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    Sysy Curve

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    Syrille Lubigan Alarcon
    1. The problem provides information about three traversed lines (AB, BC, CD) with defined lengths and azimuths. 2. It is required to find the radius of the first curve, total length from A to D using arc basis, and the cost of concrete pavement from A to D. 3. The solutions show the radius of the first curve is 123m, total length from A to D is 574m, and the cost of concrete pavement is P4.89M.

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    Sysy Curve

    Uploaded by

    Syrille Lubigan Alarcon
    50 views19 pages
    1. The problem provides information about three traversed lines (AB, BC, CD) with defined lengths and azimuths. 2. It is required to find the radius of the first curve, total length from A to D using arc basis, and the cost of concrete pavement from A to D. 3. The solutions show the radius of the first curve is 123m, total length from A to D is 574m, and the cost of concrete pavement is P4.89M.

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    1. The problem provides information about three traversed lines (AB, BC, CD) with defined lengths and azimuths. 2. It is required to find the radius of the first curve, total length from A to D using arc basis, and the cost of concrete pavement from A to D. 3. The solutions show the radius of the first curve is 123m, total length from A to D is 574m, and the cost of concrete pavement is P4.89M.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    50 views19 pages

    Sysy Curve

    Uploaded by

    Syrille Lubigan Alarcon
    1. The problem provides information about three traversed lines (AB, BC, CD) with defined lengths and azimuths. 2. It is required to find the radius of the first curve, total length from A to D using arc basis, and the cost of concrete pavement from A to D. 3. The solutions show the radius of the first curve is 123m, total length from A to D is 574m, and the cost of concrete pavement is P4.89M.

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    4. Example Problem #1 OAK HURST ROAD Two tangents intersect at Station 4 + 016.770.

    The
    deflection angle to the right is 40o 00' 00". It is decided to design the highway for a maximum speed of
    90 km/hr, and using AASHTO* recommendation for superelevation and friction a minimum radius of 270
    meters and a maximum degree of curve, Da is to be 22o . Calculate T, La, R and the stationing of the P.C.
    and P.T. using 20 meter arc length. * American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
    Green Book (AASHTO 42,815 people killed in 38, 309 fatal crashes in 2002, 25% of these crashes
    occurred on horizontal curves)

    Explanation When we speak of a station on a curve we are given a specific location from the start of the
    survey. In the above problem, the P.I. is given as Stn. 4 + 316.770. What we are saying is that The P.I. is
    4,016.770 m from the start of the survey. The problem also stated that is is 40o to the right, this says
    that when we stand at the P.C. and look in the direction in which the survey is progressing, the curve
    deflects to the right. Solution Given P . I . = Stn. 4 + 016.770 = 40 o 20 meter arc For
    simplification/safely Da may be rounded down to 20 o . Using arc definition, Recompute R and calculate
    T and La R = = = 286.479 m R = 286.479 m La = x 2 R = 100 = 100 x = 200.000 La = 200.000 m T = R tan
    = 286.479 tan = 104.270 T = 104.270 m P.I. = Stn. 4 + 016.770 T 0 - 104.270 P.C. Stn 3 + 912.500 La 0 +
    200.000 P.T. Station 4 + 112.500
    The angle of intersection of a circular curve is 45 30' and its radius is 198.17 m. PC is at
    Sta. 0 + 700. Compute the right angle offset from Sta. 0 + 736.58 on the curve to
    tangent through PC.
    A. 2.98 m
    B. 3.37 m
    C. 3.09 m
    D. 3.87 m

