of course, in suggest-
this remarkable Voltmeter simply write ing that the sound portions of TV programs could
Department P -4
come through the hi -fi channel afforded by a
home music system. The TV sound could enter
RAYTHEON the system at any of the same points as does the
(R) signal from the record changer. In fact, most
rn e'/a.cGtoniro tuners and amplifiers contain input receptacles
specifically designed for TV sound input. We
RAYTHEON MFG. CO. couldn't show all the ramifications of a home
Receiving and Cathode Ray Tube Operations sound system. For the same reason we omitted
Newton 58, Massachusetts such refinements as the crossover network for
AND MINIATURE TUBES
RELIABLE SUBMINIATURE the speaker, which may consist of a built -in filter
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES AND TRANSISTORS housed within the speaker itself or a compara-
NUCLEONIC TUBES
RECEIVING AND PICTURE TUBES MICROWAVE TUBES
tively bulky unit that sits outside the speaker.
We also omitted the microphone for the tape
IO POPULAR ELECTRONICS
recorder and the antenna for the tuner. No doubt
there are some who feel we should have included I LONGPLAYING 33'A R.P.M. HIGH-FIDELITY I
a stylus pressure gauge and a cloth for wiping
records. We had to draw the line somewhere,
and for a general wiring layout, we still feel that
the diagram does its job.
JJASTEJIPIECES
* * * COMPLETE TO THE LAST NOTE!
-O
iv
IJ
WHEN IS B MINUS GROUND?
SOME schematics I notice that the ground
connection is the same as the negative side
NO STRINGS ATTACHED!
of the power line, or B minus. On other dia-

grams, however, B minus is connected through a
capacitor to the chassis. Now, in the second case,
is B minus `ground'? And, why is there this MOZART
Symphony No. 26
difference? As a matter of fact, how about an in E Flat, K. 184
article explaining this whole business of `ground' Netherlands Phil.
Otto Ackermann, Cond.
so that this confusion on my part (and many
BEETHOVEN
others I know) will be cleared up once and for Piano Sonata No. 24
all ?" in F Sharp, Opus 78
Grant Johannesen,
J. H. Rogers Pianist
Yonkers, N. Y. NOW YOH can get a real BRAHMS
start on a complete record The Academic Festival
collection. Take ALL TEN of Utrecht Symphony,
The idea for an article on this subject is a these complete masterpieces - Paul Hupperts, Cond.
good one and we'll try to work it up. To answer and pay NOTHING but the
cost of postage! BERLIOZ
your specific question however, the capacitor be- The Roman Carnival
Why We Make this Netherlands Phil.
tween B minus and the chassis is used only on "Give- Away" Offer Walter Goehr, Cond.
equipment having a transformerless power supply, Only by putting our records VIVALDI
or a.c. -d.c. equipment, and is a safety factor. in your hands can we demon- Concerto in C for Two
strate their quality and value. Trumpets and Orch.
When B minus is connected to the chassis through Performed by internationally H. Sevenstern and F.
a capacitor, there is very little impedance between renowned orchestras and art- Hausdoerfer, Soloists;
ists. Custom -pressed on purest Netherlands Phil.
the two for signals of radio frequencies and most vinyl plastic. Reproduced with Otto Ackermann, Cond.
a tone fidelity encompassing
audio frequencies. In effect, for such signals, both the entire range of human WAGNER
B minus and the chassis are "ground." However, hearing... 50 to 15,000 cycles! Die Meistersinger,
Prelude, Act 1
the capacitor blocks d.c. and has a high impedance Mail Coupon Now Zurich Tonhalle Orch.
Trial Member of the Otto Ackermann, Cond.
to 60 -cycle a.c. Hence, one can touch the chassis As a
Musical Masterpiece Society,
without contacting one side of the a.c. or d.c. you are not obligated to ever BACH
buy another record from us. Toccata and Fugue
voltage supplies. You do have the right to try - in D Minor
* * * free of charge -any of the So-
ciety's monthly selections you
wish. You receive prior notice
Alexander Schreiner at
Organ of Tabernacle
Salt Lake City
CORRECTION ON VECTORS of these and pay nothing in
rs HE article Àfter Class' (Dec., 1954 issue, advance. Those you want are DUKAS
sent to you for FREE trial. Sorcerer's Apprentice
page 115) showing phase relations is a very After 5 days, the records you Utrecht Symphony
decide to keep are billed you Paul Hupperts, Cond.
excellent article. I'd like to make one correction at the low Membership Price
on the vectors (Fig. 5). They are shown at 45 of only $1.65 per disc (aver- M USSORGSKY
age playing time 40 minutes) Night on Bald Mountain
degrees instead of 90 degrees...."
.
You save TA the usual retail Netherlands Phil.
Alva Martin price! Right now, start your Walter Goehr, Cond.
collection with these TEN CHOPIN
Findlay, Ohio masterpieces absolutely FREE!
Fantaisie- Impromptu,
But membership is limited;
once filled, this offer must be Opus 66
Thank you and congratulations! So far you withdrawn. Rush coupon with Robert Goldsand,
only 25t to help cover cost of Pianist
are the only reader who has pointed out this er- postage- today!
ror. Fig. 4 shows phase angles which are 90 de-
grees and the vector diagram below also should r Musical Masterpiece Society, Dept. 60 -3
43 West 61st St., New York 23, N. Y.
have shown 90 degree angles. ALL 10 MASTERPIECES -FREE
* * * I enclose 25f to cover postage. Please send me ALL 10
of the masterpieces listed above and enroll me as a
CITIZENS BAND Trial Member.
I will receive advance descriptions of future monthly
l AM interested in the Citizens band that my -
selections. I may try any of these free of charge -
without paying a penny in advance. I may reject any
friend and I could use without a ham license. recording before or after I receive it, and may cancel my
We would like the construction plan for a re- trial membership at any time.
In the future, for each selection I decide to keep, I
ceiver and transmitter . . . for use on this will pay special Member's Price of only $1.65 plus a few
cents for shipping... saving % off the usual retail price!
band. ..." LIMIT: Only one sample package to a customer.
C. I. Strand
Name
Canton, Ohio
Address 60 -3
City State
Sorry, but you are out of luck. Even on the L In Canada, address: 686 Bathurst St., Toronto 4, Ont
Citizens band, the Federal Communications Com-
March, 1955 II
.i! I..,,y:.t "'R6:Lrt1Rt,:
mission has rules that must be observed. The on what was a slip -up on our part. See our section
band used for voice frequencies (460 -470 mc.) on "R /C Notes," this issue, for a detailed ex-
cannot be used except with FCC -approved equip- planation.
ment, and such approval is not granted individual,
home -built units. So, while the operator on this * * *
band need not have a license, the equipment he SAFETY NOTE ON METRONOME
uses must be licensed. For all practical purposes, TOR safety's sake in constructing the electronic
this means using commercially -built units which, [metronome (January issue, page 30), the
unfortunately, range from $200 up. Your best `pilot light jewel and bracket' as noted on the
solution would be to get your amateur radio parts list should be an assembly which has both
license and then there will be many bands on leads isolated from the frame, otherwise a short
which you can operate legally. Such licenses, par- occurring in capacitor Cs would energize the
ticularly the Novice class, are not difficult to chassis at line voltage (117 v.a.c.). This could
obtain, so why not work toward getting your cause bodily injury to an unsuspecting user."
Reeves H. Dengler
"ham ticket."
* * *
WRONG PIN CONNECTIONS FOR 3A5
Oreland, Pa.
ss A TTEMPTED to build the Three Channel R/C

We agree, and thanks for the suggestion.
PI Receiver described in the January issue * * *
(pages 73 -75). Followed your schematic and pic- MORE TROUBLE WITH THE 3A5
torial diagram and completed the set but it didn't i"INreference to the '3- Channel Tone R/C Re-
work. Rechecked the schematic and discovered ceiver' in your January issue : I looked up the
you indicated wrong pin connections f or the 3A5 3A5 tube in the RC-17 RCA Tube Manual but
tube. One grid should be pin 3 and its plate is couldn't find it. How come ?"
pin 2; the other grid is pin 5 and its plate is Joel Madison
pin 6. Don't like to take raps at what I consider Buffalo, N. Y.
a fine mag, but I thought to let you know about
this in case other readers have run into this The RC -17 tube manual covers only receiving
trouble building the set." tubes, and RCA doesn't consider the 3A5 as such.
Charlie Linton You will find this tube type listed in RCA Bulle-
St. Augustine, Fla. tin CRPS -102; also in Tung -Sol's little booklet
entitled "Tubes for Radio and Television" and in
This is one of many comments we've received the G -E tube manual. END
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driven "Speed 1L6 .....51 6A K5 ... .96 6C4 . .41 6X8 .... .80 12SN7GT. .56
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6C U6 ... 12AL5 .. .43
25BQ6GT..82
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6F6
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Omar Bibbs, 1320 E. 27th St., Kansas City, Mo. 1st Class 34 weeks
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EMPLOYERS MAKE JOB OFFERS 4900 EUCLID AVE., DESK rE -a
EVERY MONTH! CLEVELAND 3, OHIO
(ADDRESS TO DESK NO. TO AVOID DELAY)
YOUR FCC TICKET IS RECOGNIZED I wont to know the fact, without obligation, how I can get
niy FCC ticket in minimum of time. Rush n your FREE
BY MOST EMPLOYERS IN THE booklet "How to Pass FCC License Examinations' (does not
Cover e a for Amateur License) as well sample FCC -type
ELECTRONICS FIELD AS PROOF OF exam and the moaning new booklet, 'Money-Moking FCC
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PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY
License Information."
YOUR TECHNICAL ABILITY.
NAME
PAVE THE WAY FOR YOUR SHARE
OF THE BETTER THINGS IN LIFE. ADDRESS
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CLEVELAND INSTITUTE OF RADIO ELECTRONICS PASTE ON A 2 CENT POSTCARD OR SEND AIRMAIL
4900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland 3, Ohio Special tuition rates ln me,0Lers of the U. 8. Armed Forces
J
March, 1955 13
Fix your TV Set
YOURSELF!
BUY YOUR TV TUBES
AT WHOLESALEI
100% GUARANTEED! BRANDED! SAME DAY SERVICE!
A4P 29 6BD5 .59 7F8 59

A7 49 6BE6 39 7.17 59
83 59 6BG6 99 7K7 59
B4P 79 6BH6 49 7U5 49
C6 29 6BJ6 49 7Z4 39
C7 29 6BK7 69 2AL5 39
E7GT 39 6BL7 69 2AT6 39
FSG 29 6BN6 99 2AT7 69
H5 49 61196 79 2AU6 39
L4 49 6E197 79 2AU7 59
L6 59 6BY5G 59 2AV6 39
LA6 39 6BZ7 79 2AV7 69
ILC5 39 6C4 2AX7
LC6 39 6C B6
39
49 2BA6
59
39 This Month's Cover
INS 49 6CD6 99 2BA7 59
RS 49 6CU6GT ... .99 28E6 39 THE phenomenal growth of two -
IS5 39 6F6 39 2BH7 59
T4 49 6F7 69 2SA7 49
way radio, while not as well -
ITSGT 69 6J6 59 251(7 49 known as the "coming of age" of
U4 49 6J8 2SN7
IUS 39 61(6
79
39 2SL7
59
59
television, is not less spectacular.
X2 59 6L6 69 2597 39 Two -way radio affects almost ev-
2A3 29 6N6 69 4S7 79 eryone's life since it is being used
2A7 29 6S4 39 9BG6
SAGT 99 658 59 9T8
99
69
by a widely diversified group of
394 49 6SA7 49 25896 79 industries ranging from taxi com-
395
3S4
59
49
6SD7 49 25L6GT .... .39 panies to the utility firms re-
6SK7 49 25W4GT .39
sponsible for delivering gas and
3V4 49 6SL7 59 25Z6 39
5U4 39 6SN7 59 35B5 39 electricity to the home. Bus lines,
5V4
5Y3
49
29
6597 39 35C5 39 railroads, airlines, etc. all use
6SR7 49 35W4 29
5Y4 49 678 ........ .69 35Z3 29
two -way radio to insure safe and
5Z3 29 6U8 69 35Z5 29 on- schedule operation.
6A B4 39 6V6 49 35/51 29 In this month's issue, three dif-
6AG5 49 6W4GT .... .39 36 29
ferent applications for two -way
6AJS 69 6X4 29 37 29
6A KS 69 6X5 29 39/44 29 radio are covered. This month's
6AL5 39 7A4/XXL .. .39 49 29 cover shows the installation in
6A95 49 7A6 49 SOBS 49
6AS5 49 7A7 49 5005 .49
one of the units operated by the
6AT6 39 7A8 49 50L6 49 Los Angeles Fire Department. For
6AU6 7A K7
6AV6
39
39 7B4
.79
49
75 29 the complete story on "Short -
76 29
6B7 79 7B5 49 77 29
Wave Firefighting," see the article
6BA6 49 7B6 49 80 29 on page 67.
6BA7 59 7B7 49 I17L7GT ... .99 A second interesting application
6BC5 49 1F7 59 II7Z3 29
of the technique is described in
the article "This Train is Radio
Minimum Order Equipped" which appears on page
$1.00 38.
25% deposit with order.
Balance C.O.D. If full Mail Your Order To So many questions regarding the
remittance is sent.
please include postage.
use of "walkie- talkies" have come
Excess money will be to us from our readers that we
refunded. Quantity users
-write for special dis- predict the article "The Walkie-
counts' Talkie" on page 54 will be a hit.
FREE!
with every order of $20
or more--famous "Ox-
wall" magnetic screw
VIDEO Here are the answers to such ques-
tions as, "Do I have to have a li-
cense to operate walkie- talkie
sizes -
driver kit. Includes all
Philips bead,
long handles to get in
ELECTRIC COMPANY
equipment ? ", "Can I convert war
those tight spots. etc. 79 CLINTON PL. surplus units to operate on the
7 screwdrivers in all.
Slay be purchased out- Citizens band ? ", etc. EDITOR
right. List %aloe $4.89
-$1.99 each; 3 for
'$5.50.
NEWARK, N. J. (Ektachrome by Peter J. Samerjan)
HIGH- FIDELITY MUSIC-APPRECIATION RECORDS
TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND MUSIC BETTER AND ENJOY IT MORE
there is a fuit performance of a is an illuminating anal-

ON ONE SIDE great musical work, just as on ON THE OTHER SIDE ysis of the music, with
the ordinary records you buy. The records will the various themes and other main features of the
feature orchestras and soloists of recognized dis- work played separately with running explanatory
tinction in this country and abroad. You listen to comment, so that you can learn what to listen for
-`° the performance first, or afterward, and then ... in order to appreciate the work fully.
,41111111111..
A NEW IDEA OF THE BOOK -OF- THE -MONTH CLUB

ALL TOO FREQUENTLY, most Of US are This enjoyable form of self -education ite. They will be of two kinds: first,
aware, we do not listen to good can be as thorough as the Music -Ap- a so- called Standard Record-a twelve -
music with due understanding and appreciation courses that are given in -
inch disc which will present the per-
preciation. Our minds wander, and we many universities. formance on one side, the analysis on
realize afterward that we have missed the other. This will be sold at $3.60, to
most of the beauties of the work. YOU SUBSCRIBE BUT TAKE ONLY THE subscribers only. The other will be an
There is no doubt about the reason: we RECORDS YOU WANT ...A newMusic - Analysis -Only Record -a
ten -inch disc
are not primed about what to listen APPRECIATION RECORD will be issued - -priced at $2.40. The latter will be
made available each month for any
for. Music -APPRECIATION RECORDS meet for subscribers only -every month. Ul-
this need-for a fuller understanding timately all the great masterpieces of subscriber who may already have a sat-
of music -better than any means ever music will be included. The annotlnce- isfactory long-playing record of the
devised. They do it, sensibly, by audi- nlent about each forthcoming record work being presented. (A small charge
tory demonstration. will be written by Deems Taylor. After will be added to the prices above to
reading this descriptive essay you may cover postage and handling.)
YOU HEAR MUSIC AS THE GREAT CON- take the record or not, as you decide
DUCTORS HEAR IT ... On the podium at the time. You are not obligated as a TRY A ONE -MONTH SUBSCRIPTION -NO
they have in mind at every moment the subscriber to take any specified num- OBLIGATION TO CONTINUE... Why not
various themes of the work, their inter- ber of records. And, of course, you make a simple trial, to see if these
play and development, and the main may stop the subscription at your records are as pleasurable and as en-
architectural features of the composi- -
pleasure at the end of one month,
three months, any time!
lightening as you may anticipate? The
first record, BEETHOVEN'S FIFTH SYM-
tion. This combined aesthetic and in-
tellectual pleasure is what every music - PHONY, will be sent to you at once -at
lover can now acquire through MUSIC - TWO TYPES OF RECORDS AT A RELA- no charge. You may end the subscrip-
APPRECIATION RECORDS. After hearing TIVELY LOW COST . . . All Music - tion immediately after hearing this rec-
several of these records, all the music APPRECIATION RECORDS will be high -
long-playing records of the
--
ord and keep it with our compli-
ments or you may cancel at any time
you listen to is transformed, because fidelity
you learn in general what to listen for. highest quality -331/2 R.P.M. on Vinyl- thereafter.
PLEASE RETURN ONLY IF YOU HAVE A RECORD PLAYER

WHICH CAN PLAY 33Vs R.P.M. LONG- PLAYING RECORDS
As a demonstration MUSIC- APPRECIATION RECORDS R68 -3
c/o Book -of- the -Month Club, Inc.
WILL YOU ACCEPT 345 Hudson Street, New York 14. N. Y.
Please send me at once the first MUSIC- APPRECIATION
WITHOUT CHARGE RECORD, Beethoven's Filth Symphony, without charge,
and enter my name in a Trial Subscription to MusIC-
APPRECIATION RECORDS, under the conditions stated
above. It is understood that, as a subscriber, I am not
Beethoveii'sftlt Syllï pholl obligated to buy any specified number of records, but
may take only those I want. Also, I may cancel this
subscription after hearing the first record, or any
time thereafter at my pleasure, but the introductory
New HIGH- FIDELITY RECORDING HY THE LONDON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA record is free in any case.
Norman Del Mar, Conductor Mr.
Mrs.
Analysis by Thomas Scherman Miss (Please Print)
Address
HAVE HEARD this great work countless times -what
have you heard in it? And what may you have failed
You City Zone State
to hear? This demonstration will show you what you MAR I
may have been missing in listening to great music.

March, 1955 15
The data that launched thousands of careers
and advanced hundreds of amateurs is yours ...
REVEALS HOW YOU CAN GAIN QUICKER SUCCESS

OR TURN YOUR HOBBY INTO A WELL- PAID CAREER
IN RADIO ...
TELEVISION ELECTRONICS ...
TURN YOUR HOBBY INTO A HIGH-PAY CAREER! WHERE WILL YOU BE ONE YEAR FROM TODAY?
Today thousands of electronics hobbyists have an opportu- Still plodding along 7 Getting paltry raises -or
none 7 Fac-
nity to turn fun into profits. Its the "Age of Electronics!"
Trained roen are in crucial demand You may be "outside" ing insecurity 7
I
the electronics industries now, working on a job you enjoy

far less than experimenting, building, transmitting, receiv- ALL YOU NEED IS ADVANCED TECHNICAL TRAINING
ing; working for less money than is being paid to electronics Sure you have some experience. But the fellows with only
engineering technicians. But your "true love" is electronics.
Why not awaken to your opportunities-now?
ELECTRONICS IS SCREAMING FOR MEN LIKE YOU!
partial technical knowledge move slowly, or stand still,
while you -the man with advanced technical training
plunge ahead in the golden world of electronics opportunities.
-
Here are just two of the high-level opportunities available SEND FOR FREE BOOKLET. IT TELLS YOU HOW
from coast to coast:
"Openings will occur in the GS -10 grade, starting salary How to gain career success in the tremendous electronics
$5500 Per year, for men who can qualify for the servicing industries. It pinpoints opportunities which exist. By 1960,
of 35min motion Picture sound and projection equipment. the electronics industries will do no less than $10 billion
Ithough some previous experience in this field is desirable, worth of business per year, not counting military orders.
it is not essential if the individual has sufficient training in Take TV for example: There are about 34,000,000 TV sets
radio , . ."-
Departments of the Army and Air Force. and 411 TV stations on the air. Color TV is pushing ahead
"Just about four months have passed since I made my first furiously. There is but one field of maximum opportunity in
recruiting trip to CREI. As a result of that visit Messers.
Kohs, Plante and Wenger are now members of the Labora- this electronic age.
tories and Mr. Kresge soon will be . , we have some
openings now and will have others . . ."-Bell Telephone CREI TRAINS YOU IN MINIMUM TIME AT HOME
Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J. Thousands of men before you have benefited quickly from
"Two openings in our Field Service
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..
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starting salary is $380 and up . . ."-North
CREI Home Study training. Thousands of CREI graduates
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ACQUIRE NECESSARY TRAINING AT HOME "In this time of less than two years, I havealmost doubled
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centrated training in minimum time, then step into a good thank."-Frank A. Eckert, 22 Clover Lane, Levittown, Pa.
job and enjoy good pay in the mushrooming electronics
Industry. "Shortly after completing the CREI course, I took the Civil
Service examination for electronics maintenance technician
COUNTLESS POSITIONS MUST BE FILLED for the Civil Aeronautics Administration and passed it with
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And only trained men can fill them. You can get your share,
If you take time now to gain that indispensable knowledge.
CAA from the Civil Service Register. "
P. O. 618, Columbus, N. M.
-J.F. Marquez,
LEADING COMPANIES ENDORSE CREI TRAINING BY USING IT VETERAN? If discharged after June 27,
They use CREI courses to train their own personnel. To name a few: United Air Lines, 1950, let new GI Bill of
RCA- Victor Division, Radio Corporation of America. There are many others. Rights help you get resident instruction.
Check coupon for full data.
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Courses are prepared and administered by recognized authorities in electronics education.
They know what industry wants and needs. Instruction is personal and you advance at CAN YOU COME TO WASHINGTON?
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same high level day or night. Classes start
TAKE TWO MINUTES TO FILL OUT THE COUPON BELOW often. Check coupon for Residence School
Mail it immediately, and get the book that can launch your career as it has for thousands catalog. Qualified residence graduates earn
since 1927. Act nowt degree: "Associate in Applied Science."
To help as answer your request intelligently,
please give the following information:
EMPLOYED
BY CAPITOL RADIO ENGINEERING INSTITUTE
Accredited Technical Institute Curricula- Founded in 1927
TYPE OF 3224 16th St., N. W., Dept. 123B, Washington 10, D. C.
PRESENT WORK Send booklet "Your Future in the New World of Electronics"
and course outline.
SCHOOL CHECK Practical Television Engineering
BACKGROUND
FIELD OF Broadcast Radio Engineering (AM. FM, TV)
ELECTRONICS GREATEST Practical Radio Engineering Aeronautical Baths
EXPERIENs'E INTEREST TV. FM & Advanced AM servicing Engineering
IN WHAT BRANCH OF ELECTRONICS ARE Name

YOU MOST INTERESTED?
Street
City State
Cheek-0
6
Residence Scheel Veteran
J
CS,
ÓjL!
!,
Electronic
Miracles
of the Future
is like in
RADIO, television, radar, and other every- to tell us what "modern" living
day electronic marvels were little more the year 2005.
than fanciful dreams about fifty years ago. "Certainly," she replies, "I'll be happy to
Imagine the miracles that will become show you around, and to answer any ques-
commonplace if the progress in the next tions you may have."
fifty years is as great as that made in the "Well, as a start, when we came to the
yet you in-
past five decades. Then multiply that many front door, we didn't knock,
times over, for progress is not a steady vited us in."
thing; it tends to accelerate and gain "That's simple," she responded, "as you
momentum like a snowball as time passes. approached the front door, an electronic
The more man learns about the world and sensing device noted your presence and
that sounded a signal in the kitchen. I simply
himself, the better able he is to apply television communi-
knowledge and learn still more. An im- switched on a two -way talk to you. When I
aginary trip to the year 2005 A.D. reveals cator to see and to
and our invited you in, an electronic coding device
many possibilities of what we
children can expect of life in the future. released an electric lock and opened the
During our visit to the home of to- door."
morrow, we become aware of a number "Then when we came in, the room lights
of changes in architecture. The house is came on automatically. We also noticed a
we entered the
simpler, more functional, and more color- slight tingling sensation as
ful than today's houses. As we approach room."
the entrance, the housewife's face appears She smiled. "All our room lights are
on a screen in the door and her welcome is controlled by another electronic device,
doorbell. It works
projected from the kitchen. As the door similar to the electronic with a light sensitive unit.
swings open and we pass over the sill, we in conjunction
sensation. The lights are turned on automatically
experience a very slight tingling a room at night or
The entire living room ceiling glows pleas- when anyone enters outside light. The lights
antly, bathing the room in soft, shadowless when there is little automatically when the last
light. When our hostess appears and greets are turned off
ask her person leaves the room. And the tingling
us, we explain our mission and
17
March, 1955
I 4.4 .^R.1,?(,.."1111j19rA
ceiver. Newspapers and books are received

and recorded on tapes in a similar fashion."
"What about telephones ?"
"They're not as you know them. We have
two -way television communicators all over
the house. I can watch the children in
their playroom, see visitors at the front or
back doors, or talk to my husband in his
hobby shop no matter what room I'm in.
For personal communication we use our sr
small pocket -sized tele- communicators."
She hands us a small object, somewhat
larger than a present day cigarette case
and about the same shape. On one side is
a flat, dull screen. Along one edge is a
series of buttons and small controls.
"The tele- communicator you're holding
is a combination television receiver, two -
way communicator, and a pocket recorder.
It's completely self-contained and uses a
life -time atomic battery. With it you can
sensation you noticed is an ultrasonic communicate with anyone in the world
screen across the doorway. It keeps out who has a similar unit and who subscribes
flies and other insects, even when the door to the service. You can watch local tele-
is left open." vision programs in color, and you can
Looking around the living room, we fail record conversations. It takes the place
to see the bulky cabinets which represent of a telephone, portable radio, and note-
the radio and television receivers of our book."
day. "Don't you have television ?" we ask. We return the tele- communicator to our
"Of course, this mural on the wall is hostess and glance about. "This room
our television receiver," she answers, point- seems very pleasant; do you have air con-
ing to a large picture. "When we are not ditioning?"
receiving a program, a mural appears on "Yes," she replies, "the entire house is
the screen. The controls are on the frame. air conditioned, with the temperature and
Watch!" humidity maintained precisely at the best
As she touches a hidden control, the balance by automatic electronic controls.
mural disappears and a television program We can change the temperature in any
appears in its place. It is in full color and room by setting a dial, regardless of the
appears three dimensional. The sound temperature in other parts of the house.
comes on simultaneously and seems to For example, my husband keeps his hobby
emanate from different parts of the scene. shop a little cooler than our living room
"You see," she explains, "the television because he does more physical work there.
receiver is only a few inches thick, with all Electronic dust precipitators remove dust
the electronic circuits built into the frame. and ultraviolet lamps kill germs in the
And it has a built -in recorder. If I want air circulated through the house so that
to watch a special program, but I'm busy I seldom have to clean. Of course, even
with the children, I turn a switch and re- with an air conditioned home, we some-
cord the program for later viewing. The times like to open the windows. These, too,
television receiver also serves in place of are controlled automatically. Should a
a newspaper or magazine." heavy wind develop, a drop of rain fall, or
"How do you mean ?" we ask. the outside temperature drop below a com-
"Well, take POPULAR ELECTRONICS for ex- fortable level, the windows are automati-
ample. Since we're subscribers, the magazine cally closed. Automatic shutters adjust to
is received automatically each month over prevent harsh sunlight from coming direct-
a special television channel and recorded ly into the house."
on a small tape. My husband can look "How about your kitchen ?" we ask.
through the issue whenever he wants. He "Of course," she answers, "come with
doesn't have to 'read' the magazine. Each me." She leads the way into a room as
article is presented as a short television tastefully and as colorfully decorated as
program. Back issues are filed in an elec- the living room. The customary appliances,
tronic memory bank. Whenever he wants however, are not in sight.
to refer to a past issue of any magazine, he "Here is the stove," she says, pointing to
simply speaks the proper code words into a small cabinet. "Food is cooked in the
a microphone and the issue and article he oven by high frequency radio waves. For
wishes appears on the screen of the re- frying and top of the stove cooking, we
18
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
have high frequency induction coils which in an electronically controlled auto-
heat only the pan. Here, let me show you." copter."
With this, she deftly removes a pan from "Auto-copter! What's that ?"
a wall cabinet and places it on the stove. "The auto -copter is our principal means
Reaching into another cabinet which is the of transportation. It is sort of a cross
refrigerator, she removes a small pre -cut between the automobile and helicopter of
slab of butter. She drops the butter into your day. For most trips, it is electron-
the pan and touches a button on the edge ically controlled. For example, when my
of the stove cabinet. The pan heats rapidly, husband wants to go to his office, he gets
as we can tell by the sizzling butter. in his auto -copter and presses a button.
"But the stove is not the only elec- The automatic electronic controls of the
tronic device in our kitchen," she con- auto -copter take over. He doesn't have to
tinues. "We have an ultrasonic dishwasher drive. He can watch a television program
which removes even the most stubborn or simply relax during the trip. A pre-
grease and food residue. And we have a recorded tape knows the shortest and best
food sterilizer which I use for home can- possible route to his office and automati-
ning. After sealing prepared or fresh cally guides the auto -copter to its destina-
food in a plastic container, I sterilize it tion. Small radar controls prevent acci-
electronically, and it'll keep almost in- dental collisions and automatic signal de-
definitely without refrigeration." vices insure that the speed limit is not
"With all of these electrically operated exceeded, that the auto -copter stays in the
devices, your electric bill must be fan- proper traffic lane, and that all turns are
tastic." properly made. The auto-copter can't
"Not at all. In fact, we don't buy our break any traffic laws so there's no worry
electric power like you did in the past. In- about policemen or tickets. On arriving
stead, a large solar battery is mounted on at the office, the auto -copter automatically
our roof. It converts sunlight into elec- parks itself in its assigned niche."
trical energy which is then stored in spe- "You must be perpetually astounded by
cial units for later use. Some homes use the miracles of your world!"
small atomic energy power plants instead "No. You didn't consider the automo-
of the solar battery. And many of our bile, the airplane, or television to be mira-
electronic devices have built-in atomic bat- cles. They were ordinary, everyday things.
teries which last a lifetime without re- In the same way, automatic elecronic de-
placement. We never have to worry about vices are commonplace to us."
the electricity going off, even during a hur- Glancing at our wrist watch, we see it's
ricane." quite late. "You'll have to excuse us," we
"Your house seems to be unusually well say, "but we must return to our own
equipped with electronic devices," we re- time."
mark. "Is this true of all of your modern "I understand," she smiles, leading us to
world, or is your home an exception ?" the front door. "But do come again. You'd
"No," she answers, "you might call ours like to visit my husband's office, and per-
an electronic world. We use electronics haps our factories and schools. There's lots
extensively in our homes, in our work, in more to see."
our schools, and even in our recreation. Returning to our own time, we reflect,
For example, if your hobby is photography, for a moment, on what we've seen. Won-
you'd like our electronic cameras. They're drous miracles, to be sure, but we can see
small enough to slip in a coat pocket and the seeds of all the devices in our present
record full color sound pictures on tape. day. We have pocket radio receivers and
No developing is necessary. The pictures pocket recorders. Experiments have been
are ready to be shown as soon as you take carried out with solar batteries as well as
them. And the camera itself can be used atomic batteries. Television programs have
as a projector. Or you can remove the been recorded on tape. Giant computers
tape and play it through the living room perform miracles of calculation, far beyond
television receiver. We even use electronics human ability. And food has been cooked
in our transportation. If you wanted to by radar. Perhaps we didn't go as far into
visit my husband's office, you would travel the future as we thought! END
U.S. AIR FORCE'S NEW
DEFENSE networks of the United States
and its allies are being strengthened by
a powerful new radar height- finder.
Made by General Electric of Syracuse,
N.Y., the new radar set furnishes high -
frequency energy which is concentrated in
a narrow beam like that of a searchlight.
This beam detects planes three times as far
as previous units of this type. Its exact
range is classified information.
An interesting sidelight is that the energy
radiated is so powerful, it can light fluor-
escent lamps over a hundred feet away, and
can ignite flashbulbs tossed in the air in
front of the antenna (see photo).
The radar height -finder is being used in
conjunction with search radar to detect
high flying aircraft and to provide informa-
tion on distance, altitude, and flight di-
rection.
The new radar is being made in mobile
Antsnna far Neigh: linder as well as fixed versions. A large quantity
needs Its own rcom is
Arc is radame balding. has already been supplied for use in
strengthening the "radar fences" that guard
the North American continent, and for de-
fense posts in countries receiving aid from
...<-..°«e...
Height finder and search radars work as a team. Data

Is fed from radars to this control center in the ra-
dome building, and is then relayed to fighter bases.
RADAR HEIGHT FINDER
the United States under the Mutual De-
fense Assistance Pact. Additional units
are being produced for similar use.
As shown in the photos, the complete in-
stallation is a complex one, requiring the
combined efforts of several trained techni-
cal personnel for successful operation. In
this set -up, the height -finder and the search
radars work as a team. The type of data
supplied by search radar (see article in
POPULAR ELECTRONICS, November 1954) is
combined with the data available from the
height- finder. The information thus ob- Flashbulb tossed fn
tained is fed to a central control room, air is ignited by en-
where it is evaluated and interpreted. Then, ergy from power-
in turn, it is relayed to fighter bases, from ful new radar sett.
which points necessary action can be taken.
In Arctic climates the radar is housed in
a dome- shaped circular structure (see pho-
to) with a balloon -like radome made of
woven glass fabric impregnated with a rub-
ber compound. The radome is supported by
air pressure, about a half pound per square
inch, and can withstand winds up to 125
miles per hour. The radome protects the
radar antenna from Arctic weather. END
Three versions of the height finder: unit at left is mobile.

Center unit is radome structure foi fixed Arctic installation.
Unit at right is for fixed installation in temperate areas.
March, 1955 21
WHAT WE HEAR
Theaudio frequency spectrum
and its importance in hi -fi.
AGOOD approach to high fidelity is to between the fourth and seventh octaves.
determine what it is that hi -fi enables The brilliance of clashing cymbals and
us to hear. This analysis serves not only the piping of the piccolo bring us into the
to explain the nature of sound, but may region above 2000 cycles. Violin notes can
well act as a yardstick for evaluating a be heard in this area to well over 3000 cps.
hi -fi system. The highest piano note, or top of the 8th
All areas within the audio spectrum are octave, reaches 4186 cps. Certain speech
important for satisfactory reproduction of and musical sounds, of a labial and frica-
sound, particularly music. Even those very tive nature, reach into the 9th octave.
high regions above 10,000 cycles contribute Many important overtones, or harmonics
to listening pleasure, as this discussion and generated by fundamental tones originat-
the chart opposite show. ing in lower octaves, are sounded in the
Most of us begin responding to frequen- 9th. Our ability to hear these overtones
cies as low as 16 cps. This is more of a helps us, to a large degree, to distinguish
"feeling" point than an actual hearing between different instruments. It also
level. Music does not go down that far. creates the illusion of "presence" or reality
The lowest note on the piano keyboard is in music reproduction.
27.5 cycles. The lowest fundamental tones These harmonics, or overtones, continue
of large organs may go down to 20 cycles, up to 16,000 cycles and beyond. To hear
and the little known octa- contra bass them is to perceive the final touch in tonal
clarinet is reputed to hit that low. You brilliance and the subtle shadings of in-
can get an idea of the kind of deep, over- strumental timbre that characterize live
whelming power suggested by these "sub- performances of music and the best hi -fi
basement" lows if you recall the lowest reproducing systems. To some extent, this
rumble of thunder you've ever heard. region of frequencies is an audio "no man's
Most music, however, occurs above 32 land" because of the controversy regarding
cycles. The second and third octaves (32 its importance in reproducing systems.
to 128 cycles) are the regions of most bass Some observers claim that we can fully
notes, the all- important rhythm section. enjoy music without the need to catch
The fourth and fifth octaves (128 to 512 anything above 12,000 cycles. Others point
cycles) include the relatively higher bass to the limitations of present -day program
tones such as those produced by tympani sources, such as records and pickups which
and the higher strings of the bass viol. do not go up to 16,000 cycles.
The fundamental tones of most horns, as By far, the biggest single problem in
well as of the male voice, appear in this assembling a hi -fi system, as regards re-
area. producing the full audio spectrum, is the
The sixth and seventh octave region, choice of a suitable loudspeaker and en-
while above "middle C" on the piano, and closure. Unfortunately, no single speaker
musically in the treble range, is often has yet been designed that covers the com-
termed "mid- range" from the point of view plete audio spectrum. As shown on our
of its coverage by reproducing equip- chart, the "fi" can become truly "hi" only
ment. This is the frequency area easiest with a speaker system which uses separate
to reproduce. It includes the minimum speaker units and correct frequency divid-
range needed for voice communication, but ing facilities. When you consider the num-
without the bass notes below and the over- ber and variety of sizes and shapes of in-
tones above it, a "pinched" quality -like struments that produced the original
that of a voice on telephone -results. The sounds, you can begin to appreciate why a
trumpet's tones extend into this range, as greater variety of speakers will reproduce
well as those of the female voice. At the them better than a single speaker. And,
upper reaches of this range are the notes in any case, no decent bass reproduction is
of the flute. The fundamental tones of possible without a suitable enclosure for
most musical instruments are to be found the low frequency speaker. END
FREQUENCIES IMPORTANT SPEAKER
(cycles per second) w AUDIO RANGES RANGES
Highest harmonics add sense of

realism, tonal richness. Hear-
ing limits are 16,000 cycles for
young people; 12,000 for old.
81/1111101,
4096
to
8192
Many important harmonics. High
fundamental tones of pipe organ,
piccolo, and other instruments.
1024
tD
2048
Minimum needed for voice, but
without overtones and bass tones,
Mai111111=111111.1.111
voice has "telephone" quality.
Many instruments in this range.
Upper bass for rhythm as well

as fullness of tone. Fundamental
Single cone loudspeakers have lim-
tones of human voice and many in-
ited ranges. 8 -inch k fairly good
struments. Middle C is 256 cycles.
128 on highs but 12 -inch affords more
to bass. 2 -way system provides wider
256 range; 3 -way gives "cleaner" tone.
E4
to
138
Lower bass region for rhythm and
"power" in music. Lowest funda-
mental tones of such instruments
as bass viol, tuba, and clarinet.
Wind, thunder. Fundamentals of

16
large organs. Low A is 27.5 cy-
to
cles. Sense of "feeling" at 16 cy-
:2
cles; hearing limit a bit higher.
March, 1955 23
Kits
Left, the three -tube
a.c.- operated "Ocean
Hopper." Right, the
two -tube "Battery DX-
er." The respective
schematics are just be-
low the photographs.
u ICED
ANTENNA REGENERATION
TAW MER CONTROL
#3-30 JIMFIR IIIID

IN DC AND SPEAKER
MME EE
LONG NAVI CODA ONO,
0001
3 E
IS
MFD
-c
12AT6
MEG
ANDSET
0 /TM
CAPACiTOR
5U ;SAME T TYPE
= O05 NEAOPNONF
2701
T
2
RATE SOU 15W4 FILTER CHOKE
3 4
200 row
30/i50V T30,ISOV _ COMMON NEGATIVE
ON -OFF SW ITCH
CHASSIS GROUND
/ñ7
K = 1,000
MEG c 1,000.000
HOW many people have sometimes Both of these receivers use plug -in coils
thought that they might be interested to cover six wave bands. Both receivers
in short -wave listening, yet have hesitated cover the regular AM broadcast band as
to invest in a regular communications re- well as short -waves, and the "Ocean Hop-
ceiver because of doubt that the short- per" also covers one long -wave (low -fre-
waves offer enough to justify the invest- quency) band. The actual frequency range
ment? It is possible to get a low -cost sam- of the "Ocean Hopper" is from 155 kc. to
ple and at the same time learn more about 35 mc. The "DX -er" covers from 550 kc.
electronics. Just build a short -wave kit! to 31.5 mc.
Two simple, inexpensive all -wave re- Each receiver has three controls, a
ceiver kits available for the novice are the bandset or main tuning control, a band-
Knight Model 740 "Ocean Hopper" Kit and spread or fine tuning control, and a regen-
the Knight 2 Tube Battery "DX-er." Both eration control. An antenna trimmer also
are marketed by the Allied Radio Corpora- is provided on each set; this adjustment
tion. The "Ocean Hopper" operates from does not have to be changed every time a
117 volts a.c. or d.c., uses three tubes, in- different station is tuned in, but maximum
cluding a rectifier, and will operate a efficiency will be obtained from the an-
loudspeaker. The "DX-er" is a battery - tenna used if the antenna trimmer is reset
operated receiver intended for headphone whenever the operating frequency of the
listening only, using two low -drain tubes. receiver is changed by a large amount.
of t he Month
Here are two simple and inexpen-
sive receiver kits which cover
most amateur bands and the short-
wave and regular broadcast bands.
155
= TO 30
MMFD vo
ANT O-
uc
GNDO- PHONES
90 VOLTS
45 VOLT
DPOT ON -OFF SWITCH
'B' BATTERY
PLUGS 4 ON REGENERATION
CONTROL
4
BATTERY PLUGS
VIEWED FROM TOP
WITH PRONGS DOWNWARD
Each kit includes schematic and pic- lack some of the features of more elab-
torial wiring diagrams, assembly instruc- orate receivers; they are less sensitive
tions, and all parts and material required, and less selective. Tuning them is some-
except hookup wire and solder. The coils what more difficult since they use regen-
used are factory-wound, which not only erative detectors and the regeneration con-
saves the builder the time and trouble of trols affect both tuning and volume.
winding his own coils, but assures him Dials are not calibrated directly in fre-
that they will function as intended with- quency, but have a single 0 -100 scale for
out any "cutting and trying." The only all bands. The dial reading for any sta-
tools needed are a soldering iron, a pair of tion will vary somewhat between receivers,
longnosed pliers, a diagonal cutter, and because of variations in coils, tubes, and
one or two screwdrivers. Even a beginner the placement of wiring by the builder.
should have little difficulty in putting Those who become seriously interested
either receiver together so that it will in short -wave listening will want a re-
work properly. ceiver with conveniences which these kits
These receivers are not intended to com- lack. However, either of the kits is a
pete with expensive, multi -tube communi- good buy for anyone who wants to find
cations sets. They are relatively inexpen- out, without investing too much money,
sive in that each complete receiver costs just what the short -waves have to offer
twenty dollars or less. Naturally, they that might be of interest to him. END
March, 1955 25
WORLD'S SMARTEST
ELECTRONIC BRAIN
ALL the equipment in this
large room is part of
"NORC," a gigantic computer
built by International Business
Machines Corp., N. Y. Standing
for "Naval Ordnance Research
Calculator," NORC is said to
be the "smartest electronic
'brain' ever built," and un-
matched by any other computer
in existence for speed and pro-
ductivity. NORC can carry out
15,000 arithmetic calculations
a second.
NEW SMALL CRAFT RADAR 'TV EYE' SELECTS CAR

BOASTS 16 MILE RANGE SPACES IN PARKING LOT
F INTEREST to owners of small craft is SPACE -spotting by television to speed car
"The Bat," a new small -boat radar sys- parking service is the latest achievement
tem developed by Lavoie Laboratories, of the "TV Eye" developed by the Radio
Morganville, N. J. Said to be an entirely Corporation of America as a means of ex-
new departure in electronics, the new sys- tending human sight.
tem has a minimum range of 40 yards and The closed- circuit spotter has gone into
a maximum of 16 miles. Total weight, in- service at Oakland, Calif., where it is be-
cluding the antenna, receiver-transmitter, ing used by the Downtown Merchants
and indicator, is approximately 130 pounds. Parking Association. The "TV Eye" cam-
It uses standard tubes and is priced at era is mounted atop a light standard over-
about the cost of a good automobile. Its looking the lot and is connected to a 21-
TV -type radar screen shows up all other inch TV receiver installed in the entrance
craft or obstructions as spots on the screen booth. A special pan and tilt mechanism
with great clarity. The system is so de- enables the camera automatically and con-
signed that its components may be placed tinuously to scan the parking area and
anywhere on a boat without affecting its project what it "sees" to the receiver in
operation. "The Bat" has been tested the booth. Control switches in the booth
through 1400 hours of all weather condi- also enable the attendant to operate the
tions, including four hurricanes. It has camera manually. When a motorist drives
withstood winds of over 100 m.p.h. into the lot, the attendant, without leaving
Originally developed for military use, the his booth, need only glance at the TV
new radar is now ready for civilians. screen to locate a vacant parking space.
MOST POWERFUL TRANSISTOR HEARING AID

USING four transistors (shown below) in a new electronic
circuit, Sonotone Corporation, N. Y., has developed what
is said to be "the world's most powerful small-size hearing
aid." It can be operated for as little as two cents a week
with a single battery. Features of the new unit are: pro-
vision for 12 combinations of amplified power, depending
on the wearer's needs; automatic regulation of the power
drained from the battery; switch to cut off outside noises;
"bifocal" control to help un- -
derstand speech in noisy
places; recessed microphone
grille; and a newly designed
magnetic microphone with
good low frequency re-
sponse, important for bone
conduction users.
Only the food gets hot in the new "Radarange ". Cooking utensils and interese of even
remaen cool since these materials do not absorb the microwaves that cook Le toed.
FOOD can be cooked in a fraction of the walls and a door designed with appropri-
r time it usually requires, by the new ate chokes. Thus, instead of the food being
"Radarange" which utilizes microwave cooked by the conventional method of ap-
energy to heat nothing but the food itself. plying heat to its surface and then waiting
Made by the Raytheon Manufacturing for the heat to be conducted through the
Company of Waltham, Mass., the new food, the food in the "Radarange" oven is
oven can prepare an 18 -pound roast of penetrated by the microwaves to a depth
beef in 40 minutes. At a recent demon- of about 21/2 inches. As it penetrates, the
stration, a chicken was roasted in 9 min- microwave energy sets up molecular fric-
utes; an apple pie baked in 6 minutes; tion deep within the food which in turn
and steaks done in 1 minute. The walls creates the heat that cooks it. This proc-
of the oven, as well as the utensils hold- ess is the key to the tremendous reduction
ing the food, remained cold and could in time needed for cooking the food.
be touched with bare hands. No physical change takes place in the
Designed for primary cooking, defrost- food, except the normal changes caused
ing, and reheating, the "Rada.range" heats by the heat. And the only heat present is
food by microwave energy generated at within the food itself. Since the stainless
2450 megacycles, produced by QK -390 con- steel of the oven, and the material of
tinuous wave, air -cooled magnetrons. In which cooking utensils and plates are
model 1161, two magnetrons produce a made resist microwave penetration, they
maximum of 1600 watts; in smaller model do not get hot.
1170, one magnetron produces a maximum The " Radarange" oven's tremendous
of 800 watts. In both cases the microwave speed helps reduce food wastage. For ex-
energy is directly coupled to the oven cav- ample, in estimating a restaurant's daily
ity, where it is confined by the metal needs for roasts, only enough meat for the
March, 1955 27
00. z Model 1170, above, is smaller of two models
of -Radarange" now commercially available.
0
miry.
r
f61110
"` Speed of " Radarange" is shown by cook
trig times required for various dishes.
-
smallest expected amount of business is Power is provided for exhausting steam

cooked by conventional methods. Should from the oven and cooling magnetrons and
extra business develop later in the day, other components. Considerable care has
extra roasts may be prepared in the been taken to insure long life by running
"Radarange" oven in ample time to meet the electrical components cool. The air in
the orders. In most establishments, this commercial kitchens is usually hot, grease
procedure may be used repeatedly, keep- laden, and frequently full of lint. The elec-
ing just "one roast ahead" of business. tronic components in the range operate at
Except for the magnetrons, all the elec- relatively high power and must be kept
trical equipment in the "Radarange" runs cool if long and trouble -free operation is
at power frequencies and consists of power to be achieved. Cooling air, therefore, is
supply and control equipment. The only drawn in at the front, where the air is
tubes besides the magnetrons are the rec- most apt to be cool nd free of grease
<
tifier tubes in the power supply, which when the range is place .i in a row of other
furnishes 320 ma. at 5000 volts to each cooking equipment. The air is then filtered
magnetron. and forced over the electrical components
Magnetrons are essentially constant and out through openings in the back of
voltage devices like gas voltage regulator the cabinet.
tubes and will draw widely fluctuating The microwave ovens are designed to op-
amounts of current with very small erate on 208 to 230 volts, single phase, 60
changes in voltage. Therefore, some means cycles. The neutral wire carries no cur-
of current control is required. This con- rent and can be used for grounding. The
trol is accomplished very simply with a conversion from 208 to 230 volts is made
saturable reactor circuit in series with the by changing a transformer tap within the
primary of the high -voltage transformer. range. The large model consumes about
Using this reactor, the magnetron circuit, 1.02 kw. on standby and about 5.3 kw. on
and thus the cooking speed, is held virtu- high heat. The power demand for the small
ally constant for changes in line voltage model is half of that of the large range.
of plus 10 or minus 5 per-cent from the The efficiency of the magnetron itself is
design voltage. The reactor is also used to about 50 per -cent; that is, about half of
provide lower oven heats by reducing the the power supplied to the magnetron is
magnetron current. This method is a par- fed into the oven as microwave power.
ticularly convenient way to control heats, Over 90 per -cent of this power is con-
as all switching can be done in the low verted to heat in the food. The remaining
current control circuit rather than in the 10 per -cent is dissipated in random heat-
power circuit. ing. END
:
Shows at ink dS 1
'1St
plod iw yea ' ?. -9d -estrt'' us .'
its we rth. This t.sit uses two map
to ;er e-.itr the rr izro.euro c 3o.tfnq e
Maintenance of new unit

Las been simplif_ed. Parts
are readily axessible. Note
da-cooling unit al left,
March, 1955 29
USING THE DECIBEL
IN ANY listening situation, the smallest (wattage), we multiplied the logarithms of
increase in the volume of any sound that the ratio by 10. But in the case of values
can be detected by the human ear is one- not yet expressed as powers, such as volt-
fourth, or 25 per -cent, over a previous age or current, we multiply the logarithm
sound. In other words, if any two sounds of their ratio by 10 doubled, or 20.
have a power ratio of at least 1.25 to 1, we We now can state all the above in terms
will detect that the former is louder. of these simple formulas :
This ratio holds true for a wide range of
power regardless of the absolute power of
a particular sound. If we hear two sounds Db = 10 log when P is known in watts.
whose powers are respectively 12.5 and 10 P
watts, we would still hear the same differ-
ence in their loudness as we heard between Db = 20 log E3 when E is known in volts.
the sounds at 1.25 and 1 watt, since the E,
ratio is still the same (1.25).
This is because we hear approximately
in proportion to the logarithm of the in- Db = 20 log Il
I,
when I is known in amp.
tensity, rather than in direct linear re-
sponse to it. The decibel has been devel- The value of the "common logarithm"
oped as a convenient unit for expressing (sometimes written as logo) is easily ob-
and measuring intensity logarithmically. tained from standard tables that are in-
Mathematically, "1 decibel" is approxi- cluded in most mathematics and technical
mately 10 multiplied by the common log- textbooks. From then on it's a case of
arithm of the ratio, 1.25 to 1. simple arithmetic.
The factor of 10 enters the picture be- The table on the opposite page is a
cause the original unit used was the "bel" shortcut aid in determining db gain or loss.
(named for Alexander Graham Bell), It has, in effect, already computed the
which is the logarithm of 10 to the base 10. logarithms of the power (and voltage and
The decibel is actually one -tenth of a current) ratios for you. Notice that the
"bel" and is used in preference to the bel right -hand side (4th and 5th columns) ex-
inasmuch as a change of sound intensity of presses ratios in which there is a gain
1 decibel approximates very closely the
(1 or higher). The left -hand side (1st and
ratio of 1.25 to 1, which is the minimum 2nd columns) expresses ratios in which
change in sound intensity human ears can there is a loss (1 or lower). The center
detect. column gives you the number of decibels
The decibel is used widely in audio work of either gain or loss for a given ratio.
because it represents accurately the re- Let us now work a few problems using
sponse of the ear to different intensities both the formulas and the table.
and because it can be used over a wide Example: What will be the gain in db
range of intensities. Decibels are used for of an amplifier whose output power rises
expressing power ratios, voltage ratios, to 5 times its input?
current ratios, amplifier gain, hum level, The formula tells us that for power (in
loss due to negative feedback, network wattage),
loss, and loss in attenuator circuits and in
transmission lines.
P,
Gain is expressed as plus db; loss as Db = 10 log. Pl
minus db. Ratios between currents and
voltages across the same or equal resistors
are also expressed in decibels. In the case In this case, P2 over P1 is given; it is
of voltages or currents, the logarithm of known to be 5. (In other words, the in-
the ratio must be multiplied by 20. This put might be 2, the output 10, resulting in
is because the decibel is basically an ex- a ratio of 5 to 1). The log of 5 is ap-
pression of power (wattage) which is al- proximately 0.7. Multiplying this by 10, we
ways a function of the square of either get 7, which is the solution. In other
current or voltage. To square a number, words, this amplifier has a gain of 7 dec-
you double its logarithm. Thus, in the ibels. In practical terms this means that
case of values already expressed as powers (Continued on page 113)
DECIBEL TABLE
Voltage or Voltage or
Current Ratio Power E--- - Current Ratio Power
(Equal Ratio db (Equal
Impedance) + -* Impedance)
Ratio
1.000 1.000 0 1.000 1.000

0.989 0.977 0.1 1.012 1.023
0.977 0.955 0.2 1.023 1.047
0.966 0.933 0.3 1.035 1.072
0.955 0.912 0.4 1.047 1.096
0.944 0.891 0.5 1.059 1.122
0.933 0.871 0.6 1.072 1.148
0.923 0.851 0.7 1.084 1.175
0.912 0.832 0.8 1.096 1.202
0.902 0.813 0.9 1.109 1.230
0.891 0.794 1.0 1.122 1.259
0.841 0.708 1.5 1.189 1.413
0.794 0.631 2.0 1.259 1.585
0.750 0.562 2.5 1.334 1.778
0.708 0.501 3.0 1.413 1.995
0.668 0.447 3.5 1.496 2.239
0.631 0.398 4.0 1.585 2.512
0.596 0.355 4.5 1.679 2.818
0.562 0.316 5.0 1.778 3.162
0.531 0.282 5.5 1.884 3.548
0.501 0.251 6.0 1.995 3.981
0.473 0.224 6.5 2.113 4.467
0.447 0.200 7.0 2.239 5.012
0.422 0.178 7.5 2.371 5.623
0.398 0.159 8.0 2.512 6.310
0.376 0.141 8.5 2.661 7.079
0.355 0.126 9.0 2.818 7.943
0.335 0.112 9.5 2.985 8.913
0.316 0.100 10 3.162 10.00
0.282 0.0794 11 3.55 12.6
0.251 0.0631 12 3.98 15.9
0.224 0.0501 13 4.47 20.0
0.200 0.0398 14 5.01 25.1
0.178 0.0316 15 5.62 31.6
0.159 0.0251 16 6.31 39.8
0.141 0.0200 17 7.08 50.1
0.126 0.0159 18 7.94 63.1
0.112 0.0126 19 8.91 79.4
0.100 0.0100 20 10.00 100.0
3.16x10 -2 10-3 30 3.16x10 103
10 -2 10 -4 40 102 104
3.16x10 -3 10 -5 50 3.16x102 105
10-3 10-6 60 103 106
3.16x10 -4 10-7 70 3.16x103 107
10 -4 10-8 80 104 108
3.16x10-5 10-9 90 3.16x104 109
10-5 10 -10 100 105 1012
3.16x10-6 10 -11 110 3.16x105 1011
10-6 10-12 120 106 1012
March, 1955 31
Mounted atop a 35 mm. movie camera,
the new "Tel-Eye" provides director
with same view recorded by camera.
TV Provides Double Vision for Movie Makers

ANEW movie film technique by which a new method, the director and his staff can
miniature Du Mont "Tel-Eye" televi- have a large screen TV picture of what
sion camera, mounted on a movie camera, the camera sees so that they are in com-
gives film directors and their crews in- plete control of the shooting at all times.
stantaneous duplicate TV pictures of what The "Tel -Eye" TV camera to be used is
the film camera "sees" has been developed about the size of a shoe box. The photo
by Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, Inc., shows it mounted on a Mitchell 35 mm.
and RKO- Pathe. Still in the experimental movie camera.
stage, the method is expected to save Other uses for the "Tel- Eye ", distinct
money, time, and film footage because di- from movie production, are in cases where
rectors will not have to wait for film to be a highly portable TV pickup device is de-
developed and "rushes" screened before sired. It can be used for monitoring re-
knowing how much film is usable. motely the operation of machinery, for
Under present movie making methods, guarding banks and plants, for traffic con-
only the cameraman has an instantaneous trol, in places and where temperature,
camera-eye view of the scene being shot pressure or other factors create hazards
once the cameras start to roll. Under the to personnel. END
"ELECTRONIC HEAT" RADIO NETWORK HELPS

FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANT LAUNCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER
ELECTRONIC heat -the kind obtained ACOMMUNICATIONS problem involved
from a radio or TV set after it's been in the recent launching of the world's
on a while-has gone to work at the largest warship -the aircraft carrier U.S.S.
General Electric plant at Syracuse, N. Y. Forrestal-was solved by the Radio divi-
The 200,000 square -foot building meets sion of Bendix Aviation Corporation, who
about half its heating needs with heat set up a miniature radio network to help
from sixty -four 8 x 8 x 4-foot test sets. prevent damaging the ship or the dock.
The sets, installed by the Army Signal Previous communications methods such
Corps to test huge thyratron tubes, give off as hand signals, loudspeakers, and field
enough total heat to warm 130 six-room telephones were inadequate because of the
houses. tremendous size and dimensions of the
Air, blown into the sets to cool their ship.
tubes and other units, comes out at about Radio packsets were operated at three
100 degrees. Then, if needed, it is ducted strategic control points, one on the ship's
right into the building's regular air-con- "island" superstructure, another on deck,
ditioning system. and a third on the dock. They were tuned
The sixty -four test sets give off a total to the same frequency as transmitter-re-
of 10 million BTU (British Thermal Units) ceiver units on a dozen tugs, in a tightly
of heat per hour. The average TV set gives knit communications network to help as-
off 750 BTU per hour. sure a precise operation.
FREQUENCY METER - MONITOR
With this handy tool you can check the fre-
quency and hear the quality of your signals.
FOR HAM STATIONS
By RUFUS P. TURNER
antenna or pickup wire. Headphones are

plugged into the output of the audio am-
plifier. The oscillator also is connected to
the detector internally. As the oscillator is
tuned over its range, its signal will set up
a "beat note" whistle with the unknown
signal when the two signals are close to the
same frequency. The whistle grows lower
in pitch as the oscillator is tuned closer and
closer to the frequency of the unknown
signal. When the two signals are of ex-
AFTER the transmitter and receiver, the actly the same frequency, the whistle which
next most important piece of equipment has grown quite low in pitch disappears
for the new amateur station is a combined completely-the condition known as "zero
frequency meter and monitor. beat."
As its name indicates, this instrument Thus, the unknown frequency is deter-
serves two purposes. As a frequency meter, mined by adjusting the oscillator of the fre-
it is used to check the transmitter frequency meter -monitor to zero beat with the
quency. As a monitor, it is used to listen to incoming signal, and reading the frequency
one's own c.w. signals to monitor them for from the dial calibration of the oscillator.
cleanness and to watch the keying. An interesting and useful fact is that zero
The frequency meter -monitor must be beat is obtained also when the unknown
shielded and completely self- contained. This signal is a harmonic of the oscillator fre-
prevents its picking up signals except di- quency (two times, three times, four
rectly from the transmitter. The best way times, etc. the oscillator frequency). The
to keep the instrument self-contained is to unknown frequency then is determined by
operate it from internal batteries. Thus, no multiplying the oscillator frequency by 2, 3,
troublesome power -line cords are needed. 4, or whatever number signifies the har-
By using only low -drain tubes, the batteries monic involved.
will give long life. Here is an illustration The oscillator in
:
The instrument consists of a tuned r.f. the instrument shown here tunes from 1725
oscillator, a detector, and an audio ampli- to 2000 kc. Unknown signals in this range
fier. The oscillator is calibrated and thus is can be read directly, by the zero beat
a type of signal generator. In using the fre- method, from the oscillator calibration. But
quency meter, the unknown r.f. signal is suppose you know your transmitter is oper-
fed into the detector through an external ating somewhere between 3500 and 4000 kc.
March, I955 33
L2
3/4" DIA. FORM
I/8 MOUNTING HOLE
SCOTCH TAPE BETWEEN LI B L7

INSULATED
FROM
CHASSIS
J2 All coils are wound in same direction and
connected as shown in the diagrams. Note
that L, is wound over center section of L.
.s The schematic diagram shows that the frequen-

cy meter monitor circuit is relatively simple.
The pictorial wiring diagram will help you in

wiring the instrument. Note particularly the
connections of the coil windings. L1. L_, L3.
R2- I00,000 ohm, 1/2 w. carbon res. closewound on top of La from which it is insulated
R2-50,000 ohm, 1/2 w. carbon res. La -Grid coil:58 turns No. 26 enamelled wire close-
R3- 500,000 ohm pot. wound on 3/4'-diameter form
Cr-50 ppfd. midget, straight -line- frequency vari- La-Coupling coil: 25 turns No. 26 enamelled wire
able capacitor (National SE-50) closewound on some form as La, and spaced /é' 1
C2-100 lipid. midget silvered mica capacitor (Aero- from ground end of La
vox 1469) RFC2-21/2-millihenry r.f. choke (National RI00)
C2-140 µµfd. midget trimmer-type variable capac- St-S.p.s.t. toggle switch
itor (Hammarlund APC-140) 1 -7 -pin miniature ceramic socket with shield, for
C4 -250 mild. midget silvered mica capacitor (Aero- IU4 tube (Amphenol 147 -501 socket and 5.402
vox 1469) shield)
Cs -0.1 pfd. 200-volt tubular capacitor 1 -7 -pin miniature socket without shield, for IU5
Ca -0.002 pfd. postage stamp mica capacitor tube
C7-0.002 pfd. postage stamp mica capacitor 1 -4-inch dial graduated for 270° or 325° rotation
B2-45-volt "B" battery-Burgess W30 (1. C. A. 2170 or equivalent)

B2-11/2 -volt "A" battery -Burgess 2FBP 1 -Metal subchassis: See text
II-Shielded pin jack (I. C. A. No. 2385), with 1-8"x 6" x 41/2" metal radio utility box (Bender
matching 1. C. A. No. 2383 pin plug No. 146)
it- Midget open-circuit phone jack
wire
1 -23/4" length
(Amphenol)
3/4" diameter Polystyrene tubing
L.2-Plate coil: 26 turns No. 26 enamelled
(80 -meter ham band) and you get zero beat tiometer R. serves as a volume control.
at an oscillator dial setting corresponding Both the 1U4 and the pentode section of
to 1760 kc. Then your true frequency is the 1U5 are operated as triodes by connect-
1760 multiplied by 2, or 3520 kc. We mul- ing their plates and screens together.
tiply by 2 because the 3500 -to- 4000 -kc. The antenna signal is picked up by means
range is twice the oscillator tuning range. of a short rod or wire inserted into jack J3
This instrument can be used in the same and is delivered to the 1U5 diode along with
way to check frequencies all the way to 30; the signal from the oscillator.
000 kc. (top of the 10 -meter ham band). One 45 -volt "B" battery (B1) and one
When using the device as a c.w. monitor, 11/2 -volt dry cell "A" battery (B2) furnish
the transmitter signal is tuned in on one operating power.
side of zero beat so as to give a tone pleas- Construction
ing to the ear. With the signal thus tuned
in, you can listen to your own keying. The instrument is built in an aluminum
box 8" high, 6" wide, and 41/2" deep (Bender
Circuit Details No. 146). The carrying handle is a drawer
The schematic diagram shows the cir- pull from the ten -cent store. You will also
cuit. The oscillator tube (V.) is the 1U4. need a shelf -type subchassis 57/e" long and
A pickup coil (La) transmits the oscillator 41/4" wide with b/8" folds on the short ends.
signal to the detector which is the diode sec- You can make this from a piece of 1/16" -
tion of the 1U5 tube (V2). The audio am- thick aluminum by forming it in a vise, or
plifier is the pentode section of the 1U5. you can have your local sheet metal shop do
Headphones are driven by the 1U5. Poten- the job. Tube sockets are mounted in %"-
Sw El OED
LEAD
LI, L 2, L3
COIL
ASSEMBLY
diameter holes drilled in this chassis. The From jack J, run a length of shielded
1U4 socket is a shielded, ceramic type. The lead to capacitor C. at the V2 socket. Vari-
tuning capacitors and coil also are mounted ous leads pass from the top of the chassis to
on the chassis. the compartment below through a small
Wind the coil as shown in the drawing. hole lined with a rubber grommet.
First, close -wind 58 turns of No. 26 en- The chassis is held in place by means of
ameled wire (L.) on a % "- diameter, 2%" four 6 -32 screws and nuts, 31/2 inches below
length of Polystyrene tubing. Then, %, inch the top of the case.
from L2, wind L. which consists of 25 turns It is essential that all parts be firmly
of No. 26 enameled wire closewound. Final- mounted, and that the case be tightly
ly, wind a single layer of Scotch tape over closed. This gives stable operation.
L4 for insulation, and on top of this wind L,,
26 turns of No. 26 enameled wire close - Calibration
wound. Mount the coil on the chassis solid- After the instrument has been assembled,
ly on long screws and metal or ceramic pil- it must be calibrated. For this purpose, you
lars. must borrow a good unmodulated r.f. test
The main tuning capacitor, Ca, must have oscillator or signal generator. (1) With the
heavy, widely- spaced plates. This compo- instrument temporarily outside of its case,
nent is bolted solidly to the chassis. Mount switch on, and allow a 15- minute warmup
the trimmer capacitor, C,, directly behind period. (2) Turn the plates of C, all the
C, upside down, with its adjustment (tun- way in. (3) Connect the test oscillator out-
ing) screw extending through and below the put to jack J, and the frequency meter case
chassis. It is adjusted from underneath. (ground). (4) Set the test oscillator to 1725
March, 1955 35
Inside of the frequency meter monitor case, Rear view of the instrument without its bat-
from above, showing placement of major parts. teries, showing the parts below the shelf.
Note how the coil is mounted on standoffs. Note that the tubes are mounted upside down.
kc. (5) Plug the headphones into jack J2. may be marked or scratched on the dial.
(6) Using an insulated screwdriver, adjust Operation
trimmer C. for zero beat with the test os-
cillator signal. (7) Increase volume control Use of the frequency meter -monitor is
setting, if necessary. (8) Record main dial simple. Connect a 1- or 2 -foot length of
reading. (9) Fasten cover of instrument. wire or a stiff metal rod to jack J,. Switch
(10) Retune test oscillator to 1750 kc. on the instrument, connect the headphones,
(11) Tune instrument to zero beat with and tune in the transmitter signal to zero
main dial and record dial reading. (12) Re- beat. Read the frequency from the dial or
peat at as many points as possible until 2000 the calibration chart and multiply by the
kc. is reached. (13) The dial readings now proper factor if the transmitter is known
may be recorded with the corresponding to be operating on a harmonic of the fre-
frequencies on a chart, or the frequencies quency of the meter. END
A SIMPLE CARBON MICROPHONE SPEECH AMPLIFIER

THE conventional circuit for a carbon value of the plate resistance of the tube.
microphone voltage amplifier requires a LT. JOHN J. DOUGHERTY, USN
high ratio step-up transformer to obtain
a reasonable driving voltage from the in- Schematic of the simple speech amplifier
herently low impedance microphone, and a that eliminates the need for transformer.
current source for excitation. A simple PAPER
substitute is shown here which obviates .I old 400V.
these two requirements. This new circuit TO AUDIO AMPLIFIER
6C4
uses a grounded grid amplifier in which VI
the microphone acts as the cathode bias 15K
resistor of a conventional triode. Voltage LOAD RESISTOR
outputs of the order of 35 volts peak
(suitable for 20 db speech clipping into two i 9+ 300V
selenium rectifiers back to back) are ob- 63V
tained from a 6C4 triode, conventional 200 -
ohm microphone, 15 K load resistor, and a CARBON MIC
200 OHMS
300 -volt plate supply. Maximum output
occurs when the plate load resistor is
somewhat greater numerically than the
SINGLE LAYER COIL DESIGN CHART
THIS chart can be used to find inductance of a
coil when dimensions any number of turns are
Draw a line between d5 and 1/d =.104. Draw
a second line from T- 37 through the intersection
known, or to find specifications to give a desired point to the L scale. Read the answer, 100 micro -
inductance. Draw a line between either T and L henrys.
or d and 17d, whichever are both known. Draw a EXAMPLE B: We require the number of turns of
second line between remaining known quantity a coil 5" in diameter, wound 27 turns per inch, to
and point of intersection of first line and un- give 100 microhenrys. Draw a line between T =37
marked vertical line. Extend second line to scale and L =100. Draw a second line from d--5,
for unknown quantity and read answer. through the intersection point. to the 1/d scale,
EXAMPLE A: We have a coil 5" in diameter, and read 1/d=.104. Then 1= 5X.104 =.52 inches.
19 turns, 37 turns per inch, and wish to find the The number of turns is .52X37 =19, approxi-
inductance. 1= 19/37.52"; 1/d =.52/5 =.104" mately. END
dT L'.
m.
F=,i'/d
10 -1000
15-
r - 1
8 : 800
kip 6
600
10 2
5
500
400
8-` 4
4
'W 3
300
,t7
5 200
SINGLE LAYER COIL DESIGN CHART
-
L INDUCTANCE IN MICROHENRYS
a=8 T -TURNS PER INCH
d--DIAMETER IN INCHES
10 R- LENGTH IN INCHES 100
3-r Fri /d -SHAPE FACTOR
80
60
-F 20
2
r.r 08
0.7
- 50
-^ 30' 06
40
30
40 05
50 20
0.4
t 60
r 80 03
1 t0 10
8
0.6
.0.5--
2 0.2 -6
= 200 -5
0.4 z 4
300
3
3 r400
=-500 On- 2
600 009
0.2-
-
-=-1000
800
0.06
007
-
- I
March, 1955
37
This Train
In the caboose of this train, a Motorola

walkie- talkie is used in lieu of a regular,
high -powered mobile communication set.
In this diesel switching locomotive, the

train's radio equipment is shown mounted
near the center of the engine's windshield.
More and more railroads are adopting radio as a means of

speeding service and providing better and safer operation.
"1AE'VE cleared the slow track, Joe. Let's They can maneuver the train more readily
rr 'high ball'," cried the crisp voice com- and the defective car can be dropped off
ing from the loudspeaker horn in the cab at a siding in a fraction of the time it used
of the giant diesel -electric locomotive. It to take before radio.
was the voice of the conductor in his Sometimes the flagman takes a walkie-
caboose a mile away at the tail -end of the talkie with him when he walks back along
long freight. The train had just passed the track to protect his train from possible
over a section of track where the speed on- coming trains. When the engineer is
was restricted during maintenance opera- ready to go, he blows a whistle signal for
tions. the flagman to get back on the train. He
Before radio, the engineer had to guess can also tell him by radio to come on
when his train had cleared the slow track. back. When the flagman is fairly close to
Now, with radio, he could resume speed the train, he can radio the engineer to
as soon as the conductor gave the word. high -ball. If the flagman doesn't want to
Although the train crews objected when carry the eight -pound walkie- talkie with
they first heard that radio was to be in- him, he might get left behind. It has hap-
stalled on the trains, they quickly found pened often.
that radio didn't abolish their jobs, but in- Most of the radio communication on the
stead, made life on a freight train infinitely train is between the caboose and engine.
better. Most of the railroaders who have However, crews of passing trains often
used train radio wouldn't want to do with- call attention to dragging equipment, hot
out it. Of course, once in a while as in any boxes, and other hazards. The amount that
industry, a sorehead may refuse to admit radio has saved the railroads by preventing
that he's sold. However, let him walk a accidents and property damage is difficult
mile in a heavy rain from the caboose to to calculate in dollars. Nevertheless, it is
the engine because he has no radio or be- staggering.
cause the radio equipment failed. It's a When the crew wants more information
cinch he will prefer radio to walking. than they have in their written train
When hot boxes develop, the train crews orders, they can use two -way radio to call
have found radio a wonderful time saver. the nearest wayside operator. If he isn't on
Is Radio Equipped
This air -conditioned commuter train is equipped with two -way radio. Note antenna.
duty, they get through automatically to four-unit locomotive was divided into
the dispatcher by means of a telephone line separate two -unit locomotives, and then
which interconnects wayside stations and only one had radio.
the dispatcher's office. Putting radio in the caboose presented
The v.h.f. radio transmitter -receiver unit more problems than in the case of the loco-
is generally located in the nose of the diesel motive. The caboose originally had no elec-
locomotive. Up in the cab, the control box tric lights or power source. Since the radio
and a telephone handset are found in a equipment requires electrical power for
spot convenient for use by either the fire- operation, power had to be provided.
man or the engineer. A horn -type loud- The locomotive had already been
speaker which is located above their heads equipped with radio so, as a stop -gap meas-
puts out enough sound to be heard above ure, the railroad furnished a walkie- talkie
the roar of the engines. for the caboose. To increase range, a v.h.f.
Railroad radio systems operate in the antenna of the same type as used on the
152 to 162 megacycle band. Both transmit- locomotive was installed atop the cupola
ters and receivers are crystal -controlled of the caboose. Since the caboose was made
and fixed tuned to a specifically assigned of wood, a sheet of metal was tacked on
frequency. Sometimes dual -and triple -chan- the roof under the antenna to serve as a
nel equipment is used so that crews may ground plane. This was unnecessary on the
switch the radio unit to different frequen- locomotive because it had a metal roof.
cies for train and end -to -end, train- to -way- Although the fractional watt output
side station, and train -to -yard office com- walkie- talkie was adequate for communi-
munication. cating with the engine crew, it had several
One railroad has four-unit locomotives, shortcomings in this application. It did not
with a cab at each end. One cab is used at have a loudspeaker, which made monitor-
a time, but both are radio -equipped, so ing of calls from the engine, other trains,
radio facilities will be available with either and waystations impractical. Used for ex-
end of the locomotive facing forward. tended periods, the self- contained batteries
When the railroad first installed radio, ran down. When the flagman took the
they equipped only one cab and installed walkie- talkie with him to inspect the train,
auxiliary remote control equipment in the the caboose was without communication.
other cab. This didn't work out. When the Sometimes it was necessary to relay mes-
locomotive units were separated for main- sages to waystations via the locomotive.
tenance, the interconnecting cable connec- When standard 15-watt railroad radio
tors were often damaged. Sometimes the equipment was installed in the caboose,
March, 1955 39
From the cupola the caboose crew can see ahead The operating position in a diesel. Note how
and, since radio has been installed, can talk to the handset for the two -way radio is mounted
both the engine crew and the wayside operators. so that engineer can reach it from his chair.
the walkie- talkie became a very useful tool and talk and listen through the one he
for the flagman and the brakeman and selects. It is just as simple as all that.
served as a standby radio. Formal train orders are not yet being
To provide power for radio and for elec- transmitted by radio direct to trains. How-
tric lights, a 12 -volt truck battery was in- ever, radio is being used for conveying
stalled on the caboose. An alternator in- much valuable supplemental information.
stalled under the caboose is driven through It is possible that the taboo on direct trans-
a step -up V -belt drive assembly by the mission of train orders to trains will be
caboose axle. The three -phase a.c. output lifted when- suitable facsimile or telegraph
of the alternator is converted to d.c. by a printing equipment becomes available. Then
heavy -duty selenium rectifier which is fed both the conductor and engineer will be
to the battery. A plug -in type voltage regu- able to receive identical orders in written
lator prevents overcharging and excessive- or printed form.
ly high voltage. Railroaders like to recall an incident
The FM radio equipment in the caboose which occurred several years ago when
is identical to the locomotive radio unit ex- train radio was new. A railroad vice -pres-
cept that it is operable from 12 volts d.c. in- ident was asleep on the sofa in the parlor
stead of 117 volts a.c. and it operates in the of his private car which was hooked on the
152-162 megacycle band. The control box end of a long freight train. As the train
and handset were installed overhead where started and the slack in the couplers was
they could be reached from the cupola or taken up, the private car made a sudden
the main floor of the caboose. The loud- and severe lurch forward, hurling the veep
speaker is a re- entrant type horn of high to the floor.
efficiency so it will provide enough sound to The conductor quickly picked up the
override the high noise level when the train handset of the veep's train radio and called
is running down grade at high speed. the engineer to advise that the big boss had
Wayside stations about 30 miles apart been thrown from his sofa. Through the
have also been equipped with two -way loudspeaker came the engineer's jolly voice,
radio. The waystation operator can be "Tell him to lie where he is, I'll roll him
reached by train crews within radio range. back in." END
When it is necessary to talk to the dis-
patcher, the local operator connects his The control -head mounting in train's caboose.
radio station to the dispatcher's telephone
line. Then the train crew can communi-
cate with the dispatcher even if they are
100 miles apart.
During hours when some wayside sta-
tions are unattended, the dispatcher can
still contact the crews of radio -equipped
trains. The dispatcher's office is equipped
with an electrical selector system which
permits him to ring any one of the many
telephones connected across his train dis-
patching telephone line. He can also select
any one or all of the wayside radio stations
la/C
RELIABILITY
By WILLIAM WINTER
Editor, "Model Airplane News"
Radio control of your model airplane gives

you greater realism and mcaneuverabilify
in your flights but - you're inviting loss

of control if you don't have reliability.
RADIO control is simple. Connect the tuned transmitter and a sufficiently sensi-
wires, turn on the switch and, presto, tive receiver which also is properly tuned
you're in business. Start the motor, launch and adjusted. If it is impossible to get very
the model, turn it left, right, glide in for a close to the maximum receiver current
landing. Wow, this is a cinch! (Famous last drop or rise (as the case may be) upon
words!) signal, when the receiver is tuned to the
Heresy? Not at all. Everybody who has transmitter at an absolute minimum of
flown radio -controlled models knows that 600 feet on the ground, it is a gamble every
the tenth flight is harder to achieve than time the plane is put into the air. Any
the first, that one deserves a medal for lapse, even a single skip of the rudder
making 50 hops without a slip, and 100? which cannot be clearly accounted for,
Well, sir, the century mark accomplished should ground the plane that day. Yet at
without a crack-up or a chase of an errant every flying session at least one person
plane is a test of man and equipment. takes such a risk.
Mainly, it is a test of man.
Can he remember to check battery volt- Relays
ages? Clean a relay? Keep the transmitter Relay dependability is primarily a mat-
tuned? Watch for vibration -fatigued ter of the amount of current change avail-
wires? Anyone, even the duffer, can make able, shock mounting, and proper adjust-
a few flights, but we are talking about re- ment. If large current change is available,
liability. Good flight after good flight, not permitting a pull-in and drop-out adjust-
just a "new car" type of reliability! ment at a high current reading on the
It goes without saying that there can be meter, the result is good contact pressure
no reliability without a good, properly and positive armature action. The higher
March, 1955 41
the power of the engine and the flying in if the idle current is 1.3 mils, with a .9
speed of the airplane, the more critical mil drop -out. Two tenths mil idle above
these adjustments become because of the pull -in is regarded as minimum. The greater
increased effects of vibration. margin between drop -out and signal -on
For example, one of the author's models current is to allow for diminishing signal
has a wing span of 5% feet, a gross weight as the airplane flies out. If drop -out was,
exceeding 6% pounds, and a .29 cubic inch say, .6 mil and, at 1,500 feet distance, the
displacement engine. The single hard -tube signal -on current drop reached only .61 mil,
Miller receiver idles at 2.8 mils, drops to no contact could be made and the plane
one mil with signal at a distance; the relay would be on its own, unless it circled closer
(Kurman 5,000 ohm) is adjusted to pull in to the transmitter. At the other end, any
at 2.2 mils (leaving a margin of .6 mil if drop in idle current (such as might result
the idling current decreases) and drops from weakening batteries) might wash out
out at 1.7 mils (leaving a margin of .7 mil the margin of idling current above the relay
to allow for weaker signals at extreme pull-in. In the case where the idle current
range in the air). The spread between pull- is 1.3 mils and the pull -in value is 1.1 mils
in and drop-out is .5 mil. In this particular a fall in idling current to less than 1.1 mils,
airplane, a smaller gap or difference be- would not permit the relay to pull in once
tween pull -in and drop -out is dangerous. dropped out, and the ship inevitably would
At a .2 mil difference, vibration causes the pile in.
relay to actuate the escapement without a It is interesting to note that one of the
signal being given. Of course, this is an practical results of lower currents and con-
extreme example. A difference of .2 mil is tact pressures is the effect on the receiver
considered the reliable minimum for aver- and/or relay suspension. Such receivers
age installations. have to be mounted relatively loosely in
A current change of 1.5 mils is desir- the airplane to avoid vibration effects,
able for reliability (allowing for varia- whereas receivers having higher operating
tions in plane and power), although re- values and current changes can be more
ceivers can be operated with a current firmly tied down. With either the single
change of approximately one mil with good gas -tube receiver or the 465 mc. job, a 52-
results. Small current change, low opera- foot plane, such as the Live Wire Sr., should
tional currents, and low spring tension will not be powered by more than a .19 engine
make contact opening and closing unre- for trouble-free operation by the average
liable. Thus, the relay may skip in the modeler. In a small plane like an .09 pow-
presence of vibration, as when spiraling ered Live Wire Trainer, vibration would not
the model down, where a miss could mean be a problem.
a cartwheel contact with the earth. Arcing Some hard -tube receivers idle at 3, 4, or
(the sparking at the relay contacts when even 4% mils. It is to be realized, however,
the flow of current to the actuator is that higher idling currents are rough on
broken) must be suppressed. Otherwise, batteries, so much so, that hearing aid "B"
over a period of time, the contacts may batteries cannot be used reliably with such
become pitted and dirty, producing sticking receivers -unless it is convenient to swap
of the armature (spin to earth), or lack of batteries after every flying session.
electrical contact (ship flies off). A .02 µfd. One drawback of the one -tube receivers
disc ceramic capacitor and a 1/2 ohm, 10 commonly used is that the single tube must
watt resistor in series across the relay perform both detection and amplification.
contacts (from armature contact to live This problem can be avoided by the use of
contact) will suppress this arcing. a multi -tube receiver. In the Babcock sin-
Probably the lowest relay operational gle- channel tone receiver, the third or final
values in general use are found with the tube (the relay tube) comes through with
single gas -tube receivers and the 465 mc. a fantastic wallop of some 6 mils current
hard -tube jobs. In the gas -tube Aerotrol, change.
for instance, the tube normally would idle In the Lorenz type of two -tube receiver,
at 1.3 -1.5 mils, dropping at a distance with the first tube may be idled at anywhere
signal to perhaps .3 mil. The relay should from .4 to .7 mil (depending on the par-
not be set with too great a difference be- ticular receiver), dropping to a fraction of
tween pull -in and drop-out, otherwise the a tenth of a mil at a distance. This drop
available margin above and below this is accompanied by a current rise of as
range would not be adequate for safety. much as three mils in the second or relay
Also, relay armature action would be flut- tube, depending on the batteries, relay re-
tering and unreliable. sistance, and values of limiting resistors
Indeed, most gas -tube receivers operate and potentiometer. Since the second tube
a relay with a .2 mil change between drop- is idling at virtually nothing before signal,
out and pull-in, for example: 1.1 mils pull- the current change through the relay is
A Citizen-Ship radio control re-
ceiver operating on the 465 mc.
Citizen's band. Note the special
shock mounting for the tube and
the use of a Sigma 4F relay.
Sigma 4F relay for radio -control

receivers. This is and has been
one of the most popular of relays
for radio control model work. A
new relay, the Sigma 26F has been
especially designed for R/C fans.
practically three mils. The relay can be Cellophane automatically insures that gap
adjusted for say, a one mil change between and prevents physical contact between
pull-in and drop -out. The slamming action armature and core piece. Now, and this
of the armature is audible outside the air- is important, be sure, in the case of re-
plane and the contact pressure is excellent, ceivers which operate on pull -in, that the
holding on through the roughest vibration. armature strikes the live or upper contact
In small airplanes, many builders fasten before it touches the Cellophane or core
the relays down without shock-mounting, piece. If it does not, no contact will result,
although, for reliability, the author favors or the contact may be so weak that vibra-
shock-mounting everything. Not only re- tion will cause the armature to flutter,
lays, but tubes also can have their wits making and breaking contact and wig-
addled by a rough engine. gling the rudder.
A relay that closes the actuator circuit In the Sigma 4F type of relay, always
upon pull -in is more reliable than one that check the relay carefully after any
functions on drop -out because the contact crack -up, inasmuch as the coil mounting
pressure is higher. On pull -in the magnet bracket may bend or shift, or the armature
maintains armature pressure against the may be bent, permitting a corner to touch
contact, but on drop-out only spring ten- the core piece unobserved. Also, the frame
sion maintains contact. may be so sprung that the delicately piv-
This is not a relay article, and the ad- oted armature will have a binding action.
justment of various types of relays is not On the old model Kurman relay, solder
our business here, but a few tips may help. a stiff wire re- enforcement along the con-
Do not allow the armature of the relay to tact arms to prevent their shaking in res-
come into contact with the core piece or onance to vibration.
magnet; otherwise, residual magnetism Always be sure that the contact screws
may build up in the armature and cause it in any relay do not turn easily, for vibration
to stick on making contact. Put a piece of will alter the relay adjustment. Clean re-
cigarette Cellophane over the core piece, lay contacts before every flying session.
pressed flatly in place with the ends neatly Slide a dollar bill between the armature
cemented down. Since a very slight air gap and live contact, place slight pressure on
normally is left between the armature (in the armature, and lightly polish the con-
the pulled -in position) and core piece, this tacts. Some people recommend a soft brush
March, 1955 43
A,:.1.. : ..1+8MI+ tM"1""*"M "R" :ttt?","1" '4".""ort!1
cabin. A large door in the floor, immedi-

ately beneath the escapement, will allow
access of fingers and tools from beneath.
By far the best arrangement is to install
the escapement on a section of Vs -inch ply-
wood, that slides down into place between
runners of % -inch balsa. By disconnect-
ing the linkage, the escapement can be
lifted, on its mount, out into the free space
of the cabin, where it can be worked upon
easily, and examined with a magnifying
glass. Once a burr is seen through the
glass, inspection pays off!
Opinion is divided as to whether it is
better to tape batteries together into packs
or to install them individually in battery
The Kurman relay shown here has been used boxes. While there is little to choose be-
in thousands of R/C jobs. The new Kurman tween the pack and a good, new box, it
relay has adjustable screw contact points. becomes increasingly important with use
to be sure that the box maintains firm
and carbon tetrachloride. The writer's ex- contact pressure. Sometimes, a finger
perience has been that this method may placed on the batteries in a box while the
leave a film which prevents contact. Check engine is running will give a stinging sen-
the adjustment of the relay before every sation, showing the fantastic amount of
flying session, after every five flights in one shaking that takes place in an insecurely
day, or after a rough landing is made. A boxed battery. On sensitive tone receivers,
potentiometer in the plane, or mounted on or even the typical hard -tube jobs, the
the meter, allows quick variations in cur- noise due to poor contacts can result in
rent to check the pull -in and drop -out cur- poor control. If boxes must be used, use
rent values. Unexplained variations in re- only those that are made expressly for
lay operational values (on some relays) radio control work.
may be explained by the stiffness of the Continuing this discussion of reliability,
wire that connects to the moving armature, the author will show next month how to
or to the shifting of the coil tension spring check and adjust an escapement and eval-
where it loops over a hook on the armature uate batteries and their installation for
or relay frame. Carefully solder the end of reliability. END
such a spring to prevent such movement.
Do not clean contacts with any abrasive For ease of inspection and maintenance of
material because pitting will result. the escapement, mount it on a slide that
Rated a close second to the relay as a can be taken out of the plane, as shown
trouble source is the escapement. Probably here. A drop of cement will hold the slide
in its grooves In the plane during flights.
the biggest trouble with escapements is the
tendency to consider them completely and
indefinitely reliable, and then bury them
in some inaccessible place in the plane.
Actually, the tension of a spring may ESCAPEMENT
change with long and repeated use, or gaps

and overlaps may be altered from the
slamming action of the claw upon the pawl,
many thousands of times repeated. Burrs
may develop on the mating surface of the
claw and the pawl, shaft holes may become
elongated, dirt may get between the arma-
ture and magnet, or glow fuel exhaust may
build up an oily deposit in the same place.
The escapement should be regarded as a
kind of relay for it too has a proper pull -in
and drop -out adjustment. ONE TO
A thorough once-a -month check of the ROCK
TORQUE
escapement is in order if the flier operates ROD
every weekend. To permit such a check, a'SQUARE BALSA

RU NERS CEMENTED
TO CABIN WALL TORQUE
the escapement must be mounted in a read- ROD TO
RUDDER
ily accessible location, as on the front of

the bulkhead that forms the rear of the
trSPLICING,
300 -OHNE¡
V.; :BOI
Bare ends of wire for about an inch
By W. BOYD and leave a tongue of plastic to be
used for overlapping. This strength-
QUITE often there is a need to extend the ens the splice and protects wires.
available length of the television lead-
in wire. Sometimes it's when the good
wife decides to move the furniture across
the room, only to find that the TV antenna
wire was cut exactly for the set when it
was near the window. Another instance
occurs when the antenna is moved for some
reason. When splicing is necessary, don't
just twist the two wires together-they'll
break every time, probably right in the
middle of the family's favorite program.
There is a simple, effective method of
splicing plastic TV lead -in ribbon so that Bring the two ends together, overlap-
it will be mechanically strong, electrically ping the tongues as far as the length
of bared wires allows. Then twist
almost perfect, and also weatherproof. the wires tightly and solder them.
Square off the ends to be spliced with
a pair of "dikes," or electrician's wire cut-
ters. Carefully run a sharp knife just in-
side each wire, cutting into the plastic rib-
bon and leaving a tongue of plastic about
one inch long. Nick the plastic around
both wires, but don't mark the wire itself.
Slip the plastic covering from the wires,
exposing a length equal to the tongue. Pre-
pare each end for splicing in the same way.
Bring the ends together, overlapping the
plastic tongues until the bared wires butt
up against each other. Neatly twist the Use black Scotch plastic tape to wrap
wires together on each side, and touch the a snug spiral over both tongues for
twist with a hot iron and just enough the splice's full length. Ordinary
solder to flow a perfect joint. Remember, type friction tape is not to be used.
too much heat will melt the plastic and
ruin the splice; too little heat will result
in a cold -solder joint that will cause the
TV picture to flicker annoyingly.
Nip off all but about three -eighths of
an inch of the twisted wire, and lay the
neat pigtail alongside the tongue, on either
side. Now, using Scotch black plastic
tape, begin just below one tongue and
wrap a tight spiral neatly across the splice
to a point just beyond the tongue on the
reverse side of the ribbon, and the splice
is finished. This completed splice has strength
This connection will hold in any weather and good electrical characteristics.
If spliced properly, a few shorter
and be almost perfect electrically. It will pieces make a useful length of wire.
also withstand any mechanical strain that
the ribbon itself can stand. END
March, 1955 45
A NOVEL TV AND FM ANTENNA
EFFICIENT performance is combined with tional, and is polarized horizontally to
unique design in the new "Plantenna," reduce interference. Its location with re-
illustrated above. Housed in the circular spect to the set is not critical, and installa-
base is an indoor antenna for use on FM tion is quite simple.
as well as v.h.f. television. It is suitable The planter unit may be removed for
for use in primary areas or wherever "rab- plant care, or to facilitate other uses for
bit -ear" antennas have proved satisfactory, the tray, such as to hold confections, floral
but it is not recommended for fringe area arrangements, etc. The unit has an attrac-
reception. A simple finger -tip adjustment tive brushed -brass finish, and measures 13
of the "213" tuner incorporated in the an- inches in diameter, and 4 inches in height.
tenna enables the user to adjust to chan- It weighs 2 pounds. Further information
nels for best reception. The antenna, a is available from the manufacturer, Plan -
folded dipole type, is essentially non- direc- tenna Corp., Silverton, Oregon. END
Electronics Measures Ocean Waves

as erosion, harbor protection, effects on
ships, etc. Dr. Sheldon S. Chang (upper
photo), co- inventor with Dr. Willard J.
Peterson, Jr., points out that the new de-
vice does, in 5 to 10 minutes, the computa-
tions that previously took two weeks.
The photo below shows N.Y.U. researcher
Peter W. Johnson playing back a tape. The
analyzer unit at the right demodulates ti
the record of wave impulses for study.
A N ELECTRONIC instrument that accu-

rately measures the energy and fre-
quency of ocean waves has been developed
by the Research Division of New York
University's College of Engineering under
contract with the U. S. Beach Erosion
Service.
Consisting of a tape recorder, playback
unit, and wave analyzer, the new device
records ocean waves by means of a flux
gauge set under the sea's surface. Results
are then used in studying such problems
MOISTURE METER
IS NOVEL USE
OF V.T.V.M.
A cable is used for both probe and meter connections to minimize number of leads.
ASIMPLE electronic instrument, which is meter and 117 volt extension cord were used
merely a variation of the well -known by the author in the interest of economy.
megohmmeter, is the moisture meter, This was a small sacrifice, especially since
which is intended primarily for measuring the instrument was intended for occasional
the moisture content of wood. use only.
The unit described was constructed be- As can be seen in the schematic diagram,
cause the paint on the outside of the author's the instrument consists of a high voltage
home was peeling and blistering and such d.c. power supply connected in series with
a condition may be caused by an excess of a high resistance and a voltmeter. In this
moisture in the wood at the time paint is particular application, the high resistance
applied. Consequently, some simple means is wood, the resistance of which varies with
of measuring the moisture content of wood moisture content.
was desired. Using such an arrangement, the resist-
Although portability is definitely an asset ance may be computed by the formula R. =
in such an instrument, a vacuum -tube volt- R. [ (Ei-E2) /E21, where : R, is the un-
Schematic diagram of "accessory" unit to convert v.t.v.m. to a "moisture meter".
C, -30 pfd. 500 v. elec. capacitor (Cornell -Dubilier