    Length of curve from PC to A:


    s=736.58700s=736.58700
    s=36.58 ms=36.58 m

    Angle subtended by arc s from the center of the curve:


    s=2R360s=2R360
    36.58=2(198.17)36036.58=2(198.17)360
    =10.58=10.58

    Length of offset x:
    cos=RxRcos=RxR
    x=RRcos=198.17198.17cos10.58x=RRcos=198.17198.17cos10.58
    x=3.37 mx=3.37 m [ B ] answer
    Problem
    The angle of intersection of a circular curve is 36 30'. Compute the radius if the external
    distance is 12.02 m.
    A. 203.74 m
    B. 253.72 m
    C. 226.94 m
    D. 214.67 m

    cos(I2)=RR+Ecos(I2)=RR+E

    cos1815=RR+12.02cos1815=RR+12.02
    Rcos1815+12.02cos1815=RRcos1815+12.02cos1815=R
    RRcos1815=12.02cos1815RRcos1815=12.02cos1815
    R(1cos1815)=12.02cos1815R(1cos1815)=12.02cos1815
    R=12.02cos18151cos1815R=12.02cos18151cos1815
    R=226.94 mR=226.94 m [ C ] answer
    Problem
    Given the following elements of a circular curve: middle ordinate = 2 m; length of long chord =
    70 m. Find its degree of curve, use arc basis.
    A. 4.5
    B. 5.3
    C. 2.9
    D. 3.7

    Apply Pythagorean theorem to find the radius:


    (R2)2+352=R2(R2)2+352=R2
    (R24R+4)+1225=R2(R24R+4)+1225=R2
    4R=12294R=1229
    R=307.25 mR=307.25 m

    Degree of curve (arc basis):


    20D=2R36020D=2R360
    20D=2(307.25)36020D=2(307.25)360
    D=3.7D=3.7 [ D ] answer
    Reversed Curve to Connect Three Traversed
    Lines
    Situation
    A reversed curve with diverging tangent is to be designed to connect to three traversed
    lines for the portion of the proposed highway. The lines AB is 185 m, BC is 122.40 m,
    and CD is 285 m. The azimuth are Due East, 242, and 302 respectively. The following
    are the cost index and specification:

    Type of Pavement = Item 311 (Portland Cement Concrete Pavement)


    Number of Lanes = Two Lanes
    Width of Pavement = 3.05 m per lane
    Thickness of Pavement = 280 mm
    Unit Cost = P1,800 per square meter

    It is necessary that the PRC (Point of Reversed Curvature) must be one-fourth the
    distance BC from B.

    1. Find the radius of the first curve.


    A. 123 m
    B. 156 m
    C. 182 m
    D. 143 m
    2. Find the length of road from A to D. Use arc basis.
    A. 552 m
    B. 637 m
    C. 574 m
    D. 468 m
    3. Find the cost of the concrete pavement from A to D.
    A. P2.81M
    B. P5.54M
    C. P3.42M
    D. P4.89M
    Solution

    HideClick here to show or hide the solution


    T1=14BC=14(122.4)=30.6 mT1=14BC=14(122.4)=30.6 m
    T2=122.430.6=91.8 mT2=122.430.6=91.8 m
    R1=T1tan14=30.6tan14=122.73 mR1=T1tan14=30.6tan14=122.73 m [
    A ] answer for part 1
    R2=T2tan30=91.8tan30=159.00 mR2=T2tan30=91.8tan30=159.00 m

    Total length of road from A to D


    L=154.40+2(122.73)(28)180+(159)(60)180+193.20L=154.40+2(122.73)(28
    )180+(159)(60)180+193.20
    L=154.40+59.98+166.50+193.20L=154.40+59.98+166.50+193.20
    L=574.08 mL=574.08 m [ C ] answer for part 2
    Area of road pavement
    A=154.40(6.10)+[(119.68+6.10)2119.682](28)360 +[(155.95+6.10)2
    155.952](60)360 +193.20(6.10)+193.20(6.10)A=154.40(6.10)+[(119.68+
    6.10)2119.682](28)360 +[(155.95+6.10)2155.952](60)360 +193
    .20(6.10)+193.20(6.10)
    A=160.50+365.86+1015.68+1178.52A=160.50+365.86+1015.68+1178.52
    A=2720.56 m2A=2720.56 m2