Type 3050 or equiv.)
T, -1:2 audio interstage trans. (Thordarson Type
20A16 or equiv.)
SR, -65 ma. 130 v. selenium rectifier (Federal Type
1002A or equiv.)
P, -Phone plug (ICA Type 24 or equiv. See text)
1,- Chassis receptacle (Amphenol 75PCIM or
equiv.)
Note: Although the selenium rectifier is operat-
ing above rated values, the author has used this
circuit for some time without any parts failure.
March, 1955 47
VOLTAGE MOISTURE RESISTANCE
(Per-cent) (Megohms)
.3 7 6656.7
.5 8 3990.0
1.5 9 1323.3
2.0 10 990.0
10.0 12 190.0
55.0 16 26.4
130.0 20 5.4
200.0 25 0
Table 1. Correlation between voltages indi-

cated on v.t.v.m., moisture content, resistance.
in the selection and arrangement of parts,
care should be taken to duplicate the probe
as exactly as possible, otherwise individual
calibration will be necessary, a rather ex-
acting process if one does not have a com-
mercial moisture meter on hand to use as a
Parts arrangement used by the author. Any small standard.
power transformer can be used in construction. The probe tips are re- worked phone tips
which are filed to a sharp point 5/32" long.
known resistance R,,, is the internal re- The tip bodies are tapped with a 6 -32
sistance of the indicating meter, E. is the thread, and mounted 19/32" apart on a
applied high voltage, and E. is the voltage 1/2 " x " x 11/2" Lucite block. A small file
indicated by the meter. handle completes the assembly. To use the
Table 1 shows the correlation between instrument, simply insert the points of the
the indicated voltage (on a Heathkit probe in the wood, read the voltage, and
v.t.v.m.), moisture content and resistance. make the necessary conversion to moisture
In the event that a different voltmeter or percentage from the table.
power supply is to be used, the proper volt- Experience has shown that a dry exterior
age-moisture relationship may be computed surface will have a moisture content of ap-
by making the necessary substitutions in proximately 7 per-cent. A 12 per-cent mois-
the formula. ture content seems to be the maximum safe
When the various moisture percentages limit for the application of paint, although
and their associated voltages are known, a paint has been applied to some surfaces
table may be compiled showing this rela- showing 14% moisture, with no apparent
tionship, and attached to the 3" x 4" x 5" ill effects. However, surfaces that give read-
aluminum utility box which houses the unit. ings of 16 per-cent or more will almost in-
Although the builder has a wide latitude variably either peel or blister. END
CANADIAN WINS "HAM" W /VE CONTACT CONTEST

FOR the first time in the history of the who was a winner for three consecutive
event, a Canadian amateur radio oper- years- retiring the
cup. END
ator has won the W/VE contest. This is an
international goodwill competition among Alex Reid, Canadian general manager of the
radio "hams" in the United States and Can- ARRL (left) and Carl Lockhart of Emerson Radio
ada designed to promote increased radio of Canada (right) watch as Rupert K. Grant, sales
communication between amateurs. It has manager of the firm, presents trophy to Har-
been conducted annually for many years old Ward. president of Montreal Amateur Club.
and has been most successful in its aims.
Russ Wilson, owner and operator of ama-
teur station VE6VK, Calgary, was the 1954
winner with a grand total of 37,725 points.
These are awarded for each contact be-
tween an American station and a Canadian
one.
A new cup, known as the "Emerson W /VE
Trophy," was presented by Emerson Radio
of Canada to the Montreal Amateur Radio
Club, sponsors of the event. A miniature
trophy will be presented to Russ.
The previous cup was won permanently
by Carl Evans, W1BFT of Concord, N. H.,
A Modern Wireless Record Player
You can build this broadcasting phonograph and use all

of the AM radios in your house to pick up the sound.
EVERY AM receiver in your home be- you have access to a woodworking shop
comes an extension speaker if you have and are handy with carpentry tools.
a "wireless" record player like the unit However, a standard 10" x 12" x 3" alu-
shown. And direct connections to the in- minum chassis base is satisfactory and was
dividual receivers are not necessary. The used for the model. Dimensions for mount-
record player acts as a miniature broad- ing holes are not given as these will vary
cast station and will play records through with the particular motor assembly and
any receiver in the home, whether in the pickup arm you use. Locate the mount-
attic den, in the kitchen, or in the base- ing hole for the pickup arm by using the
ment playroom. template furnished by the manufacturer.
Strictly modern, the record player will After completing machine work on the
handle either standard 78 rpm, 331/3 rpm base, you'll probably want to enamel it.
long playing records, or the small 45 rpm Don't mount parts until you've completed
discs. It features a straight a.c. circuit, this job and the enamel has had a chance
so you won't have to worry about electric to dry thoroughly.
shocks such as you may have received in The turntable is removed for mounting
the past from a.c. -d.c. equipment. The the motor assembly. Other parts mounted
quality of record reproduction is as good on the record player base are the pickup
as the best quality sound you can obtain arm and its holder, the "on -off" power
from your AM receivers. switch, Si, the motor switch, S_, and the
The cost of the unit, although not very "Gain" control, R1. All other electrical
high, may be reduced considerably if you parts are mounted on a small subchassis.
are able to obtain a reasonable number of The subchassis measures 21/2 " x 4" x 1"
components from your "junk -box" or from over -all and is made by cutting down a
your lab stock. You may be able to salvage standard chassis measuring 31/8" x 4" x 1 ".
a motor and turntable from a discarded This is necessary if the chassis is to fit in-
phonograph. to the 3" deep base.
A wooden record player base is preferred Mount the power transformer, Ti, the
for housing the unit, but many radio sup- dual electrolytic capacitor, C0 -C1, and the
ply houses no longer stock such items. Of two 7-pin miniature tube sockets on the
course, you can assemble your own base if subchassis. Use small machine screws and
March, 1955 49
Rr-1 megohm carbon pot, audio taper 145 ANT.
R2-270 ohm, 1w. carbon res.
R3- 100,000 ohm, w. carbon res. 6AB4
C4Y
Ri- 22,000 ohm, 1/21/2w. carbon res. VI C2
R5-10 megohm, 1/2 w. carbon res. 68E6T

R6-1500 ohm, 2 w. carbon res. v2
R
R7-27 ohm, 1/2 w. carbon res. 6
Cr -10 pfd., 25 v. elec. capacitor -o
C5-.005 Aid., 200 v. tubular paper capacitor ó co
C3-50 ppfd. tubular ceramic capacitor
C4 -100 ppfd. tubular ceramic capacitor CS
C5-340 ppfd. mica padder capacitor (Arco Type Cl
303)
Cs -CV -40/20 pfd., 150 v. dual elec. capacitor
Li-Local oscillator coil for broadcast band (Meis-
sner Type 14-1033)
RFC1-2.5 mhy. r.t. choke TURNTABLE
SRI
Sr- S.p.s.t.toggle switch ( "Power ") MOTOR T
Si-S.p.s.t rotary switch ( "Motor ")
SR5-20 ma. selenium rectifier (Radio Receptor C6 +
Type 8Y1)
Tr-Power transformer, 125 v. (g) 15 ma., 6.3 v. @ Ei
0.6 amp. (Stancor Type PS 8415) S2 RED
V5-6AB4 tube w
VI V2
GREEN
Vi-6BE6 tube
Phonograph turntable and motor (General Indus- BSI @LAC
tries Type DSS, SS or TR, or Alliance Model

JPTS) a
BREEN
Phonograph pickup cartridge (Astatic Type P -29 1 "); two 7 -pin miniature tube sockets; 4- terminal
or Shure 92 -U) tie -point strip; 2- terminal tie -point strip; two
Record player base or 10" x 12" x 3" chassis and ground lugs; knob for rotary switch; rubber
bottom plate (Bud Type AC -413 chassis and Type grommets; wire; solder; machine screws and
BP -675 bottom plate) nuts; sheet metal screws; line cord and plug;
Small aluminum chassis (ICA #29082, 4" x 31/8" x etc.
Although the phonograph uses standard parts in a simple circuit, it has plenty of power.
hex nuts. Note, too, the small "L" bracket The sub -chassis is held in place by the
mounted alongside the power transformer. mounting stud of C5, by two small sheet
Wire as much of the sub -chassis assem- metal screws, and by a small "L" bracket
bly as you can before mounting it in the mounted alongside the power transformer,
base. Follow the schematic and pictorial Ti, which fastens to the base.
wiring diagrams. Layout and lead dress The antenna consists of a short piece of
are not too critical, but you'll find it worth- flexible insulated wire. Use a piece about
while to follow the layout shown. 5 or 6 feet long to start. Later, you can
After you've wired the sub -chassis and cut the antenna wire to a shorter length.
checked for errors, mount it on the base, The antenna wire can be wrapped around
making the final electrical connections to the power cord.
Ri and to the power switch and line cord. A bottom plate may be added to corn-
This view of the subchas-

sis shows mounting of the
tube sockets, electrolyt-
ic capacitor, and oscil-
lator coil and capacitor.
wiring of most small parts.
This bottom view of the chassis shows the positioning and
not actual relative positions.

Pictorial wiring diagram shows connections of parts, but
6ÁB4
TUBE
VI
TO
LUG C
PICKUP C2
ONO
LUG 6BE6
TUBE
V2
\,\`` RFCi
S2
TO
TURNTABLE
MOTOR " ií ,
R6
/11.
LINE
PLUG
KCIt
TERMINAL
STRIP TO ANT.
TERMINAL STRIP
51
March, 1955
Detail view of the subchassis. Note that a single
mounting screw is used for the selenium rectifier
and one end of the transformer, and that all of
the leads of the electrolytic capacitor and of the
transformer secondaries pass through the grommet.
* * *
Overall view of the bottom of the finished phono-
graph. At lower left are the leads from the phono
cartridge, coming through the mounting hole for
the arm. The toggle type main power switch and
the rotary type motor switch are at lower right.
,Ar
plete the assembly of the record player. Finally, cut the antenna down as much
However, it is best to check out the opera- as possible without appreciably weaken-
tion of the player and to adjust the "Gain," ing the sound heard over the nearby re-
R,, and "Tuning," C., controls before add- ceiver. Use as short an antenna as you
ing the bottom plate. can. In some cases, a slight readjustment
First, plug the record player into a wall of the tuning control may be necessary
receptacle and turn the power switch on. when you shorten the antenna lead.
Allow one or two minutes' warm -up. Caution: The circuit used in the record
While waiting for the record player to player will deliver a fairly strong signal.
warm up, place an AM radio from 6 to 15 The Federal Communications Commission
feet away and turn it on. Tune the radio has strict regulations covering the opera-
to a "dead" spot near the middle of the tion of unlicensed broadcast equipment.
broadcast band and turn the volume con- Therefore, don't try to extend the range
trol full up. of the record player by using a long an-
Turn the "Gain" control on the record tenna!
player full up. With a record on the turn- Once the "Gain" and tuning controls of
table, turn the motor on and place the the record player have been properly ad-
pickup stylus on the record. Next, adjust justed, they may be left fixed in position.
the "Tuning" control, Cs, with a screw- In the future, when you want to use the
driver until the record can be heard over record player, simply tune one (or more)
the nearby radio receiver. Adjust the vol- of your AM receivers to the proper point
ume control of the receiver to a comfort- on the dial to pick up the record player
able level. The sound probably will be signal. The easiest way to do this is to
badly distorted at this point. start playing a record and to tune the
Next, readjust the "Gain" control of the radio until the record can be heard-just
record player until the sound is clear and as you would tune in a regular broadcast
undistorted, even during loud passages. station. END
52
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Code
By ARTHUR TRAUFFER
EACH time you press the key on this sim- the wocd base with one or two insulated
ple code practice outfit, the neon lamp staples. Note that the wire leads on the
lights up and you hear an a.c. hum in the "hot" side of the two .01 pfd., 600 v., fixed
'phones. It is about as close as one can get capacitors are covered with spaghetti tub-
to something for nothing. It requires no ing. You can wrap electrical tape over the
batteries. It plugs into your house light- tubing, if desired, as an extra safety meas-
ing circuit, but draws little or no current. ure. The two Fahnestock clips in the lower
Chances are, you already have a Robolite left hand corner are fastened to the wood by
neon night light or a Ne -O -Lite or Amerline one wood screw. This does away with the
electrical circuit tester, which you can bor- need for a wire lead connecting the two
row when you want to practice the code. clips. It makes no difference to which pair
There is no danger of shock, because the of clips the 'phones and key are connected,
'phones and key are isolated from the house as they are connected in series in either
case. END
wiring by means of two blocking capacitors,
and all the parts and wires that are "hot"
are well insulated.
The photo shows clearly how the parts
are mounted and wired on a 6" x 4" x
hardwood base. The dime store wall- mount-
ing receptacle fastens to the wood base by
means of the long wood screw that comes
with it. The POSJ zip -cord is fastened to
WALL MOUNTING RECEPTACLE
.01 VD. 600V. FIXED CAPACITOR
.01 GJFD. 600V. FIXED CAPACITOR

HARDWOOD 4 "X 6 "X 3/4"
FAHNESTOCK CLIPS
This code practice set is
simple, inexpensive, and
safe. Either night light
or electrical tester type
of neon bulb can be used.
53
March, 1955
Bendix's MRT -9 portable two -way p
radio unit for the 152 -174 mc. band.
The Eendix MRT -9 packset in its

shoulder -strap protective case.
Motorola packset with a moni-

toring speaker on top of case.
The Motorola "Handie- Talkie " for

152 -174 mc. band. Case is avail-
able to protect set from weather.
Vibrator power supply section of Moto.

rola "Handie -Talkie." Note the non -
spillable storage batteries in unit.
By LEO G. SANDS
(Left) RCA's lightweight walkie-talkie for the 25-

50 mc. band. It uses a Western Electric type
500 handset. (Below) Interior view of typical
unit using miniature and subminiature tubes.
Two -way radio has captured the imagination of the public -

here is the story on available units and operating rules.
HE portable two -way radio has been tation or industrial radio services or unless
Ibrought vividly to the attention of the you are an amateur radio operator, you as
public by "Dick Tracy." His is the two - an individual can only operate walkie-
way radio which would sell like the pro- talkies in the Citizens radio band. The
verbial hot cakes if it really existed. Many Citizens band is open to all citizens
are trying to develop a "Dick Tracy" radio whether for private personal use or ih con-
and no doubt someone will succeed. nection with a legal commercial enterprise.
Today, crime fighters must content For use only in the Citizens radio serv-
themselves with somewhat heavier and ice on 465 megacycles are such low- priced,
bulkier portable two -way radio sets. Sev- hand -carried two -way radio units as the
eral excellent portable units are on the Stewart -Warner "Port -A- Fone." Here, the
market and they do a commendable job, range is limited from a few hundred feet
even if they fall short of the performance to a mile or more, depending upon local
of "Dick Tracy's" wrist radio. conditions. This type of unit uses a super-
Depending upon their size and form fac- regenerative receiver which is converted
tor, they have been called, among other into a self- excited AM transmitter.
things, a walkie- talkie, "Handie- Talkie" (a The more widely used and more expen-
tradename), pack set, "Port-A -Fone" (also sive portable two -way radio units are de-
a tradename), and a breakie -backie. signed for operation in either the 25 to 50
If you buy a pair of walkie- talkies, there megacycle or 152 to 174 megacycle v.h.f.
is no assurance you can use them. All radio (very- high- frequency) bands which are re-
transmitters, even flea -powered, hand-car- served exclusively for eligible commercial
ried portables, must be licensed by the Fed- enterprises and government agencies.
eral Communications Commission (FCC). To meet FCC requirements, these com-
Different kinds of walkie- talkies are de- mercial pack sets employ crystal-controlled
signed for licensed operation in different transmitters operable on one or two speci-
categories of radio services as defined by fically assigned fixed frequencies within
the FCC. Equipment for use in the in- the band for which the equipment was de-
dustrial, land transportation, and public signed. Fixed tuned superheterodyne re-
safety radio services must generally meet ceivers, which are also crystal controlled,
more rigid technical standards than equip- are used. Transmitter and receiver are
ment to be used in the Citizens or ama- packaged in the same enclosure along with
teur radio services. either wet or dry batteries.
Unless you operate a business which is -When wet batteries are used, they are
eligible for licensing in the land transpor- of the non -spillable type and are used to
March, 1955 55
talkie has not yet made its debut and is
not expected to do so, at competitive prices
at least, for quite some time.
The antenna used with nearly all of the
commercially available walkie- talkies is
either a vertical flexible quarter-wave whip
or a telescoping antenna similar to those
used in automobiles. An external antenna
may be used in fixed or mobile applications
by removing the antenna and plugging in a
coaxial cable leading to the antenna.
The range obtainable with walkie- talkies
is sometimes amazing, especially when oper-
ating in the 25 to 50 megacycle band. A
range of 8 or 10 miles between a walkie-
talkie and a higher powered base station
is often reported. However, much depends
upon terrain conditions.
Operating in the 152 to 174 megacycle
band, the range is generally considerably
less. However, communication between a
walkie- talkie on this band and a higher
powered base station up to 8 or 10 miles
has been achieved but not as regularly as
when operating in the 25 to 50 megacycle
band.
Pack sets are used by many railroads to extend The range between a pair of walkie-
communications ta the man on foot. The unit talkies is generally quite limited because
shown here is manufactured by Hallicrafters. of the power output of the transmitters
and because of the low effective antenna
supply filament power and to drive a elevation. Of course, the range can be
vibrator power supply for plate power for several miles if one walkie- talkie is oper-
the tubes in the transmitter and receiver. ated on a hill top and the other one is
Generally, when dry batteries are used, within line -of-sight or at a point where
plate power is derived directly from "B" signals are easily reflected.
batteries instead of a vibrator power sup- In railroad yards, for example, many
ply. have been disappointed to find the range
Both subminiature and miniature type attainable between a pair of pack sets is
tubes are used in commercially available so short as to be unsatisfactory. This is
walkie- talkies. The transistorized walkie- particularly true when one or both walkie-
Three iersions of the Hallicrafters "Littlefone." (Left) The standard model with
handset. (Center) Unit adapted for under -the -dash mounting in a car. It is pow-
ered bT car batterg. (Right) "Littlefone" with a 4" speaker mounted on case.
,,;:M4 '
. . .
talkies are carried by personnel standing military surplus portable radio telephones
or walking between freight cars. This can be readily modified for use in the 25
would also apply in congested areas as in to 50 mc., 152 to 174 mc., or the 450 to
city streets lined by tall buildings or many 470 mc. bands. Some, however, can be
trees. modified for operation in one or more of
The cure in such cases is to employ a re- the amateur bands. However, to be eligible
lay station if permitted by FCC regula- to operate walkie- talkies in the amateur
tions in the service in which the equip- bands, it is necessary to possess an ama-
ment is to be operated. When using a re- teur operator's license which requires tak-
lay station, two different radio frequen- ing a code test and passing a written ex-
cies are required, one for transmitting and amination on radio theory and FCC regula-
one for receiving. tions.
Motorola and General Railway Signal In the land transportation, industrial,
Company have developed novel portable and public safety radio services, persons us-
transmitters for one -way radio communi- ing mobile and portable stations do not need
cation. They are not much larger than operator's licenses although the operator
a flashlight and are primarily used in rail- of an associated base station must possess
road yards where personnel on foot talk a restricted radio telephone operator's
out over a portable transmitter and receive permit. Although a station license is re-
calls and replies over a public address sys- quired for Citizens band walkie- talkies,
tem. A typical walkie-talkie like the an operator's license is not needed.
MRT -8 manufactured by Bendix weighs It is possible to build your own walkie-
only eight pounds and is available for talkies for use in the Citizens band or in
hand carrying or for mounting on per- one of the commercial radio services. How-
sonnel with suitable straps. Hallicrafters ever, to build such equipment so that it
manufactures portable two-way radio units will comply with FCC regulations requires
which can be adapted for installation in considerable skill, a vast amount of preci-
motor vehicles. Power is derived from the sion test equipment, a good deal of time,
vehicle's electrical system. and ample funds. It is generally cheaper
Surplus walkie- talkies offered at bargain to buy factory-made equipment. Commer-
prices are seldom licenseable without ex- cially available walkie- talkies cost from
tensive modification. Very few, if any, $200 to $500 each. END
FOOLPROOF ELECTRICAL COMBINATION LOCK

AN ELECTRICAL combination lock may switches not only have to be thrown in a
come in very handy for a frequently set pattern, but also in the proper se-
used door such as one on a garage or quence. In Fig. B, the double-pole, double -
workshop. A number of single -pole, single - throw switches are connected in such a
throw switches can be connected in series manner that switches 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 must
(Fig. A) in such a way as to activate a be thrown in exactly that order to open
magnetic door release when the switches the lock. If they are not thrown in that
are thrown in a preset pattern. This cir- sequence, or if dummy switches 6 and 7
cuit may not always prove satisfactory are thrown at all, an alarm goes off.
since a large number of switches must be Any number of switches can be used in
used to eliminate the possibility of the this circuit. The relay and re -set button
lock's being opened by the trial and error are not completely necessary but they add
method. It is, therefore, desirable that the to the security of the lock. J. STURMAN
TO MAGNETIC TO MAGNETIC TO
DOOR RELEASE DOOR RELEASE BELL ALARM
RESET BUTTON
IS.P..S.T. SWITCH
NORMALLY CLOSED!
. o
52
_.
S3 S4
e _
S.P.S.T SWITCHES
(A)
/.-4SS 56 S7
O.P.O.T. SWITCHES
(S)
S5 S6 S
S.PST.
March, 1955 57
HIGH- FI DELITY
force on the grooves because of this pull.
Many arms now come equipped with three -
wire pickup leads. One lead is an extra
ground which can be soldered to the case of
the cartridge at one end, and the input jack
HUM
of your preamp at the other end. This has
proved quite successful in reducing hum,
especially in such cartridges as the Fair-
child and Pickering.
Turntable and changer motors are in
themselves a source of hum. The problem
HUM is a problem which most hi -fi fans here seems to be one of expense. The cheap-
have encountered at one time or another. est type, which is the two -pole motor, is the
It is most vexing to hear this unpleasant worst offender. The four -pole motor, which
noise superimposed on your music. Hum is is the type used most commonly in the
a subject about which books could and average hi -fi system, is considerably better
have been written. It is not our purpose than the two -pole, and the deluxe hysteresis
here to write a compendium on hum, but to synchronous motors have little inherent
discuss some of the most common causes of hum. In all three types of motor, some im-
hum and measures which can be taken provement can be made by grounding the
towards its elimination. case of the motor to the input jack of the
A pickup cartridge of the magnetic re- preamp.
luctance or moving coil type can be a major The leads between pickup and preamp
source of hum. Most of this is inductive can cause hum trouble, and this fact is
hum which is caused by the pickup coming overlooked by many otherwise careful au-
into conjunction with the field of a changer diophiles. The lead should be well shielded
or turntable motor. If you own a changer, by the use of tinned copper braid, and of
there is not much to be done to eliminate low capacity. Absolutely clean ground con-
hum which the changer manufacturer al- nections are a "must" on these leads. No
ready hasn't or should have done. A turn- "cold joints" or "resin joints" should be tol-
table allows more flexibility because it does erated. The length of the lead from pickup
not have a pickup arm as an integral part to preamp should never exceed from six to
of its structure. Therefore, you can place eight feet and the smaller the better. Be
the arm on the motorboard in such a man- very careful not to parallel the audio lead
ner that, at the maximum of its arc across with the a.c. power line, as this can also
the disc, it will be as far away from the cause hum.
motor as possible. Foam rubber turntable Most of the modern preamps and power
mats have been introduced recently and it amplifiers have hum levels of at least 70 db
is a wise practice to use one on the changer below the full rated power output. For
and turntable. This not only will help to most purposes this is practically inaudible.
eliminate some hum and rumble, but it will For those who do not want to hear hum
also help to prolong the life of your re- even when they stick their heads inside
cordings. There is a cushioning effect that their speakers, amplifiers are available
will offset the downward pull caused by which have hum levels as low as 96 db be-
attraction between magnetic cartridges and low full rated output. However, there are
steel turntables. This pull is usually not times when the hum level of a preamp or
observed in stylus pressure measurements. power amplifier seems to be at variance
You think that you are playing your records with the specifications. Most manufacturers
at a nice, safe 5 -6 grams, when actually of high grade amplifiers are pretty reliable,
there may be considerably more stylus (Continued on page 124)
,moi
REPRODUCTION
DISC REVIEW
THE recordings described and recommended to in this form are really display pieces for organ
you in previous issues of POPULAR ELECTRONICS virtuosi. It is odd that this Toccata is one of the
have been wholly orchestral in nature, and have most mathematically "precise" works that Bach
been musical works of the standard repertoire. ever wrote, and yet the work which is considered
This format has been followed intentionally in the "easiest" to assimilate.
order to acquaint you with the "basic symphonic There are five recordings of this work, and of
library." Of course, there are many other forms of the five, only two can be considered as having
classical music, like chamber music, opera, con- modern hi -fi sound. E. Power Biggs is the organ-
certos, and the special literature of religion. In this ist on Columbia ML4500 and Reginald Foort, the
article and in others to follow, we will also ven- artist on Cook 1054. Some critics have called Mr.
ture into some of these other musical forms. Biggs' performance "insensitive," and although
Sooner or later, every hi -fi fan discovers the there is some stolidity to his playing, his is cer-
"king of instruments"-the pipe organ. Discovery tainly the most capable and honest performance
is usually accompanied by vast enthusiasm for the thus far. Mr. Foort tends to over-romanticize his
wonderful sounds an organ can make and a most performance and seems less sure of his ground. In
intemperate buying spree ensues. In no other form the matter of sound we are faced with a most
of recorded music is the old dictum, caveat emptor unusual circumstance. Both of these recordings
-"let the buyer beware "-so applicable. The or- were made with the new Aeolian Skinner organ in
gan has the greatest tonal range of any instrument, Boston's Symphony Hall. Because of this, we
reaching from the rumbling, sub -bass depths of 16 have a nearly perfect example of how different
cycles (which is more nearly "felt" than heard) to recording techniques can make the same music on
a stratospheric 16,000 cycles. The dynamic range the same instrument sound entirely different. The
is tremendous, going from the tiniest whisper to sound of the Cook record is notable for extremely
the mighty thunder of 32 and 64 foot pipes. Be- wide frequency response, and purportedly, reaches
cause of these tonal and dynamic characteristics, all the way down to 16 cycles. The word "pur-
the organ is the most difficult of all instruments to portedly" is used because of the fact that the re-
record. Since most organs are in churches or other production of this frequency is well -nigh impos-
large auditoriums, the usually over -reverberant sible, even with good hi -fi systems.
acoustics are a major trouble factor in recording. It might be wise here to point out a few facts
Thus it behooves one to be most careful in pur- about ultra -low frequency reproduction. One of
chasing organ LP's. The number of really good, the main reasons organ recordings are so popular
wide range, low distortion recordings is quite with audiophiles is that they constitute a readily
small. available source of low frequencies which will
When it comes to a question of repertoire for show off the "low end" capabilities of their sys-
the organ, while the literature is fairly voluminous, tems. The low end sound of the organ is thrilling,
most of the recording efforts have been centered but I'm afraid that most hi -fi fans have been de-
around the music of that doughty old champion of luding themselves in thinking that they hear 16 or
the organ, Johann Sebastian Bach. If one's ac- 32 or even 40 cycles! Few hi -fi fans realize just
quaintance with Bach has been only a nodding how low 100 or 75 cycles is; they forget that the
one, and it has been concluded that his music is a organ has great power at those and all the lower
little too "dry" for one's taste, one will probably frequencies. Most modern high quality amplifiers
find his organ works to be an entirely different will give satisfactory reproduction of 16 cycles,
matter. It would be a most unresponsive person but let's take a look at the speaker situation. The
who would be unmoved by the dazzle and excite- well equipped hi -fi fan usually has a 15 -inch co-
ment of the Toccata and Fugue in D or the stately axial or two or three -way system in a bass reflex
splendor of the Passacaglia and Fugue. or "infinite" enclosure. Assuming that the reflex
The Toccata and Fugue in D is probably the part is perfectly "tuned" (which is usually not the
most popular of all Bach organ works. Toccata case), good response will occur as low as 50 -55
means literally "to touch lightly" and most works (Continued on page 122)
March, 1955 59
THE C -R iñìv'i TESTER
By CLINTON E. CLARK, W1KLS
Capacitors or resistors
which are suspected of
being defective can be
checked with this unit.
TO FIND out whether a suspected part

actually is defective, many technicians
and experimenters simply substitute a part
which is known to be good, then recheck
the over -all performance of the equipment
involved. Substitution testing has impor-
tant limitations, but generally it is simple
With the alligator clip connected to the and quick, and it does not require any ex-
chassis, the probe can be used to connect pensive testing equipment. The capacitance
parts into equipment which is being checked. and resistance substitution tester shown in
the photos and diagram is unusually sim-
Ri -250 ohm, 5 w., wire -wound res. ple to make and use. It contains several
Ra- 30,000 ohm, 5 w., wire -wound res. typical values of capacitance and resist-
Rs- 250,000 ohm, 1 w., carbon res. ance, with a convenient common terminal
C: -.005 Aid., 600 v., mica capacitor and an insulated probe to get at hard -to-
Cs-.1 pfd., 600 v., tubular capacitor reach points.
Cs-8 pfd., 450 v., elec. capacitor Parts required for the C -R Tester are
Bi-penlight cell
described in the parts list. The wedge -
PLI-flashlight lamp, single penlight cell type (GE
Type 112) shaped plastic case shown in the photos
S:- miniature rotary tap switch, single -pole, seven was designed to hold a piece of pie and is
or more positions (Centralab Type PA -1001) obtainable in many five-and -ten stores. A
I-wedge- shaped plastic pie case different container could be used if the pie
I -knob for switch case is not available. If a metal case is
I -dial
plate for switch used, all of the wiring and all of the termi-
1-Fahnestock clip nals of the components should be insulated
1- alligator clip from the case.
Machine screws, nuts, wire, solder, and electrical
tape All of the components should be as small
as can be obtained readily for ease in wir-
ing within the limited space. The switch re- HNESTOCc CLIP
quired is one with a single pole and as F
many positions as there are circuits to be

switched. The switch shown in the photo-
graph was used simply because it happened
to be available. Smaller rotary switches
can be obtained and one should be used if
the continuity tester (Bi and PL,) shown
in the schematic is to be incorporated in
the tester. The continuity checking circuit
was omitted from the tester shown in the
photographs because the bulk of the switch CI C2 IC3
leaves little room for the penlight cell and R2 R3
flashlight lamp. BI
The test prod which forms a common
terminal point for all of the circuits was
made from a two -inch 6/32 bolt. One end
was ground to a point and insulated with a
wrapping of electrical tape. The other ter-
minal of the tester is a Fahnestock clip.
Since most of the circuits which would be TEST PROD
(SEE PHOTO
tested have a common return to a metal AND TEXT)
chassis, it will be convenient to insert a
flexible wire in the clip, terminated in an
alligator clip. The C -R Tester consists of only a few parts,
The plastic case has a tendency to crack described in the parts list. See text for
discussion of continuity tester (PL1 and B,).
if holes are drilled in it. The best way to
make the holes for mounting the switch, with caution. First, there is a danger of
prod, and clip is by heating an ice pick over damaging the substitute part if conditions
a flame and burning the holes in. which damaged the original still exist. If
To complete the tester, a paper dial can symptoms indicate that a resistor was
be made with the values inked in the prop- burned out or a capacitor was shorted, be
er positions. careful. Second, the results of the test
The three capacitors specified have may not be conclusive. If the equipment is
values which can be used as substitutes restored to operating condition by the sub-
for testing purposes for most of the capac- stitution, it is likely that its previous non-
itors in radio and audio equipment. The operating condition was due to a faulty
.005 pfd. capacitor will substitute in the part. On the other hand, if substitution
low capacitance range for values between does not restore proper operation, it should
.002 and .01 pfd. These values are found in not be concluded immediately that the
radio frequency circuits and, often, in original part was OK. More than one part
coupling capacitors between tubes. The .1 may be faulty and replacing one will not
pfd. capacitor will substitute for values be- restore operation.
tween .02 and .5 pfd. Look for these in The continuity testing circuit can be
cathode, screen, and plate bypass circuits. used to determine whether or not there is
The 8 pfd. capacitor will take care of most "continuity" (a path of relatively low re-
power supply filters and audio cathode by- sistance) between two points. It is, in
pass capacitors from 4 to 20 pfd. effect, a rough type of resistance checker.
The three resistor values listed in the When it is connected between two points,
parts list will cover most of the required lighting of the lamp indicates that there is
substitutions. The 250 -ohm value can be a direct connection or, at least, a path of
used for cathode bias resistors in the range low resistance between the points. If the
from 150 to 1000 ohms. For most voltage lamp does not light, there is an open cir-
dropping resistors, the 30,000 -ohm size will cuit or, at least, only a path of relatively
do. Plate and grid resistors between 100,- high resistance.
000 ohms and 1 megohm can be replaced Continuity testing can be used to verify :
by the 250,000 -ohm value. that there actually is a connection between

To check a component suspected of being two points which are supposed to be con-
shorted, one terminal must be disconnected nected; to show the presence of unwanted
before the substitute is inserted in the cir- shorts between wires, or unintended
cuit. If a component is open, the substitu- grounds (connections to the chassis) to ;
tion can be made simply by connecting the show whether or not the heater or fila-
test part in parallel with the original. ment of a tube is open; or to determine
Substitution testing must be performed whether or not capacitors are shorted. END
March, 1955 61
How To Stop Automobile Radio Noise
IT IS not at all unusual to buy a new car,

drive it a year or so, and have the radio
tl}at had played so well when the car was
new, develop one or more noises that are
peculiar to auto radios.
Practically all of the noises that develop
can be traced to your automobile. There is
no suppressor which can be put on a radio
that will keep it from picking up interfer-
` ence generated by the various electrical
(and in some cases mechanical) components
in the car. However, there are suppressors
available to use on the offending parts.
These can be bought at any radio parts
store. The first step in stopping auto radio
noise to locate the source of the trouble.
The most important single item for good,
quiet radio reception is the aerial. The lead-
in especially should be given a visual check
to find whether the shield is making a prop-
er ground on each end. Be sure the lead is If there is no noise when the car is not in
pushed tightly into the aerial jack on the motion although the motor is running, then
radio. A car radio can be no better than the disturbance is being generated by the
its aerial. If it is badly bent and the con - wheels or parts associated with them. Both
nections are loose, it is advisable to replace front wheels should have suppressors in
the complete aerial. them. A wheel static suppressor is a coil
Most garages install a generator capac- spring that fits in the inner hub cap. These
itor at the time the radio is installed. These can be bought at any radio shop. If this
capacitors occasionally open up after sev- does not stop wheel static, the trouble may
eral years use. Generator trouble is found be in the brake linings dragging the brake
by starting the motor, tuning the radio to drums. This can be determined by apply-
a point where the noise is loudest, and then ing the brakes gently while driving at a
turning off the ignition. If the noise stops good rate of speed and seeing if the noise
immediately when the key is turned off, it stops. As soon as the linings are firmly
is probably due to thê spark plugs and not against the drums, the noise will stop. The
the generator. If the generator is at fault, only remedy for brake noise is to have the
the noise will fade out as the motor and brakes adjusted at a reliable garage.
generator slow down. For this test, have Sometimes such small accessories as an
the motor turning over rather rapidly. If electric clock or turn signals will cause in-
the generator does not have a capacitor on terference. The only check for these is to
it and you wish to install one, merely take a capacitor and try it on each item
ground the shell of the capacitor and con- until the guilty one is located. These capac-
nect the pig tail lead to the battery wire. itors will be connected to the hot wire and
Voltage regulator trouble is usually easy grounded to the metal of the car.
to find. Start the motor and listen for the Spark plugs are the worst offenders as
noise to start in the radio as the speed of far as noise is concerned. Spark plug noise
the motor is increased gradually. This noise will stop the instant the ignition key is
generally starts as soon as the generator turned off and it is also easy to spot by
begins charging. Watch the ammeter and sound. When the motor is turning over
listen for the noise. If it is the regulator, very slowly you can hear the plugs as they
you will notice that as soon as the needle fire. A distributor suppressor is usually
swings to the charge side the noise starts. enough to quiet this noise. If this fails, you
Cleaning the contact points carefully with can get suppressors for each plug.
emery paper is usually a cure for a noisy Car radio noise is really not as hard to
regulator. However, in extreme cases the find as it may sound; all you need is a little
unit may need to be replaced. time and a lot of patience. END
So You Want to be a Ham
By
ROBERT HERTZBERG
W 2DJJ
Edwin J. Becker,
W7LJO, Salem, Ore-
gon, shows how he
tunes the Morrow
5BRF short -wave con-
verter, to right of
which is the Morrow
fixed -tuned receiver.
Note how the units
hang from dash with-
out cutting leg room.
Part 6. A whole world of excitement and Fun can be yours

when you operate from the "mobile star on" in your car.
MORTON B. KAHN, of Great Neck, Long Half a second after he released the
Island, has a short -wave receiver and a microphone button, the loud speaker on
low-powered transmitter in his car. One the dashboard came to life.
day recently, while fighting his way "Hello W2Kit moáile, calling William 2
through mid -town New York traffic, he King Roger mobile, this is DL4HA, Dog
thought he'd check the functioning of a Love 4 How Able, in. Germany. You're put-
new tube that he'd put into the transmitting _n a swell signal over here, old man.
ter the night before. He flipped She switch- How do you read me? W2KR mobile, this
es, and as he watched the meters on the is DL4HA, over."
panel, he spoke just to activate the cir- Thrilling? Enough to make your scalp
cuits. "Hello CQ, hello CQ, CQ, this is tingle! Unusual? Not altogether. When
W2KR mobile, William 2 King Roger conditions are right you can work all
mobile, in New York City. Is this thing around the world with flea power and a
working, I wonder" buggy whip antenna. Conditions must
The mobile gear in Henry Y. Satterlee's W6VAAi car. Left to right the equipment
includes Gonset "Super -Sie' converter. Gonset 50 -watt "Commander" transmitter,
variable frequency oscillator, and Gonset "Super-Ceiver "-afixed -tuned i.f. unit.
March, 1955 63
All Thorton Lyford (WOQIK) has to do is press Morton B. Kahn, W2KR, designed and built his
the mike button and his mobile transmitter is own mobile station. Complete receiver and trans-
on the air. His car Is equipped with Johnson's mitter are contained in a drawer -like chassis
'diking Mobile," a compact 8 -tube, 60 w. unit. that pulls out from under dash for inspection.
have been good that day, because Mort re- broadcast receiver in the car and its ac-
peated the performance in reverse when he companying whip antenna. This receiver is
retraced his route through Manhattan a adjusted to a quiet spot at the top of the
few hours later. The ignition systems of band, usually around 1400 kc., and it acts
passing trucks were creating a shower of as a fixed -tuned intermediate- frequency
noise in the receiver, but out of the up- (i.f.) amplifier in combination with a small
roar came a fairly good signal. short -wave converter which is connected
"Hello CQ, hello CQ, CQ, CQ. Calling between it and the antenna. On the con-
Stateside. This is CN8EY, CN8EY, Charlie verter is a changeover switch that permits
Nan 8 Easy Yoke, in French Morocco, you to cut over for broadcast reception at
Africa. What say someone, please ?" any time without disturbing the new an-
French Morocco! Mort glanced at the tenna connection. Various styles of con-
walls of the canyon formed by the sur- verters cover from two to six frequency
rounding skyscrapers. "What can I lose ?" bands. They use only a few tubes, which
he mused to himself as he reached for the draw their filament power from the car's
mike. "Hello CN8EY, CN8EY, calling storage battery and their plate power from
Charlie Nan 8 Easy Yoke in French Mo- the vibrator in the broadcast receiver. It's
rocco, this is W2KR mobile, William 2 a minor job to tap into the latter for the
King Roger mobile, William 2 King Roger necessary connections.
mobile. How are we doing there, feller? Auto radio receivers, as a class, have ex-
Over." cellent amplification and selectivity. The
He learned soon enough how he was do- combination of such a receiver and a
ing. separate converter forms a double- conver-
"Hello W2KR mobile, this is CN8EY. sion superheterodyne that really drags in
Thanks for the call Mort. I've heard you the signals.
on the air often, and I'm glad to work If your car presently has no receiver in
you. . ." it at all, you can install either an entirely
Fifteen minutes later Mort had to cut separate, self - contained, bandswitching
the QSO because he'd reached his destina- short -wave receiver of compact design, or
tion. Neither station had missed a word. the combination of the described converter
Mobile radio is so exciting and so full of and a matching fixed -tuned i.f. amplifier
challenges that many hams have turned strip. In most cases the loudspeaker and
their cars into veritable stations on wheels. the plate power supply are separate items
Once you obtain your general class license, of equipment. A converter alone costs
you too can "go mobile" and engage in about $50; a complete receiver about $165.
unlimited phone operation on the popular The average converter is only about half
frequency bands. Every drive you take the size of a cigar box. You can mount
then becomes a new adventure. it readily on the steering column, where
From the equipment standpoint, mobile is you can reach it without shifting your
relatively simple. For receiving purposes normal driving position. Some of the newer
several arrangements are possible. The complete receivers are also very compact.
most popular one, because it's inexpensive One 10-tube job measures only 81/2 x 6 x
and effective, makes use of the regular 41/2 inches over-all, minus power pack and
A complete amateur mobile "package" as supplied by the Amateur Sales Department of
Motorola Inc. This includes (rear) whip antenna and loading coils, dynamotor, fuses,
all necessary cables, control relays, and (front) Gonset "Super -Six" converter and
Gonset "Super-Ceiver," Gonset "Commander" transmitter, and Gonset variable frequency
oscillator. This deluxe combination's transmitter is rated at a nominal 50 watts.
speaker. The two latter units are easily mal idle speed. You don't think so? Try
disposed of under or behind the dashboard. it and see.
A mobile receiving unit adds very little In late model cars using standard three -
to the normal electrical load on the engine - cell batteries, generators are usually of
driven generator of a car. However, even the 30 or 35- ampere size. This sounds like
a small transmitter puts a very consider- a lot of juice until you add up the current
able drain on it. Many a ham rushes into requirements of headlights, tail and in-
mobile operation without realizing this, strument panel lights, heater fan, ignition
and then finds himself in real trouble with system, and broadcast receiver, all of which
a burned -out electrical system the first are likely to be on during a winter drive
time he hits the road with a new rig. at night and which easily can total 25
The size of the storage battery is rel- amperes. This load doesn't strain a 30 or
atively unimportant. What is important is 35- ampere generator, but suppose you add
the rating of the charging generator, ex- a transmitter that takes 20, 25, 30 or 40
pressed by the number of amperes of cur- amperes all by itself? Obviously, you're
rent it can deliver safely and continuous- inviting disaster. You might get by during
ly. The battery is needed mainly for start- daylight, but even then you'd be stretch-
ing purposes. Once the engine is running, ing your luck.
it merely "floats" across the generator From the practical standpoint, you can't
line. In fact, you can disconnect it entire- use much more than about a 50-watt trans-
ly and the engine will continue to run if mitter for mobile purposes in a standard
you keep it revved up a little beyond nor- (Continued on page 120)
Center -loaded whip antenna on Mort Kahn's car is mounted on rear and is pulled
down and tied to rain molding when car is garaged. Base spring gives flexibility.
March, 1955 65
bers increase their ability and knowledge
of pulse radio control is the one submitted
fo us by the Southeast Virginia Radio
Control Group. They have constructed a
club model airplane which is used as a
demonstrator and trainer for the newcom-
ers to the club. A newcomer can get
checked out on this model before flying
his own creation, and thus avoid crackups
due to inexperienced handling.
The design used is a "Bootstraps," with
RELEASE of the new long -life Raytheon 2-wheel gear, Cub .09 engine, Controlaire
RK -61 tubes has caused a reversal receiver with pulse rudder control. The
(temporarily, at least) of the trend to hard ship flies very smoothly and slowly.
tubes. The two -tube jobs, using the gas - s s *
filled type of tubes, are quite popular due THE article "3- Channel R/C Receiver,"
to simplicity, reliability, good sensitivity, by E. L. Safford, Jr., on page 73 of our
and solid relay action. The drawback is January issue contained an error which
the relatively short life of the gas tube. we would like to correct as quickly as
When substituting the new tube into the possible. The 3A5 tube (Ve) pin numbers
first stage of a two -tube receiver like the on the circuit and pictorial diagrams on
Lorenz or North American, the result may page 75 were interchanged. The plates
be a decrease in sensitivity. To get the should be numbered 6 and 2; the corre-
tube up to full sensitivity, idle the tube in sponding grids are 5 and 3 respectively.
for 15 minute periods at 1.5 ma. Consequently, all connections shown at
pin 6 should go to pin 5 and vice versa.
WE recently received a notice from the The same applies to pins 2 and 3.
Academy of Model Aeronautics relative
to some rule changes affecting radio -con- WE can't recommend strongly enough
trol model competition at AMA sanctioned that you read the article qn "R /C Re-
meets. These new rules are to go into liability" on page 41 of this issue. This and
effect in the 1955 meets. We quote the future articles on this subject are straight
rule change: from the flying fields by an author who is
"There will be two classes of radio -con- well known among model aircraft flyers.
trol models: rudder control and multi - Just in case you have bumped into Bill
control. Entry will be permitted in only Winter and didn't know it, we are repro-
one of these classes at a contest. ducing herewith a photo of Bill shown
"There will be a new pattern combining among some of his aircraft. Can it be that
the old precision and stunt patterns with the quizzical expression on his face is due
the suggestion that part of the pattern to some lack of reliability in his R/C
(mostly precision) be used for local meets equipment ?
and that the entire pattern be used for As you may know, Bill Winter is Editor
large meets. of Model Airplane News and author of
"It will be up to the R/C event director quite a few widely read books on model
to decide and announce the number of airplane construction and flying. You will
flights to be permitted at each contest. find his authoritative articles in every is-
This is done before official flying begins. sue Of POPULAR ELECTRONICS. END
"Power-on spot landings will be permit-
ted providing the flyer calls the approach
and makes a single landing attempt."
RADIO- CONTROL modelers in Indiana
may be interested in joining up with a
new club formed on October 22nd in In-
dianapolis. The club is called The Indian-
apolis Radio -Control Modelers and has, as
its first order of business, the obtaining of
a flying field. They already have a dona-
tion to cover the insurance on such a field.
If you are interested in this new group,
contact Harold L. Stofer, 1832 Singleton
St., Indianapolis, Indiana.
AVERY clever idea that any model air -
craft club can try to help its mem-
SHORT -WAVE
FIREFIGHTING
By LOS ANGELES FIRE DEPARTMENT
h Y R !N @J A O O 411 It
GU are about to step off the curb at moving head" of sweeping fi,une. pe-
a busy Los Angeles intersection cial equipment so sorely needed for
when a police whistle and the wail of rescue, explosion. suffocation, and other
approaching sirens Inings you to a emergencies can he called instantly to
quick stop. Heavy fire equipment ap- the scene by the first officer to arrive
pears with red lights flashing warning and determine the requirements of the
to motorists and pedestrians. Then, situation.
just as suddenly, the lights go nut, the As soon as the final radio unit was
sirens cease, and the lead apparatus installed in 1952, the Los Angeles Fire
slowly turns up a side street. What Department was able .,to launch its
happened? Wrong address? Did they greatest fire prevention effort in his -
lose the way? Not a chance! You have tory--a continual house -to -house fire
just witnessed the saving of many tax protection campaign which utilized the
dollars because short -wave radio units efforts of every one of the 2500 men on
installed in the responding apparatus its payroll. This program would not
tipped the boys off that they were have been possible except for the in-
heading for a false- alarm. stallation of two-way radios on all fire
It costs taxpayers about $450 to trucks. Now firefighters carrying out
have the fire department responc to an their fire prevention work can be
alarm in a big city. Thus, when the reached by any one of four dispatching
first arri ing officer finds a false alarm offices and sent directly to a. fire in a
or a miior fire and turns back the minimum of time. The entire program,
ma or portion of a full assignment of to date, has succeeded in knocking
men and equipment, he saves the city three thousand fires off th a annual
money, record of alarms!
Approximately 300 fire companies, The installation of two -way radio has
including scores of special units and meant a stepped -up program of effec-
chiefs' cars are equipped with short- tive are control that no other single
wave radio and an additional frequency element could have accomplished.
is provided as a command channel for Radio is being used to the veiy best
administrative use. The transmitter - advantage over the vast 414 square
receiver arrangement allows two -way mile area that comprises the city of Los
conversation from mobile unit to dis- Angeles. Waterfront, mountaiin, heavy
patching office. or from mobile unit to industrial, and business fires constantly
mobile unit. Firefighting equipment, tax tie efforts of firemen, not to men-
irrespectia e of location or direction of tion the 400,000 homes which account
travel, can he "talked in" to the proper for 60', of L. A.'s fires.
strategic- position for efficient opera- Chief Curtis Hart, in charge of the
1ion on a big fire. Units scattered over system, stales that now the depart-
brush fire areas can he directed in a ment is fully radio-equipped. maxi-
matter of minutes to a single location mum utilization of men and equipment
in order to join forces -o stop a fast can be achieved. END
March, 1455 67
94,(c
GROUND
CONTROL
UNITS
By E. L. SAFFORD, JR.
a PUSHBUTTON
MICROS
O
ITCH
ROTATION CSHAFT
T*
Q
LEADS TO
TRANSMITTER
Fig. 2. Front and rear views of a simple ground

control unit using a corn in conjunction with a
Microswitch to key the transmitter on and off.
Fig. 1. Rotary ground control switch IA) (B) IC

added to a Babcock transmitter. The
regular control button of the trans- Fig. 3. Three different cams which can be used
mitter serves as the sync button. in the simple ground control unit of Fig. 2.
The corn in (A) is for a two-finger escapement
code sequence, (B) is for a three -finger escape-
ment, and (C) is for a four -finger escapement.
You've built the transmitter and receiver for your radio -controlled boat or plane -
fine, how do you maintain control? Here are a couple of units that will do the job
HE receiver in a radio -controlled model the direction of rotation of the steering

I airplane or boat responds to the signals wheel on the control box is not important.
sent out from a transmitter. The operator The operator merely turns it to the func-
transmits a different set of signals for the tion desired as often as necessary.
specific maneuver desired. Each set of sig- A second advantage is that the rate at
nals is called a sequence; each control which the sequences are transmitted is al-
operation has its own sequence. Radio ways thé same. This allows the speed of
control via different audio frequencies or sequence transmission to be set for the
tones does not use signal sequences and is, most reliable operation.
therefore, an exception. Signal sequences This unit consists of a drum which has
are formed by a particular switch arrange- solid pins set into its surface and a set of
ment, which may consist simply of a push- tabs at one end which will activate a
button switch or of a more complicated Microswitch as the drum rotates. (See Fig.
device, depending on the type signal se- 4.) The shaft through the drum is driven
quences to be transmitted. This switch- either by a small electric motor, which is
ing arrangement is the ground control unit. geared down to about one revolution every
The first of two ground control units three or four seconds, or a small spring -
which will send forth escapement sequences wound motor and gear section of the type
and which will be described in this article, used in certain toys. The type of motor
is simple to construct. It will cause the used necessitates a slight difference in the
sequence to be transmitted as the operator mechanical construction.
rotates a small hand crank (see Figs. 1 and When using a spring -wound motor, the
2). The type of sequence is determined by drum should be attached rigidly to the
the shape of a cam, mounted inside the shaft and soldered if it is a metal drum.
box and attached to the crankshaft, which When an electric motor is used, the drum
operates a Microswitch. Fig. 3 shows three should be loose on the shaft so that the
different cams to use for three different shaft can continue to rotate when the
sequences. drum is stopped by means of the slide
The only requirement in using this type finger and pins. This prevents a stalled
of ground control unit is that the crank motor and subsequent high current drain,
always be turned in the same direction. If which causes short battery life.
it is turned forward to a control position
and then back to neutral, the sequence is Fig. 4. Motor driven ground control unit which
lost until the escapement is brought back transmits a uniform speed control sequence that
into step. Because there is always the is not subject to the excitement of the operator.
possibility that this will occur and also to
/'\,
be certain that the escapement is in the MtCROSNITCH IN LINE WITH FINDER
correct starting position for control opera-

tions, the pushbutton synchronization vO1NTER--.
switch is mounted on the box and wired
across the Microswitch leads. To syn- SLIONH
DASCN
TRANSMITTER
chronize, turn the crank handle to a known FINDER
control position. If the control surface

does not move to the proper position, ro-
tate the handle to the starting neutral ELEC
W
RIC
SPRING
position. Now, using the pushbutton, the MOTOR AND
HEARS
signals are transmitted slowly and the
control surfaces are observed. When the last
deflected position before starting neutral is DRUM
reached (in Fig. 2 this would be "left"), SLOT TO
the button is released and the controller SLIDE DRUM

OUT TO ADJUST
CLUTCH
is ready for operation. REMOVABLE COVER
TO KEEP SHAFT
IN PLACE
Motor Driven Switch PINS AND TABS SHOWN FOP STANDARD

The second ground control is based on TWO,FRiGER ESCAPEMENT SEQUENCE
an original idea thought up by Dr. Wal- SPRING MOTOR FROM TOT

TRACTOR,
CON ETL. MAT RE USED WITH
ter Good. Its principal advantage is that CLUTCH
March, 1955 69
ing to a particular command The simplest
case would be a sequence for a standard
escapement where the code is off for neu-
tral, on for left, off for neutral, and on for
right. This would. require two tabs and
three pins. The center pin (neutral posi-
tion of the steering wheel) would not have
a tab on line with it. "Left" would have a
Fig. 5. Detailed drawing of the clutch mech-
pin on line with a tab. After a space, there
anism used in the ground controller of Fig. 4. would be another tab with a pin on line
with it for "Right."
Any sequence may be set up by locating
When the slide finger is moved, the the proper number of stopping pins on the
drum should rotate with the shaft and left or right half of the drum to corre-
have enough power to move the tabs spond to left or right steering positions.
against the Microswitch to activate it. An example of a drum set up for a com-
This is accomplished by means of a small plicated signal sequence is shown in cross -
friction clutch which can be attached to section in Fig. 6.
one end of the shaft as illustrated in Fig. A word about the steering wheel and
5. Note how the drum is mounted between
a fixed washer soldered to the shaft on pointer: The pointer arm should have a
small spring -loaded pin set into it in such
one side, and a free washer made of some a manner that it will click into small
friction material like hard rubber on the indentations on the box surface as the
other side. The free washer is tightened up various command positions are reached.
against the drum by a nut and small com- This allows accurate positioning of the slider,
pression spring. and also allows steering by "feel."
Above the drum and across the box are END
placed two small metal rods shown in
Fig. 4. A small U- shaped catch finger is
drilled and mounted on the rods so that it Fig. 6. End view of
the roller of the unit
can slide back and forth as the steering in Fig. 4 showing
wheel is rotated from left to right. The the alignment of pins
Microswitch is located at the tab end of and tabs for an eight
the drum so that it can be activiated by part code sequence.
the tabs.
The pins on the surface of the drum are
positioned in such a manner with respect
to the tabs so that the drum may be
stopped after any particular number of
on and off signal combinations correspond-
A LOW -COST "VISUAL EXPERIMENTAL" KIT

ALOW -COST kit, which contains 82 components
to perform 60 experiments in electronic fun-
damentals is now being offered by Crow Electri-
Craft Corp. as its Model 50 -A. A folder describ-
ing this new educational aid is available from the
company at 1102 Shelby St., Vincennes, Indiana.
GEIGER COUNTER KIT
A"BUILD -IT-YOUR-
SELF" kit for con-
structing a Geiger
counter has recently
made its appearance
as the Model K -2.
Developed by J.
Young Sound Engi-
neering Co., the kit
comes with complete
instructions. Free lit-
erature is available.
SUPPLY
This supply can power

the transmitter described in
February, or other small equipment.
TIS particular power supply has been de- These points are brought out solely for
signed specifically for use with the c.w. the benefit of those who might like to de-
transmitter described in last month's issue. sign their own units. Needless to say, the
As was pointed out in the article, the trans- parts chosen for the construction were se-
mitter could have been operated from bat- lected on the basis of their availability as
teries or from any power supply that pro- well as their suitability. This is just one of
vides the required voltage and current. For the necessary compromises that must be
those who do not have such a unit, this made in home -constructed projects.
power supply is being presented. Since the power transformer is designed
In going over the schematic diagram and for a maximum current of 65 ma. this
parts list you will note that there are many value determines the maximum output cur-
components specified that are not quite the rent available from this supply. Do not un-
ultimate in design for this particular unit. der any condition operate it at a current
Basically, the 6X4 tube is designed for a drain higher than this value.
maximum of 70 ma. Therefore, the power Note that a 35,000 ohm bleeder resistor,
transformer, filter chokes, etc. should have Ri, has been added across the output ter-
been selected with this value in mind. This minals. This is used solely to improve reg-
certainly would have been possible if all the ulation. However, since the current drain
components were specially designed, as they through R, is about 6 ma. at 210 volts it
are in commercial units. Since all of the does restrict the usable current from this
components for this construction had to be unit to about 59 ma.
readily available from parts distributors, It is suggested that when this power sup-
some compromises were necessary. For ex-
ample, the power transformer, Ti, could Editor's Note: This is the first of a group
have been designed for 70 ma. However, of articles describing equipment that has
the 65 ma. unit was the closest standard been designed and built by our staff with a
particular purpose in mind. In addition to
unit available. Similarly, filter choke CH, its use with the c.w. transmitter described
could have been 70 ma. instead of the 85 ma. last month, we will, from time to time, cover
other equipment with which this power sup-
unit used. CH. could also have been 70 ma. ply can be used. Instead of publishing de-
instead of 130 ma. A 5 -watt bleeder resistor tails on this power supply with each con-
struction article to which it applies, we will
for Ri would have been large enough but simply make reference to this article. Re-
the 20 -watt unit was more readily avail- prints will be made available for readers
who miss this particular construction article.
able, so it was specified.
March, 1955 71
Bottom view of the power supply,
showing placement and wiring of
parts. Note particularly choke
CH, and the bleeder resistor R,.
ply is used with the c.w. transmitter this

WILE
that none of the other components or leads
bleeder resistor be omitted. Should you touch this unit. It is not a simple task to
have a 0 -100 ma. d.c. meter available you mount it in the chosen position, however,
may check the current drain of the equip- it will fit. The most difficult part, of course,
ment that is to be operated. If it is less is installing the necessary bolts and nuts for
than 59 ma. it is advisable to put the bleeder mounting purposes. With a little patience
in the circuit. it can be done.
The 6.3 volt filament supply has been
brought out to two terminals in the rear. How If Works
The actual current drain of the 6X4 tube When transformer Ti is connected to 117
and the pilot light totals .75 ampere. Since volts a.c., the 6.3 volt output is supplied by
the power transformer filament winding is the low voltage secondary winding.
designed for a maximum of 2.7 amperes, Production of the d.c. voltage is a bit
this allows 1.95 ma. at 6.3 volts that may more complicated. The voltage with which
be used for the operation of external equip- we start is approximately 117 volts a.c., al-
ment. Again, do not exceed this value. ternating in polarity and varying in ampli-
For those who are not able to check either tude as shown by the waveform on the
or both voltages and currents it is sug- schematic diagram. To obtain 200 to 300
gested that your power supply be used volts d.c. (of constant polarity and ampli-
without the bleeder resistor Ri to operate tude), we must go through three steps:
the c.w. transmitter described in last increasing the voltage; changing the alter-
month's issue. nating polarity to a constant polarity; and
Construction of this unit is relatively sim- changing the varying amplitude to a near-
ple. If you follow the schematic and pic- ly constant amplitude.
torial diagrams you should encounter very The first step is performed by the trans-
little difficulty. There are a few points, former. Its high voltage secondary pro-
however, which should be mentioned. The duces approximately 300 volts a.c. between
particular power transformer that was used the center -tap (ground) and each end of the
has a 6.3 volt winding that has two strands winding.
of wires coming out for each lead. When The high a.c. voltage is applied between
hooking up these leads it is necessary to each plate of the rectifier tube, V1, and
remove all of the enamel and twist the leads ground in such a way that during each half
together securely before soldering. This is of the a.c. cycle one plate is positive with
particularly true of the center -tap lead. Al- respect to ground and the other is negative.
though it is not used, it is important that all Electrons can flow through a diode only
of its wires are soldered together securely. from cathode to plate and only when the
The second filter choke, CH,, was placed plate is positive with respect to the cath-
under the chassis in the interests of com- ode. Electrons can flow through one sec-
pactness. It is a very tight fit and every tion of tube Vi on one half -cycle and
precaution should be taken to make sure through the other section on the other half -
36
36
(APPROXIMATELY 440V.
AT ZERO CURRENT) ' ci v <
T
Q
34
t-
SI
BLA
32 1
30
U1 6.3 VA C. ONO 8+
Ri- 35,000 ohm, 20 w., wirewound res.
":_
o Ci, C, -20/20 pfd., 450 v. elec. capacitor (Cornell-
2B 1 1111 Dubilier 2245 in single can)
CHI-Filter choke, 8 hy., 85 ma., 250 ohms d.c. res.
26
24
IIIIII__ (Stancor C-1709)
CH.-Filter choke, 2.5 hy., 130 ma., 100 ohms d.c.
res. (Stancor C -2303)
Fi-3 amp. fuse and fuse mount (Buss Type AGC3
and Type HKP)
PL1- #47 pilot light and socket (Dialco Type 810B)
SI- S.p.s.t. toggle switch
Ti -Power trans. 300 -0 -300 v. n: 65 ma.; 6.3 v. c.t.
A -
-
AD VOLTS TO RECTIFIER
AFTER FILTER WITH
t 2.7 amps. (Triad Type R -SA)
VI -6X4 tube
-41_
22 8 D.C.
CAPACITIVE INPUT 1-4-point terminal strip
C - SAME, WITH INDUCTIVE INPUT 1 7 -pin miniature tube socket (Cinch Type 7EB)
1 -Line cord and plug
- SAME WITH INDUCTIVE INPUT AND BLEEDER
20
0
^ 4- Binding posts (Superior Type 30-two each of
DC OUTPUT -MA. red and black)
2- Rubber grommets
Regulation chart of the power supply. These
curves show effect of current drain on a.c.
I- Chassis, 6" long, 4" wide, 2" deep (Premier
Metal Products ACH 431)
voltage at rectifier tube plates and on d.c. 2-4 -40 screws and nuts for tube socket
output voltage for capacitor input filter and other screws, nuts, wire, solder
for choke input, with and without a bleeder. Approximate cost of all parts: $16.00
CHI CH 2
TI
LINE
PLUG
6.3 V.A.C. Bt GND
BINDING POSTS INSULATED FROM CHASSIS
March, 1955 73
cycle. Therefore, electrons can flow at any delivers less voltage when more current is
time through R1 and /or the power supply drawn from it. Increased current causes
load from ground to 'B -}- ", through CH2 increased voltage drops in the transformer,
and CH1 to the cathode of VI, then to the rectifier, and filter chokes. The output volt-
positive plate of the tube. Since electrons age obtained and its variation with current
cannot flow through the tube in the opposite drain also depend upon the filter arrange-
direction, they cannot flow in the opposite ment used. A capacitor input filter (with a
direction through R1 and the load, so the capacitor between rectifier cathode and
output voltage has a constant polarity. ground) would give the result shown by
However, without the filter (CHI, CH2, C1, Curve B on the regulation chart. Here, the
and CO the amplitude would vary as indi- output voltage is high, but it drops sharply
cated by the waveform at the cathode of V1. with increased current drain. Such a large
Capacitors tend to keep the voltage variation in voltage with load current is
across their terminals constant and induc- called poor regulation. With the filter as
tors oppose changes in current flowing shown in the diagram, but without R1,
through them. Therefore, when filter in- Curve C results. With choke input, the
ductors ( "chokes") are connected in series regulation is poorer than for capacitor in-
with a line and capacitors are connected put at low currents, but considerably bet-
across the line, they combine to reduce va- ter at high currents. With R1 in the cir-
riations ( "ripple" or "hum ") in the output cuit, even if the load draws very little
voltage. current, R1 draws enough to give the im-
A rectifier -type d.c. supply, like a battery, proved regulation shown in Curve D. Erm
CRYSTAL RECEIVER BUILT IN SOAPBOX

THIS crystal receiver (see schematic be-
the box when the receiver is not in use.
low) is built in an ordinary aluminum
Different stations are tuned in by adjust-
soapbox that measures 31/2" x 21/2" x 2 ". The
ing the slug in the antenna coil. The coil
headphone is mounted on the case so that
can be peaked on the strongest station
the whole set may be held with the hand
and left at this setting. Station interfer-
against the ear. The wire for antenna and ence can be eliminated by shortening the
ground can be coiled neatly and stored in length of the antenna wire.
In some cases, a stronger signal will be
TO heard if a .01 pfd. capacitor is connected
ANT.
LI- FERRITE
TUNED B.C.
across the headphone terminals.
ANTENNA COIL This diminutive receiver requires no
(FERRI -LOOP) power supply, is completely portable, and
amazingly simple to build. The aluminum
SINGLE LOW
IMPEDANCE soapbox presents no problems in mounting
HEADPHONE the headphone, since a sharp knife will
cut the box quite readily.
N. SCHEIN, K2ECD
LAMP FLASHER MADE FROM SURPLUS RELAY

SURPLUS relays can be wired up to turn SRI + RI
themselves on and off periodically. This
makes a good lamp flasher as well as an
interesting experiment. Parts needed are The second set of
contacts on Ma
a high-resistance relay, a selenium recti- 117 V.A.C. (not shown) are
fier (to get the d.c. power required), a used to control the + RLI
lamp circuit. CI
variable resistance, and a large electrolytic
capacitor. The parts values given in the
diagram give an oscillation frequency of Rr- 10,000 ohm pot., 1 or 2 w.
CI-500 std., 50 v. elec. capacitor
about 1 cycle -per- second. Relay coil re- 1114-d.p.s.t. relay (see text)
sistance is not critical, but it should be SRI-117 y. selenium rectifier, 25 ma. or higher
about 2000 ohms. The lower the coil re-
sistance, the faster the oscillation. A larger pacitor Cl holds it down for a moment,
capacitor gives a lower frequency. because the current required to keep the
Action is somewhat like that of a buzzer, armature down is less than that needed to
but is also analogous to a neon tube re- pull it down. Finally the armature drops
laxation oscillator (POPULAR ELECTRONICS, back, and the cycle is repeated.
November 1954, p. 90). Current charges Any handy power pack of up to 300 volts
up capacitor Cl until there is enough volt- d.c. can be used instead of the rectifier
age to pull the relay down. This breaks SRI. For higher voltages, increase the
the circuit, but the charge stored in ca- resistance of R1 proportionately. L. F.
An Automatic
Light Switch
for the Home
í`,1
By LOUIS E. GARNER JR.
YOU won't have to worry about coming tion, 100 N. Western Avenue, Chicago 80,
home to a dark house at night if you Illinois, or the Radio Shack Corporation,
build an automatic light switch like the 167 Washington Street, Boston 8, Massa-
one described here. When a table or floor chusetts.
lamp is plugged into its receptacle, it will Construction
automatically turn the lamp on at night
and off during the day. A small commercial aluminum chassis
The light switch is useful for discour- (Bud type CB -1617) measuring 4" x 31/2"
aging prowlers and housebreakers, too. If x 1" may be cut down and drilled and
you plan to be away from home on a vaca- punched as shown. If you prefer, you can
tion for a few days, you can plug a lamp make up a chassis "from scratch" using
into the light switch. Every night the light sheet stock. Except for the phototube, the
will go on and every day it will go off .. . parts layout and hole locations are not crit-
just as if someone were in the house. ical. Simply place the relay and tube sock-
Compact, inexpensive, and easy to build, ets on the small chassis to locate the
the light switch is an ideal "rainy day" mounting holes, arranging the phototube
project for the electronics hobbyist. Only socket so the phototube will be close to
two tubes are used, a type 921 phototube the front of the case.
and a type 117L7 amplifier- rectifier. If you want to duplicate the model ex-
The components you'll need to build your actly, you can use a standard Bud "Mini -
own light switch are given in the parts list. box" measuring 3" x 4" x 5" for housing
All the parts are standard and should be your unit. Locate the 34" x 11/2" rectangu-
available at your nearest radio parts dis- lar hole directly in front of the phototube.
tributor. However, if you are unable to Other hole locations are not critical.
locate the parts locally, you can order them Although finished in an attractive gray
from one of the large mail order supply hammerloid enamel, the "Minibox" may be
houses, such as the Allied Radio Corpora- repainted to suit the color scheme in your
G IC]0
oaq0 88
March, 1955 75
Subchassis for the Photoeleçtric Light Switch. Case front. See text for "window" position.
home. Mount small rubber feet on the bot- Except for the connection to the line
tom of the case to prevent scratches on receptacle (mounted on the top of the
your tables. case), all components and wiring are on
On the other hand, if you don't want a the small chassis. Do all the chassis wir-
metal case, you can assemble your own ing first, following the schematic and pic-
light switch in some other type of housing. torial wiring diagrams. Small machine
Either a wooden cabinet or a plastic case screws and hex nuts are used for mount-
is satisfactory. An ingenious builder might ing the tube sockets and the relay. Use
combine a table lamp and the automatic only rosin core solder when wiring the unit.
light switch in a single attractive unit. Lead "dress" is not critical. However,
However, regardless of the type of hous- you should protect any bare leads with spa-
ing you use, be sure to provide adequate ghetti tubing to avoid accidental shorts.Use
ventilation for the 117L7 tube and make rubber grommets for protection wherever
sure that outside light can strike the pho- leads pass through holes in the chassis or
totube. In the model, ventilation is pro- case
vided by a rectangular "pattern" of eight- Use temporary "lap" joints when instal-
een 1h" diameter holes drilled in the back ling R3. The final value of this resistor
and by a 1" "vent plug" in the top of the will have to be determined experimentally
case. after the unit is wired.
921
TUBE
SOCKET
VI
Rear of case for Photoelectric Light Switch. The subchassis, with parts mounted and wired.
When you've completed the chassis wir- by placing a cardboard box over the unit;
ing and double- checked for errors, tape the the relay should open.
leads to the line receptacle (making sure If this action is not obtained, there is
they don't accidentally short together). either an error in wiring, a defective com-
Plug the unit into a wall socket and allow ponent, or the value of Re, needs to be
several minutes warm -up. CAUTION: If changed. Assuming the wiring to be right
a blue glow develops in the phototube when and all parts to be in good condition, you
you plug the light switch in for the first can determine the proper value for R, very
time, pull the plug out immediately. The quickly.
phototube has been installed backwards. Connect either a resistance substitution
Reverse the connections to the phototube. box or a 5000 -ohm rheostat in place of R8.
Check the operation of the light switch Checking the unit for operation by alter-
by placing it where normal daylight (not nately lighting and darkening the photo-
direct sunlight) falls on the phototube. The tube, adjust the resistance until proper
relay should close. Darken the phototube operation is obtained. The correct value
for R8 will generally fall between 2700 and
4700 ohms. Once the proper value has been
determined, install a fixed resistor.
If you prefer a control on sensitivity, you
In wiring the switch, use the schematic with

the pictorial wiring diagram. Note that none
of the components are connected to chassis.
R1-10 megohm, t/z w. carbon res.

R,- 10,000 ohm, 2 w. carbon res.
R3-3900 ohm, 2 w. carbon res. (see text)
C1-20 Aid., 150 v. tubular elec. capacitor
RL, -2500 ohm coil plate relay, s.p.d.t. contacts
(Potter & Brumfield type LB -5)
V, -921 phototube
VI- 117L7 /M7GT tube
Misc. -one octal socket; one phototube socket (Am-
phenol type 146 -121); one a.c. line plug recep-
tacle (Amphenol type 61-MIP -61F); line cord and
plug; 1" vent plug; four rubber feet and mount.
ing screws; small aluminum chassis (Bud #CB-
1617); 3" x 4" x 5" metal box (Bud #CU- 2105);
one pkg. assorted rubber grommets; one pkg.
assorted sheet metal screws; one pkg. assorted
machine screws and nuts; wire, solder, spa-
ghetti tubing, etc.
March, 1955 77
Automatic Light Switch after wiring, but before front and rear sections of cabinet are assembled.
can install a 5000 -ohm rheostat in place of Applications

R3 as a permanent part of the circuit. Once you've completed the assembly of
After the final value of R3 has been de- your automatic light switch, you'll find
termined and this resistor permanently in- many applications for it in addition to con-
stalled, the light switch chassis may be trolling a lamp in the home. Here are a
mounted in its case. Use either self -tap- few possibilities:
ping or sheet metal screws for mounting Photo Darkroom: Plug the safelight into
the chassis. Lockwashers are not generally the light switch. When the normal lights
necessary. are turned out, the safelight comes on
automatically.
Store Windows: Connected to control dis-
play lights, the unit will turn them on
automatically at night or on cloudy days.
"Morning Alarm ": Connected to a buzzer
or bell and placed so the morning sun
strikes the phototube, the light switch will
wake you at "the crack of dawn." Of
course, it may not sound the alarm till
late on cloudy days, but most people like
to sleep late on such days, anyhow. END
The Light Switch in

use. The lamp is
controlled by light
passing through the
window in the box.
The Electronic Husband
By JEANNE DeGOOD
WHEN a man becomes interested in elec-

fil he becomes so tied down to his
work that his wife can't pull him away
from his workbench. Such wives could use
the lessons learned in electronics to good
advantage.
The simplest form of electric circuit is
a man with work to be done, and resist-
ance connected to his terminals (see Fig. 1).
This circuit is broken or opened when a
connection is removed at any point. The ing gun, a tube tester, or a voltmeter.
connection to be broken is usually at a However, since the resistance in this case
point between the husband and his work- happens to be a workbench, removing the
bench, and the wife who desires her hus- resistance might be a bit difficult for a
band to work needs only to break this 110-pound housewife.
connection. It is obvious, therefore, that power and
A switch is a device that may be used energy are the needed elements, and that
to break such a connection. Its use is re- another equation is now needed:
stricted largely to little boys, however, and P = EI
it is seldom advisable in the case of hus- This can be stated: P (power) -the rate
bands. It is therefore necessary to find a of doing work -is equal to E (amount of
substitute for a switch, and in finding this energy required for the job) multiplied by
substitute, wives may use Ohm's Law to I (the amount of interest in the job).
good advantage: In this equation, power is measured in
E (he) muscles, energy in vitamins, and interest
I (me) = in facial expressions. And since facial ex-
R (resistance) pressions indicate no interest in going to
This can be stated as follows : The work the grocery store, the equation may now
that I (me) want done is directly propor- read:
tional to what E (he) wants to do, and P (power) = E (energy) I (interest)
inversely proportional to his R (resistance) = E (energy) x 0
to the work. It is now necessary to find the efficiency
At this point, it is necessary to find of the husband's E (energy) :
units of measurement. Thus : P.
I= go to the grocery for me? Eff.
Ps
E = no!
R= ? where : Eff. = amount of husband's useful
Therefore : energy
E (no!) P.= power outside
R (resistance) P4 = power inside
I (go?) A quick glance shows us that P. (power
In order to find the value of the "no!" outside) may also be measured in muscles.
as it applies to the resistance, the equa- P4 (power inside) must be measured in
tion may be transposed: vitamins.
E (no!) =I (go ?) R (resistance) A quick glance shows that more P4
The simplest method of completing the (power inside) must be supplied, so it is
equation at this point would be to remove advisable at this point to add a piece of
the R (resistance). This may be done easily apple pie and a cup of coffee to the P4.
when the resistance happens to be a solder- Thus :
P.
Ef' 134 +P + C (coffee)
(pie)
We have now arrived at the final equa-
tion :
W (work -getting it done)= P(patience)x
T (time), for the husband has now finished
the work he was doing and is now ready
to go to the grocery willingly. END
March, 1955 79
By JOHN T. FRYE
GOING UP, UP, UP

T WAS one of those unseasonably warm ing about the past. Well, someone ought
1 days that March often borrows from to explain this to Mr. Gruber. All he wants
May and then pays back with a chilly day to talk about is flying saucers!"
of its own during the latter month. Jerry "What about flying saucers ?"
Bishop was a victim of this nice weather. "He's read everything about 'em he can
Instead of lolling comfortably on the get hold of, and he has a stack of science -
leather- covered couch in his basement fiction magazines this high," Carl said as
laboratory while his nimble mind toyed he suddenly elevated one powerful, lanky
with some fascinating electronic problem, leg straight up in the air to show the
he found himself standing in the middle of height of the magazine stack, with Bosco,
a vast expanse of winter-littered front his eyes tightly shut, still clinging dog-
yard with a rake firmly grasped in his gedly to the pants cuff. "Mr. Gruber's con-
plump hands. Recalling the dark threats vinced the saucers contain people from
his father had made about what would Mars who are trying to raid the earth, and
happen if he came home that evening and he keeps a loaded double -barrelled shot-
discovered a single unraked square foot gun right by his bed to repel an invasion
of that yard, the boy plied the rake vigor- by day or night."
ously. As Carl talked, Jerry walked slowly
As he engaged in this unaccustomed and over to a silvered-ball lawn ornament and
-to his mind -unseemly exercise, Jerry stared at it fixedly as he walked around it.
reflected bitterly that any other time his "Crystal gazing will get you nowhere,"
pal and neighbor, Carl Anderson, would be Carl jeered unsympathetically. "You may
around to provide Jerry with at least a as well make with the rake, Jake."
fifty-fifty chance of inveigling his friend "I was just noticing I could see you and
into helping; but Carl had not shown up Bosco reflected in this globe, no matter
all day. Like most jobs, though, once where you were playing with him," Jerry
started it was not so bad. He had the said with a thoughtful look on his round
yard more than half finished an hour later face.
when Carl came dashing around the house "A fascinating bit of useless informa-
with his dog, Bosco, in playful pursuit. tion," Carl remarked as he sat up and
Around and around the yard the boy and vigorously wiped his horn -rimmed glasses
dog romped while Jerry leaned on his rake with a questionable -looking handkerchief.
handle and looked at this reckless waste "No information is useless," Jerry de-
of energy with mild disapproval. Finally clared reprovingly. "This gives me an idea.
Carl threw himself on his back at full TV signals move in straight lines much
length in front of Jerry and let Bosco tug the same way light does. If we had a
and worry at his pants leg while he looked silvered ball like this mounted away up
up with a grin and said, "Well, Blubber in the air where it would be in the direct
Boy, how do you like doing a little physical line -of -sight of signals arriving from the
labor for a change? I've been sitting up station on Channel 6, sixty -five miles
there with old Mr. Gruber in his room for away, those signals would strike different
the past hour watching you. It was an points on the ball and be reflected down
interesting study in slow motion." into every location in town, where TV an-
"What were you talking to him about ?" tennas pointed right at the ball should
Jerry asked, ignoring the other remarks. provide excellent reception. A balloon with
"I was trying to get him to tell me about a metallic painted surface doubtless would
his experiences with the Rough Riders. I serve just as well as the silvered ball. Even
always thought old people enjoyed talk- if such a spherical balloon moved around,
there would always be some point on its of this yields 445 = Hb. In other words,
surface that would serve to reflect the sig- our balloon should be around 450 feet in
nals down to a given antenna, just as there the air for line -of -sight reception. In ac-
was always a point on this ball that re- tual practice, the height worked out by
flected the light waves from you and Bosco this formula can be decreased by a factor
to my eye." of from 1.25 to 1.35 to allow for the re-
"Well, since we don't have a balloon -" fraction that TV signals experience in the
Carl suddenly stopped short and clapped earth's atmosphere that ordinarily in-
a hand over his mouth. crease the 'virtual line -of- sight' distances
"Hey! You know where there is a bal- beyond the true line -of -sight figures. Just
loon!" Jerry accused excitedly. to be safe, though, I think we'll stick to
"Me and my big mouth!" Carl exclaimed the figure worked out."
in disgust. "I just remembered that I "Well, let's get going," Carl said as he
have a rubber balloon six feet in diameter sprang to his feet and vigorously brushed
and a cylinder of compressed helium to in- off the seat of his trousers.
flate it. Dad picked them up at a war "I'd like to," Jerry said wistfully, "but
surplus store some time ago. I'm saving I've got to finish this yard first. Of course,
the balloon for amateur Field Day. Then if you were to get your rake and help...."
I'm going to see how our portable club "All right, all right!" Carl shouted over
station transmitter can get out with a long his shoulder as he hurdled the fence be-
wire vertical antenna." tween his yard and Jerry's. "I might have
"Aw, Carl, you don't want to wait until known I'd be suckered into something if I
then to try out your balloon," Jerry whee- came around while you had work to do,
dled. "Maybe that cylinder has enough but maybe this will teach me a lesson. I'll
helium in it to fill the balloon several be right back with the rake."
times. Let's spray it with a coat of alu- He was as good as his word, and the
minum paint and see how my idea works remainder of the yard was quickly finished.
tonight." Carl's explosive energy made short work
"We- l -1 -1, I dunno," Carl said slowly, ob- of the leaves and twigs-and even of some
viously weakening. "How high would it of the grass roots! As soon as the yard
have to go, and what would we use to was done, both boys tossed their rakes
hold it? I was going to use wire out in aside and made a bee-line for Carl's garage.
the country, of course." There Carl fished a long box out of an old
"Using wire on a balloon in town, trunk and opened it to reveal the limp car-
around all the wires carrying high voltage cass of a large yellow rubber balloon and
electricity, would be about as healthy as a small metal cylinder of gas. It took only
rubbing noses with a cobra," Jerry ob- minutes to attach the two and open the
served. "I've got a roll of binder twine in valve. There was a great hissing sound,
the basement that will be just the stuff. and the wrinkled envelope swelled and
As to how high we've got to go, let's see smoothed out into a beautiful golden
now ..." He pulled a battered slide rule sphere. Apparently the man who filled the
from his hip pocket and began working cylinder calculated very nicely, for just as
with it as he talked. the balloon reached a diameter of rough -
"I remember the formula for determin- (Continued on page 118)
ing how far out you can see on the earth's
surface from a high point, allowing only
for the normal curvature of the earth.
D =1.23 V H,, where D is the distance
you can see in miles and H, is the height
of the viewing position -in this case the
top of the transmitting antenna-in feet.
Channel 6's tower is just about 1,000 feet;
so we take the square root of that, which
looks like 31.6, and multiply it by 1.23,
and we get very, very close to 39 miles.
"Now we know the station is 65 miles
away, and 39 from 65 leaves 26 miles as
the distance our balloon must be able to
'see' if it is to establish what hams call
'eyeball contact' with the transmitting an-
tenna. Substituting this in our formula
gives us 26 = 1.23 V Ho, where Hb is the
needed height of the balloon in feet. Divid-
ing both sides of the equation by 1.23 gives
us about 21.1 = VHb. Squaring both sides
81
March, 1955
Proper me ding a TV
antenna tow t clamps ,
e used und rod
on t er Itself.
nten
Aoiso
BRUCF C. VAUGHAN, JR.
Protect your home from fire and your TV set from damage
by taking the few simple precautions outlined by author.
"A NYTOWN U.S.A.: Early this morning The ideas below indicate proper protection.
/{ the local Fire Department answered a
call to the home of Mr. T.V. Watcher Grounding Tower Type Antennas
whose home suffered extensive damage There are more towers being installed
from fire and smoke. A preliminary investi- now than ever before, and a survey of them
gation as to the cause of the fire revealed reveals that many are not adequately
an ungrounded TV antenna and it is be- grounded. This is due, in part, to the false
lieved that lightning hit the TV antenna, assumption that if the tower is mounted on
setting fire to the roof." the ground instead of the roof, there is no
While this particular news items is pure- danger from lightning. Actually, since most
ly fictitious, reports similar to this one towers are set as close to the house as pos-
appear all too often during the course of the sible in order to keep the lead -in short,
year. lightning can very likely damage a home if
_ W'.th plenty of stormy weather ahead as it hits an ungrounded tower. Even though
Spring rolls around, take time out now to a tower is set directly on the ground instead
check, or have checked, your television an- of the usual concrete base, a ground is stili
tenna system so that all hazards can be necessary.
eliminated before it is too late. The local hardware store or radio supply
A properly grounded and lightning pro- house can determine the length ground rod
tected antenna is essentially a form of required in a specific locality. Drive the rod
lightning rod, but an ungrounded aerial is a into the ground as near to the base of the
definite fire hazard. Yet with a little time tower as possible. Connect to the tower
and effort, both home and television set can with number 6 or heavier wire. Be sure to
be protected from the dangers of lightning. use a ground clamp on one leg of the tower
A mast -type lightning ar-
rester. A stand-off insu-
lator is placed above and
below to keep lead intact.
Right (bottom) and wrong

(top) method of tying the
ground wire to ground rod.
Always use clamp, as shown,
on lower part of rod, never
just a wrapped wire.
Ground coming down side of

house from roof-mounted an-
tenna. Ground wire at left
goes to a radio receiver.
to obtain a good, firm electrical connection. mounted type. Either affords a good degree
of protection.
Grounding Roof Mounted Antennas Place the mast type arrester near bot-
In grounding a roof mounted antenna, tom of the mast. Then place a stand-off
either a ground rod of recommended length insulator immediately above and below the
or, if available, a water pipe may be used. arrester to keep the lead -in from being
It is not wise to depend upon a wire snapped by the wind where the teeth of
wrapped around a pipe or ground rod for a the lightning arrester clamp the wire.
good connection. A heavy ground clamp is The wall mounted arrester is attached to
made for this purpose and provides a cheap the outside wall at the point where the
form of fire insurance. Number 6 aluminum lead -in makes its entrance into the house.
wire is ideal for grounding roof mounted Ground this arrester to a ground rod or
antennas. Secure the ground wire to the water pipe and again take all precautions
base of the mast with a clamp and make for a good connection.
sure of good connections. The wire should Damage Through The Power Lines
be run along the roof and down the side of
the house to ground. The wire may be at- To be sure of protection, a television set
tached to the side of the house with staples should be unplugged from the wall outlet
or, if you prefer, split knob type insulators. during thunderstorms or when no one will
be at home for some time. If lightning
Lightning Arresters should hit a power line near a specific home,
Even though an antenna is properly it is going to be hunting a path to ground.
grounded, a lightning arrester should be A perfect route to ground is through that
used to protect the television set from dam- family's TV, up the lead-in, and down the
age. Although lightning may not strike your ground wire. During the past five years,
antenna, it is possible to have a static dis- the author has installed over 400 TV an-
charge burn out the antenna coil in the set. tennas and there has not been one single
Two kinds of arresters are ordinarily case of lightning damage through the an-
used: the mast mounted type and the Wall tenna. END
March, 1955 83
0 Heathkits are fun to build with the simplified
w Construction Manual furnished
with every kit. Only basic tools are required
such as soldering iron, long-nosed pliers, diagonal
cutting pliers, and screwdriver. All sheet metal
work has already been done for you. No cutting, drilling, or painting required. All parta
furnished including tubes. Knowledge of electronics, circuits, etc., not required to success-
fully build Heathkits.
Ne w
rodr+eprepa/
m áb'e
whtfq
te4gÌÿ
/lGff PRINTED CIRCUIT `Veq,
VACUUM TUBE o,epPeak-

fiery ac$ res
h
VOLTMETER KIT
The VTVM is the standard basic voltage measuring instrument
W
for radio and TV servicemen, engineers, laboratory technicians,

experimenters, and hobbyists. Because of its extremely high input
resistance (11 megohms) the loading effect on the circuit being
measured, is virtually negligible. The entire instrument is easy to
circuit
tion Manual. Featuredlin this instrument is anbeasy-to-wire fool- <eardrt1ordfasLoñ
proof printed circuit board which cuts assembly time in half. easier ° apti ati
CIRCUIT AND RANGES: Full wave AC input rectifier permits of LabOñtIDode'
7 peak -to-peak voltage ranges with upper limits of 4000 volts peak- velopme
to-peak. Just the ticket for you TV servicemen. Seven voltage
ranges, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 volts DC and AC RMS.
Peak-to-peak ranges 4, 14, 40,140, 400, 1400, and 4000 volts. Ohm- Model V -7
meter ranges Xl, X10, X100, X1000, X1OK, XIOOK, Xl meg. Additional
features are a db scale center scale zero position and a polarity reversal switch
IMPORTANT DESIGN FEATURES: Transformer operated -1% precision
resistors -6AL5 and 12AU7 tubes -selenium power rectifier- individual AC
and DC calibrations smoother improved zero adjust control action-new panel
$ 24
Sh pg. Wt. 7 lbs.
O
styling and color -new placement of pilot light -new positive contac battery
mounting-new knobs -test leads included. Easily the best
buy in kit instruments.
rTed &t ieeteirleee

HANDITESTER KIT
The Heathkit Model M-1 Handi- MULTIMETER
tester readily fulfills all require-
ments for a compact, portable volt - KIT
ohm- milliammeter. Its small size
permits the instrument to be tucked
Into your coat pocket, tool box or Ilere is an instrument packed
glove compartment of your car. Al- with every desirable service fea-
ways the " handitester" for those ture and all of the measurement
simple repair lobs. Packed with every
desirable feature required in an In- ranges you need or want. High
strument of this type. AC or DC sensitivity 20,000 ohms per volt
voltage ranges, full scale 10, 30, DC, 5000 ohms per volt AC. Has
300, 1000 and 5000 volts. Ohm- the advantage of complete port-
meter ranges 0 -3000 ohms and ability through freedom from AC
0- 300,000 ohms. DC milliam- line-provides service ranges of
meter ranges 0-10 milliamperes direct current measurements
and 0-100 milliamperes. Uses MODEL MM -1
MODEL M -1 400 microampere meter -1% from 150 microamperes up to 15
$1450
Shpg. Wt. 3 lbs.
precision resistors -hearing aid
type ohms adjust control -high
quality Bradley rectifier. Test
leads are included.
amperes-can be safely operate.
in RF fields without impairing
accuracy of measurement.
$ (ÿ 265 Q Shpg. Wt.
6 lbs.
Full scale AC and DC voltage ranges of 1.5, 5, 50, 150, 500,

1500, and 5000 volts. Direct current ranges are 150 microamperes,
15, 150, and 500 milliamperes and 15 amperes. Resistances are
measured from .2 ohms to 20 megohms in three ranges and db
HEATH COMPANY range from -10 to +65 db. Ohmmeter batteries.and necessary
tit leads are furnished with the kit.
BENTON HARBOR 10, MICHIGAN
USE: This brand new Utility Scope was designed especially for servicemen
na kltl-
and radio amateurs, and is adaptable for use in all general Scope applica-
"orno tiens. Perfect for modulation monitoring, etc. Use it to tackle alignment
shack, or adjustment problems. Equally valuable in breadboard work. A must
utsl
'
t
. for ham shack or for outside servicing.
DESCRIPTION: Front panel controls of the
Model OL-1 are "bench tested" for ease of opera-
tion and convenience. Sharp focusing 3' CRT
Printed circuit for ease of assembly and constan'
performance. Assembly time cut in half! Higl
quality electronic components used. Sensitive her
and vert. amplifiers with broad freq. response; cath-
ode follower for isolation. Push -pull hor. and vert.
output to deflection plates. Int 60 cycle, or ext.
sync. Sweep freq. range 10- 100,000 cycles. Direct
connection to deflection .plates. Provision for 'L
Model axis input. Uses 3GP1 CRT, 4 -12AU7 hor. and
OL-1 vert. amplifiers, -12AX7 sweep gen., 1 -6X4
1
posts LV rect., and 1 -1V2 HV rect. The Heathkit

r ew printed Model is a real standout at only
Shpg. Wt. irc °it fo constant 32!).50, and is another example of the famous
$ 2950 15 lbs. ante ¡v e7 °-

Poe ant rñóunt
ssembly K
-
Heathkit combination; quality plus economy.
Measures my
113/x" x Ba/á a
cut ln half, time 191/a" and weighs
only I1 pounds.
oara ge fun-
crfrequmtry
damentals from
-
160 KC to 11,) Cathode follower
MC in 5 band.
-up to 220 91C oiation -
output. for good
fixed
SIGNAL GENERATOR KIT on calibrated
harmonics.
steo and continu.
ously variable
attenuation.
USE: This instrument is "serviceman engineered" to till the requirement for a
reliable basic service instrument at moderate cost. Frequency coverage extends
in five bands from 160 Kc to 110 Mc on fundamentals, and dial is calibrated to
220 Mc for harmonics. Pre -wound and pre -aligned coils make calibration unnec-
essary for service applications.
DESCRIPTION: The Heathkit Model SG -8 Signal Generator provides a stable

modulated or unmodulated RF output of at least 100,000 microvolts which can
be controlled by both a continuously variable and a fixed step attenuator. In-
ternal modulation is at 400 cycles, or can be externally modulated. AF output of
2-3 volts is also available for audio testing. Uses dual purpose 12AU7 as Colpitts
RF oscillator and cathode follower for stable, isolated, low impedance output and
type 6C4 tube for 400 cycle oscillator. Operation of the SG -8 is well within the Output Selection
internal modula-
-
frequency limits normally required for service work. Modern styling features tion, pure r.f.,
¡7
or audio output.
high definition white letters on charcoal gray panel with re-designed control knobs.
WI.
Modern professional appearance and Heathkit engineering know-how combine MODEL SG-8 Y ShP l
to place this instrument in the "best buy category. Only $10.50 complete. 8 lbs.
Weelei4ie ANTENNA
IMPEDANCE GRID DIP METER
METER KIT KIT
The Model AM -1 Antenna Impedance
Meter makes an ideal companion unit for
the GD-1B Grid Dip Meter or a valuable Amateurs and sere-.
instrument in its own right. Perfect for icemen have proven
checking antenna and receiver impedance the value of this grid _,..N.
and match for optimum system operation. dip meter many times -
Use on transmission lines, halfwave, folded over. Indispensable

dipole, or beam antennas. Will double as for locating parasit-
monitor or relative field strength meter. tics, neutralizing, MODEL
Covers freq. range of 0-150 Mc and im- and aligning filters
and traps in TV or GD -1 B
Shpg. Wt. pedance range of 0 -600 ohms. Uses 100 Radio and for interfer-
2 lbs. microampere -peter and special calibrated
potentiometer. A real buy at only $14.50
complete.
ence problems. The to
Model GD -1ß covers T 30 Sh po.g. WI.
4 lbs.
from 2 Mc to 250 Mc
with 5 pre -wound coils. Featuring a seneitire 500
microampere meter and phone jack, the GD-1B uses
a 6ÁF4 or 6T4 tube. An essential tool for the ham
or serviceman.
ACCESSORIES: Low freq. coverage to 355 KC with
two extra coils and calibration curve. Set Na, 34IA
for GD -IB and set No. 341 for GD -IA. Shipping
weight 1 lb. Only $3.00.
March, 1955 85
Smooth acting illuminated and precalibrated dial.
MODEL VF -1 6AU6 electron coupled Clapp oscillator and 042 voltage regulator.
7 Band coverage, 160 through 10 meters -t0 Volt RF output.
$1950 Copper plated

keying.
chassis- aluminum cabinet -easy to build -direct
Smooth acting
Ship. Wt. 7 lbs. Illuminated
Open
layout - dial drive. Clean
Here is the new Heathkit VFO you -
easy to build
simplified
iring.
-
appearance
construction -
have been waiting for. The perfect -
accessible
companion to the Heathkit Model calibrating
AT -1 Transmitter. It has sufficient output to adjustments.
drive any multi-stage transmitter of modern
design. A terrific combination of outstanding
features at a low kit price. Good mechanical
and electrical design insures operating stability. Coils are wound on heavy duty
ceramic forms, using Litz or double cellulose wire coated with polystyrene
Ceramic coil
forms
differential
-
cement. Variable capacitor is of differential type construction, especially de- condenser.
signed for maximum bandspread and features ceramic insulation and double
bearings.
This kit is furnished with a carefully precalibrated dial which provides well
over two feet of calibrated dial scale. Smooth acting vernier reduction drive
insures easy tuning and zero beating. Power requirements 6.3 volts AC at .45
amperes and 250 volts DC at 15 mills. Just plug it into the power receptacle
provided on the rear of the AT -1 Transmitter Kit. The VFO coaxial output
cable terminates in plastic plug to fit standard 35 crystal holder. Construction is
simple and wiring is easy.
ecu4-& AMATEUR TRANSMITTER KIT

SPECIFICATIONS:
Range 80, 40, 20, 15 11, 10 meters.
6AG7 Oscillator-multiplier. Crystal
MODEL AT-1 61.6 Amplifier- doubler VFO txclLtr,;,.
5Ú4G Rectifier.
105-125 volt A.C. 50.60 cycles 100
watts, Size: 8t/s inch high x 131/ß Inch
wide x 7 inch deep.
$2950 Prew,u.'1
f
Ship. Wt. op.,rat, r,..,.