    Cost of concrete pavement


    C=1,800(2720.56)=P4,897,008C=1,800(2720.56)=P4,897,008 [ D ] answer
    for part 3
    Simple Curves
    Terminologies in Simple Curve
    PC = Point of curvature. It is the beginning of curve.
    PT = Point of tangency. It is the end of curve.
    PI = Point of intersection of the tangents. Also called vertex
    T = Length of tangent from PC to PI and from PI to PT. It is known as subtangent.
    R = Radius of simple curve, or simply radius.
    L = Length of chord from PC to PT. Point Q as shown below is the midpoint of L.
    Lc = Length of curve from PC to PT. Point M in the the figure is the midpoint of Lc.
    E = External distance, the nearest distance from PI to the curve.
    m = Middle ordinate, the distance from midpoint of curve to midpoint of chord.
    I = Deflection angle (also called angle of intersection and central angle). It is the angle of
    intersection of the tangents. The angle subtended by PC and PT at O is also equal to I,
    where O is the center of the circular curve from the above figure.
    x = offset distance from tangent to the curve. Note: x is perpendicular to T.
    = offset angle subtended at PC between PI and any point in the curve
    D = Degree of curve. It is the central angle subtended by a length of curve equal to one
    station. In English system, one station is equal to 100 ft and in SI, one station is equal to 20
    m.
    Sub chord = chord distance between two adjacent full stations.

    Sharpness of circular curve


    The smaller is the degree of curve, the flatter is the curve and vice versa. The sharpness
    of simple curve is also determined by radius R. Large radius are flat whereas small
    radius are sharp.

    Formulas for Circular Curves


    The formulas we are about to present need not be memorized. All we need is geometry
    plus names of all elements in simple curve. Note that we are only dealing with circular
    arc, it is in our great advantage if we deal it at geometry level rather than memorize
    these formulas.
    Length of tangent, T
    Length of tangent (also referred to as subtangent) is the distance from PC to PI. It is the
    same distance from PI to PT. From the right triangle PI-PT-O,

    tanI2=TRtanI2=TR
    T=RtanI2T=RtanI2

    External distance, E
    External distance is the distance from PI to the midpoint of the curve. From the same
    right triangle PI-PT-O,

    cosI2=RR+EcosI2=RR+E
    R+E=RcosI2R+E=RcosI2
    E=RsecI2RE=RsecI2R
    Middle ordinate, m
    Middle ordinate is the distance from the midpoint of the curve to the midpoint of the
    chord. From right triangle O-Q-PT,

    cosI2=RmRcosI2=RmR
    RcosI2=RmRcosI2=Rm
    m=RRcosI2m=RRcosI2

    Length of long chord, L


    Length of long chord or simply length of chord is the distance from PC to PT. Again,
    from right triangle O-Q-PT,

    sinI2=L/2RsinI2=L/2R
    RsinI2=L/2RsinI2=L/2
    L=2RsinI2L=2RsinI2

    Length of curve, Lc
    Length of curve from PC to PT is the road distance between ends of the simple curve. By
    ratio and proportion,

    LcI=2R360LcI=2R360
    Lc=RI180Lc=RI180

    An alternate formula for the length of curve is by ratio and proportion with its degree of
    curve.

    LcI=1stationDLcI=1stationD
    Lc=1stationIDLc=1stationID
    SI units: 1 station = 20 m

    Lc=20IDLc=20ID

    English system: 1 station = 100 ft


    Lc=100IDLc=100ID

    If given the stationing of PC and PT

    Lc=Stationing of PT Stationing of PCLc=Stationing of PT Stationing of PC

    Degree of curve, D
    The degree of curve is the central angle subtended by an arc (arc basis) or chord (chord
    basis) of one station. It will define the sharpness of the curve. In English system, 1
    station is equal to 100 ft. In SI, 1 station is equal to 20 m. It is important to note that 100
    ft is equal to 30.48 m not 20 m.