16 lbs. Rugged,
clean
construction.
Here is a major Heathkit addition to the Ham radio field, the
AT-1 Transmitter Kit, incorporaring many desirable design 52 ohm ,
features at the lowest possible dollar- per -watts price. Panel coaxial
Single knob output. '
mounted crystal socket, stand -by switch, key click filter. band
A. C. line filtering, good shielding, etc. VFO or crystal excita- Switching.
tion-up to 35 watts input. Built -in power supply provides
425 volts at 100 MA. Amazingly low kit price includes all
circuit components, tubes, cabinet, punched chassis, and
detailed construction manual. Built -in poorer
supply.
RF gain control
'eats& COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVER KIT
Noise limiter-
with AVC or standby switch. SPECIFICATIONS:
MVC. Range 535 He to 35 Mc
12BE6 Mixer -oscillator
.?/ Inch PM 12BA6 I F. Amplifier
Electrical Speaker- 12AV6 Detector -AVC -audio
ndspread Headphone 12BA6 ....B. F. O. oscillator
d báscale. Jack. 12A6 Beam power output
5Y3GT
105-125 volts A. C Rectifier
50 -60
cycles, 45 watts.
Stable BF()
oscillator A new Heathkit AR -2 commuai
circuit_ cations receiver. The ideal corn
panion piece for the AT-1 Trans- MODEL AR -2
Four bancs
operation 535 to
to 35 Mc.
Six tube
transformer
operation.
mitter. Electrical bandspread scale for tuning
and logging convenience. High gain minia-
ture tubes and IF transformers for high
$2550
sensitivity and good signal to noise ratio. Ship. Wt. 12 lbs.
Construct your own Communications
Receiver at a very substantial saving. CABINET:
Supplied with all tubes, punched and Proxylin impreg-
formed sheet metal parts, speaker, nated fabric cov-
circuit components, and detailed step - ered plywood cab-
by -step construction manual. inet. Shipg. weight
5 It, Number 01-
10, Si 5,,,
BROADCAST
NEW gleatlrie e
BAND RECEIVER KIT
Here is the ideal radio kit
for the student, beginner, or
hobbyist. If you have ever
had the urge to build your
Here is an outstanding am- own radio receiver, this kit
plifier value. This economi- deserves your attention.
cally priced amplifier is Circuit is transformer oper-
capable of performance ated, eliminating shock haz-
usually associated only with ard usually associated with
far more expensive units. "economy" AC-DC circuits.
Can be nicely used as the New high gain miniature
heart of an inexpensive high
quality home music system.
tubes and IF transformers
powerful ferrite core built-
- $1750 MODEL BR -2
Features inputs for tuner in rod type antenna- chassis

Shpg. Wt
MODEL A -7B 10 lbs.
and phono (Model A -7C ac- mounted 5! -¢' PM speaker- Iess Cabinet
commodates a microphone optional operation either as receiver
or tuner and pliono input.
$1550 Shpg. Wt. by us'ng an additional pre- Covers broadcast band 550 -1600
Ke. Uses 12BE6, 12BÁ6,
10 lbs. amplifier stage). Separate 12AI'G, I2A6, and 5Y3 tubes.
bass and treble boost and
CABINET: Proxylin impregnated fabric
cut tone controls for just the degree of tonal balance you covered plywood cabinet
available_ Includes aluminum panel,
want. The entire kit can be built in a few pleasant hours for flocked re- inforced speaker
years of enjoyment. grill and protective rubber feet.
Technical features, frequency response ± 13 j db 20- 20,000 Itl -n, Shpg. Wt. 5 lbs. 54.50
cycles. Full 6 watts output. Push-pull beam power out-
put stage. Output transformer impedances 4, 8, and 15 qeettiVeite
ohms. Tube lineup, 12J5GT, 12SL7, 2 -12A6, 5Y3GT,
and 12SJ7 (A -7C only).
FM
All parts including tubes are supplied along with a
prefabricated and painted chassis. Detailed step -by -step ..
Here '
Pli6ed co
through
constructionr kit E R
KIT sim-
to operate
Construction Manual eliminates necessity for special- either
ized knowledge. former separate of your
MODEL amplifer
FM -2 rule a trans-
MODEL A -7C incorporates a preamplifier stage with covertPa tuning dial-88-108 circuit-slide
special compensated network to provide necessary gain 50
$Shpg_ Wt. factorY$e -three double tune
Tile
for operation with variable reluctance cartridge or mi- th th rill

at ff
ad;,_.
of buildi ted f
tont end
.
sFtaa
ages -
crophone. $17.50 8 lbs. rf true FM time enjoy all FM turu;rarnd
reception. ofn the advanta
reception.
HEATH COMPANY BENTON HARBOR, MICH.

MAIL YOUR
ORDER
THE
O R D E R B L A N K
TODAY TO SHIP VIA
HEATH COMPANY Parcel Post
HARBOR
10, Express
BENTON
MICHIGAN Freight
Best Way
(PLEASE PRINT)
QUANTITY ITEM MODEL NO. PRICE
Enclosed find ( ) check ( ) money order for On Express orders do not include transportation charges -
Please ship C.O.D. ( ) postage enclosed for pcunds. they will be collected by the express agency at time of delivery.
ON PARCEL POST ORDERS ORDERS FROM CANADA and APO's
insure postage for weight shown. must include full remittance.
March, 1955 87
THE AT a TWIRL
By K. R. BOORD
IN sending reception reports to short- stopping. This is especially true of Latin

wave stations for verification purposes, American broadcasters. Also, the station
you'll find that airmail is much faster than may be under new management and may
ordinary mail -but it costs more. Have have adopted a different policy.
your letter weighed by the stamp clerk at Short -wave broadcasters fail to verify
your post office. He will then tell you the generally for one of two reasons : a poor
proper amount of airmail postage to affix report on the part of the SWL, or poor
to the envelope. management on the part of the station.
If you are positive that the station to Some stations lack time, personnel, or
which you are reporting does not require funds for this purpose. Many will reply
an International Reply Coupon (IRC) for when they first take to the air, or when
return postage, you may wish to send your they have made a change of frequency or
report on an airletter form (which costs power, but then stop QSL'ing because they
only 10 cents at your post office and which know how their station is being received
is good via first -class airmail to any point and reports are no longer of much value
in the world) -but you can not enclose to them. Others have their own monitors
anything. located in various parts of the world. Then,
Reports on postal cards are "definitely too, certain stations literally get "flooded
out" for verification requests to interna- under" with reports. And there are a few
tional short -wave broadcasters -simply be-
cause you can not give sufficient details on
a card. However, a card might be used for
broadcasters which have a definite policy
of not verifying. By and large, however
according to a survey I made not long ago
-
later reports in which you do not ask for -SWL's report that they receive approxi-
confirmation, especially if such further mately 75 per -cent verification from sta-
checks have been requested by the station. tions on the short -wave broadcast bands.
"Form" reports are convenient but Collecting verifications takes time and a
should be prepared carefully, and it is little money-but it's great fun!
much better also to send along a friendly For information on what stations do or
letter. do not verify and for QRA's (addresses) of
How long will it be before you receive a broadcasters, your best source would be
QSL? That is always the $64 question! It the 1955 Edition of World Radio Handbook,
may take weeks, months-or even years. compiled by O. Lund Johansen, Copen-
A few stations have been known to QSL hagen, Denmark. The English version
after two or three years. Normally, a should be available now for $2, postpaid,
reasonable time to wait for a reply is four directly from the American agent, Gilfer
to eight months. If no reply has been re- Associates, Box 239, Grand Central Station,
ceived at the end of that period, it would New York 17, New York.
be a good idea to send a new report, if For next month, I've asked certain moni-
possible, and refer to the old one to advise tors for POPULAR ELECTRONICS throughout
the station that no answer was received. the country to compile a list of "Best
Don't hesitate to send a fresh report at Bets" for the various geographical areas
intervals. Some stations seem to have a of the United States. In the meantime,
habit of answering for a time, and then here are this month's listening tips.
(NOTE: Unless otherwise stated, all time herein is the number of complete waves, or cycles, sent out
is expressed in Greenwich Mean Time- GMT -sub- by a transmitter every second. A "kilocycle" is 1000
tract 5 hours for EST, 6 for CST, 7 for MST, 8 for cycles, a megacycle" is 1000 kilocycles or 1,000,000
PST. This is do a 24 -hour clock basis in which mid- cycles. As a SWL you will be concerned primarily
night is 2400 (or 0000). 3 a.m. is 0300. 10 a.m. is with megacycles (mc.). To convert megacycles to me-
1000, and noon is 1200, for example: instead of start- ters (m.) divide the frequency in megacycles into 300.
ing again at 1 p.m., as the 12 -hour system does, the For example, 6 me. divided into 300 gives you 50 m.
24 -hour system continues to increase the number of (wavelength) and, conversely, 50 m. (wavelength)
each hour until 2359 (11:59 p.m.) is reached, thus divided into 300 gives you 6 me (frequency).
1 p.m. is 1300, 5 p.m. is 1700, 10 p.m. is 2200.) The letters "A" and "V" which sometimes appear
With regards to the terms "wavelength" and "fre- after the frequencies mean "approximate" and "vary-
quency", wavelength is measured in meters. For every ing." A station that "varies" may operate above or
wavelength there is a corresponding frequency which below the frequency listed.
For Beginners on 11.330, parallel 11.650 (this one usually
Angola -Radio Angola, 11.862A, Luanda, is almost buried in CW QRM) around 2200-
plays interval signal of steady native drum 0130 and again around 1200 -1500.
beats, clock striking sequence, and "A Egypt -Radio Cairo, 9.475, now opens
Portuguesa" preceding actual sign -on at 1800 (instead of former 1820).
1830; runs to 2230 closedown. El Salvador -YSS, 9.555, San Salvador,
Australia-VLA11, 11.760, is now used by closes 0410A; all- Spanish.
Radio Australia to western North America England -When this was compiled, the
I. 0255 -0415, while VLB9 is now on 9.540, re- BBC was radiating its North American
placing 9.615, for the eastern North Amer- Service to Canada -USA at 1500 -1715,
ican beam 1200 -1345. DX sessions are Sun- 15.360; 1800 -1915, 11.930 (Monday- Friday) ;
days at 0400 over 11.760 and 1330 over 1915-2045, 9.825 (Monday- Friday) ; 2045-
9.540. The DX sessions offer many valuable 2215, 9.825; 2115 -2215, 6.110. The General
current tips for the SWL. Overseas Service was beamed on Canada,
Canada -Eastern listeners will find a USA, Mexico at.2215 -0030, 9.825; 2215 -0030,
good signal from CJCX, 6.010, Sydney, 9.560; 2215 -0300, 6.110, and 0430 -0615, 6.110.
Nova Scotia, at 1130 in a summary of the Germany-The Voice of Germany, Co-
overnight news, beginning with a weather logne, has good signal on West Coast at
forecast for Cape Breton. The Latin Amer- 1530 on 9.640 when presents news in Eng-
ican Service of CBC at 2350 -0400, with lish- parallel with 11.795.
English at 0230 -0300, is scheduled over Guatemala -TGWA, 9.760, opens around
CHOL, 11.720, and CKLO, 9.630. 1228 with anthem, identification is given in
Ceylon-In West Virginia, the Commer- Spanish; strong level in West Virginia.
cial Service of Radio Ceylon, 9.520, Colom- Haiti -Radio Haiti has been logged on
bo, is at good level, with a little QRM from measured 6.216 around 2300. On Thursdays
U. S. "powerhouse" on the low- frequency it should have an English session- "Musi-
side at 1245 when English news is present- cal Caravan" -from around 0300 or 0315 to
ed. It has good music and many commer- 0345A closedown. At other times it uses
-
cials. Try for this one!
China English periods from Radio
Peking are heard in California as follows:
mostly French.
Holland-For English from Radio Neder-
land, tune 11.730 around 2145 -2230; and at
at 0300 -0330 on 15.060, 15.100, 11.650, 11.330, 0230 -0310 try 6.025.
11.960, 9.663; at 0900 -0930 on 9.663, 11.330, India-Easterners should tune 9.840 at
11.650, 15.100, 15.060; and at 1430-1500 over 1330 -1445 for All India Radio's beam in
15.060, 11.330, 11.650, 9.663, 9.080. East English (news 1335) to Asia. Good level
Coast listeners should try for Radio Peking (Continued on page 116)
QSL cards are displayed to advantage in an inexpensive album by the use of art corners.
This enables them to be removed safely. Note "Verified All Continents" page at left.
r
ALL
INDIA
RADIO
March 1955 a9
The Model
TV-50
GE EIOMETER
A versatile all -inclusive GENERATOR which provides ALL the outputs for servicing:
A. M. Radio F. M. Radio Amplifiers Black and White TV Color TV
7 Signal Generators in One!

t/ R. F. Signal Generator for A.M.
t/ R. F. Signal Generator for F.M.
too Audio Frequency Generator
t/ Bar. Generator
t/ Cross Hatch Generator
t/ Color Dot Pattern Generator
I/ Marker Generator
R. F. SIGNAL GENERATOR: DOT PATTERN GENERATOR (For Color TV)

The Model TV-50 Genometer provides complete coverage for Although you will be able to use most of your regular standard
A.M. and F.M. alignment. Generates Radio Frequencies from 100 equipment for servicing Color TV, the one addition which is a
Kilocycles to 60 Megacycles on fundamentals and from 60 Mega- " must" is a Dot Pattern Generator. The Dot Pattern projected
cycles to 180 Megacycles on powerful harmonics. Accuracy and on any color TV Receiver tube by the Model TV -50 will enable
stability are assured by use of permeability trimmed Hi -Q coils. you to adjust for proper color convergence. Whenall controls and
R.F. is available separately, modulated by the fixed 400 cycle circuits are in proper alignment, the resulting pattern will consist
sine-wave audio or modulated by the variable 300 cycle to 20,000 of a sharp white dot pattern on a black background. One or more
cycle variable audio. Provision has also been made for injection circuit or control deviations will result in a dot pattern rait of
of any external modulating source. convergence, with the blue, red and green dots in overlapping
dot patterns.
VARIABLE AUDIO FREQUENCY GENERATOR:
In addition to a fixed 400 cycle sine -wave audio, the Model TV -50 MARKER GENERATOR:
Genometer provides a variable 300 cycle to 20,000 cycle peaked
wave audio signal. This service is used for checking distortion in The Model TV -50 includes all the most frequently needed marker
amplifiers, measuring amplifier gain, trouble shooting bearing points. Because of the ever-changing and ever- increasing number
aids, etc. of such points required, we decided against using crystal holders.
We instead adjust each marker point against precise laboratory
BAR GENERATOR: standards. The following markers are provided: 189 Kc., 262.5 Kc.,
456. Kc., 600 Kc., 1000 Kc., 1400 Kc., 1600 Kr., 2000 Kc., 2500
This feature of the Model TV -50 Genometer will permit you to Kc., 3579 Kc., 4.5 Mc., 5 Mc 10.7 Mc. (3579 Ka is the color
throw an actual Bar Pattern on any TV Receiver Screen. Pattern burst frequency.)
will consist of 4 to 16 horizontal bars or 7 to 20 vertical bers.
A Bar Generator is acknowledged to provide the quickest and
most efficient way of adjusting TV linearity controls. The Model
TV-50 employs a recently improved Bar Generator circuit which
assures stable never -shifting vertical and horizontal bars.
CROSS HATCH GENERATOR:
The Model TV -50 Genometer will project a cross-hatch pattern
The Model TV-50 comes abso-
lutely complete with shielded
leads and operating instructions.
$A750
on any TV picture tube. The pattern will consist of non-shifting, NET
horizontal and vertical lines interlaced to provide a stable cross-
hatch gffect This service is used primarily for correct ion trap
positioning and for adjustment of linearity.
SHIPPED ON APPROVAL
NO MONEY WITH ORDER -NO C.O.D.
Try it for 10 days before you buy - 1
MOSS ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTING -CO., INC.
If completely satisfied then send t
Cept. D -103 3849 Tenth Ave., New York 34, N.Y.
$11.50 and pay balance at rate Name
Please rush one Model TV -50. I agree to pay 511.50 within
of $6.00 per month for 6 months. 10 days and to pay $6.00 per month thereafter. It is under-
stood there will be no finance, interest or any other Address
No Int or Finance charges, provided I send my monthly payments when due.
It is further understood that should fail to make payment
Charges Added! If not com- 1
when due, the full unpaid balance shall become immedi-

pletely satisfied return unit to ately due and payable. City Zone.... State
us, no explanation necessary. J
Superiores new
Model 670 A SUPER METER
A COMBINATION VOLT-OHM MILLIAMMETER PLUS
CAPACITY REACTANCE INDUCTANCE AND DECIBEL MEASUREMENTS
SPECIFICATIONS: ADDED FEATURE:
Built -in ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
D.C. VOLTS: 0 to 7.5/IS/75/150/750/1,500/7,500 Volts
OC. VOLTS: 0 to IS/30/150/300/1,500/3,000 Volts reduces possibility of burning out
UTPUT VOLTS: 0 to 15/30/150/300/1,500 /3,000 Volts meter through misuse.
D.C. CURRENT: 0 to 1.5/15/150 Me. 0 to 1.5/15 Amperes
RESISTANCE: 0 fo 1,000 /100,000 Ohms 0 to 10 Megohms The Model 070 -A comes
CAPACITY: .0131 to I Mid. Ito 50 Mfd. (Good-Bad scale for
checking quality of electrolytic condensers.)
REACTANCE: 50 to 2,500 Ohms 2,500 Ohms to 2.5 Megohms
INDUCTANCE : .15 to 7 Henries 7 to 7,000 Hendee
housed, in a rugged
crackle -finished
Cabinet complete with
steel
40
DECIBELS: -6
fo +18 +14 to +38 +34 fo +58
test leads and operating
Instructions. 8NET
Superior's new
Model TV -11 TUBE TESTER
SPECIFICATIONS:
* Tests
In
all tubes including 4, 5, 6, 7 Octal, Lock-
Bantam,
to damage o tube by Inserting M le fhe wrong
Peanut, Hearing Aid,
Miniatures Sub -miniatures, Novels, Sub. minas,
Proximity (use types, etc.
Thyratron
* plate-moving built -in roll chart provides cons-
socket.
Free
* Uses the new self -cleaning Lever Action Switches

for individual element testing. Because all ele-
data for all tubes.
* Newlyfordesigned Line Voltage Control compen-
satesvariation of any Line Voltage between
ments ore numbered according to pM-number Volts and
105 Volts.130
M the RMA base numbering system, the user
can instantly Identify which element is under * plugging
NOISE Phono-jack on front panel for
TEST:
either phones or external amplifier
in
test. Tubes having tapped filaments and tubes
with filaments terminating in more than one will detect microphonic tubes or noise due to
pin are truly tested, with the Model TV-II at faulty elements and loose internal connections.
any of the pins may be placed In the neutral
position when necessary.
* The Model TV-II does not use any combination a.e.eom<snosea
t<.erw ana-
type sockets. Instead individual sockets are
used for each type of tube. Thus It Is impossible ei et. i cóatt.éiccÇÓe-.á.
EXTRA SERVICE -The Model TV -II may type oscillator incorporated In this mode $ì1750
be used as an extremely sensitive Con- will detect leakages even when the inn-
denser Leakage Checker. A relaxation guency is one per minute. NET
SUPERIOR'S NEW MODEL TV -40
C.R.T. TUBE TESTER

A complete picture tube tester
7r fer little more than the price
of a "make -shift" adapter!!
* of Tests all magnetically deflected
tubes
the set
. in the set
...out
in the carton!!
...
Tests ALL magnetically deflected picture tubes
Tire Model TV -40 is absolutely complete! Self
pied, including built-in power supply, it
*contained, from 7 inch to 30 inch types.
YP
tests picture tubes In the only practical way Tests for quality by the well established
to efficiently test such tubes; that is by the emission method. All readings on "Good -
se of a sep instrument which is gad" scale.
designed exclusively to test the ever
increasing number of picture tubes, Tests for inter-element shorts and leakages
EASY TO USE: up to S megohms.
Simply insert line cord into any 110 vele Tests for open elements.
A.C. outlet, then attach tester socket to Model TV -40 G.RT. Tube
tube base (ton Trap Need Not Be on Tester comes absolutely
Tube). Throw switch up for quality test
.. read direct on Good-Bad scale. Throw
compiete- nothing Ise fo
buy. Housed ie round cor-
nered, molded bakalits
85
for a
SHIPPED ÓÑ1ÁPPROVAi
NO WITH ORDER -NO C 0.0.
Ty any of the above ia-
eminent, for 10 days before MOSS ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTING CO., INC.
(Dept. D -103, 3849 Tenth Ave., New York 34, N.Y.
goo bay. If completely tat-
Mai then send down pay- alease send me Mie unes checked. I agree so Pay down Payment Name I
n _._ . _ _
_
ment and pay balance as In- _
wm oe no mthly e, interest on any other

dlcated on Coupon. No In- charges, provided r I send my monthly puymenis when due. le Address »... »....
tercet or Finance Charges further understood that should I foil to make payment when
oe, the full unpaid balance shall become immediately due City
Added! If mot completely d payable-
Zone.... Etas"
1
satisfied return unit to rte. ewüA.
no explanation necessary. ] s>ásö
mon IY Ier
ïö üiï:.°sliálú ss só
8 monta:. u,óénto' orr,,s me;i; e s.á:óó iasü .aq......._._.ronseaiw.p sss.es
men t,Ywlo 3 tmentnr.
raite
Sa001
I
March, 1955 91
UNIQUE CRYSTAL RECEIVER
HOST crystal sets have a high impedance
HERSHEL'S "KIT" SPECIALS output, but this one will operate with
ALL-PURPOSE FIL. headphones that may vary from as low as
TRANSFORMER MYSTERY PACKAGE 200 ohms and up with little difference in
For Model Trains, Weld. ELECTRONIC PARTS volume. The author has operated a 3 -inch
Ing, Transmitters, etc.
PRI. 117 v. 60 cyc. sec.
The Surprise
25 pounds of
of Your Life
Worth $50.
PM speaker using a doorbell transformer
6.4 V.
6.4 V.
12A
lOA
BRAND N E W
USABLE GOVT. p.l
Our Price as a matching transformer, with the pri-
5V. SURPLUS. mary connected in place of the headphones.
5
5 V.
3A
3A $
T Ideal gift for Y/
$495 L2 consists of 15 turns of almost any
2.5 v. .... I.75A the ham, etc.
small size wire wound over the top of L5,

KIT 1. HARDWARE KIT 5. RESISTORS
a Ferri-Loopstick antenna coil. Less than
Over 1,000
Gifeces.g2le/Zéhs.
RADIO
HARDWARE.
S. TV $149i 100 ASSORTED
TYPES.
55wa
o1Rantq
$198 j/( 15 turns will provide more selectivity but
less volume. Any antenna trimmer with a
suitable range may be used, such as El
KIT 2. CERAMICONS KIT 6. R.F. CHOKES Meneo type 465 which has a range from
25 ASSORTED. 50 to 380 µµfd.
100 ASSORT-
ED. Range from
.75 mmfd. to 350 Ranni e f ro m
.5
h,
h. to 25
$
195 Experimenters can substitute the fol-
6,000 fd. lowing detector in place of the crystal.
Kit 3. Volume Controls KIT 7. TOGGLE &
25 ASSORTED SLIDE SWITCHES
Range from 2 ANTENNA
25 ASSORTED.
hm to 3
Svóme
itch.
with
$
DPST,
SPST, etc.
,$ 95 TRIMMER 500pptd.
KIT 8. PAPER & CAN IN34

L2
Kit 4. Rotary Switches DIODE
25 ASSORTED
TYPES. Real
Buy at onll y...
$ 5
80
CONDENSERS
25 ASSORTED.
Range from 4
mf0
v. v
fd. 450
$350 300
Nf
fd.
PHONES
FIND YOUR KIT PARTS HERE

FOR POPULAR ELECTRONICS KITS
TRANSFORMER-Pr!. 110 V. 60 Cy. Sec. 6.3 V. 1 Amp. 95c ANTENNA
TRANSFORMER -Pri. 110 V. 60 Cy. Sec. 400 VCT. 6.3 V. TRIMMER 500NNfd.
1 Amp. 5 V. 2 Amp. 20 Ma. $1.49
SCOPE TRANSFORMER -Pri. 110 V. 60 Cy. Sec. 4000 V.
10 Ma. $2.95
TRANSFORMER -Pri.
110 V. 60 Cy. Sec. 600 VCT. 6.3 V. L2
3 Amp. 5 V. 2 Amp. 70 Ma. $2.45 I I/2 V.
RELAY D.P.D.T. -110
VAC. 8 Amp. contacts $1.69
RELAY D.P.D.T.
110 V. Gold Plated 95c
-3
VDC. 11 ohm coil cont. 1.5 Amp. 300 NAILr' PHONES
CARBON
NYfd. MERCURY DUST
KEY -J38Telegraph key 95e
LIP MIKE -With Head band cord and switch $1.29
CHOKE -2.5Mh. 125 Ma. 35e
CHOKE -1.5Mh. 100 Ma. 15e BOTTLE CAP
COIL-Plug in type 4, 6, 6, Prong Type 29e
OUTPUT TRANSFORMER -6V6 to 3.2 Voice Coil 39c Schematic and modifications possible in
OUTPUT TRANSFORMER -P.P. 6V6 to 3.2 Voice Coil 59c set. See text for explanation of parts.
OUTPUT TRANSFORMER -60L6 to 3.2 Voice Coil 35e
CHOKE-AC. -DC. Type. 8 H. 80 Ma. 49e Scrape the paint from the top of a bottle
COIL -Ignition Type. Prl. 3 V. Sec. 15,000 VDC. Ideal cap (steel). Remove the carbon from a
for Photo Flash Triggering $1.29
GLOW - LITE-21/2 Watt Argon Lite 110 VAC. 29e used flashlight battery cell and scrape a
MOTOR -From Gun Camera 24 VDC. Will Run on 110 VAC.
95c
small pile of it on top of the bottle cap. In
CABINET-RCA Speaker Cabinet. Plastic for 8 inch Round the center of the carbon dust, place a
Speaker $1.95 small drop of mercury. Make contact to
RHEOSTAT -30
ohm 50 Watt 95c
the mercury with a common pin or small
nail. A flashlight battery (11%2 volts) is
HI GAIN DYNAMIC MIKE KIT connected as shown. Polarity is not impor-
Uses UTC. Transformer and Western Electric tant. Current drain is small. A rusty nail
Mike. Ideal for Hams, PA. CAP, Recording, will provide an extra and undesirable rec-
Mobile Equip. tifying surface, between the rust (iron
-50 DB/80.7500 CPS. $195 oxide) and the nail itself, so use a clean
Diagram Furnished nail.
The carbon microphone used in telephone
Terms: Cash with order handsets will also work as a detector in
HERSHEL RADIO CO. ance5 will Dbe shipped series with a 11/2 -volt battery. This de-
5245 Grand River. Detroit 8, Mich. C.O.D.
tector will not work well in high im-
ALL ITEMS SHIPPED F.O.B. DETROIT pedance circuits. MAYNARD KERNAHAN
A Transistor Operated Light Meter
Its basic application is as an illumination meter -it has
greater sensitivity than a conventional exposure meter.
LIGHT METERS are widely used by ar- times the sensitivity of most commercial
chitects, electrical engineers, industrial units.
engineers, and similar groups for determin- The increased sensitivity of the instru-
ing illumination levels in buildings, to assist ment shown is attributable to the use of a
in selecting lighting fixtures and their loca- junction transistor as a direct -current am-
tions, and in choosing ceiling and wall fin- plifier between the selenium photocell and
ishes and paints. Similar instruments, but the microammeter.
with different calibrations, are used by both Referring to the schematic diagram, con-
amateur and professional photographers as sider that the "Dark- Light" selector switch,
exposure meters. Si, is in the "Light" position and that the
The basic light meter consists of a self - "Power" switch, S2, is closed.
generating (barrier type) selenium photo- With no light falling on the photocell,
cell directly coupled to a sensitive micro - little or no base -emitter current flows, and
ammeter. Since meter deflection depends the collector current is low. The collector
solely on the current generated by light current divides between the meter and the
falling on the photocell, the sensitivity of "meter shunt" resistor selected by "Range"
such instruments is fairly limited. Many of switch, S,,- "open ", R,, R,, R, and R,. Thus,
the instruments give very little or no indi- the meter reading depends both on the am-
cation where low light levels are encoun- plitude of the collector current and upon
tered, and are of limited value in comparing which of the shunt resistors is selected.
small changes in light intensity. The "no light" collector current may vary
However, it is possible for the average widely, depending on the individual charac-
electronic experimenter or technician to teristics of the selenium photocell and the
construct a light meter having several transistor used. With the "Range" switch
March, 1955 93
Rs-270 ohm, t/y w. carbon res.
Rs, Rs, R4, Rs -Meter shunt res. (see text)
Sr- D.p.d.t. selector switch ( "Dark- Light", optional)
Ss--- S.p.s.t. toggle switch ( "Power")
Ss -S.p. 5 -pos. shorting -type rotary switch ( "Range")
B1-1.5 v. battery (penlight cell or Mallory RM -1
mercury cell)
M,-0 -100 microammeter (2" round)
Photocell-Self- generating, barrier -type
selenium unit
Vi--CK722 p-n -p junction transistor (Raytheon)
1-5" x 4" x 3" metal box (ICA #29440)
PHOTOCELL OPEN
Si
RANGE
+ D(DARK)
SELECTOR
Sa¡R
POWER
Schematic diagram and parts list covering the transistor-

ized light meter, and an interior view of the completed unit. It
may be made more compact, if desired, by using smaller parts. See text.
in the "open" position, the meter reading meter reading is obtained under "no- light"
may be close to zero or as high as half conditions with S. in the "open" position.
scale. As mentioned previously, the "no- light"
However, regardless of the meter reading meter reading may vary from zero to better
with the photocell dark, an up -scale reading than half full -scale, depending on the in-
will be obtained as more and more light dividual characteristics of the transistor
falls on the photocell. With increasing light and selenium cell used. Where the "no-
on the photocell, the base -emitter current light" meter reading is at least one -third
increases, and the collector current in- full -scale, a d.p.d.t. switch may be used to
creases correspondingly, but the collector reverse the polarity of the photocell con-
current will be several times greater than nections to the base -emitter circuit. This
the base current, thus giving the instru- switch serves as the "Dark- Light" selector,
ment unusual sensitivity. Si.
Under some conditions, depending on the In operation, throwing Si to the "Dark"
individual transistor and photocell, a cur- position permits a reverse bias to be applied
rent amplification as high as ten or twelve to the base -emitter circuit of the transistor.
may be obtained. Where this reverse bias current is small, as
As greater amounts of light are allowed when no light is allowed to fall on the pho-
to fall on the photocell, the meter reading tocell, the collector current approaches the
will soon reach full scale, and the "meter "no- light" value previously discussed. Thus,
shunt" resistors may be switched into the an up -scale meter reading is obtained.
circuit to reduce meter sensitivity (by As light is allowed to fall on the photocell,
means of S3, which thus serves as a sensitiv- the reverse bias increases, rapidly reducing
ity "Range" switch). the collector current to zero. Thus, the
Power is supplied by a single cell battery, meter reading increases as the light level
B1. A Mallory type RM -1 mercury cell is is reduced, with the maximum reading ob-
used in the author's model, but a penlight tained under conditions of "no light "! This
cell may be used instead. It will not give permits easier measurements under some
as long life in service as the mercury cell, conditions of extremely low light levels.
however. The operation of the instrument may be
Resistor, R1, is provided in series to limit summarized as follows: (a) with the
collector current to 5 milliamperes (maxi- "Dark-Light" switch in the "Light" posi-
mum for the CK722 transistor). The "Dark- tion, an up -scale meter reading is obtained
"Light" selector switch, Si, is optional and with increasing light levels; and (b) with
can be provided if a reasonable up -scale the "Dark- Light" switch in the "Dark" posi-
tion, an up -scale meter reading is obtained Another way to choose these resistors is
with increasing darkness (reduced light to select values to give a definite full -scale
levels). reading to each range in terms of light
Construction Hints intensities-full -scale readings of 10, 20, 30,
40, or 50 footcandles might well be chosen.
The entire instrument has been assem- If this method is chosen, a standard light
bled in a standard 3 "x4 "x5" metal utility meter may be used for comparative tests.
box. For an extremely compact unit, Place the standard light meter and the
smaller switches may be used (miniature transistorized instrument at a fixed dis-
slide switches in place of the toggle tance from a light source and connect a
switches used in the model) and a 11/2" decade resistance box across the meter, M1.
or 1" meter may be substituted for the 2" Adjust either the light source or the posi-
meter used by the author. tion of the two instruments until the
When the builder solders the transistor desired full -scale reading (in footcandles)
in place, special care should be exercised to is obtained on the standard. Then adjust
avoid damaging this part. Leave the tran- the shunt resistance value until a full -scale
sistor leads as long as is practicable, and reading is obtained on the meter. Finally,
solder the connections as quickly as possi- substitute a fixed resistor of this value for
ble, using a hot, well- tinned iron. the corresponding range of 28.
Except for the selenium photocell, all Repeat this step for each of the desired
components used in the construction of the ranges.
instrument are standard and should be Finally, if the transistorized light meter
available through regular supply houses. is not to be used for actual light measure-
The selenium cell, although not normally ments, but only for comparative tests, the
considered a "stock" radio -electronic item, resistors may be given arbitrary values.
is often available through the larger mail This was the method used in the author's
order supply firms. model. The values chosen were as follows :
Electrical connections to the photocell R2= 10,000 ohms; R8 =200 ohms; R4 =100
should be made by means of pressure con- ohms; and R8=20 ohms.
tacts. Do not attempt to solder leads to this Where the completed light meter is to be
component unless special soldering lugs are used only for comparative tests, as is the
already provided on the unit. In most com- author's model, there is no real need to cali-
mercial units the back of the cell serves as brate the instrument in terms of actual
the positive terminal, while the negative light intensity levels.
terminal consists of one or more narrow On the other hand, if the builder wishes
metallic strips on the sensitized face of the to use the completed instrument for obtain-
cell. ing actual measurements, some form of
Mount the photocell so that the sen- calibration will be necessary.
sitized face is exposed to light. In the model To calibrate the instrument, a standard
this has been accomplished by mounting light meter should be employed. A diffused
the cell directly behind a sheet of clear light source is also helpful.
plastic. Arrange the standard meter and the
Shunt resistors, selected by "Range" transistorized unit so that the same amount
switch S8, are used to reduce the sensitivity of light falls on both instruments. Note the
of the instrument. These resistors, R2, R8, readings on both units.
R4, and R8, may be selected in one of several Vary the illumination level, either by
ways. moving the instruments further from the
First, the resistors may be chosen to in- light source or by partial shading. Record
crease the full -range reading of the meter
by definite multiples, from 100 microam-
peres to 200, 300, 500, or 600 microamperes,
or even to a milliampere or more. The exact
resistor sizes chosen will depend on the in-
ternal resistance of the meter.
\`.
w<.
\\_,\\\\\ll1\.\ \\ \\ -
March, 1955 95
the new readings obtained. Continue these dinary light meters are employed, except
steps until a complete set of readings has that its increased sensitivity makes it pos-
been obtained for each range of the instru- sible to conduct many tests and measure-
ment. ments which are not practical with less
Once a complete set of readings is ob- sensitive units.
tained, indicating actual light or illumina- For example, the instrument may be used
tion levels in terms of meter readings, a to check the relative reflective qualities of
calibration curve or chart may be prepared. different types of materials or finishes. The
As an alternative, a new meter scale may author found it quite easy to distinguish
be drawn so that direct readings can be between the light reflection of white,
obtained. "creamy- white ", "yellow- white", and "gray -
If the light levels to be measured exceed white" papers.
60 to 70 footcandles (depending on the in- By providing appropriate color filters
dividual photocell), provision should be ahead of the photocell, the same technique
made for reducing externally the amount of may be used for checking the "color bright-
light striking the cell. ness" of paints, textiles, papers, and similar
This can be accomplished by providing materials. All tests of this nature should be
one or more opaque shields to fit over the conducted for the purpose of comparing
photocell's sensitized surface. Small holes samples of the same basic color. Efforts to
or slots are provided in the shield to admit compare different colors (red and blue, for
a fixed percentage of the total light. Such example) may lead to erroneous results,
shields serve as "coarse" range controls brought about by differences in transmis-
where high light intensities are to be mea- sion qualities of differently colored filters,
sured. and because the photocell itself is not ab-
If desired, additional calibration charts solutely "flat" in its response to different
or curves may be prepared for each of the colors.
shields provided. Other applications will become apparent
The transistorized light meter may be as the user becomes familiar with the in-
used in many of the applications where or- strument. END
NEW RADAR PINPOINTS ENEMY FIRE
THE new radar "eye" pictured here acts as

sentry, warns of enemy movements, and
pinpoints enemy mortar locations. With the
help of this electronic detector, front line
forces can detect and "lock on" the path of
enemy mortar shells, automatically track
their trajectory, and obtain computer range
data which reveals the enemy position. Known
as the AN /MPQ -10, the equipment is com-
pact and mobile. The radar antenna is
mounted on a portable tracker, shown at the
right. The remote control console is shown
below. The tracker can be tilted up or down
and rotated in any direction for continuous
search. Already in use, the new radar is said
to have literally saved the lives of hundreds
of GI's. The device was developed jointly by
the U. S. Army Signal Corps and the Sperry
Gyroscope Co., N. Y.
LEARN TUBE CONSTRUCTION
ADVANCED experimenters as well as be-

ginners can learn a good deal about
Get New FREE
acuum tube construction by carefully
disassembling old tubes. Technical schools PUBLIC ADDRESS
frequently include such projects as part of
their practical training.
As a start, you'll find it best to work
HANDBOOK
with full -sized tubes instead of miniatures
and subminiatures (GT,G, and metal types
are best). The first step is to remove the
envelope.
On a glass tube, use a three- cornered
file to scratch a mark around the glass
envelope close to the base. Wrap the tube
in a piece of cloth and, holding the tube
in one hand, strike the base lightly with
a rubber mallet. As an alternative, you
can wrap a piece of resistance wire around
the tube against the filed mark. Pass cur-
rent through the wire to heat it. When hot
enough, the glass will crack cleanly along
the mark.
The envelope of a metal tube may be re-
moved by using a hacksaw. Wrap the
upper part of the tube with a cloth and
clamp it lightly in a vise. Don't apply
too much pressure or you may crush the
tube. Using a hacksaw, cut a slot in the
envelope close to the base. Then rotate the Valuable Facts
tube slightly, continuing to lengthen the Help You Install
slot until the envelope is loose.
With the envelope removed, the tube Better PA Systems
electrodes may be taken off with negligible
Shows how to make sound surveys and recommendations
bending and distortion by cutting their for factories, arenas, etc. Gives typical examples and
support wires close to the base. Use a results.
sharp pair of diagonal cutters for this Discusses public address requirements in relation to
operation. characteristics of auditoriums, stadiums, large rooms, etc.
When the disassembly is completed, Explains operational factors of importance in public ad-
each tube electrode may be studied. A dress speaker systems for all types of applications, in-
small magnifying glass is handy for this. doors and outdoors.
The tube shown disassembled in the photo- Tells what the CDP Compound Diffraction Projector is-
graph below is a type 1B3GT, a high-volt- what it does -and how it provides a PA speaker system
age rectifier from a TV receiver, but any of much greater range,,efficiency and dispersion.
tube will do just as well for this practical Includes illustrations, diagrams, charts, formulas, engi-
lesson in tube construction. END neering data, technical and architectural specifications.
Send for your FREE copy now

Disassemble an old tube, as described, to per-
mit a careful study of the various components.
glecZYOke
ELECTRO- VOICE, INC., BUCHANAN, MICHIGAN
Without obligation, send FREE copy of the CDP
Public Address Handbook.
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY ZONE_ STATE
March, 1955 97
Crystal Clear TOOLS
Pictures
like GADGeS
NEW CHASSIS PUNCH
A new "D" shaped radio chassis punch has
MAJIC been added to the "Pioneer" chassis punch
with amazing line by the Chase Mfg. Co. It is used to
tln:.sq°1)1 punch holes for miniature tube sockets hav-

ing a flat on their shanks. Sockets so
mounted will not twist in the chassis. Use-
ful also for holes for microphone connec-
FILTERS
tors, it is screw operated and eliminates
the need for hand filing. It is made from
HIGH REJECTION EFFICIENCY high grade tool steel, and is available in
Scientifically designed with the I/2 -inch size at a list price of $3.70 each,
proven HI -Q circuits
Low Cost
complete with punch, die, drive screw and
Easy to install
nut. For additional information, write the
Most of the 26 million TV sets
manufacturer at 5008 West Jefferson Blvd.,
now in use suffer from some Los Angeles 16, California.
type of interference. Now you
can enjoy TV entertainment to
the fullest . . . save your fam- OIL IMMERSED COIL
ily and yourself discomfort and The new "Oilcoil" is an ignition trans-
eyestrain. GRAYBURNE CLEAR-
PIX filters are effective
be installed quickly, easily.
can ... former, oil insulated and cooled and said to
perform with
There's one for each type of
major interference. outstanding ef-
Model rt Interference ficiency. Unusu-
CPF FM ally high volt-
CPD Diathermy
CPI Ignition age output as
CPH Amateur (21 me.) well as long life
are claimed by
1.9d ORDER TODAY from your local dealer
Its' t h e manufac-
successor to
%c1ONlc$
(CORP
turer, Run -
GrCorp.neùpMN- .
baken E l e c -
Corp. trical Products,
23 Atherton St., Yonkers, N. Y.
Man chester,
for everything In Electronics! England. When
used on cars or
1
9
1440 page MASTER
Detailed specs ' 8,500 illus.
Fully indexed
trucks, the coil
is said to pro-
5
85,000 items
Full descriptions Wgt. 6 Ills. vide better
Sed. starting, great-
List 56.50 -As low $1.95 at distributors
'
as
UNITED CATALOG PUBLISHERS, INC.,
er acceleration,
110 Lafayette St., N. T. C. 13 improved "tick -
over," and pull-
EASY TO LEARN CODE ing under load.
Learn or increase speed w it
-the
an Instructograph
Radio -Telegraph Code Teacher that takes
It is also recom-
anyone to master code without
and enables
the place of an operator -instructorfurther assist- mended for use
ance. Available tapes from beginners alphabet on stationary
to typical messages on all subjects. Speed
range 5 to 40 WPM. Always ready -no QRM.
Thousands have 'acquired the code"forwith the
conven-
internal com-
Instructograph System. Write today
ient rental and nurchase plans. bustion engines. "Oilcoils" are distributed
INSTRUCTOGRAPH COMPANY
4713 -P Sheridan Road, Chicago 40, Illinois
in the U.S.A. by the Paul D. Rosenthal
Co., 320 South Swall Drive, Los Angeles
48. Retail price is $19.95. For further in-
ADDRESS formation, write to the U.S. distributor.
POSTCARDS NEW HOLLOW WALL SCREW ANCHOR
AT HOME!! To reduce installation time, cut labor

costs, and help produce a more finished
ovine BOX 14, BELMONT. MASS. installation, Rocket Devices Corp., 142 Lib-
'ÿ 4i v, .
..:, , ::,
.,.
erty Street, New York 6, N. Y., has created

the "Wallgrip." This is a new and im-
proved screw anchor for hollow walls of
plaster, wallboard, cinder block, marble, GET THE WORLD'S LEADING
wood, or tile. It makes easier than ever
the fastening of loudspeaker enclosures, RADIO & TV CATALOG
VALUE- PACKED
heating panels, brackets, and other compo-
nents to walls and doors. The new device
has ribbed locking wings which provide a
PAGE 1955
positive stop to assure permanent installa-
tions. To install a "Wallgrip" it is only ALLIED
necessary to drill a hole of the required ELECTRONIC
,
size, insert the "Wallgrip," tighten it, re- BUYING GUIDE
move the screw, and install the fixture
with the same screw. Builders and Experimenters:
Save on Everything in Radio & TV!
You'll find everything you'll need for building any
HAND TYPE WIRE STRIPPER project in this publication in the 1955 ALLIED
A new, inexpensive, hand -type wire strip- Catalog. Select from the world's largest stocks of
per for the hobbyist and home craftsman parts, tubes, tools, kits, books, diagrams -plus
Amateur equipment, TV components, -Fi
is manufactured by Crown Industrial equipment teat instruments, recorders-atHilow-
Products Company, 1331 Amsterdam Street, est, money-saving prices. Write for your FREE
ALLIED Catalog today!
Woodstock, Ill.
Fabricated of hardened steel construc- ULAR
tion throughout, the stripper has inter- ALLIED
changeable, precision -milled stripping KITS
Famous Radio Lab Kit (10 Iota In I)
Here's the most instructive Experimenter's
blades carefully matched to strip insulation kit you can buy. With it, you can build a
broadcast receiver, phono amplifier. phono
clean without damaging the wire. It strips elk oscillator, signal tracer, electronic timer,
photo cell relay, home broadcaster, elec-
both stranded and solid wire. A patented tronic switch, etc. Fascinating, instructive.
lock -open feature holds the jaws open au- Complete with all parts, tubes, microphone.
12 -page manual. Shpg. wt.., 10 lbs.
tomatically, so that the wire can be re- 83 S 265. Radio Lab Kt, only $14.25
moved after stripping, without crushing. Popular "Ocean Hopper" (Amazing DX)
Net price is $4.75 with one set of blades. A remarkable Short-Wave receiver. Covers
155 to 35.0 me with plug -in coils (below).
A catalogue sheet is available from the Features bandspread: for headphone or
speaker use. Easy to build. Complete with
manufacturer. all parts, tubes, broadcast coil, hardware,
full instructions. For AC-DC. Wt., 5 lbs.
83 S 740. "Ocean Hopper" kit, only.$12.75
NEW STURDY FLASHLIGHT 59 J 110. 2000 ohm headset 51.67
Five colis (155 kc to 35 mc)
A new "Eveready" Flashlight, designed 53.62
for users who want an extra -sturdy light Ranger 11 Superhot (with Cabinet)
Learn radio while you build and enjoy this
at a moderate price, has been announced sensitive AC -DC broadcastreeelver. Tunes
by National Carbon Company, a division 540 -1680 kc: Includes built -In antenna.
PM dynamic speaker, automatic volume
of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. DOZENS OF
control, handsome walnut plastic cabinet.
Easy to assemble from detailed manual:
The new light is designated the "Eveready" OTHER KITS
complete with punched chassis, all parts,
tubes and cabinet. Shpg. wt., 8 lbs.
Heavy-Duty Flashlight, and is available in AVAILABLE 83 S 73S. "Ranger II" KR, only....$16.75
both a two -cell model (No. 1251A) for $2.50
and three-cell model (No. 1351A) for $2.75.
The flashlight has a special lens -guard

made of tough polyethylene which protects
the lens and throws a powerful red safety -
warning light. Another feature of the light
is its hand -replaceable, self -lubricating
March, 1955
slide switch which provides thousands of
trouble -free operations. A company spokes-
INSTANTLY ISOLATE man has pointed out that this is the first
time a flashlight of this type has been
TV Time
TROUBLE made available through regular distribu-
Save And Money with tion channels to the general public. The
two -cell model is shown in the illustration.
MINIATURIZED FEEDTHROUGH CAPACITOR

A new miniaturized feedthrough capac-
itor (Bulletin 5420) has been developed by
Allen -Bradley Co., Milwaukee, Wis. This
small discoidal capacitor prevents high fre-
No Additional Equipment Needed.
Swiftly Traces Signals Voltages.
Pinpoints Defective Components.
Amazingly Simple to Operate.
YES, a low cost test instrument that
locates TV troubles without extra
equipment. Tracks TV signals in
Video, MC, Sound, Sync, Horizontal
or Vertical sweep circuits. TROUBLE
PINPOINTED IN STAGE OR COM- quency stray currents from passing from
PONENT. TV DYNATRACER also
traces voltages (50 /500 V AC /DC)- shielded areas over the power supply cir-
detects leaky, open or shorted con- cuits, by providing a low resistance path
densers, resistors, coils, transformers,
Technician -Amateur -Home Hobbyist.
through the shield for power currents and
The new TV DYNATRACER is o budget a low impedance coupling to the shield for
priced necessity. Take advantage of diverting undesirable, high frequency cur-
our 10 day MONEY BACK GUARAN- rents.
TEE now!
Prompt orders receive a TV HIGH
VOLTAGE INDICATOR helpful PRECISION PRESSURE GAUGE
accessory to 'all test work. A new precision dynamometer for deter -
mining the force required to actuate deli-
cate mechanisms has
Dept. 60 2H-04 99th Are.. Queens Village V, N. Y been announced by
George Scherr Co., Inc.,
200 Lafayette St., N. Y.
12, N. Y. Gauges are
HERE IS AN available with different
ranges in grams. The
unit with the range
UNBEATABLE 0 -15 is recommended
for use as a stylus -
WAn äc VALUE! pressure gauge on high
quality phonograph
equipment. Other uses
of the gauges are to measure, calibrate,
and standardize the pressure or power re-
Compiere, quired to operate such devices as relays,
ready b clocks, business machines, micro motors,
windshield wipers, and time switches.
play Highly accurate, the gauge is priced at
$9.85.
NESTING TOTE -BOXES
Newly redesigned Trojan "Handipan"
Tote Boxes, constructed of 18 -gauge steel,
have, according to the manufacturer, sev-
eral time- and space-saving features. Stur-
dy one -piece die -stamped ends provide
handles and label holders on each side, plus
a recessed edge for easy tiering. Designed
to prevent sticking or jamming when
nested, a special stacking feature separates
each pan by about 1% inches, giving com-
plete visibility to the contents of each con-
tainer and making the contents readily
accessible. Pans measure 16" x 11" x 5" and
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
weigh 8 pounds each. Address inquiries to
Trojan, Auto Sheet Metal Works, 735 E.
Gage Avenue, Los Angeles 1, Calif.
LOW PRICED V.T.V.M.
Shasta Model 201 a.c. -d..c. vacuum tube
voltmeter is said to be the first available
low- priced
unit of its
type. It fea-
tures an im-
proved circuit
that elimi-
nates the need
f o r preselect-
ing diodes for
replacement_
purposes. Pro-
vision is made
for operating
the Shasta
Model 952 "Il-
luma- Probe."
Model 201 cov-
e r s the d.c.
voltages in 7
full scale
ranges of 1.5
to 1500 volts.
A.C. ranges are calibrated both in r.m.s.
values of sine waves and in peak -to -peak
values. Resistance values from 1000 ohms
to 1000 megohms are covered in 7 ranges.
The new meter is made by Shasta Division,
Beckman Instruments, Inc., 1432 Nevin
Ave., Richmond, Calif. Priced at $68.00
f.o.b. Richmond, Calif., immediate delivery
from stock is assured.
NEW FOUR-INCH METER
A new four-inch panel meter has been
added to the line of four-inch meters now
beingman u-
factured by
t h e Triplett
Electrical In-
strument
Company of
Bluffton, Ohio.
The new pan-
el meter, Mod -
el 420-P1, com-
bines a trans-
parent plastic
case with a
molded base. The case front projects over
the rim of the instrument giving longer
scale length and permitting clearer legi-
bility. It mounts on studs inserted through
the panel and is available in two basic
types: d.c. permanent magnet moving coil
and a.c. iron vane.
A.C. OUTLET FOR MULTIPLE WIRING
A new miniature outlet designed to
simplify multiple outlet installation and
March, 1955
101
wiring has just been added to the Alden
"mini -spACe" outlet line. Furnished pre -
IT'S BIGGER AND BETTER THAN EVER! wired with two leads on each contact, mul-
B -A's NEW 1955
PAGES
LOADED WITH
Of Alm
SAVINGS AND
NEW ITEMS
IN RADIO, miltS
TV AND
ELECTRONICSI
!ING/mS
IABOWIMS
AMA
' I
E..au,m mnsws.m mar

UMW PARIS
-u.r.mn
SEND ACONP11n SWING GUIDI MI EVERYTHING IN
tiple outlets can now be installed simply by
RADIO riveting or eyeleting the outlets onto a
FOR /7 TELEVISION I panel-matching the black and the white
ELECTRONICS coded leads to those of the adjacent outlets
w,rtHH..rrluN [O-
°17¡iniDa and interwiring rapidly by wire nuts. The
NH. MrR P- Maiau 4n. ro.
new outlet can serve as a low cost, mul-
tiple outlet installation.
BURSTEIN-APPLEBEE Co.
Dept. PE, 1012-14 McGee St., Kansas City 6, Mo. POWDER RUST REMOVER
O Send Free B -A Catalog No.,551.
A new and unusually effective non -toxic
Name. -._.. rust remover, in powder form, is being
produced by the By -Buk Company, Los An-
Address .. ......_-
geles 19, Calif. It will meet any derusting
or corrosion removal requirement for fer-
-
State
rous or non -ferrous metals. It is non -toxic,
non- obnoxio,ps, non -inflammable, leaves no
-- SPECIAL PURCHASE! - -1 alkalies and requires no neutralizer. It
leaves the derusted surfaces metallically
!Brand NEW RCA clean with a thin rust -resistant coat, ready
;TV CAMERAS -with no other treatment -to form a per-
t Just $1 9150 fect bond for paints, nickel, or chromium
¡ Received! plating, galvanizing, and other protective
100's of Used Models Sold at $225 up! Rig up your own
coatings.
TV watchdog for swim pools and other uses-plus training,
etc. 1846 Iconoscope, 6 -stage video amplifier and clipper.
Write for complete tech. data.
DOUBLE -ENDED WRENCH
-
TN- 65 /APQ -I5 for a 2- DIETER XMTR. With 676, 6C4's. 2-

less 832. With schematics and conversion
$7.95 A new double-ended wrench, specially
sheet
MICRO SWITCH BZ -7RDT -New 5 for 52 postpaid designed for volume control and toggle
51.5 OHM COAX. CABLE
roll $4.50 switch nuts, is offset at both ends to facili-
100'
RG34U 71 OHM COAX..625 dia 5 KW rating.
"' $6.95 tate the speedy tightening of nuts in the
roll with p1 -173 plug at one end. New
MINIATURE LINE MATCHING TRANSFORMER. il
rear of chassis. There are two wrench
plus 25@ postage. For blocking oscillators on TV Reers. sizes, 1/2 inch and 9/16 inch, on one wrench,
& camera input circuits, tone oscillator transformer for
electric organ, digital computor systems. 1000's other made of case hardened steel, cadmium
uses.
24 V TRANSFORMER & RECTIFIER COMB. a basic 24 V.
DC power supply of 110 V AC primary. 24 V secondary em!
Rectos Rectifier. Operates Intermittently up to
3or4 $2.95
it.
amps
APS 13 MAKES A 420 MC
RADIOPHONE when converted.
Range in most cases equal to
2 meters. Complete with RF
sections, conversion booklet
,J
and 30 MC I.F. strip, less
tubes, dynamotor and minor
parts not needed for conver- 1.1,>>'»
wt.
$3.95
13ion.l Ring
New APS 13.. ...... 519.85
//
Send check with order (no COD's, pise.) Prices FOB Whse. I FOR OGGL
FOR VOLUME
CONTROL NUTS SWITCH NUTS
Harjo Sales Co.

Dept. PEH, 4109 BURBANK BLVD., BURBANK, CALIF.
plated. A new catalogue, #55A, may be
obtained from the manufacturer, Herman
Phone Victoria 9.2411 -Get FREE CATALOG! H. Smith Inc., 2326 Nostrand Avenue,
Brooklyn 10, N. Y. END
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
102
HIDDEN HEATER VOLTAGE
Become an
TROUBLE
By Lawrence Fleming
IF THE tube heater load on a power

Electrical Engineer
transformer is much less than the trans-
former winding's rating, the heater or fila-
ment voltage will be too high -quite often
high enough to shorten seriously the life
of the tubes. A meter, which will measure
6.3 volts a.c., and a handful of 1 or 2 ohm,
1/2 watt resistors are important items for
the builder of amateur and experimental
equipment to have on hand.
Suppose we are building a two -tube
amplifier using 6AU6 tubes which draw .3
amp. each at 6.3 volts. Suppose the power
transformer is a radio replacement type
with a 6.3 -volt winding rated at 2.5 amps.
Our actual load is .6 amp. and the actual Major in Electronics or Power
voltage with this load will generally be BS Degree in 36 months
around 6.8 or 7 volts. This is high enough Prepare now for a career as an
to make a big difference in tube life. It electrical engineer or engineer-
also increases the hum. To make the volt- ing technician -and take advan-
age right, insert a little resistance in tage of the many opportunities in these
series with the heater supply. In this case, expanding fields.
we want to get rid of about .6 volt. By You can save a year by optional year
Ohm's law, the right resistance is 1 ohm. 'round study. At MSOE previous military,
The wattage dissipated is .36 watt, so a academic, or practical training may be
1/2 watt resistor will do. Odd values of re- evaluated for advanced credit.
sistance can be made up by combining
low-value resistors in series or, more usu-
ally, in parallel.
Surplus and "bargain" transformers are
-
Enter Radio and Television
courses 12 to 18 months
You can be a radio technician in 12 months.
In an additional 6- months you can become a
more prone to deliver too much heater radio -television technician with Associate in
voltage than standard units, and the volt- Applied Science degree. Color television in-
struction is included in this program.
age should be checked under load. These technician courses may form the
Tubes operated at low plate current can third of the program leading to a degreefirst-in
be run a,t low heater voltage and will gen- Electrical Engineering. Twenty-one subjects
in electronics, electronic engineering and elec-
erally have very long life when operated tronic design are included in these courses.
this way. Commercial v.t.v.m.'s often use Courses also offered: radio -television ser-
5.8 volts on tubes drawing about .5 ma. vice (12 mos.) electrical service (6 mos.)
;
general preparatory (3 mos.) .
;
plate current. Life is almost indefinite. A

good schedule for maximum life is given
in Table 1 below.
In the gay 1920's when receiving tubes
Terms -
April, July, Sept., January
Faculty of specialists. 50,000 former students
-annual enrollment from 48 states, 23 for-
cost $6.00 each, there was a rheostat on eign countries. Non -profit institution. 52nd
every filament and many radio sets had year. Courses approved for veterans.
Residence courses only.
Weston voltmeters on the front panel. MS-6B
Nowadays the problem isn't cost, but reli-
ability. We use so many tubes that exces- MILWAUKEE
sive failures become a real nuisance and SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
repairs take more time in modern equip-
ment. Thus, filament voltage is about the MILWAUKEE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
Dept. PE -355, 1025 N. Milwaukee Street
most important detail of all. END Milwaukee I, Wisconsin
Send FREE illustrated booklets
Table 1. Career in Electrical Engineering,
Career in Radio- Television.
I am Interested in
(naine of course)
PLATE CURRENT HEATER VOLTAGE
Nana. Age
1 ma. or less 5.7.5.9 volts Address
1 ma. to 5 ma. 5.9.6.1 volts City zone state
Over 5 ma. 6.3 volts If veteran. indicate date of discharge
N.
March, 1955
103
ATV ADIO
55ERYI[E LIRBRARY
2 VOLS. $s CPAY ON Y$I M0.
HERE IS LATE INFORMATION CLEANING CHASSIS
IN A HANDY FORM FOR RADIO
& TELEVISION REPAIRMEN, ADUST accumulation in a piece of elec-
SERVICEMEN AND STUDENTS tronic equipment may cause several
IT PAYS TO KNOWI types of improper operation. In a radio
AUDELS T.V. -RADIO SERVICE
LIBRARY presents the important sub-
receiver, dust accumulating between the
jects of Modern Radio, Television. In-
dustrial Electronics, F.M. Public Ad-
dress Systems, Auto. Marine & Aircraft
Radio, Phonograph Pick -Ups, etc.
Installation - Operation -
Covers Basic Principles- Construction-
Repairs
Trouble Shooting. Shows Itow to get
Sharp. Clear T.V. Pictures, Install
-
Aerials -How to Test. Explains ('olor
Systems & Methods of Conversion. 1001
Facts -Over 1260 Pages -625 Illustra-
tions of Parts & Diagrams -Valuable for
Quick Ready Reference & Home Study.
Tells How to Solve T.V. & Radio Troubles
-Answers T.V. & Radio Questions.
Get this information for Yourself,
7 DAY TEST -ASK TO SEE IT!
DI' Publishers, 49 MAIL
AUDEL, 23rd
ORDER-
York
W. St., New
plates of the tuning capacitor will cause
10, N.Y.
Mall AUDEL'S T.V. RADIO SERVICE LIBRARY 2 Vols. $6 on 7 days tree severe noise as different stations are tuned
in. In a television receiver, a dust accumu-
trial. If O.K. I will remit sn in 7 days and $1 monthly until $6 is paid.
Otherwise I will return them.
lation in the high voltage circuit may build
Name
up to the point where arcing and other dis-
Address charges can occur, introducing streaks in
the picture and noise in the sound. And in
Occupation
PE test equipment, accumulated dust may pro-
Employed by vide leakage paths, changing the resistance
of some circuits and thus changing the cali-
bration of the equipment.
MAKE BIG MONEY -EASY! The best way to remove dust from elec-
tronic gear is by blowing it away. A small
$0oINAWEEKYOURS! hair dryer may be used for this purpose, as
shown in the photo. A vacuum cleaner,
Amazing D- FROST -O -MA TIC Actually used as a blower, is also good and will gen-
Sells Itself on Dramatic FREE TRIAL! erally deliver a heavier stream of air than
30,000,000 women need, want to end messy
hand defrosting. Sell out of 10 automatically
a hair dryer.
* * *
with sure -fire D-Frost- O -M4tic FREE TRIAL.
Leave sensational D- Frost -O -Matic in home IMPROVE YOUR PHONO PLUGS
day or two, come back and pocket your big
profit without effort. Make $15.00, $20.00 and more in an hour HOSE tight- fitting phono pin -plugs are
full or spare time -up to $210.00 and more in a week! I so small that it is hard to get a good grip
Rush name, address on a postcard for exciting on them when you want to pull them out
big -profit facts and proof, with details of dramatic
FREE!
-
FREE TRIAL PLAN that sells 8 out of 10 auto- of the jacks. A handy suggestion is to
matically. Everything FREE, no obligation. Write TODAY solder ring type electrical fixtures onto the
D- FROST- O- MATIC,173 W. Madison, Dept.F -54 Chicago 2,11I
pin -plugs to act as handles. These fixtures
THAT PROFESSIONAL LOOK!
PERFORATED AND FINISHED CHASSIS 30Lb£a ALL
AROUNp
Give that "Build Your Own" electronic pruie,t eye
appeal! We can furnish perforated and finished chassis
and cabinets for projects featured in all issues of
Popular Electronics. Write today for what you need.
HOUSEHOLD HANDIES
2307 Main Street Santa Monica, Calif. SOLDER ALL
AROUND
ill TRANSISTORS!!!
EXPERIMENTERS Hurry limited quantity, mar-
vels of electronics build your own audio oscilla- consist of a brass ring with a shank which
O tors, personal radios, hearing aids etc.
only $3.00 each postpaid
Price
SAVE by buying set is threaded internally with %"-pipe threads,
ill of 3 photocells and 1 transistor
$4.95 per set
Bargain price
Learn by doing; Be the first.
and they are used by electricians for hang-
Don't pay high prices Act now ELECTRONIC'S ing chains from ceiling bowls on ceiling
greatest development Marvels of Science.
TRANSISTOR -PHOTO PRODUCTS lamp fixtures. Electricians call them "chain
Geneva, Illinois hangers" and they sell for a dime each.
104
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
Slip this unit over the phono cable and a socket to the proper plug-in terminal and
onto the pin -jack. The two parts are sol- use a dial lamp of the correct voltage. A
dered together securely by running solder 21/2 -volt lamp is shown in the photo. When
all around the joint. If the chain hanger substituting the "B" voltage of the elimi-
fits the plug a little too loosely, pinch the nator for test purposes on a portable or
hole in the chain hanger to a slightly oval automobile radio, the pilot lamp serves two
shape with a pair of pliers before soldering. purposes. It indicates that the eliminator
* * * is operating, and -with practice
ables you to observe its brightness as an
en- -it
ADD PILOT LAMP EASILY
BATTERY eliminators of the type illus- indication of excessive drain in the plate
trated have provisions for "A" and "B" circuits of the receiver.
voltages. To install a pilot lamp in the "A" :x r *
CONNECTING PHONE TIPS

WHEN connecting phone tips to binding
posts with removable tops, it's hard to
_i
FILE ROUND GROOVE
WITH SMALL RAT -TAIL
FILE, OR V- GROOVE
ITH 3- CORNERED FILE.
PHONE CORD TIP

LOCKED IN
GROOVE
(A) (6)
make the tips stay put. A little sideways
voltage plug -in, it is only necessary to wire tug on the cord is all you need to pull the
LAFAYETTE'S
WESTERN ELECTRIC HEARING AID
eR
TIMER- SWITCH SALE
Automatically turns on radio.
iN VIM
3.95 .
EXPERIMENTERS
MULTI -PURPOSE KIT '
Brand new. in original
Western Electric's Íeweler's
case. Supplied with receiver. tiakers.
etc. -
television sets, toasters, coffee
at any ' pre -set
me within 12 hour period: 13.95
receiver cord. battery cord tells time. Requires 3l /2"
and plug (less batteries). iameter
dalso round
o hole. Depth
Money back guarantee. Act behind dial fare 2t/4. Shoe:.
now hile they last! Uses wt. 11/2 lbs. 515.62. for 110V /GO Cy AC 10 Kits in One
Burgess XX3O6 and 8B bat- 1. Broadcaster Receiver
series at 51.55 per set.
Reg. Price 4-MOO Our Price 14.95
PRECISION GEIGER COUNTER

NEW POCKET AC-DC VOM MULTITESTER
1.000 ohms per Volt

2. Phonograph or
Mosrophone Amplifier
3. Phono
a. Home Broadcast Station
S. Capa Practice tOscillator
r
MULTITESTER. An
v
AC -DC 6. Capacity Operated Relay
29.95 ideal portable unit that meets 8. Signal
the need for a compact, yet 8. Electronic Timer
Geiger featuring rugged test instrument. Uses 9. Electronic Switch
sensitilvity radio-
adino- full 3" rectangular meter with SO. Photo Call Relay
active substances and ex- large easy to read scale. Uses
tremely compact design. 1% precision resistors, Jew- You can play your phonograph through your
Detects uranium ore, cos- eled D'Arsonv I mtcroamp meter move- radio. broadcast your voice through your
mic rays, radium and ment. Ranges: ACDC and outpput volts radio, etc. Kit is complete with breadboard,
8.5. 0-25, 0.1 OOUot
x -rays by Instantly pro-
ducing a loud series of clicks in earphone. 0.10 O-ohm Mti Resistance Current O -lug
microphone, 3 tubes and
for construction, with 12allpage manualparts
necessary
of
Uses a miniature amplifier tube. one d Site: x 3 s instructions and schematic and pictorial dia-
ais". SuSupplied complete with
221,' V- hearing aid battery and one flash-
light battery. Strong plastic case 11/2" x batteries. 2t/°th lbs.
test leads grams. Less headphones, photo cell
wire and solder. Shpg. Wt. 10 Iba.and socket,
3' x 5 ". Supplied complete with itinlret, MODEL Complete
KT -36
batteries. radio- active sample and instruc-
tions. Shp, t. 3 lbs. Singly, ea. 9.95 In lots of 3, ea. 9.45 Net 13.95
Model 1Ó 29.95 Photo Electric Cell type 868 Net 2.50
3 LENS TURRET MICROSCOPE Amphenol 77MIP4 Socket for above... Net 7e
WELLER SOLDERING KIT 100X- 200X -300X 6.75 BINOCULARS NEVER BEFORE AT THIS PRICE
Kit 2duetwspotlite Precision built for accuracy
and long lasting service. Imported Direct
Triple position turret holds
Weller gun
of Kester solder
tip
- -
ample supply
smoothing tip
soldering
tip object ivesatfoor c magnification
of IOOX. 200X and 300X
Pri
with order, Add
m.Caoted Lenses
10% Fed. Tar
interchange
-
rench - two
instruction booklets sturdy
metal case or convenient igh
Hwer!
Dual knob focusing.
-grade micro -optics used
throughout. Complete with
All -Metal Construction
storage. Shpt. Wt. 5 lbs. fitted wood raving case and Individual Focus
Weller 8250 -AK Net 10.99 sides. Shp(: Wt. 41/2 lbs. Complete with Leather
F -10 NET 6.75 Case & Straps
PRECISION DRAFTING SET
F -105, 8 x 30 with case....
11 Pieces
Case.
-
Fitted Felt -Lined
Made in Germany. of
30 POWER TELESCOPE
F -15,
F -103,
7 x 35 with case....
NET 19.95
NET 22.50
heavy brass. nickel plated and 7 x 50 with case.... NET 24.95
ppolish d. Instruments include
SU Compass with pencil and
ßár.
points lengthening
All metal -
Chrome trimmed! O }
F -104, 12 x 50 with case.... NET 32.50
Wrlr f o EE
3a/44't
witrt needle point. pen point
and pencil point. 5" Ruling
pencilextra handle pen
Precision machined body. Hand ground.
h d coated
nerarasbfine .binoculars.
achromatic
Brings (meets 30
lenses.
o
Sharp, Q Jad(U BRON1,N.r.
ofeal
WI/or/ha ngA
leads. Your money back
tra
this net is not worth twiceif - -
times loser)! Smooth. easy sliding focus-
ing. Collapses to 7" extends to 141/2 ".
As always you must be satisfied -or
NEWARK.11.1
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11teenlbe_:
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F -13 NET 2.75 F -59 NET7.50 Include postage with order.
March, 1955
105
RADIO CONTROL for GARAGE DOOR tips out again. To solve this problem, file
FROM YOUR CAR -NO FCC LICENSE
REQUIRED a groove across the top face of the bottom
TRANSMITTER KIT: incl. 6 V. Dynamotor, 271/4 Mc
Crystal, Tube, Cab., Wound Coil, Switch. Resistors,
Condensers, Instructions..$16.95; with 12 V. Dyna-
part of the post, as shown in "A ". When
motor add S2.00 the tip is locked in the groove as shown in
RECEIVER KIT: 271/4 Mc. incl. Transistor, Sens. Relay,
Wound Coilp, Resistors, Condensers, Instructions $10,95 "B ", it's impossible to pull it out unless you
/6
unscrew the top of the post. A round
MULTITESTER- Measures 3V2" x 4t/4" x11/4"
AC: 0.15, 150, 750, 3000 olte. groove can be made with a small rat -tail
file, or you can make a V- groove with a
R
I DC: 75. 300 750, 3000. volts.
DC MA: 150, 7500.
.
Resistance: 100,000 ohms.
Complete with battery, test leads. Brand
only
$9.95 three-cornered file. If you make two
'b
New
grooves, one on each side of the screw,
the post will hold two phone tips securely.
6
e w'$
Ö
. PAR7s AVAILABLE for all Radio Control
Equipment described in Popular Elec.
6:
äaöam6 tropics * * a
Clockwork ELECTRIC TIMER; 1/2 to 24 00
$1.00
min,
TRANSMITTER á RECEIVER KIT: 271/4 Me band
INSULATED SCREWDRIVER
License Free. All Parts & Diagrams (less tubes Si
crystal) to build Powerful 5 Watt Transmitter Unit ONCE in a while the need arises for a
& 2 -Tube Supersenstive lightweight Receiver, in-
eluding SIGMA 10,000 ohm Relay.....
DC, 13 amps. Requires 1/8 h.p
S9.95 screwdriver with an insulated blade,
GENERATOR: 12-24
or larger motor
TOY TRAIN TRANSF: 18V
ith pulleys
2A $1.65; 4A
$5.25
4.95 especially when working around automo-
RECTIFIERS: 18V lA $1.40; 2A $2.10' 3.75
3,000 ohm 5.95
4A.........
SIGMA 4F RELAY: 8,000 ohm, 1 Ma. 4.95;
SIGMA 26 F CDS RELAY: 8000 ohm.... ....: 8.50
3.95
11/ V. Tiny Atom MOTOR wth Variable Speed Gearbox
Hr. 2.75
Storage BATTERIES: 2 Volt 3 "x4 "x51/2 ", 27 Amp.
"x31/2 2.45
MINI. 6 V. BATTERY: Willard NT6- 21/2'x15/4 relay "
1.25
G. E. RELAY CONTROL: with sens, 10,000 ohm
2 V. VIBRATOR SUPPLY KIT: 180 V. /35 Ma. 6.95
2 V. BATTERY CHARGER KIT: $4.95; wired 6.95
ALL MATERIAL GUARANTEED -FREE CATALOG "P"
GYRO ELECTRONICS, 325 Canal Street
WORTH 6 -1290 NEW YORK 13, NEW YORK
tive equipment where the body serves as
ground. The shaft of any screwdriver may
Beginners ELECTRONIC KIT be insulated quickly and easily by wrap-
For young and old ping it with thin, plastic electrical tape
c134-
35 EXPERIMENTS (Scotch #33). The insulation is very effec-
-- Complete, no extras tive; yet the tape is so thin that the blade
* ji VA
to buy. Build 5 radios,
audio amplifier and
oscillator, electronic
organ, 2 power sup -
is not bulky. This tape also works very
well on the handles of pliers and other
('lies plus many oth- tools.
/1¢ ere. Kit has duo-pur- * * *
i
ç pose tube, selenium
Ry rectifier, headphone, LINE -CORD KINK
.r_6,gpept ,rra crystal all necessary
resistors,
s, condensers,
hardware, etc.
HERE'S a good way to insulate and an-
Only $1 with order, pay postman $8.95 plus charges or
chor the line -cord at the place where it
$9.96 prepaid. enters the chas-
ELECTRO KIT sis. As shown r_.
Box 3468 Dept. PE-4 Maplewood 17, Mo. in the photo,
mount two
small rubber
WANTED: TUNING UNITS grommets close
together, split
FOR RECEIVER AN /APR -4, and AN /APR -9 the line cord,
and then pass
ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES o n e w i r e
434 Patterson Road Dayton 9, Ohio through each
grommet into the chassis. Now, make a
small loop in the right -hand wire close to
Catalog OF 3000 Novelties 1 oc the grommet and bring the wire to the
Send 10e for amazing catalog of novelties, live animals, left. Now loop the left-hand wire around
scientific supplies, hobbies, funmakers, planes á boats,
looms, magic tricks, ¡eke articles, unusual seeds, gad- the first wire and pass the end through
get timesavers, cameras, optical goods, projectors,
movies, lucky jewelry, religious novelties, disguises,
musical instruments, stamps, coins, puzzles, fortune
the right -hand loop. Pull the two leads
tellers,
passes,
radios, auto & bike accessories, telescopes, magnifiers, com.
banks, smokers' gadgets, artists' supplies, printing sets, en-
tight while pressing the two loops close
gines,
sports,
motors, shockers, knives, billfolds, fireworks, guns, rifles.
books, games, plants, etc. Send name, address Si 10c tot
to the grommets.
* * *
JOHNSON SMITH & CO., Dept. 863, Detroit 7, Michigan
RIGUFST PORTFOLIO 950 SOLDERING AID
WHEN connecting or tinning leads on
FREE! small parts, one frequently wishes for a
GLr IT
TV accessories and ports third hand. In lieu of this, a good idea is
to wrap a small length of solder around
T O D A Y !
<eheet s. l'
dota sheets, etc. Yours
idaire for the asking!

the index finger of one hand. Pull down
ELECTRONICS MFG. CORP
a sufficient length of solder to reach the
576 WEST MERRICK ROAD LYNBROOK,R.T. work, which may be held by the thumb and
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
106
remaining fingers. The soldering gun may
be handled with the other hand. Some ex-
Rudd 5h0e 'Wet J(ib
Described in This Issue of Popular Electronics!
(Nationally Known, New Parts- No Sur lus!)
WRL C -R HANDY TESTER KIT
Here Is a handy tester in kit form that
will save many hours when searching for
those hard -to -find defective parts. See pic-
ture and article elsewhere in this maga-
zine. Complete with plastic case, all
necessary parts and hardware, and Instruc-
tions for easy assembly. Include 30c for
Post. and Ins.
WRL WIRELESS RECORD PLAYER KIT

perimenters find this much faster than Three speed record player in kit form that
using a vise or trying to prop up a pair you can play through all AM radios in your
of pliers holding the work. house. Complete with turntable, wired
phono oscillator, tubes, and all necessary
* * * parts. Simplified assembly plans Included.
Add 75c for Post. and Ins.
HOLDS GUY WIRES TIGHT
TO ANCHOR antenna guy wires securely
WRL FREQUENCY METER -MONITOR KIT
after you've pulled them tight, a handy This kit is a must for every ham station.
clamp made from a bolt is very useful. my Can be usedfor monitoring your signals
With a hacksaw, make a slot lengthwise $19.95
and
and
as frequency meter. See picture
a
description in this issue. Comes com-
through the threads into which the wire Complete plete with all tubes, parts, pre -wound
will lay. Then after the wires have been coil, hardware and wire. Simplified as-
sembly instructions with kit. Include 40e
for Post. and Ins.
WRL ECONOMY POWER SUPPLY KIT

This power supply has an average output
of 250 V. at 65 M. A.; is fully described in
this mag. Many uses for the experimenter; Only
-small transmitters, receivers, bias sup -
plies, modulators and audio amplifiers. $14.95
Here it is in kit form, complete with Corn . tete
tube, punched chassis and easy -to-follow
instructions. Add 50e for Post. and Ins.
adjusted, slip the bolt over them, add a
washer and nut, and tighten with two WRL LIGHT METER KIT
wrenches to avoid kinking the wire. (Transistor -Type)
Handy light meter in kit form! Can be used
* * * by architects, engineers and photographers;
for determining illumination levels or as
TOOL HOLDER FROM I.F. CAN an exposure meter. Complete with meter,
ACONVENIENT photo cell, all necessary parts and punched
chassis. Simplified instructions included.
a n d inexpensive Add 40e for Post. and Ins.
holder for alignment
tools can be made
from an old i.f. or
r.f. metal shield can. 111 MIN ra
Holes drilled into
WORLD RADIO
the top of the can LABORATORIES
w i l l accommodate
t h e assortment of
tools shown in the
photo. 3415 W. Broadway - Co. Bluffs, Iowa
I
The can may then IPlease rush me the WRL Kits and information I have
be mounted perma- marked below! My check (or money order) is enclosed.
nently on the serv- C -R Handy. Tester Kit S 5.09
ice bench, or moved Wireless Record Player Kit 22.50
Frequency Meter -Monitor Kit
around as desired. Economy Power Supply Kit
19.95
14.95
Bench mounting D Light Meter (Transistor -Type) Kit 20.95
is facilitated by us- Plus Indicated Postage
ing the can's origi- Send Complete FREE Information on:

WRL All -Band Antenna Kit
nal mounting ter- WRL Handy Tool Kit
$ 6.95
1.98
minals. H WRL Cede Oscillator Kit 4.95
* ' NAME
USE RUBBER GROMMETS
RUBBER grommets are available which
may be forced over the chassis edges
March, 1955
-
ADDRESS-
(CITY and STATE -

stat am -M norm
107
4g.Fll-!-
.
v, -_
and then straightenea out to corm an in-

HUGE SAVINGS ON sulator, at openings from % to % inches
POPULAR COMPONENTS! in diameter. The installation of such grom-
SCOOP! 10 mil METER mets provides safe insulators for line cords
or other cables brought out from experi-
Reg. $8 only $1.88 mental or permanent chassis.
Marion Type 53S rect. Basic * * *
movement 10 ma, scale now 0 to
5. BRAND NEW! ENLARGING CHASSIS HOLES
SELENIUM
G -E 50 RF COILS, CHOKES YUO can easily enlarge
slug -tuned coils. fí00
FULL -WAVE BRIDGE
In: 18VAC Out: 12VDC
&
Reg. $15.00. Only a punched hole, or
Sale 5O
ma. Reg. $4.00
690
50 THREADED IRON even a small drilled hole,
100 PAPER Y7 Asstd. for slug -tuned 711 to the exact size you
CONDENSERS coils. Reg. $2.50. Only. 40 want. Use a burring
.00035 to .25mí up to 25 ASSTD. AIR
1600V, popular mfrs.
and sizes. Reg. $12.
$' f9 TRIMMERS reamer in a brace (or
100 RESISTORS
Singles,
a7
duals. Reg
690P
U
large electric drill) as
%w -70, 1w -20 and 2w.,
insulated, top mfrs. $109 10 25 FT. ROLLS shown. When you have
Reg, $15.80 1 WIRE obtained the proper size
50 POPULAR KNOBS Plastic & cloth insu-
Some worth 252. Reg. 720 lated, solid and stranded hole, touch up the sharp
$3.50. Sale price only. is #18 to 24. Asstd. col- !100
ors. Only edges with a round file.
2 LBS ASSTD 1
HARDWARE 15 SWITCHES
Over 1000 pieces! Reg. 880 Rotary, push, micro.
$2.50 value. Only Experimenters note I 1150
10 VOLUME Reg. $7. Only 95P QUICK CONNECTIONS
CONTROLS 25 TUBE SOCKETS
Radio and TV. Some 4, 5, 6,
some w/shield
7, 8, 9pin,
base, Op j and others who make
with switch. Reg. 58
Only 690
V7 some isolantite. Only. OI0 a great many temporary connections
EXPERIMENTERS
50 SOLDER LUG ERIE CERAMIC will find that they can save considerable
STRIPS TRIMMERS
terminals. Reg. 690 5- 15 8- 50mmf. Reg. 7 00 time by utilizing small coil springs for
$3ÓO1 now
Please send check orr17M..O., include estimated post-
making electrical contacts. Leads to be
age. C.O.D. orders, 25% down payment. connected are merely pushed between coils
of the spring where they are held securely
LEKTRON SPECIALTIES as long as the connection is needed. An
28 Gardiner St. Chelsea, Mass. ordinary unpainted door spring can be
bought at nominal cost at a hardware
MOVING? store. When cut into % or 1-inch lengths
Please advise our
CIRCULATION DEPT.
64 E. LAKE ST., CHICAGO 1, ILL.
Include your old address as well as new
enclosing if possible an address label from
-
a recent issue of this magazine. Allow at
it will supply a sufficient quantity of these
least 4 weeks for change of address. "lightning" connectors to take care of
almost any "breadboard" layout.
* * *
Inventors
Send today for our instructive booklet, "Patent
Protection for Inventors" outlining preliminary
THESE
INSULATED TEST CLIPS
insulated test clips will save you
from getting "bit" when working on a
live wire yet they are very easy to fix. Cut
steps to take toward patent protection, also for a piece of 14" or %" spaghetti so that it
convenient "Evidence of Invention" form.
VICTOR J. EVANS & CO.
139 -C MERLIN BUILDING, WASHINGTON 6, D.C.
ND DID
CUSTOM RADIOS FOR
,,
1952 TO 55 FORDS
SUPERHETERODYNE BIG 6 x 9
INCH SPEAKER LOW BATTERY ,sly,J®
DRAIN EASY INSTALLATION $3390 is about 3/8" shorter than the metal portion
PERMEABILITY TUNER WRITE FOR LITERATURE
of the clip and slip it over the alligator
NORDIC RADIO COMPANYBOX 582 EVANSTON, ILL. clip as shown. END
0
1 POP!JLAP ELECTRONICS
SERIES- PARALLEL RESISTANCE CIRCUITS
CLASS
IN THE October issue we discussed meth- their total resistance is 3% ohms. The 4
ods of finding the total resistance of two ohm and 5 ohm resistors are simply in
or more resistors in series or in parallel. series and their total resistance is 9 ohms.
Often, three or more resistors are found in Therefore the total resistance in diagram
a circuit which combines series and paral- (C) is the same as the circuit in diagram
lel connections. The total resistance in such (D), where 3% ohm and 9 ohm resistors
cases can be found by combining the meth- have been substituted for the combinations
ods previously described. which have those values. Now, in diagram
For example, in diagram (A), R. and R2 (D), the 6 ohm, 3% ohm, and 9 ohm resis-
are in series with each other, and the com- tors in series -parallel combination are equi-
bination is in parallel with Re. The resist- valent to one resistor of 82%8 ohms, so the
ance of R. and R2 combined, original circuit can be redrawn again as in
R1,2 = R. +R2 =2+3 = 5 ohms. diagram (E). Finally, we have the parallel
The total resistance of the combination of combination of two resistors of 7 ohms and
5 ohms and 4 ohms in parallel, 82%8 ohms. The total resistance is 3 -510/
R1,212 =
5 X 4
5 +4
- -= 20
9
2% ohms.
593 or approximately 3.856 ohms.
Now let's take a combination which looks
a bit simpler, since it has only five resis-
To take another example, diagram (B), tors, but which has its resistors connected
R5 and Re are in parallel and the combina- in a slightly different way, diagram (F).
This one cannot be solved by the methods
R( R2 611. 3 2 /3n which have been used in the previous cir-
cuits. It may seem at first sight that R.
and R4 are in series, but the rule for the
total resistance of two resistors in series
is based on the assumption that the resis-
(A) (0) tors are connected so that all of the cur-
R5 8 23/38n rent which flows through one of the resis-
tors flows through the other one also. This
rule can be applied to two resistors only
(E)
when one end of the first resistor is con-
nected to one end of the other resistor and
nothing else is connected at that junction.
RI R4
The same amount of current does not
necessarily flow through R. and R,, because
of the connection of R. at their junction.
Either some of the current through R, may
flow through R2 instead of R. or some of
the current through R. may flow through
(c) (F)
R. instead of R..
It may seem at first that R. and
tion is in series with R4. The total resist - R2 are connected in parallel, but the rule
ance of 10 ohms and 15 ohms in parallel. for the total resistance of resistors in
10 X 15 150 parallel is based on the assumption that
R5,6 =
10 + 15
- 25
=6 ohms. they are connected so that the same volt-
age appears across both resistors. In
The total resistance of R,, R5, and Re, diagram (F), some of the voltage across
R4,5j6 = 5 + 6 = 11 ohms. R. or R2 may be across R3.
More complicated combinations can be Similarly, R2 and R5 may appear to be in
calculated by repeating similar steps. Take series and R. and R5 may appear to be in
the circuit in diagram (C), for example. parallel, if we overlook R2. Actually no two
The 1 ohm, 2 ohm, and 3 ohm resistors are of the five resistors are either in series or
in a circuit like that of diagram (B) and in parallel. We cannot eliminate R. by
March, 1955 109
';i;Rl
combining it in a series or parallel com- but the even- harmonic components pro-
bination with any of the other resistors. duced by the two tubes are added. The grids
There is, of course, a way to find the of the tubes are connected in push -pull and
total resistance of circuits such as that in are tuned to the fundamental frequency;
figure (F). It will be discussed in a future the plates are joined together, the common
issue. lead going to the top of the output tank cir-
The following quiz is intended as a self cuit. Assume that the input signal coupled
check. You should be able to answer all to the grids is 3500 kc.; on each positive
of the questions correctly if you have mas-
tered the foregoing text. The answers ap-
pear on page 128.
QUIZ
1. What would be the total resistance in Fig. (D)
with four 2 ohm resistors?
(a) 1.2 ohms; (b) 0.8 ohms; (c) 2.67 ohms.
2. What would be the total resistance in Fig. (C)
with a 2 ohm resistor substituted for the 1 ohm
resistor and all other values as shown in the
diagram?
(a) 29 ohms; (b) 3.89 ohms; (c) 3.67 ohms.
3. What would be the total resistance in Fig. (C)
with zero ohms substituted for the 1 ohm re-
sistor and all other values as shown in the
diagram? half -cycle, the grid of tube A is driven into
(a) 3.78 ohms; (b) 4.47 ohms; (c) 4.77 ohms. conduction and on each negative half-cycle
4. What would be the total resistance in Fig. (C) the same thing happens to tube B just as it
with zero ohms substituted for the 7 ohm re- does in a push -pull arrangement. But, due
sistor and all other values as shown in the to the parallel connection of the plates, the
diagram? output tank circuit receives an excitation
(a) 8.61 ohms; (b) 0 ohms; (c) 6.81 ohms. pulse of the same polarity each time either
5. What would be the total resistance in Fig. (F) of the two tubes conducts. Hence, for the
if each of the five resistors had a value of 1 whole cycle of input there are two pulses
ohm?
(a) 1 -1/3 ohms; (b) 1 -1 /6 ohms; (c) 1 ohm. of excitation fed to the output tank circuit.
Since the latter is tuned to the harmonic
frequency, its output will be double the in-
PUSH -PUSH FREQUENCY put frequency by virtue of the paired -pulse
MULTIPLICATION excitation.
IT'S not a printer's error; it really is
NO,
The uniqueness of the push -push circuit
intended to read "push-push." lies in its ability to operate almost as effi-
Although push -pull amplifiers are f amil- ciently as a straight amplifier, because, un-
iar circuits in both r.f. and a.f. systems, like other frequency multipliers, it produces
push -push arrangements are strange to a pulse of plate current for each cycle of
many electronics fans. the output signal. An additional advantage
is that this circuit can be operated as a
The usual frequency doubler found in straight amplifier simply by removing fila-
amateur and commercial transmitters em- ment or heater voltage from one tube and
ploys a single tube operating in Class C retuning the output. The grid -to -plate ca-
(very high negative grid bias). Its grid cir- pacitance of the cold tube, being similar
cuit is tuned to the fundamental frequency to that of the operating tube, provides just
produced by the previous stage, while its the amount of neutralization required.
plate circuit is set to resonate at double this
frequency, or the second harmonic. The use
of very high negative bias introduces inten- BEATING DEGENERATION
tional distortion in the radio wave, making
it very rich in harmonics, including the sec- IN ANY normal single -tube audio ampli-
ond harmonic, so that the plate circuit of fier, omitting the bypass capacitor across
the doubler has something to which it can the cathode bias resistor gives rise to degen-
resonate to yield frequency -doubled output. eration, an effect which causes a significant
This type of doubler is relatively inefficient, loss of gain. The proper operation of an
however. amplifier tube requires that the cathode
The usual push -pull circuit cancels out potential be held constant while the signal
even -harmonic distortion, if the two tubes is permitted to swing the grid. Ordinarily,
are matched. If two tubes are arranged as the cathode bypass capacitor charges to
shown in the figure, the fundamental fre- some d.c. voltage and maintains the same
quency components of the signal and the potential across the bias resistor even
odd-harmonic distortion are canceled out, though the audio signal is varying the plate
IIO POPULAR ELECTRONICS
current. Omission of this capacitor causes of -phase by 180 degrees. This means that
the cathode to swing in step with the signal the plate current of tube A is rising when
voltage on the grid of the tube, reducing the the plate current of tube B is falling. If the
effective input signal, so that the over-all
gain is reduced.
The push -pull audio amplifier circuit
two tubes are matched and are operated on
the straight portions of their grid voltage
plate current characteristics, the sum of
-
shown in the figure "beats" degeneration the two plate currents always equals a con-
in the sense that this loss of gain does not stant value. Thus, even with no capacitor
occur even though the bypass capacitor is connected across R, the cathode is main-
not used. To prove this point, all we have tained at a constant potential while the
to do is show that the current flowing grid swings with the input signal and de-
generation does not appear.
INTEGRATING COUNTERS
INPUT
IN MANY military, industrial, and med-
SIGNAL ical applications, high speed counting of
successive events is an essential operation.
The repetition rate in such cases usually
goes far beyond the capabilities of slow
mechanical counters. For example, the
measurements of machine gun rate -of -fire,
through R does not vary even when full sig- the counting of rapid neurological impulses,
nal currents are flowing through the cir- the evaluation of radioactivity by Geiger
cuit. counters, and the counting of the passage of
Here is the way it works The total cur- : small objects on a high speed conveyor belt
rent flowing through R is the sum, at any all involve recurrence rates which exceed
instant, of the plate currents of the two the response of electromagnetic counters.
tubes, A and B. If we assume that the grid An integrating counter is a relatively
of tube A is positive -going, then the grid of simple device which "scales down" the rate
LIVE
tube B must be negative -going because the of recurrence to some smaller figure which
two ends of a transformer are always out- may then operate a mechanical counter sat-
R/C MODELS for MULTI-SERVOS FOR ADVANCED FLYING:
POWERFUL- DEPENDABLE
BEGINNER AND EXPERT
MOTOR DRIVEN R/C ACTUATORS
FOR BEGINNERS:
Ample
°
m move any
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©54
March, 1955
isfactorily. An example will simplify this. capacitors are perfectly satisfactory. If one
Neurological impulses occur in the form remembers that a perfect capacitor (of
of potential "spikes" at the rate of several which there aren't any) would offer infinite
hundred per- second. An electronic circuit resistance to the flow of direct current,
may be set up in which 100 nerve pulses would have absolutely no leakage, and
must occur before the mechanical counter would suffer no other losses, it is easy to see
is triggered once. Such a circuit is said to as the circuit under consideration begins
have a scale of 100:1. Thus, if the mechani- to involve higher standards, one's capacitor
cal counter displays five counts per-second, must begin to approach perfection.
it is then known that the nerve spikes must Demands for near perfection are made of
have a repetition rate of 500 per second. capacitors used in transmitter tank circuits
The integrating counter is a kind of elec- and in diathermy and electronic heating
tronic divider which keeps track of received equipment where very high voltage, very
impulses, triggers a counter after a certain low leakage capacitors are essential. Vac-
number have been received, and then resets uum capacitors approach perfection more
itself so that it may handle the next train closely than any other type.
of spikes. These capacitors are available in values
Small thyratrons like the 2051 and the ranging from 6 Iliad. to 100 µµfd. with volt-
2050 are favored as trigger tubes in inte- age ratings from 7500 volts to 16,000 volts
grating counters. Many circuit arrange- in small size units. As compared with
ments are possible with refinements and equivalent paper or mica -dielectric units,
modifications to suit the needs of the in- vacuum capacitors have these important
dividual process. The basic circuit shown features: they are completely self-healing
here is used for explanatory purposes only. even if subjected to over -voltages which
cause arcing between plates; they have
practically zero leakage; and they are de-
signed to slip into standard fuse clips.
The design and construction of vacuum
capacitors are minor triumphs of modern
INPUT
engineering. The accompanying illustration
ci
R
shows the constructional details of a typical
PULSES 7500 -volt vacuum capacitor.
BIAS
BATTERY I17V.A.C.
ro me
FERNIGO HEADER
uRáDÓI VADISG NICKEL WIRE RING
The thyratron is prevented from firing at GLASS TO METAL SEAL
the start by the bias battery which applies

a negative voltage to the grid through R2, a
resistor of very high value. The incoming
pulses are positive so that each one adds a
definite amount of charge to capacitor C1,
gradually bringing its voltage up to the
point where it cancels the battery voltage
and permits the thyratron to fire and ac- COPPER BRAZING RING
STEEL TUBING
tuate the counter. The number of pulses

needed to charge Ci to the "critical voltage"
or firing point may be chosen by adjusting
the value of Ri. The smaller the resistance
of R,, the fewer the pulses required to ele- One of the interesting features is the
vate the potential of Ci to the point where manner in which the glass -to -metal seal is
it will permit the thyratron to ignite. The handled. Fernico, an iron-nickel alloy hav-
counter may be equipped with a pair of con- ing the same coefficient of thermal expan-
tact points (not shown) which discharge Ci sion as glass, is used in "cup" form at the
after every counter step, thus making it top and bottom of the unit. Both Fernico
ready to accept the next train of pulses. cups are imbedded in the glass so that the
latter adheres permanently to the inside
and outside of the cup. Vacuum capacitors
VACUUM CAPACITORS of this type can withstand vibrations up to
CAPACITORS handle a great many jobs in 20G without any signs of deterioration of
electrical and electronic circuits. In the seals or internal bonds.
many of these functions the requirements The dielectric is, of course, a dry vacuum
are not critical and low or medium grade in which leakage currents cannot flow. END
Using the Decibel
(Continued from page 30) DON'T THROW OLD RADIOS
the difference in sound intensity between AWAY!
the input to the amplifier and the out-
put from it would be heard by the ear as This giant book shows
seven times the minimum change in loud-
ness that we could detect. exactly how to fix them
Now, let us use the table to work this without a lof of
o
problem. Since there is a gain involved, previous experience!

we refer to the right -hand portion of the
table. Since the values are in terms of There's a "secret" to repairing old
radios fast and profitably . and this
power (watts), we use the 5th column. The big RADIO TROUBLESHOOTER'S
nearest figure in this column to our power HANDBOOK is it!
ratio of 5 happens to be 5.012. This cor- Just look up the old snake and model you want to fix.
This manual -size, 31/4 pound 744 -page Ghirardi handbook
responds to plus 7 in the db column. Again, tells what the trouble is likely to be . . AND SHOWS
our answer is plus 7 db. YOU EXACTLY HOW TO FIX IT. No useless testing!
No wasted time) Even beginners can handle jobs "slick as
Let us work a problem using voltages. a whistle" The only guide of ifs kind . cuts repair time
.
Example What will be the gain in db in half !

:
Included are common trouble symptoms and remedies for
of an amplifier whose output voltage rises over 4,800 models of home and auto radios and record
to 9 times its input (across equal resist- changers. Actual case histories cover practically every model
made by 202 manufacturers between 1925 and 1942 -Air-
ances) ? line, Apex, Arvin, Atwater Kent, Belmont, Bosch, Bruns-
Here we must multiply the logarithm of wick, Clarion, Crosley, Emerson, Fada, G -E, Kolster, Ma-
jestic, Motorola, Philco, Pilot, RCA, Silvertone, Spartan,
the ratio by 20, since we are dealing with Stromberg AND DOZENS MORE. Gives how- to -do -it data
a voltage value rather than a wattage on SPECIFIC jobs-NOT general theory. Includes hun-
dreds of pages of invaluable tube and component data, serv-
value. ice short cuts, etc. Price $6.50. 10 -day free trial.
The common log of 9 is 0.95. Multiply-
ing this by 20 we get 19 db.
Again, the same answer could be ob- HERE'S HOW TO
tained directly from our table. Since a
gain is involved we again confine ourselves
to the right -hand side of the table. Since GET YOUR
our ratio is expressed in voltage, we check
down the 4th column. We find that the START
number of decibels that corresponds most
closely to a voltage ratio of about 9 hap- IN RADIO -TV- ELECTRONICS
pens also to be 19 db. Here's basic training you can
really understand training
As long as this table is available, there .
that can help fit you for a good
is no need for the formulas or for log- paying radio-television- electronic
career! No matter what part of
arithmic values of the ratios. If the table the work you want to do, this is
is not handy, though, the formulas and a the kind of training you need
table of common logarithms will solve any FIRST( More experts got
Ghirardi's RADIO PHYSICS their basic training
problem. COURSE is the oldest book of from this big book
Let us now take a situation in which its kind . . and still a best seller
BECAUSE IT IS SO AMAZ- than any other of
there is a decibel loss to be calculated. For INGLY CLEAR AND COM- its type!
example, an amplifier has a negative volt- PLETE. Thousands now in elec-
age feedback loop which is intended to re-
duce distortion at the output. This feed-
great book -
tronics got their start from this
AND THEY'LL
RECOMMEND IT TO YOU l'ODAY
36 courses in one!
I
Starts with Basic Electricity (over 300 pages) then takes

back voltage also reduces the over -all gain you step by step through the entire radio-electronics field.
of the amplifier. But by how much? As- Covers principles, theories and practices that are basic to
even the most modern equipment. 972 pages; 508 pictures:
sume that we measure 1.2 volts at the out- 856 helpful self- review test questions. Price only $6.50.
put of the amplifier with its feedback loop
in operation. Then we disconnect the feed- -- - - 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL - --
back loop and find the output measures 12 Dept. PE -35, RINEHART & CO., INC.
231 Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y.
volts. Send book(s) checked for free examination. In 10 days,
Our ratio in this case is 1.2 over 12, or I will either send price shown (plus postage) or return books
postpaid and owe nothing.
0.1. We now consult the left -hand side D chirardi's RADIO THOU- Ghirardi's RADIO
of our table for decibel loss. Since these BLE- SHOOTER'S
BOOK. $6.50.
HAND- l PHYSICS COURSE. $.50
are voltages we check down the column so
headed. We discover that a voltage ratio Name
of 0.1 indicates a 20 db loss. Thus we ex- Address
press the feedback value in this amplifier City, Zone, State
as minus 20 db. (OUTSIDE U.S.A. -$7.25 each, cash only. Money back If
books are returned in 10 days.)
Conversely, if an amplifier's specifica- 1 _II
March, 1955 113

tions claim that the circuit incorporates a
Edlie for TOP VALUES minus 20 db feedback loop (or "negative
feedback, 20 db "), this means that the
JUST Newest & Best "Fix -It- Yourself" Aid output of the amplifier should measure
one -tenth the voltage with the loop that
OUT! Edlie's E -Z TV REPAIR GUIDE it does without the loop.
The only Fix -It- Yourself guide made expressly for YOUR TV set!
Another example of decibel loss: Assume
Now you can save costly TV repairs with this new. that an amplifier has a rated output of 20
simplified method which includes all necessary data
for just YOUR set. No confusing, unimportant in- only watts. We want to determine what its
formation applicable to hundreds of different makes. hum level is because in order not to hear
Simplifies detection of faulty tubes in your TV
receiver quickly, accurately. the objectionable hum, its level should be
It's a terrific Idea -It's a terrific guide! Order
today and have your set back In perfect condition
at once. Be sure to send us make and model of
50, very low-maybe 50 db below the rated
your TV set when ordering. output of 20 watts. Here's how this is
done We apply a signal to the input of
:
5 -Tube AC /DC
----° - Superhet Radio Kit
the amplifier and connect a voltmeter
KIT: Includes all top quality
components required to con-
across its output terminals, say the 8-ohm
,.
struct this latest design, high-
ly sensitive 5 -tube, AC /DC terminals. Next we turn up the gain of the
-" ,,,,< ... superheterodyne broadcast re-
salver. lets w.th b_laek, amplifier to the point necessary to produce
Kiof
_ v
yCon.
gusts iwlrbakelit
a
cabinet (ex-
(ox-
d its rated 20 watts output. Since we are
128E6,
5 tubes:
35W4 &
12AT6,
5065....$3.25
120A6,
less tubes $7.95 using a voltmeter at the output terminals,
we must translate watts into volts. From
6-Tube Radio Kit '
Ohm's Law we know that power in watts
4
1.
KIT: A great glue in low is equal to the square of the voltage di-
\
l.,
Rd radio kit designed

gA .enaitiyity and OOd to Pe
for w
\ . g
qualities. Easily Çonst9ucted call
suit. Complete with chassis.
parts, hardware PM speaker (ex- .` 'e,.so ass ,ss O
vided by the resistance. (P =-7-1-y). There-
cept wire & solder)
i
Kit of 6 tubes: 25L6. 2528,
SA7
fore, E equals the square root of P x R. P
6SK7'(2) $3.25 $6.95 is 20 and R is 8. Thus E equals the square
less tubes
Write today for FREE Catalog. All mdse. shipped F.O B. New root of 160 which is approximately 12.7
York City, prices subject to change without notice. Include
20% deposit with C.O.D.'S. volts.
EDLIE ELECTRONICS Consequently, when our voltmeter -con-
154 Greenwich St. DI. 9-3143 New York 6, N. Y. nected across the 8 -ohm output terminals
-reads 12.7 volts, we have reached the
amplifier's rated output of 20 watts. We
now disconnect the input signal and short
VEST POCKET RADIO the input. Naturally, the voltage to be ex-
pected with no input signal should be
quite small. But whatever is present will
PACKS be noise and hum within the amplifier cir-
AMAZING POWER! cuit itself. Again, consulting our voltmeter
Owners report COAST - (still connected at the 8 -ohm terminals)
TO -COAST reception we discover that it reads 3 millivolts (0.003
on this tiny, hearing volts) .
aid tube radio. Truly, a To determine the number of "minus deci-
gem of electronic mag- bels" the hum level is with respect to the
ic, this little set must 20 watts output, we must first get our
delight you or your voltage ratio, which is 0.003 over 12.7.
money back. Fully fin-
ished PRE -FAB kit in- This comes to approximately 0.00024. Since
cludes attractive plas-
tic case, fibre chassis
POST-
PAID 299 we are dealing with a, loss in voltage, we
consult the 1st column of our table, and
with battery clips and we find there is no figure like our 0.00024!
soldering terminals, high-gain ferrite tuner, Therefore, we must interpolate. The
low drain hearing -aid tubes, switch, mini-
ature resistors and condensers and many nearest significant figure to our ratio of
other finished parts. Anyone can assemble 0.00024 happens to be 0.251. This gives us
in 30 minutes, no radio experience needed. minus 12 db. But our ratio is about one -
Clear picture plan shows every connection. thousandth, or 10's, of 0.251. We, therefore,
Batteries and hearing -aid earset extra at consult the 10-s value in the same column
$1.10 for batteries and $3.90 for dime -sized and discover we must add another minus
hearing-aid earset. Regular size headphone 60 db to the minus 12 we already have.
can be used if desired. Thus our final answer is minus 72 db.
SEND ONLY $1.00 WITH ORDER . . . This means the hum level of the amplifier
BALANCE C.O.D. is 72 decibels below its rated output, which
TRANSI -MITE RADIO LAB Manteo, No. Car.
puts it well below the level at which it
could be heard.
PI`
Conversely, this means that if an am- sound level indicator. This is actually an
plifier is rated at 20 watts output with a assembly of a microphone, an amplifier,
hum level of minus 72 db, the actual volt- and an a.c. voltmeter calibrated to provide
age measured across its 8 -ohm output ter- a db reading which corresponds to human
minals with no signal input should not hearing levels. On this meter, zero db rep-
exceed 0.003 volts. resents the threshold of hearing. This
Three main types of meters are used for meter is used by acoustics technicians to
measuring db directly, without the need for determine hearing conditions in auditori-
calculating values by the use of logarithms ums and theaters.
or the table. The simplest and possibly the In summary, the decibel is used to ex-
most familiar type is the "output meter" press any ratio of power, voltage, current,
or the decibel scale found on many multi - acoustic energy, etc. whether it be a gain
meters. This is actually an a.c. voltmeter relationship or a loss. It can be used to
calibrated to read the number of db that express the range of a symphony orchestra
expresses a ratio between the power being and then to determine how much ampli-
fed into the meter and some fixed refer- fication is needed to carry the music across
ence level, usually 6 milliwatts. The meter lines of certain distance in order to fill a
calibration assumes that the voltage is hall of a certain size or cut a particular
measured across 500 ohms resistance. This recording. Any type of gain or loss in any
type of meter is used in determining the circuit may be expressed in decibels which
relative outputs of various audio circuits provide a quick and accurate key to the
and is also used in receiver alignment.
The "VU meter" is similar to the output operating conditions of the circuit. The
meter, except the reference level is 1 milli - advantage of using decibels is that it per-
watt in 600 ohms resistance. In addition, mits the simple addition of ratios to obtain
the VU meter has time -constant charac- complete gain and loss data whereas using
teristics which determine its response to E, I, or P ratios would involve multi-
voltage peaks, such as "sound bursts" or plication and division. For example, it is
other short time interval peaks. It is widely easier to add 25 db and 36 db than it is to
used in broadcasting and recording studios multiply the corresponding gain figures of
to monitor the output levels of programs. 316.2 and 4000, to get the total gain of two
A third type of decibel meter is the amplifiers in cascade. END
4.e Concord vt
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This new headphone device brings new enjoyment to
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March, 1955 115

The World at a Twirl Peking opening 2200 and running to 0130
closedown on 15.060, 15.100, 11.650, 11.330,
(Continued from page 89) 9.663 (no English). It changes programs
every half hour and re -opens with chimes
in West Virginia although at times it seems and "Red" March. Not all are in parallel;
jammed. Westerners may find a better sig- outlets peak after 2300; all use Asian lan-
nal over the 11.620 outlet, in parallel. guages.
Japan -Far East Network, AFRS, 11.750, Cyprus- Sharq -al -Adna, 11.720A, Limas -
Tokyo, opens now 2100; carries English sol, has been heard at fair level 1630 -1700
news 2200; is audible on West Coast often by California DX'ers. It uses Arabic and
ZL3, 11.780; 0615 -closedown, ZL7, 6.080, has also been heard in Delaware.
with English news. This channel usually Fr. Cameroons -Although when this was
runs to 2000 closedown. compiled, it had not been reported as
New Zealand-Latest revised schedules "heard" in North America, Radio Douala,
for Radio New Zealand read to Australia according to European sources, has settled
2000 -0600, ZL19, 11.830; 0615 -closedown, down on 6.115 daily 1730 -2000 and Sunday
ZL18, 9.520. To Pacific Islands 1700 -0600, also 1000 -1300.
ZL3, 11.780; 0615 -closedown, L7, 6.080. Fr. West Africa -Radio Dakar, 4.890A,
Closedown times are 1045 weekdays, 1120 4.950, 9.560A, all parallel, has been noted
Saturday, 1000 Sunday. on West Coast with news in French 0730.
Norway -On Sunday at 1700-1720A sign - The 11.896A channel has been heard 0800-
off, eastern and midwestern SWL's should 0830 sign-off.
get a good signal from Radio Norway's Hong- Kong -For a real DX "catch," try
LLM, 15.175, when it has English sessions 9.525 for ZBW3, Victoria, at 1100 when it
called "Norway This Week." has weather report, BBC news relay in
Panama -Colon's HOLA, 9.505, has been English and then music.
heard in Indiana on a Sunday at 2130 with India-Eastern listeners should tune
religious program in English. 11.850 for All India Radio which opens 2330
Portugal -While Lisbon's 9.746A outlet to the West Indies. It should have English
is scheduled with all- Portuguese session to news 0030.
North America 0000 -0200, occasionally it Indonesia (USI) -YDQ2, 9.550, Makas-
has some English (regarding the Port Goa - sar, Celebes, has been heard in California
India affair). with Indonesian language session at dicta-
Sweden- Eastern DX'ers should get a tion speed 0730 -0815, fair level.
good signal from Radio Sweden, 11.705, Iraq -For another real DX "catch," tune
with English news 1200 -1215; western DX- 11.702A for Radio Baghdad around 1600;
ers at 1600 -1615 on 9.535. uses Arabic and has been heard on both
USSR -Radio Moscow i3 reported to East and West Coasts. If you're truly
North America in English 2300A -0600A on "lucky," you might get this one when it
many channels including 6.070, 6.240, 7.130, has English, 1915 -2000 closedown.
7.150, 7.160, 7.170, 7.200, 7.230, 7.240, 7.250, Malaya -The British Far Eastern Broad-
7270, 7.290, 7.350, 9.570, 9.660, 9.700, 9.830, casting Service, Singapore, has been logged
15.110. Obviously some of these outlets are by a West Coaster on 17.755 at good level
actually satellite relays from countries 1530 in English.
within the Soviet orbit. Pakistan -Radio Pakistan, Karachi, now
uses 6.235 and 7.010, parallel, for English
For Experienced DX'ers news 1445 -1500; heard in California.
Philippines -Don C. Smith, Transmitter
Albania -ZAA, measured 7.848, Tirana, Supervisor, Far East Broadcasting Co.,
now has English 2030 -2100. Inc., Box 2041, Manila, P. I., would appre-
Angola -Eastern and midwestern DX'ers ciate reception reports on the new 10 kw.
should try for Radio Angola on 9.050A, transmitter which now operates on 9.730 at
parallel with 11.862 (best bet) around 2200- 0900 -1700, 2100 -0100. Printed report forms
2230 closedown. Will be sent to anyone interested in report-
Bolivia CP38, measured 9.436, La Paz, ing reception to FEBC regularly. The new
has news in Spanish 0030; runs to 0230A; transmitter, a Collins Model 21M, replaced
all- Spanish programs. an older transmitter of about 1.8 kw. A
British Somaliland-A real "toughy," good time to try for this one is 1000 when
VQ6MI, 7.125, Hargeisa, has been logged
on West Coast weakly around 1330 -1430 there is news in English.
closedown; is best the last 15 minutes of Tahiti -Radio Tahiti, 6.135, Papeete,
transmission. should be audible at least some days
Burma -XYZ, 4.777A, Rangoon, is heard around 0400 -0600 in French.
in California at 1400 with native music. Thailand -After months of vain monitor-
China -West Coast SWL's report Radio ing, a California SWL has picked up Radio
Thailand, HSK9, 11.670, Bangkok, during
the North American transmission 0415- Electronic "Road Map"
0515; peaked around 0435 when English
news was in progress. helps build the
Last- Minute Flashes fastest -assembled radio
Radio France -Asie, Saigon, Indo- China,
has replaced 11.790 with 6.115 for English in the world
to Europe at 1600, good signal on West
Coast. This transmission opens in French
1535 and closes down 1630; 6.115 is also
used 1030 -1530 with French news 1515. It
has QRM, however, from Moscow until
1500.
COBZ, Radio Salas, Havana, Cuba, has
been heard on West Coast on 17.810 at 1515
with classical music. Although not reported
to me as heard yet in North America, the
"Forces Broadcasting Service, North Af-
rica," at Benghazi, Libya, is noted in Eng-
lish from around 1630 to 2100 closedown
on 3.305; opens daily at 0400 on 7.220
Radio Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, 4.870,
heard on .West Coast, closes 1330A but
final English announcement is at 1314A. It
carries news in English 1300. Radio An-
kara, Turkey, uses TAS, 7.285, and TAP,
9.465, parallel, with English for Western
Europe 2100 -2145 closedown. English ses-
sions from HVJ, Vatican City, are current-
ly scheduled daily at 1500 over 7.280, 9.646,
11.685; at 1815 -1830, 7.280, 9.646, 11.685,
15.120; on Tue. at 1600-1615, 11.685, 21.740.
4VEH, Haiti, has been noted on measured This "road map" or guide used with Jiffy
6.242 testing around 2250 when announced Connectors and electronic components makes
in English and asked for reports. Accord- it possible to assemble a complete radio set
ing to the International Short Wave Club, in four minutes. All these parts are contained
London, the Technical Staff of Radio in the Science Electronics Jiffy Kit, together
Nederland has published a new booklet, with complete instructions. You can't pos-
"Improvement of Short -Wave Reception," sibly go wrong, for the placement of each
available from Radio Nederland, Postbus numbered part is clearly indicated on the
137, Hilversum, Holland. Radio Montserrat, guide by a corresponding number.
3.255, 40 watts, using a center -fed doublet, Fourteen receiving and transmitting sets
operates Sunday 1630 -1700, 2000 -2030, and (and a code practice oscillator for "hams ")
Wednesday 1815 -1830, 1900 -1930. If you pick can all be built rapidly and safely without
up this one, QRA for reports is Radio tools or soldering and with no danger of
Montserrat, Box 201, Plymouth, Montserrat,
B.W.I.
Since August 1953, KGEI, Box 47, San
-
shock. Everyone from 6 to 60 can follow
these crystal -clear instructions and have
barrels of fun doing it.
Francisco, Calif., has been broadcasting ex- The Jiffy Kit is used by over 440 schools
clusively to Latin America under the non- and universities to teach electronics. You can
commercial sponsorship of General Electric use it as an expandable electronics labora-
Co. It is scheduled on 9.550 at 2300 -0230 tory. With the addition of inexpensive parts
you can build electric - eye devices, short
and is always glad to receive reception re- wave, radio control and amateur equipment.
ports from listeners in this country. Each A receiver made from the Jiffy Kit can be
correct report is answered with a verifica- your reserve battery -operated radio in the
tion card. event of an emergency.
Beginning in April, many stations will
make seasonal changes. Some will go on -
Send today for your Jiffy Kit $14.95
C.O.D. with a complete money -back guaran-
"summer time" (one hour earlier than listed tee, or send for literature and a free Jiffy
herein), and some will go on "summer" Connector and terminal post.
frequencies. In the meantime, good DX, fel-
lows, as you "twirl to tune the world!" SCIENCE ELECTRONICS, INC.
(Continued next month) 485 Main Street Carbridge, Massachusetts
March, 1955 117
Carl & Jerry run of the Anderson home. It was thought
best to keep the balloon raising point, the
(Continued from page 81) yagi antenna, and the TV receiver all as
close together as possible so that informa-
ly six feet, the hissing noise stopped and tion could be easily relayed back and forth
the rubber sphere ceased to grow. between the balloon- and -antenna operator
"'Maybe the cylinder has enough helium and the TV set observer. To this end a
in it to fill the balloon several times,' he short length of twin lead was run from
says," Carl quoted bitterly. the TV receiver out through a window to
"So I was wrong," Jerry cheerfully ad- the yagi set up on a short ladder between
mitted as he closed the valve in the neck the Anderson house and the Gruber home
of the balloon. "Wups!" he exclaimed as next door. The binder twine was measured
the neck slipped from his fingers and the off and a knot tied every fifty feet so the
balloon soared up and bumped along the height of the balloon could be known.
rafters of the tall barn that had been con- When everything was ready, both boys
verted into a garage. "It's a good thing went over to Jerry's house for supper,
we didn't fill it out of doors. You get a leaving the balloon safely hidden inside
ladder and recapture the slippery thing the closed garage. They did not want to
while I get our spray gun and put some send it up until after dark to avoid at-
aluminum paint in it." tracting attention.
Neither operation took long. Carl held By eight o'clock it was quite dark ex-
the captive balloon and turned it about cept for the light of a bright moon just
while Jerry stood on a stepladder and coming over the housetops. Carl and Jerry,
sprayed the surface with metallic paint. armed with flashlights, stealthily conveyed
Jerry directed the paint spray with more the balloon, tugging and bobbing in the
enthusiasm than accuracy, and by the time gusty breeze, out of the garage and into
the job was finished, Carl's face had a the narrow space between the houses.
metallic sheen that matched the silvery "Sh -h -h, don't make any noise," Carl
sphere he was holding. whispered as he pointed to the lighted
"I'll bet my face cracks six ways the window above their heads on the second
next time I smile," he muttered through floor of the Gruber house. "Grandpa Gru-
stiff lips. "Now I know how the man in ber must be catching up on his science
the iron mask must have felt. Say, wait fiction reading, and in spite of his eighty
a minute!" he exclaimed as he picked up a years, he's got plenty good ears."
piece of black tissue paper and began "Okay; let her go up," Jerry commanded.
whacking away at it with the tin snips. "Aye, aye, sir; releasing ballast," Carl
In a couple of minutes he climbed up on whispered as he let the coarse binder twine
the ladder and pressed the bits of paper slide through his fingers.
against the sticky surface of the balloon. The released balloon soared aloft like
Those bits of paper (serving as eyes, a live thing for about twenty feet, and
mouth, and nose), transformed the silvery then it stopped with a jerk.
bubble into the bald head of a menacing, "What's the matter ?" Jerry whispered
snaggle- toothed ogre. hoarsely.
"Holy cow!" Jerry exclaimed, "I'd hate "Darned twine is tangled," Carl mut-
to meet that guy in the dark." tered as he fumbled with knots in the
"When I was in the third grade, I won darkness. Above their heads the balloon
a prize for carving the meanest -looking was caught by a gust of wind and lurched
Hallowe'en pumpkin," Carl modestly ad- over and bumped against the lighted win-
mitted. dow pane with a soft whumping sound.
The boys spent the remaining daylight "Holy cow! Let it go, tangle and all,"
hours rigging up an old yagi Channel 6 came Jerry's agonized plea.
antenna the Bishops had taken down when Carl obeyed, and the balloon started up
they put up their new all- channel antenna again; but it was too late. From the
and rotor. The yagi was mounted on a lighted room there came a sound that
broomhandle thrust through the rungs of a was half a scream of fright and half a
stepladder so it could be rotated on a Rebel yell.
horizontal axis. "Boots and saddles! Prepare to mount!
"By keeping the side of the yagi pointed Charge!" came the muffled shouts of
at the station while the front of it points Grandpa Gruber. Then his window was
up in the sky, we can make sure all the thrown open and a long black tube thrust
reception we get is reflected from the bal- outside. A moment later an orange tongue
loon," Jerry explained. "A yagi picks up of flame licked out of the tube toward the
practically nothing off the side." balloon, only to be followed a second later
Carl's folks had gone out of town for by a second jet of flame. Three reports
the weekend; so the two boys had the rang out almost as a single clap of sound,
I 18 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
and the balloon evaporated from sight. The
binder twine dropped back to earth in a
tangle over the heads of both boys. DELUXE
"I got him! I got the varmint!" Grand-
pa Gruber cackled at the open window, 630 -TYPE
as doors were thrown open and people TV KIT
came running from all directions. "Look World's
for his carcass down there, but keep an Finest
eye peeled for some more of them Mar- TV Receiver:
tians that may be hanging around. He for picture tubes up to- +frd1
was thirty feet tall with a head as bald as
an egg and as big as a barndoor and the
skinniest body you ever did see. I got a
H 24" (70° defl.). 29 tubes.
All principal components mounted
Model 630024: Complete with all components,
real good gander at him while he was peek- tubes, brackets, and quality speaker. (Less
ing in my window, and I'll swear I never kine, wire and solder) _Net
$159.50
saw such a mean-looking countenance out-

side of a nightmare. Hain't you found his PA
carcass yet? Old Betsy here put two loads AC /DC TV KIT
of chilled shot right between his nasty eyes;
and there ain't a thing on this earth or
A High Quality TV
at Low Cost:
any of the rest of the planets that can live
for 14" and 17"
after a dose like that." rectangular tubes.
"All right, folks, stand back; what's
going on here ?" demanded a policeman as
he shouldered his way through the crowd. T Model 5116: Complete with tubes, hardware
"Mr. Gruber up there saw somebody-or and mounting brackets. (Less kine, wire and
some thing -peeping into his window and

shot at it," a woman explained.
E solder) Net $99.95
"Peeping into a second story window!" WILLIAMSON-TYPE

the policeman scoffed. "Grandpa, you'd 20 -WATT
better close that window and go on back AMPLIFIER
to bed before you catch a cold. You've been
having a nightmare." KIT
"Nightmare my eye, young know-it-all!" Famous Williamson
Mr. Gruber said tartly. "I tell you I saw
a man from Mars, and I let moonlight
u circuit with full 20
watt output.
through his pumpkin head with Old Betsy s Specially- wound, quality output transformer.
Model TM -15A, complete with tubes._Net $49.95
here. If you can't find the body, like as T
not his companions have lugged it off in
one of their saucer ships. But there's no o
use trying to explain anything to stupid
people who read nothing but the comics."
Saying this, Grandpa Gruber slammed
down the window, and a few minutes later
the light in his room went out.
M
B
4-CHANNEL,
PRE-AMPLIFIER-
EQUALIZER KIT' -`
With cathode follower output.
Inputs for FM tuner, phono, tape recorder and-
Jerry and Carl had very quietly and un- u other signal sources.
obtrusively slipped into the Anderson Model TM15P (with Cabinet)___._..._Net $19.95
house as soon as the policeman arrived, 1
but they had not escaped his notice. As he L
got back into the squad car he said re- AC /DC SUPERHET
flectively to his fellow officer, "You know, T RADIO KIT:
every time there's some excitement, that Receives all
tall tow -headed kid with the glasses and standard AM
the short fat one are right on the spot. I broadcasts, 550.
wonder how come."
Inside the Anderson home, Carl and
K 1720 KC. 5 tubes
including rect.
Super- sensitIve
high gain cir-
Jerry sat on a couch and grinned at each cuit with built -in loop antenna.
other rather sheepishly. Model 3B5 -K: Complete with all tubes. and
"That's the end of my Field Day balloon handsome bakelite cabinet .....................Net $19.95
and your experiment," Carl said slowly,
"but I guess neither of us minds too much. T Write for latest catalog
of complete Tech- Master line
It was worth it just to let Grandpa Gru-
ber get a good look at one of his saucer
folks. I just hope I've got half his zip and
S TECH- MASTER
-
Television Radio
CORPORATION
-
Audio
fire when I'm that old." END 75 Front Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y.
March, 1955 119

So You Want to Be a Ham
ELECTRONIC SUPPLIES (Continued from page 65)
For Experimenters- Service -Industry
Clean useful items sold on satisfaction
Guaranteed basis. WHOLESALE OR RETAIL
Miniature Hearing Aid Crystal I or quantity on request.
Microphone (postage stamp TUBES Values
automobile for daytime driving. Some ac-
size) extremely sensitive. Thou-
sands of applications. Famous
1629 -Magic Eye Tube.
7 for $1.00
tual figures will tell you why. A typical
Make Worth over $8.00. Guar-
anteed $1.49 ea.
6H6 -Dual Diode 4 for $1.00
3A5 Min. pentode used in commercially-made transmitter rated at 50
ELECTRONIC REMOTE CON-
TROL UNIT
Model Airplane Remote Con -
trol. RCA 3 for $1.00 watts, which means input to the final am-
2 for $2.50
Contains tube sockets, conden-
sers, resistors, tube sockets,
807 JA N
1625
1628
3 for 1.00
4 for 1.00
plifier stage, actually requires 6.3 volts at
Panel lamp, 3,000 Ohm SEN-
SITIVE PLATE RELAY (worth 6A K5 890
700
4 amperes or 25.2 watts for the filaments
over $4.00) Transformer. We 6YOG
include schematic instruction
sheet. TO CLOSE OUT RE-
6L(30 . . . . ..
Hearing Aid Subminiature
700 and 500 volts at 225 milliamperes or 112.5
MAINING QUANTITY.
790 ea.; 4 for $3.00
tubes Unbranded. New.
5 for $1.00
watts for the plate circuits, a total of 137.7
Brand New Meter Specials
3" Round Westinghouse 75-
Toggle Switches Bakelite body.
SPST 3A 123V AC. watts. A standard vibrator type high -
0 -75 Mils D.C......$2.95 3 for $1.00
2" Sq. ELECT. 0 -10 Amp. DPDT 3A 125V AC. voltage power unit for the plate supply
3 for $2.00
D.C. Iron Vane
2" Rd. G.E. O.1 AMP. D.C.
980
DPDT Center Off. 10 Amps.
$1.00 ea.
takes 35 amperes at 6.3 volts or 220.5
Iron Vane 980
Miniature 0.500 Microamps SMALL
(worth over $71.....$3.39
PARTS VALUES
BELL WIRE Stranded 3 -50'
watts. The difference between 220.5 and
Miniature 0 -1 Mil, D.C.$3.95 Hanks $1.00 137.7 watts represents unavoidable conver-
WESTON 506 0 -200 Micro-
amps (not surplus). .. 57.00
RETRACTABLE PHONE CORD
SOUND POWER-Head
Chest net used
in - &
Operat-
$2.95 sion loss. The aggregate current drain
-worth over $4.00 ea. Over
6' long. Brand New.
Mica
400 ea
condensers,
.... worth
....6 for $1.00 from the car's generator for the transmit-
$1.50 ea.; 3 for $4.00
HEADSETS (EARPHONES)
Brand New Telephone Hand - ter alone is 35 plus 4 or 39 amperes. Add
GOVT /SURPLUS. Excellent
condition 2000 Ohms or bet-
sets
.95
Red or Amber..6 for $1.00
ea.
Lamp Indicators
to this about seven amperes already being
Carbon Chest Mike..$2.95
ter
TELEGRAPH KEYS -U. S. Sig-
$1.95
nel Corps TYPE J -41: Original
Chassis w /8000 Ohm rel.
$1.00 ea.
taken for the ignitibn and the receiver and
Overseas
for $3.00. i
ll include em- Electrolytic
/U
20x20 $ M d.
you come up with the staggering figure of
untied Code Training course
with $4.00 order.
450VDC Worth $2.
4 for $2.00
46 amperes! This is one reason why smart
SELENIUM RECTIFIERS. Full
Wave Bridge Types. Input
FP electrolytics Multiple can
types Fresh. 6 for $1.00 hams keep the nominal power input of
from 0 -18 Volts A.C.
2 Amps $2.10 ea
10MFD. 400VDC (dual 5)
Oil Rect. Cond. NEW.$1.00 their mobile transmitters down to about
4 Amps
6 Amps
3.75 ea.
4.50 ea.
7 pr. Min. Steatite Sockets.
Worth 250 ea. Doz. $1.00 25 watts. At this level the primary cur-
Factory guaranteed for one Western Electric Stepping
year. Applications: Model RR, Switch. 2 circuit 46 steps rent is reasonably within the safe capacity
Electroplating, Battery charger, 6 or 12 VDC Coll Worth
etc. We'll quote on any size 530. Special ... .$7.95 ea. of a standard 35- ampere generator.
Include Postage with Order A quick question is probably forming in
REX RADIO
NEW
SUPPLY
7, 7 -1617
your mind. "What's to prevent me from
88 CORTLANOT STREET, YORK N. Y., CO
installing a larger generator in my car ?"
Nothing, chum, nothing except money.
Let's consider what such a change entails
in a common Ford. The standard 35 -am-
ACCORDIONS pere generator in it costs about $16.00 from
AT LOWEST an authorized dealer, the accompanying
regulator about $5.00. The next larger size
WHOLESALE generator, rated at 60 amperes, costs $85,
the necessary 60- ampere regulator $50!
PRICES -SHAY Also, you need new and heavier wiring to
FREE carry the increased current. If you let the
"PAY AS DIRECT from INN dealer do the whole revamping job, it will
Importer to You! cost about $225. If you can afford it, good
YOU PLAY" for you. A surprisingly large number of
Small Down Payment
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED, or your
money back! NOW you can save up to 50% hams do install these bigger units because
As Little As by direct purchase from America's leading
e
distributor of famous genuine ITALIAN it means they can operate mobile day or
10 month ACCORDIONS. Trade -Ins Accepted.
Send for FREE Illustrated Catalog!
& WHOLESALERS OUTLET
night, winter or summer, with full con-
fidence in their rigs. And here's a tip
perfectly good oversize generators and reg-
-
ACCORDION MANUFACTURERS
Dept., Chicago 22,111. ulators, salvaged from wrecked taxis,
2003 West Chicago Ave. police cars, etc., can often be picked up
at bargain prices at "junkies," that is, au-
tomobile "graveyards."
Get Your
F. C. C. LICENSE Quickly! Regardless of your electrical system, you
will find it advisable to transmit only with
Correspondence or residence preparation for F.C.C.
examinations. Results guaranteed. the engine running. If you expect to re-
An FCC commercial operator license means greater op- main stationary for a while, speed up the
portunities and higher pay. We are specialists in prepar- engine (by means of the hand throttle or
ing you, in a MINIMUM OF TIME, to pass FCC
examinations for all classes of licenses. Beginners get 2nd the choke) so that the ammeter or tell-
class license in 5 weeks and 1st class in 3 additional weeks. tale light shows a slight charge, or at least
Write for free booklet. no discharge, when the transmitter is on
GRANTHAM School of Electronics full. Save the battery. It has to put out
Dept. 104F, 6064 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood 2S, Calif. between 200 and 300 amperes when you
Phone: Hollywood 2 -1411 press the starter switch, and it won't if
you've run it down even partially with a
40- ampere load for an hour or so.
The usual location for the transmitter is
under the dash, over the center line of the
BUILD 15 RADIOS
floor. Here it does not restrict the leg
room of either the driver or a passenger in
the front seat, and it is also accessible for
tuning. Some rigs are found stowed away
AT HOME
With the New Improved 1955
Progressive Radio "EDU -KIT"
NOW INCLUDES
$ i 995
ONLY
in the trunk, but this limits operation to

a single frequency unless an elaborate re- HIGH FIDELITY, SIGNAL it Complete
mote- control system is used. The high - TRACER, CODE OSCILLATOR

voltage vibrator or dynamotor power sup- Attractively Gift Packed
Free Soldering Iron
ply is invariably mounted in the engine Absolutely No Knowledge
compartment to keep the heavy primary of Radio Necessary
No Additional Parts
wires at minimum length. A starting re- Needed
lay is always used in the primary circuit, Excellent Background
For Television
exactly as it is for the starting motor of 10-Day MoneyBack
the engine. Guarantee
School Inquiries Invited
For the popular 10 -meter band, the mo- Sold In 79 Countries
bile antenna is usually a flexible whip
about eight feet long, with a heavy mount- WHAT THE PROGRESSIVE RADIO
ing base fitted with a connector for coaxial "EDU -KIT" OFFERS YOU
The "Edu -Kit" offers you a Home Radio Technician Course at a
cable. Because of the danger of hitting rock -bottom price. You will learn how to identify Radio Symbols
and Diagrams; how to build radios, using regular radio schematics;
trolley wires, tree limbs, and other low - how to wire and solder In a professional manner. You will learn
hanging obstructions, the antenna is best how to operate Receivers, Transmitters, and Audio Amplifiers. You
will learn how to service and troubleshoot radios. You will learn
located on the lowest part of the car, the code. You will receive training for F.C.C. license. In brief, you will
receive a practical basic education in Radio, worth many times the
rear bumper. At that, you have to bend small price you pay.
the whip forward and hook it somewhere THE KIT FOR EVERYONE
along the rain molding at the front left It is not necessary that you have even the slightest background in
science or radio. The "Edu -Kit" is used by young and old; by ra-
edge of the body, to enable you to clear dio schools and clubs; by Armed Forces personnel and Veterans
for training and rehabilitation. No instructor is required. Instruc-
garage entrances and similar obstacles. lions are complete, simile and clear. You cannot make a mistake.
For 20 -, 40 -, and 80 -meter operation, the PROGRESSIVE TEACHING METHOD
The "Edu -Kit" uses the principle of "Learn by Doing ". There.
antenna should really be much longer than fore you will build radios, perform lobs, and conduct experimente
to illustrate the principles which you learn. You begin by learning
eight feet, but the structural problems be- the function and theory of each or the radio parts. Then you build
a simple radio. Gradually, in a progressive manner, you will find
come too difficult. The standard practice yourself constructing more advanced multi -tube radio sets, and
is to use eight-foot whips with "loading doing work like a professional Radio Technician. The "Edu -Kit"
Instruction Books are exceedingly clear in their explanations, Il-
coils" inserted either in the center or at lustrations and diagrams. These sets operate on 105.125 V. AC /DC.
Adapter for 210.250 V. AC /DC available.
the base. These have proved very success- The Progressive Radio "EDU -KIT" is Complefe
ful. You will receive every part necessary to build fifteen different
radio sets. Our kits contain tubes, tube sockets, chassis, variable
In some cars, interference created by the condensers, electrolytic condensers, mica condensers, paper con-
electrical systems can be annoying. Elimi- densers, resistors, line cords, selenium rectifiers, tie strips, coils.
hardware, tubing. Instruction Manuals, etc. A soldering iron is in-
nating it is a matter of probing around cluded, as well as an Electrical and Radio Tester. Complete, easy -
to- follow instructions are provided. All parts are guaranteed,
with bypass capacitors and filters, and brand new, carefully selected and matched. In addition, the "Edit.
bonding all parts of the chassis together Kit" now contains lessons for servicing with the Progressive Signal
Tracer, High Fidelity, F.C.C. instructions. quizzes. The "Edu -
to assure continuity of the "ground" con- Kit" is a complete radio course down to the smallest detall.
nection. Sometimes the trouble comes from TROUBLE-SHOOTING LESSONS
Troube- shooting and servicing are Included. You will be taught
a seemingly innocent accessory, like the to recognize and repair troubles. You will build and learn to oper-
ate a professional Signal Tracer. You receive an Electrical and
fuel gauge. Late model cars are astonish- Radio Tester, and learn to use it for radio repairs. While you are
learning in this practical way, you will be able to do many a repair
ingly "clean" of interference because the lob for your neighbors and friends and charge fees which will far
bonding operation is carried out during exceed the cost of the "EduKit." Our Consultation Service will
help you with any technical problems which you may have.
assembly and is quite thorough. For in- FREE EXTRAS
stance, you'll find heavy copper braid be- Electric-Radio Tester Soldering Iron
Radio Trouble- Shootinn Guide
TV Book
Consultation Service
tween the engine block and the fire wall, Quizzes F.C.C. gaining.
PROGRESSIVE "EDU- KITS" INC., 497 Union Av., Brooklyn 11, N.Y.
MAIL TODAY -Order shipped same day received.
and a wiping contact arm where the hood 10 -Day Money -Back Guarantee. INCLUDE ALL FREE EXTRAS.
closes against the body. RUSH ME the Following- Include all Free Extras:
Hams with mobile rigs in their cars 'EDU -KIT" Postpaid. I enclose full payment of $19.95
"EDU -KIT" COD -I will pay $19.95 plus postage
have performed valuable services in estab- Outside USA: Enclose $20.95. "Edu -Kit" sent postpaid.
Outside USA: 210 -250V. AC /DC Adapter. knclose 42.50
lishing vital communications during periods More details on "EDU -KIT" Free -No Obligation
FREE Radio -TV Servicing Literature. No Obl.gdtion
of public emergency. In recognition of this
work, many states issue special license NAME
plates bearing the hams' call letters. These ADDRESS
plates are highly distinctive and, of course,

very desirable. Check with the licensing PROGRESSIVE "EDU- KITS" INC. 4t17 Union Ave.
Room 506D, Progressive Bldg. Brooklyn II, N. Y.
authority in your state to see if you're
eligible. (To be continued)
March, 1955 121
Disc Review
IT'S NEW! IT'S FREE! (Continued from page 59)
1955 Walter Ashe Catalog cycles. Below that, a reflex enclosure is a dead
pigeon. Some of the more affluent fans have back
of Radio, Electronics and TV or front -loaded horn systems which, with all com-
ponents perfectly matched, get down to 40 cycles
and might touch 35 cycles. A small percentage of
The Treasure fortunate audiophiles have mammoth exponential
Chest of Values! horn enclosures of the Klipsch type which will
Features all the leading brands take you down another notch to about 30 -35
of Communication Equipment, cycles. An infinitesimal percentage have gone
Test Instruments, Build -it-Yourself
Kits, Hi-fi, Sound and Recording
"whole hog" and possess such impractical things
Equipment,Radio,Electronics and as tremendous "straight" or curled exponential
TV Parts and Supplies for every horns made of concrete, whose mouth area is
conceivable need . in stock
sometimes that of the entire wall of a room! These
-ready for immediate delivery.
A"must" for experimenters, ama- elephantine horns are just about the only thing
teurs, servicemen, engineers, that will give an honest 16 cycle fundamental tone.
builders and "hi- fiers." However, it must be pointed out that even these
huge horns will not reproduce 30 cycles and below,
if the phono pickup cartridge which is used "cuts
i Ifa "e
off" above these frequencies.
Cartridges are still another "Achilles heel" in
Send for your the reproduction of ultra -low frequencies. The
RADIO CO. average magnetic reluctance or moving coil type
FREE Copy 1125 PINE ST. ST. LOUIS 1, MO. of cartridge is fairly "flat" down to 30 cycles and
MAIL COUPON TODAY! then starts to "roll -off" very quickly. Another
WALTER ASHE RADIO CO. PE-3-55 imposition of low organ frequencies is that their
1125 Pine St., St. Louis 1, Mo. amplitude or lateral "swing" on the disc is so
Rush FREE Copy of New 1955 Catalog. great that it takes a cartridge with an extremely
Nome compliant sylus to track them properly. Only the
most expensive moving coil types of cartridge will
Address respond as low as 20 cycles with good tracking,
City Zone State and about the only thing you can use to get a true
16 cycles is the expensive frequency modulation
pickup. There are many other variables involved
in low frequency reproduction, such as cone reso-
nance and even room size, but I believe that it is
Easy to learn in (i0 to ill) days with obvious that low frequency reproduction is a diffi-
Home Study Course. RESULTS GUARANTEED.!
Make Money! Be Popular!! Have Fun! Big Op- cult and expensive task.
portunity! Radio, Television, Stage Appear-
ances! For FREE Information regarding price Although you just know you can hear 20 cycles
and terms, WRITE. You must state your,age.
Dummy Catalan 250. the chances are more than likely you are hearing
FRED MAHER SCHOOL OF VENTRILOQUISM
Box 36, Studio PE -3 Kensington Station the harmonics of ultra low stuff. In other words,
Detroit 24, Michigan
instead of 20 you hear 40 cycles, and instead of 30,
INVENTORS Send for REGISTERED PATENT

you are hearing 60 cycles. The power of the organ
is so great at low frequencies that your ear "kids"
you into thinking that you are actually hearing
the McCoy!
PATENT INFORMATION ATTORNEY
Book and ASSOCIATE EXAMINER As noted, the Cook disc is very wide range and
INVENTOR'S RECORD U. S. PAT. OFF. 1922.1929 has better low frequency reproduction than the
without obligation
Patent Attorney & Advisor Columbia record. However, the Columbia disc has
GUSTAVE MILLER U. S. NAVY DEPT. 1930.1947 the better over -all sound. The Cook has a tendency
35 -PE WARNER BUILDING to be thin in the middle registers, and dynamics
WASHINGTON 4, D. C. PATENT LAWYER
(mostly the fault of the organist) are too extreme.
TEST TV-RADIO TUBES The Columbia effort has a fuller, richer, more bal-
Yourself with UNATEST 51. Own your anced sound, with excellent revelation of inner
own tube tester for less than the cost of
one service call. Buy your tubes at ills- detail. It adds up like this: If you are looking for
' :' count! SAVES MONEY the first time it's a super "test" type of recording for ultra -low fre-
used. Mahogany Case -110 volt AC Tests
-'
all popular size tubes. Simple to operate quencies, the Cook gets the laurel. If the most r
-Fully guaranteed. ORDER TODAY! musical and best balanced sound is desired, then
ONLY $5.00 -Post Paid. Send Cash,
$500 Check or M.O. Dept. PE -53 the choice is the Columbia disc. Incidentally, the
BAUMBACH ENG. CO. San oFe nandO r calif, Columbia disc also has the Passacaglia and Fugue
and other Bach works as an added virtue. The
GET INTO ELECTRONICS Cook may be more attractive to some by virtue
of a lower price.
You can enter this uncrowded, interesting field. Defense expan-
sion, new developments demand trained specialists. Study all After our exploration in the realm of the organ,
phases radio & electronics .henry and practice: TV; FM: broad-
casting: servicing; aviation, r ine . police radio. 18 -month let's return to the symphonic repertoire. The mod-
course. Graduates in demand by major mpanies. H. S. or
equivalent required. Begin Jan., March, cJulie, Sept. Campus ern work for this month's column is the Third
life. Write for Catalog. Symphony by the well known American com-
VALPARAISO TECHNICAL INSTITUTE poser, Aaron Copland. We will not have any diffi-
Dept. PE Valparaiso, Ind. culty deciding which is the best recording of this
work, since there is only one in the LP catalogue.
Happily, this recording is one of the finest exam-
ples of hi -fi sound available. The work is played
by the Minneapolis Symphony orchestra conducted GOV'r SURPLUS E.E8
by Antal Dorati and is on the Mercury label SIGNAL CORPS
MG50018. Don't brush off this work by listening
to the first few minutes and then deciding that FIELD TELEPHONE
A private phone or Intercom system. Easy,
you don't like what you heard. Stick with it and to operate. Use any place that portable, 2.
you will be rewarded with some of the most fab- way communication Is desired. Gives clear
reception up to 15 miles. Operates m two
ulous scoring and awesome sound you've ever en- standard batteries. Several phones may be
countered! There is a section in the symphony used on the some line. Set contains g-
Ing leather carrying
known as the "Fanfare" which, for sheer power, is case and one. Each set is a 7 9
hard to beat. You will hear the super -clean, bright reconditioned & checked -out.
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ter, the explosive articulation of tympani, and tre- Pay by Abney Order or Check. P.O.'s accepted Ram D&B firms.
mendous blasts of bass drum. Top all this with the SO% deposit with C.O.D.'s. Paces F.O.B. Los Angeles.
shattering impact of a great Chinese gong, and

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Next month we will investigate some large scale
choral works as well as the usual "standards." END
Sensational Device Tests Eyes
NEW AUDIO CATALOGUES
IN KEEPING with the quality and beauty
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N. Y., has issued its "1955 Audio Reference C. G. Optical Co., Dept. A -276 20 E. Delaware PL, Chicago 11, 11L
Guide" containing 160 pages describing
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variety of manufacturers. In addition, it BACH. SC. DEGREE IN 21 MONTHS
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equipped labs. Heavy demand for graduates. Place-
«
The Sightmaster Corporation, New Ro- ment service. Prep, courses. Approved for Korean
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While limited to descriptions of Sight - 3635 College Ave.
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master's own units, the booklet covers
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Both catalogues are amply illustrated CATALOG- scintillator and larger uranium
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mation. Both may be had free by writing PRECISION RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

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to the respective organizations. END
March, 1955 123
t -r,; t t+, wOR:,'r'
,
Hum thing like that can sometimes cut hum

considerably.
(Continued from page 58) As a last resort, you can try changing the
polarity of the main a.c. line by reversing
but the one thing over which they can't the plug in the socket until you determine
have perfect control is tube quality. The which position gives a minimum of hum.
input tube in the first stage of an amplifier Then drive an unpainted metal stake into
and especially in preamps, is very critical. the earth and ground your amplifier to it
The manufacturer usually puts in the best with a flexible,wire.
quality low -noise tube that is practical in By following these suggestions, most of
cost and availability. However, tubes being your hum problems can be eliminated. If in
what they are, things happen and you might spite of careful adherence to these prac-
be getting a lot of hum from a noisy first tises, you still get hum, you may have
stage tube. The preamp is more usually the serious trouble such as open windings in
culprit and the tubes in most common use coils or transformers, or capacitor prob-
in the input stage are 12AX7 and 12AU7. lems. Take heed! It's time to consult the
Try replacing these tubes with new ones manufacturer! END
and there may be a drastic reduction of the
hum with this little maneuver. There are
also certain extra -cost, "premium type" CODE OSCILLATOR USED
tubes which can be used to replace a 12AX7. AS SIGNAL GENERATOR
These are the 12AY7 and the very fancy
"five star" tube, the 6072. These tubes are oscillator is simple and economical
supposed to be very low- noise, and they to build, and useful as a code oscillator
THIS
may turn the trick for you. A number of or as an audio signal generator for check-
the fancier preamps have a d.c. supply for ing receivers and amplifiers. Wiring is not
the tube heaters and this practically guar- critical, so almost any layout may be used.
antees no hum. It is possible to convert To use the unit as a code practice oscil-
your preamp so that the tube heaters are lator, simply connect headphones or ampli-
d.c. operated, but it is a very tough job. fier to the output terminals. Be sure to
If you insist on it, you can find information observe polarity when connecting to an
on selenium bridge rectifier circuits in free amplifier (minus side goes to ground).
literature published by most rectifier man- To use as a signal generator, connect
ufacturers. Or you can go to the expense the minus side to the chassis or B minus
of batteries or the "battery eliminator" of the set to be checked. Apply the signal
type of power supply. This is expensive from the positive side to successive stages
tinkering as you may have guessed, and it of the set under scrutiny, starting with the
is fortunate that such drastic measures are output and working back. Try first the
rarely needed.
You may own the most hum -free ampli-
fier ever constructed, but it is wasted
money if this sterling unit is incorrectly in-
stalled in a cabinet. A cabinet with changer,
preamp, amplifier, and speaker all installed Schematic and parts list for the oscillator.
together may be nice and compact, but you R,-300 ohm, I w. res.
are really asking for trouble. Placing your Rz-500,000 ohm 1/2 w. res.
amplifier too near the changer motor can R3- 500,000 ohm vol. contr. pot.
result in induction hum; placing changer C1--I6 Aid., 150 v. elec. capacitor
C2 -.001 Aid. mica capacitor
and amplifier too near the speaker can -75 ma. selenium rectifier
cause a terrific howl called "acoustic feed- SR1
One -Type NE -2 neon glow lamp
back." Some people think they can get Use a 1:1 ratio isolating transformer
away with these all -in-one installations by across input to eliminate shock hazard.
liberal padding and isolation with rubber
and fiberglas. You may think you have suc- speaker voice coil, then the output trans-
ceeded until you want to play something at former, then the plate and grid of the out-
a pretty loud level. This can disillusion put tube, etc., until a point is reached
people! which provides no signal output in the
When your preamp is installed, you will speaker. The trouble is then localized be-
have a lot of audio leads coming from your tween this point and the last point checked
amplifier, tuner, pickup, tape recorder, etc. that did provide a signal output.
which will terminate in the rear of the pre - To use the oscillator as a warning siren,
amp. Instead of letting them dangle in wild connect it to an amplifier and vary its
abandon, "parcel" them together with pitch slowly with the volume control. The
string or pressure tape and keep them sep- pitch may also be changed by using differ-
ent values for C2. JIM BROOKS
arated from the various a.c. lines. A little
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
124
STANDARDIZED
WIRING DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
ANTENNAS MICROPHONE TELEGRAPH KEY
SINGLE BUTTON DOUBLE BUTTON CAPACITOR
T1r
GENERAL DIPOLE LOOP
0000
TYPE
FERRITE
DYNAMIC
-!
VELOCITY CRYSTAL
CRY
TRANSFORMERS
BATTERIES ,/,'Jlll
NEON BULB PILOT LIGHT
A
°- /1
AIR CORE IRON CORE AIR CORE
VARIABLE
SINGLE -CELL MULTI- CELL \S1J
Y
BELL BJZZER III J
6
1
PHONO PICKUPS PLUG OR SOCKET III
á
I
oll
0 0
r"
CAPACITORS Ie I IRON CORE
VAR ABLE
POWDERED
IRON CORE
AUTO
O O
1-s
J
I
CRYSTAL MAGNETIC O
CT FILAMENTS
FIXED MICA ELECTROLYTIC VARIABLE RECEPTACLE 117 V. RECORDING HEAD
OR PAPER PRIMARY
CAPACITORS
GANGED \
-r
MAGNETIC
TRIMMER
OR PADDER SPLIT -STATOR
1
FEED-THRU
V Co
¡ (ITV. CT HIGH VOLTAGE
7-DESIGNATES TRIMMER OR PADDER

RECTIFIER
COILS SELENIUM TYPE FILAMENTS
-MRRS"\-
FIXED RF COIL
-(0q00 L -15-07r- T POWER TRANSFORMER
COILWITH FIXED COIL WITH RELAYS
TAp VARIABLE TAP
(:-- c=__ TUBES
¡J 0 -M ^'
VARIABLE
-1 ISZFD0-1. C01 L OR CHOKE
IRON CORE PLATE
OR CHOKE
GRID
SLUG -TUNED
BIFILAR COIL S.PS T. SPST S P.DT.
NORMALLY OPEN NORMALLY CLOSED
HEALERS
CRYSTALS ORF ES. CATHODE
RESISTORS DIODE TRIODE TETROGE
V `m~ PLATE
CRYSTAL DETECTOR PIEZOELECTRIC GENERAL TAPPED OR
CAP
CRYSTAL ADJUSTABLE
GRID
FUSE GROUNDS SURPRESSOR CAP
_ == SCREEN
POTENTIOMETER CONTINUOUSLY CONTROL
OR RHEOSTAT
//!/ //%
VARIABLE
V DIODE
1}
_
4. WIRING CHASSIS SHIELDING SPEAKERS PLATE
PENTODE
HEADPHONES i
11V1
I I P.M.
DOTTED
SHIELDING
SBIEARING.
COULD BE AROUND ELECTRO-
DOUBLE SINGLE ANY COMPONENT OR MAGNETIC - --
GROUPS
L JACKS SWITCHES DESIGNATES

GAS FILLED
JC RCUIT =II CLOSED CIRCUIT

-
DUO TRIODE COLD CATHODE
ELECTRIC
^V 2
^,- S.P.S T. S. P. D.T.
BASE
v
COLLECTOR
JCIRCUi7 SHORTING TYPE
2 CIRCUI4
BUTTON I
P-N -P TYPE
-P -N TYPE SAME
J}
I/
N
/ ¢f
SYMBOL EXCEPT ARROW
IS REVERSED
EMITTER
PHONE PLUG PIN PLUG
PIN JACK
O!
D.PS.T. D.P.OT.
21 TRANSISTOR (JUNCTION)
BOTH TYPES GANGED
VIBRATOR WIRES
METER MOTOR
ROTARY
O
O
it ifd -+- CONNECTION
O TYPE
S.P.6 P
O-»
WAFER
+CONNECTION
NO
March, 1955 125

GLOSSARY
a.f.c.- Automatic frequency control: (1) control of the feedback- Returning part of the output of an ampli-
frequency of the local oscillator in a superheterodyne fier stage to the input of the same or a previous stage.
to keep the receiver in tune with a desired station; Negative or inverse (out -of- phase) feedback decreases
(2) control of the frequency of the horizontal oscillator the gain and distortion of the amplifier; positive (in-
in a television receiver to keep the horizontal deflec- phase) feedback increases gain and distortion and
tion in step with the horizontal deflection at the tele- may produce oscillation.
vision studio and thus to keep the picture steady
horizontally. frequency response -The relative ability of an ampli-
fier, loudspeaker, or other device to respond to differ-
a.g.c.- Automatic gain control, control of the ampli- ent frequencies.
fication of an amplifier so that its output is approxi-
mately constant in spite of variations in the input glow plug -A type of internal- combustion engine used
signal; especially such control in television receivers in models, in which starting is assisted by a filament
to reduce variations in picture contrast produced by in the combustion chamber, which is energized by an
variations in r.f. signal strength. external battery.
a.v.c.-Automatic volume control (a.g.c. used in radio harmonic distortion- Distortion consisting of addition
receivers to reduce variations in sound volume pro- to the signal of components whose frequencies are
duced by variations in r.f. signal strength). multiples (harmonics) of the original signal frequency.
It is produced by an amplifier or other device which
choke -An inductance used especially to present a is nonlinear (does not give the same ratio of output to
high impedance to a wide range of frequencies. Filter input for all input amplitudes).
chokes are used in rectifier-type power supplies to
remove from the d.c. output hum components equal heterodyne -A different frequency (beat) produced
to the power line frequency and its harmonics; audio - by combining two frequencies.
frequency chokes are used in audio amplifiers and
radio-frequency chokes are used in r.f. and i.f. ampli- hole- Absence of an electron normally present in an
fiers, to present a high impedance' load to a vacuum atom; a positive charge. The action of some tran-
tube or to block unwanted signals. sistors often is explained by referring to movement of
holes or positive charges, rather than movement in
crystal -1. Rectifying crystal, one which passes elec- the opposite direction of electrons or negative charges.
tric current more easily in one direction than in the
other and thus can be used to change alternating microammeter-A meter for the measurement of cur-
current to pulsating direct current; made of such ma- rent flow, which is calibrated in microamperes, or
terials as germanium, silicon, copper oxide, galena, millionths of an ampere.
and carborundum. 2. Piezo- electric crystal, one which
transforms mechanical energy to electrical and vice milliampere- One -thousandth of an ampere.
versa. Such crystals, made of Rochelle salt or barium
tftanate, are used in microphones and phonograph modulated-Varied in amplitude, frequency, or some
pickups. When cut to a certain size and shape, a other quality. Radio- frequency signals are modulated
piezoelectric crystal, usually made of quartz, can be in order to carry signals of lower frequency, such as
used as a resonant circuit, to control the frequency of sound or picture signals.
an oscillator or as a frequency- selective filter.
multitester -A meter which is a combination of a
decibel-A measure of the ratio between two power voltmeter, an ohmmeter, and (often) an ammeter.
levels or of a power level with respect to a designated
reference level. Basically, the number of decibels is octal-Designation of one of the standard types of
ten times the logarithm of a power ratio. One decibel tube base or the socket to fit it. The base has eight
is approximately the smallest difference in sound equally spaced pins and a centrally located boss,
power which can be detected by the average human which is made of insulating marial and has a key
ear. to prevent improper insertion of the tube in the socket.
The loctal tube base is similar, except that its pins
db of feedback -The number of decibels by which are smaller in diameter and the central boss is of
inverse feedback in an amplifier reduces its over -all metal and has a groove which fits a one-turn spring
gain and distortion. in the socket, to hold the tube.
detector-A circuit used to recover an audio or video oscillator -A vácuum-tube or transistor circuit or other
signal from a modulated radio signal. device which produces an alternatingcurrent power
electrolytic capacitor -A type of capacitor in which output without mechanical rotation.
the dielectric or insulator is a thin film of oxide
deposited on one aluminum or tantalum plate and an plate dissipation-The part of the power applied to
electrolyte is used between the insulator and the the plate circuit of a vacuum tube which does not
other plate. This type of capacitor provides a larger appear as signal output, but is dissipated as heat in
capacitance in a given volume than any other type. the plate of the tube.
However, except for special a.c. electrolytics, this
type can be used only in circuits where voltage of push -pull-An arrangement of two vacuum tubes in
constant polarity is applied to it. an amplifier so that the input signal is applied in op-
posite phases to the two tubes and the signal outputs
elevator-Control surface of an aircraft which regu- are combined in phase. This arrangement reduces
lates its pitch attitude (level, climbing, or diving) even -harmonic distortion.
regeneration -Positive feedback in detectors and am- signal is fed :to a fixed-frequency (intermediate-fre-
plifiers. Increases gain and distortion and may pro- quency) amplifier, where greater and more uniform
duce oscillation. gain and selectivity can be obtained than at the
original radio frequency.
saturate-To reach the maximum possible value of
some quantity, such as magnetization in the core of superregenerative-A type of regenerative detector in
an inductor or electron flow in a vacuum tube from which the tendency to oscillation is controlled by a
cathode to plate. quenching voltage of ultrasonic frequency which pe-
riodically allows the gain to increase, then reduces it.
servo -motor -A special electric, hydraulic, or other The quenching voltage can be produced by the detec-
type of motor used in control apparatus to convert a tor tube itself or by a separate oscillator. This type of
small movement into one of greater amplitude or detector has great sensitivity, but poor selectivity.
greater force.
tone control -1. In a radio receiver or an audio
signal generator -A test instrument providing elec- amplifier, means provided to change the relative re-
trical power substantially similar in amplitude, fre- sponse to audio signals of different frequencies;
quency, and other qualities, to signals found in elec- effects which can be produced are treble boost or
tronic equipment. attenuation and bass boost or attenuation. 2. In
radio control of models, a system wherein the radio
signal tracer -A test instrument for detecting the signal is modulated by audio tones and control is
presence of a signal in electronic equipment and, achieved by keying the modulating tones on and off,
with some signal- tracers, measuring its amplitude, instead of keying the r.f. carrier.
frequency, or other qualities.
v.t.v.m.-Vacuum -tube voltmeter, a voltmeter using
superheterodyne -A receiver in which all incoming one or more vacuum tubes to increase the sensitivity
radio-frequency signals are mixed with the output of of the basic meter movement, so that measurements
an oscillator to produce a heterodyne or beat fre- can be made in a cirgrit without drawing much cur-
quency. The oscillator frequency is variable so that rent and without disturbing very much the normal
the beat produced with any desired signal can be operating conditions of the circuit. May also be a
adjusted to a certain frequency. The beat -frequency combination voltmeter, ohmmeter, and ammeter. END
ABBREVIATIONS
a.c.-alternatingcurrent µµf d.-micromicrofarad
a.f.audio frequency mw.- milliwatt
a.f.c.automatic frequency control m.w.- medium wave
a.g.c.-automatic gain control PA-power amplifier
AM- amplitude modulation p.a.-public address
amp.-ampere PM-phase modulation, permanent magnet
ARRL- American Radio Relay League (speaker)
a.v.c.- automatic volume control pos.-position (of a switch)
BCI-interference with broadcast reception pot. -potentiometer
b.f.o. -beat frequency oscillator pri.- primary
cps -cycles per second R- C-resistance- coupled
c.t.-center- tapped R/C -radio control
c.w.- continuous wave rect.- rectifier
db- decibel res.-resistor
dbm- decibels above one milliwatt RETMA- Radio-Electronics -Television Manufactur-
d.c.-direct current ers Association
d.c.c.- double cotton covered (wire) r.f.-radio frequency
d.p.d.t. -double -pole, double -throw r.m.s. -root mean square
d.p.s.t.-double -pole, single -throw sec.-secondary
DX- distance SN- self-neutralizing (escapement)
elec.-electrolytic s.p.d.t.- single -pole, double -throw
FCC -Federal Communications Commission spkr. -loudspeaker
FM- frequency modulation s.p.s.t.-single -pole, single -throw.
freq.-frequency s.w. -short -wave
GMT -Greenwich Mean Time SWL -short -wave listener
hi fi -high fidelity (of sound reproduction) sync. -synchronization
hy.-henry t.-turns (of a coil)
i.f.-intermediate frequency trans.-transformer
K-kilo (one thousand)
TV- television
kc.- kilocycle TVI- interference with television reception
u.h.f. -ultra high frequency
M -mega (one million) v. -volt
ma.-milliampere v.1.0.-variable frequency oscillator
mc.- megacycle v.h.f.-very high frequency
meq.-megohm VR-voltage regulator
mike-microphone, microfarad v.t.v.m.- vacuum-tube voltmeter
mil -milliampere vu- volume unit
m.o.p.a. -master oscillator, power amplifier w. -watt
mu- amplification factor wpm -words per minute
µfd,microfarad xmtr.transmitter
March, 1955 127

PHOTO CREDITS
Page Credit INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
20, 21 General Electric Co.
24, 25 Allied Radio Corp.
26 Top Left, International Business Advertiser Page
Machines Corp. Accordion Mfrs. & Wholesalers Outlet 120
Bottom Right, Sonotone Corp. Allied Radio Corp. 99
27, 28, 29 Raytheon Manufacturing Co. American School 128
32 Allen B. DuMont Laboratories, Inc. Ashe Radio Co., Walter 122
38 Motorola Inc. Audel Publishers 104
39...Chicago South Shore & South Bend Railroad Baumbach Eng. Co 122
40 Top Left, Great Northern Railway Book of the Month Club, Inc 15
Top and Bottom Right, Motorola Inc. Burstein- Applehee Co. 102
46 Top Right, Plantenna Corp.
Bottom Left and Right, New York University Business Information Corp. 98
48 Bottom Right, Emerson Radio of Canada Capitol Radio Engineering Institute 16
54 Top Right and Left, Bendix Radio Century Electronics Co. 100
Bottom Right and Left, Motorola Inc. C. G. Optical Co 123
55 Left, Radio Corporation of America Cleveland Institute of Radio Electronics 13
Right, Western Electric Concord Radio 115
56 The Hallicrafters Company Coyne Electrical School 5
70 Left, Crow Electri -Craft Corp. de Bolt Model Engineering Co 111
Right, J. Young Sound Engineering Corp. D- Frost -O -Matic 104
96 Sperry Gyroscope Company Edlie Electronics 114
Electro Kit 106
Electro -Voice 97
Electronic Instrument Co., Inc. (EICO) 111
o Electronic Measurements Corporation

Electronic Specialty Supply Co
Engineering Associates
6
128
106
Evans, Victor J 108
-because you lack a G & H Wood Products Co
Grantham School of Electronics
2nd Caver
120
106
HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA Gyro Electronics
4th Cover
H allicrafters
You can qualify for an American School Harjo Sales Co 102
Diploma in spare time at home! If you have Heath Company 84, 85, 86, 87
left school, write or mail coupon for FREE Hershel Radio Co. 92
booklet that tells how. No obligation of any Household Handies 104
kind. Instructograph Co. 98
- OUR 58TH YEAR Johnson, E. F. 129
Lafayette Radio 105
AMERICAN SCHOOL, Dept. V356 108
Drexel at 58th, Chicago 37, Illinois Lektron Specialties
122
Maher School of Ventriloquism, Fred
Please send FREE High School booklet. Miller, Gustave 122
Milwaukee School of Engineering 103
Moss Electronic Dist. Co. 90, 91
Address Musical Masterpiece Society 11
National Radio Institute 3
City & State 3rd Cover
Canadian Residents: Complete Canadian Course Available. National Schools
Write American School. 1610 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal. Nordic Radio Co. 108
O'Brien, Clarence & H. B. Jacobson 7
Palley Supply Co 123
Precision Radiation Instruments 123
THE
ABOVE TAKE ADVICE
Progressive "Edu- Kits," Inc.
Radio-Television Training Association
Raytheon Manufacturing Co.
121
8 9
10
ALL ESSCO R/C PRODUCTS Rex Radio Supply 120
113
OF
The Standard of Comparison Rinehart & Co., Inc
117
Science Electronics
LORENZ 61 RECEIVER KIT. A complete Kit of high quality parts 106
to build this superior rece'ser, features high sensitivity, longl Smith & Co., Johnson
range and tube life, wound coils, drilled base, tube & sp Steve-El Electronics Corp 100
Sigma 26F relay $14.95
Parta Kit less relay 6.95 Superei Electronics Corp 98
LORENZ RC TRANSMITTER KIT. A complete Kit of all parts to
build the companion set for the a bove receiver. Includes drilled Tech -Master Corporation 119
RF subassembly, tube, crystal. turn. case and 60 in. telescopic 12
antenna $14.95 Teltron Electric Company
Orders for both these unite, will receive as free Bonus. Mc- Transi -Mite Radio Lab 114
Entree's R/C Handbook (sells for $2.25).
For Beginners and experienced modelers, alike, ESSCO highly Transistor Photo Products 104
recommends the ESSCO Deluxe Lorenz, dual tube receiver and 123
range model con-
transmitters, features hl power, reliable longcontrols Tri State College
trol, to United Catalog Publishers, Inc. 98
for months. Complete Receiver Kit with sensitive
Sigma relay $9.95 Valparaiso Technical Institute 122
Complete trans. Kit includes tube, crystal, cabinet and $19.95
an-
106
tenna Vidaire Electronics Mfg. Corp
Are you planning to build 'he Safford Tone Receiver? Featured Video Electric Company 14
in Jan. ,Pop. Elect. A 3 tube -eceiver that gives you as many 101, 107
as 5 controls for your model. The Deluxe ESSCO Kits include World Radio Laboratories
all components, tubes, dr lied aluminum chassis, complete,
to build instructions $ 9.95
With New Sigma 4F lays
With New LightweightPrice relays...... ... 19.95
Transmitter
The ESSCO Audio Tone XMTR. The ideal Multitone
Parts Kit 629.95
for use with the Safford Receiver. Complete
THE WORLD'S LEADING R/C SUPPLIER SERIES -PARALLEL RESISTANCE QUIZ
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE ON ALL ITEMS. Send for free catalog. (Answers to quiz on page 110)
FOR FAST, INTELLIGENT, FRIENDLY SERVICE ON YOUR R/C
ORDERS "CALL ON ESSCO"
Serving The West Serving The Entire R/C Field 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
ESSCO -WEST COAST ESSCO-NEW YORK (In Question 5, with all resistors equal, no cur-
58 Walker St.,
670 Bell Street,
Palo Alto, Calif. New York City 13, N. Y. rent flows through R3 and it can be omitted.)
128
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
INSTRUCTION
O/asti/leo' HIGH School -no Classes. Study at home. Spare time.
Diploma awarded. Write for Free Catalog HET -5,
Wayne School, 2527 Sheffield, Chicago 14, Ill.
LEARN Auto Body fender repair at home, spare time.
RATE: 50c per word- minimum 10 words Big money trade. Includes welding, spray painting
metal work. Write for free facts. Autocrafts Training,
Dept. XBK -1, 2523 Sheffield, Chicago 14, Illinois.
FOR SALE PREVIOUS Studies in Science, Engineering, may qual-
ify you for college degree through extension work.
DIAGRAMS: Professional Model Timers, Counters,
Other educational opportunities. Aureak, 156 West
73rd Street, New York City.
Intercoms, Organs, etc. $1.00 each. List free. Parks,
103 S. E. 57th, Portland 15, Oregon.
RADIO Diagrams $1.00; Television $2.00. Give make,
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
model. Diagram Service, 672 -PE, Hartford 1, Conn. TELEVISION Jobs-Names and addresses of compa-
TRANSMITTERS: Top performance. Sensible prices. nies to contact. $1.00. Fitzgerald, Dept. A-22, 815
75 watt CW kit, bandswitching 160 -10, $49.95. 25 watts, Countryside Drive, Wheaton, Illinois.
$19.95. Hart Industries, 467 Parke, Birmingham, Mich-
igan.
CODE Practice Oscillators. Electronic Audio -Visual
MISCELLANEOUS
Trainer, codes, instructions, year warranty $4.00 Post- FREE Condenser and Resistor Code Charts. Largest
paid. Details Free. Stout, 2241A E. Broadway, Mus- stock of parts and tubes in West. We can save you
kegon, Michigan. money. K & L Radio Parts Co., 1406 Venice Blvd.,
RESISTORS, condensers, micas, electrolytics, tubu- Los Angeles 6, Calif.
lars, thousands of new latest types, each piece new, TUBES -TV, Radio, Transmitting, special purpose
usable, some short leads. 10 lbs., $9.50, Prepaid, Cagan types -Bought, Sold, Exchanged. Send details to B. N.
Sales, Box 1152, Rochester, New York. Gensler W2LNI, 136 Liberty St., New York 6, N. Y.
WHOLESALE Speaker Reconing. Send for dealer price DETECTIVES-Experience unnecessary. Detective Par-
list. Prompt service. C. Bernard Smith, 920 So. Euclid ticulars free. Write, Wargner, 125 W. 86th, N. Y.
Ave., Pasadena 5, Calif. TV HOME Repair Manual Straight Forward Instruc-
SIMPLE, inexpensive device automatically controls tions only $1.00. P. O. Box 1344, Milwaukee, Wis.
model trains at crossings, switches. Prevents colli- BECOME A Radio Amateur. Free information on how
sions. Guaranteed. Plans and instructions $1. R & K, to pass Code and Theory FCC examinations. Amer-
5316 Clark, Cleveland 2, Ohio. ican Electronics, 120512 Bryant Ave., New York 59,
PRINTED circuit kit. Newest thing in electronics. Re- N. Y.
places conventional wiring. Fascinating educational GEIGER Counter and Metal Detector Kits. Inexpen-
kit complete with laminate, chemicals, etc. Only $2.00 sive, Educational. Free Literature. Electronic Appli-
postpaid. Springfield Enterprises, Box 54 -E3, Spring- cations, Dept. B, 5024 Lee Highway, Arlington 7, Va.
field Gardens 13, New York. BECOME Master hypnotist. (Send stamp.) Hypno-
INCREDIBLE! One tube radio receives television, FM master, Box 1061 -118, Escondido, Calif.
broadcast, CAP, and amateurs without antenna or MODEL and Builder vs the atmosphere; money prizes;
ground. Diagram with special tube only $2.00. Wired free manual, Merlotti Model Company, Box 655, Fon-
and tested chassis $2.00. Thousands in use by ama- tana, California.
teurs, civil defense, experimenters. Springfield Enter-
prises, Box 54 -E3, Springfield Gardens 13, New York. TROUBLESHOOTING and repair of any project from
"Popular Electronics." Only $1.00 plus return post-
SOLAR battery converts light into electrical energy. age. 48 hour service. Springfield Enterprises, Box
Lasts indefinitely. Excellent for powering transistors. 54 -E3, Springfield Gardens 13, New York.
5,000 microamps output! Springfield Enterprises, Box BUILD your own electronic organ, or electronic brain.
54 -E3, Springfield Gardens 13, New York.
Jim Kirk, 1522 -A Church, San Francisco 14, California.
WALKIE-Talkie. Build a real wireless two -way port- WRIST -Radio! 400 mile reception while wearing, own
able radiophone for less than $10.00. Plans 50c. antenna. Build -it- yourself book $1.98. Money back
Springfield Enterprises, Box 54 -E3, Springfield Gar- guarantee. Huckert Electronics, Box 7400 -L, Wash-
dens 13, New York. ington 4, D. C.
50 ASSORTED New Resistors $1.00 Postpaid. Test
INVENTIONS WANTED Equipment Repair -Kits constructed and rebuilt. Free
list. Bigelow Electronics, Beulah, Mich.
INVENTIONS wanted. Patented; unpatented. Global "CRYSTAL Set beginners-Free gifts for stamp."
Marketing Service, 1404 Mitchell, Oakland 1, Calif. Mailmart Box 92, Paramus, N. J.
BUILD YOUR OWN AMATEUR TRANSMITTER

... FROM THIS EASY -TO- ASSEMBLE KIT!
Start your hobby off right with this professional CW trans-
/ PACKED WITH mitter kit. The Viking "Adventurer" operates 50 watts input on
the 80, 40, 20, 15 and 11.10 meter amateur bands, and with
FEATURES a simple antenna packs enough power for world-wide radio
contacts. No antenna tuner needed -crystal controlled oscillator
d PROFESSIONAL
APPEARANCE
-powerful 807 transmitting type output tube. Easy to build and
safe to operate -kit furnished complete with built -in power sup-
Al EASY TO BUILD ply, tubes, cabinet, wiring instructions and antenna suggestions.
d TV! SUPPRESSED Cat. No. 240 -181 -I Viking "Adventurer" Kit, less crystal and key
to prevent television
For more information on the Viking
interference
$54.95
Amateur Net
"Adventurer" or Johnson's complete
line of keys and practice sets see your
favorite distributor or write to:
.¡z
cLv
E. F. JOHNSON COMPANY 301 2ND STREET WASECA, MINNESOTA

March, 1955
129
z
C
RESISTOR COLOR CODE C
r
The ohmic value of a resistor can be deter-
mined by means of the color code. There are r
two standard methods of indicating this value.
C_
B D In Fig. A, the body (A) and end (B) indicate
7._
(A) (B) the first and second digits of the value while C
RETMA COLOR CODE CHART the dot (C) indicates the multiplier to be used. 2
COLOR VALUE MULTIPLIER The tolerance of the unit is indicated by the i:v
Black 0 1 end color (D). For example, if the body (A) is
Brown 1 10 green the number is 5; if the end (B) is grey
Red 2 100 the second number is 8. If the dot (C) is red
Orange 3 1000 the multiplier is 100 or two zeros should be
Yellow 4 10,000 added. The resistor is then a 5800 ohm unit.
Green 5 100,000
If the end (D) has no color, the tolerance is
Blue s 1,000,000
Violet 7 10,000,000 ±20 %.
Grey 8 100,000,000 In Fig. B, the first two stripes indicate the
White 9 1,000,000.000 first two digits; the third stripe the multiplier;
TOLERANCE CODE the fourth stripe the tolerance. Thus, if stripe
Gold-±5% Silver-±10% (A) is green, (B) is grey, (C) is red, and (D) is
No Color -±20% silver, the resistor is a 5800 ohm, ± 10% unit.
CAPACITOR COLOR CODE

MOLDED PAPER MOLDED MICA CERAMIC
Color Multiplier Tolerance Multiplier Tolerance Multiplier Tolerance
Black 1 20% 1 20% 1 20% or 2.0µpfd.*
Brown 10 10 10 1%
Red 100 100 100 2%
Orange 1000 1000 3% (RETMA) 1000 2.5% (RETMA)
Yellow 10,000 5% 10,000 10,000
Green 5% (RETMA) 5% or 0.5µµfd. *
Blue
Violet
Gray 0.01 0.2514.íd.*
White 10% 0.1 10% or 1.0Aµfd.*
Gold 0.1 5% 0.1 5% (JAN)
Silver 10/g 0.01 10% *Capacitance
None 20/0 less than 10 gifd.
Capacitance is given in µofd. PAPER MOLDED MICA CERAMIC

MOLDED
Colors have same values as on
resistors, except as indicated in
tables. Colors (A) and (B) are
TUBULAR RETMA
6 DOT
JAN
6 COLOR RADIAL LEAD
r
- t WHITE A BLACK A B I D 9O
-
B D
CAB
for first two digits; (C) is for
multiplier. (D) is for tolerance. A B C
: EF
E F
0 J1 4(<9 O 0> I
5 COLOR RADIAL
JABCD
LEAD
(E) and (F) give voltage rating FLAT

D
JAN TYPE
1(0O O O O O O
0
* ABC
G D G G C
0 0 (10
in hundreds of volts; (E) is used SILVER A B BUTTON SILVER MICA
0
H D
Il
only for ratings less than 1000
volts, (E) and (F) for first two
...4 (o o
O O O
I
G
yB 5 COLOR AXIAL LEAD
-ran
digits of ratings 1000 volts or i 3rd DIGIT
(
O
G C D C H ABC()
more. Values of colors for (E)
and (F) are same as in resist-
ance values. (G) is class or
FLAT COWL.
BLACK BODY
TYPES
E
6
DOT
OBSOLETE
A
o 9%
_ (o000
B
_(000
3rd DIGIT
RMA
ABC
SYSTEMS
5 DOT
ABC
0 5 COLOR
üüllll
HA BC
0 00
STAND -OFF
D
L
""
-,,,,,
characteristic of capacitor, (H), O O O E D D 0 O O

L
(I), and (i) give temperature co- A B E I
BLANK
D
_CO ° °J
FRONT
5 COLOR
DISC
3 COLOR
DISC
o
efficient. (G), (H), (I), and (I) are DOT O E
REAR
.i 00}. (AC
A B G E D
not listed in the tables, since 0 0 0
(000>0I-DOT 000 Oó0
H D
this information is seldom need- J

IE DJ
A B C A
ed by the average home builder. A B C D 1
B C
130 (Printed in U.S.A.) POPULAR ELECTRONICS

Get more money! out of /i
ore security! More
Learn 411.11
Get the best!

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Located in the "Television Center" of the world, our staff
is in close touch with latest developments and opportun- Broadcast Superhet Receiver. All
iities. We give you personalized job placement assistance. this equipment is part of your National Schools course.
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TECHNICAL TRADE TRAINING SINCE 1905
LOS ANGELES
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30 MILLION TV SETS In Canaca: 811 W. Hastings St., Vancouver, B.C.
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ized phases! OBSTACLE! I CHICAGO 7, ILLINOIS

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_ANA f LVETERANS: Give alate of discharge
J
ra 3v S -53A The finest small communications receiver Electrical bandspread for easy tuning. Two -f
i
Switches for automatic noise limiter,

built and ideal where maximum performance is stages.
required in small space. Several steps better code reception and high -low tone. Phono jack
than S -38C,
the but not quite up to larger for records. Headfone tip jacks on rear and
S -40B.Covers Broadcast Band 540 -1630 kc plus built -in PM speaker. Temp. compensated to re-
four short -wave bands covering 2.5 -31 and 48- duce fading due to frequency shift. For 105/
54.5 Mc. 125 V. 50/60 cycle AC.
has Brand
Model
CW
New
HT -30
and
ilbrated in kc.
very much wanted
Single Sideband AM and
Transmitter/Exciter.
Highly stable VFO with full 100:1
ratio gear drive system built -in, cal -
Stability comparable to most crys-

tals .009%. Full band switching.
Ample gain for 55 db microphone.
Hum and noise 40 db down.
Model SX -96 Selectable Sideband Receiver

Covers Broadcast 538 -1580 kc plus three
S/W 1720 kc -34 Mc.
el Double conversion with selectable crystal
- Full 50 watt peak power output.
Complete built -in metering.
Unwanted sideband at least 40 db
down. AM- CW -SSB.
Undesired beat frequency down 60
db or more. T. V. I. suppressed.
Stable 50 kc filter system.
Provisions for coaxial output fitting.
Built -in voice control circuit with
bias switching for final amplifier.
pressed carrier and full carrier transmis-

sions. Highly selective 5O kc I. F. system.
CW operation with AVC on. Delayed AVC.
Calibrated bandspread -"S' meter- double
controlled second oscillators. superhet. Precision gear drive dial system.
Selectable sideband reception of both sup- 10 tubes, 1 rectifier and voltage regulator.
(S -95) These two new Civic Patrol receivers

are
S -94
over 10 times as sensitive as previous models, greater
increased audio power output and built-in relay squelch
system. Perfect for monitoring, police, fire, taxicab,
telephone -mobile, forestry, Civil Defense. The S -94
covers 30 -50 Mc and the S -95 150 -173 Mc. Built -in
speaker and provisions for headphones. Eight tubes
us rectifier. 105/125 V. 50/60 cycle AC /DC.
S38D Low cost unit wi priced

ance over Broadcast B 0 -1650 k
three short -wave bands 1650 kc -32 M
Electrical bandspread o e. over large e
to -read dial. Headphone cks on rear a
powerful built -in PM sp r4.0scillator for
ception of code signals- u tubes plus recti-
fier. 105/125 V. 50/60 e f4C /DC.
Write for complete specifications.
In Canada:
The HALLICRAFTERS COMPANY
Toronto 17, Ontario
hicago 24 Illinois Don Mills Road Box 27, Station R

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What are Cabinart kits?

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