    Arc Basis
    In arc definition, the degree of curve is the central angle angle subtended by one station
    of circular arc. This definition is used in highways. Using ratio and proportion,

    1stationD=2R3601stationD=2R360
    SI units (1 station = 20 m):

    20D=2R36020D=2R360

    English system (1 station = 100 ft):


    100D=2R360100D=2R360

    Chord Basis
    Chord definition is used in railway design. The degree of curve is the central angle
    subtended by one station length of chord. From the dotted right triangle below,

    sinD2=halfstationRsinD2=halfstationR
    SI units (half station = 10 m):

    sinD2=10RsinD2=10R

    English system (half station = 50 ft):

    sinD2=50RsinD2=50R

    Minimum Radius of Curvature


    Vehicle traveling on a horizontal curve may either skid or overturn off the road due
    to centrifugal force. Side friction f and superelevation e are the factors that will
    stabilize this force. The superelevation e = tan and the friction factor f =
    tan . The minimum radius of curve so that the vehicle can round the curve without
    skidding is determined as follows.
    From the force polygon shown in the right
    tan(+)=CFWtan(+)=CFW
    tan(+)=Wv2gRWtan(+)=Wv2gRW
    tan(+)=Wv2WgRtan(+)=Wv2WgR
    tan(+)=v2gRtan(+)=v2gR
    The quantity v2/gR is called impact factor.

    Impact factor

    if=v2gRif=v2gR

    Back to the equation tan ( + ) = v2/gR

    tan(+)=v2gRtan(+)=v2gR
    tan+tan1tantan=v2gRtan+tan1tantan=v2gR
    Recall that tan=etan=e and tan=ftan=f
    e+f1ef=v2gRe+f1ef=v2gR
    But ef0ef0, thus
    e+f=v2gRe+f=v2gR

    Radius of curvature with R in meter and v in meter per second

    R=v2g(e+f)R=v2g(e+f)

    For the above formula, v must be in meter per second (m/s) and R in meter (m).
    For vin kilometer per hour (kph) and R in meter, the following convenient formula
    is being used.

    R=(vkmhr)2(1000mkm1 hr3600 sec)2g(e+f)R=(vkmhr)2(1000mkm1 hr3600 se


    c)2g(e+f)
    R=v2(13.6)2g(e+f)R=v2(13.6)2g(e+f)
    R=v2(3.62)g(e+f)R=v2(3.62)g(e+f)
    R=v2(3.62)(9.80)(e+f)R=v2(3.62)(9.80)(e+f)

    Radius of curvature with R in meter and v in kilometer per hour

    R=v2127(e+f)R=v2127(e+f)

    Using the above formula, R must be in meter (m) and v in kilometer per hour (kph).
    Compound and Reversed Curves
    Compound Curves
    A compound curve consists of two (or more) circular curves between two main tangents
    joined at point of compound curve (PCC). Curve at PC is designated as 1 (R1, L1, T1, etc)
    and curve at PT is designated as 2 (R2, L2, T2, etc).

    Elements of compound curve

    PC = point of curvature
    PT = point of tangency
    PI = point of intersection
    PCC = point of compound curve
    T1 = length of tangent of the first curve
    T2 = length of tangent of the second curve
    V1 = vertex of the first curve
    V2 = vertex of the second curve
    I1 = central angle of the first curve
    I2 = central angle of the second curve
    I = angle of intersection = I1 + I2
    Lc1 = length of first curve
    Lc2 = length of second curve
    L1 = length of first chord
    L2 = length of second chord
    L = length of long chord from PC to PT
    T1 + T2 = length of common tangent measured from V1 to V2
    = 180 - I
    x and y can be found from triangle V1-V2-PI.
    L can be found from triangle PC-PCC-PT

    Finding the stationing of PT

    Given the stationing of PC


    Sta PT=Sta PC+Lc1+Lc2Sta PT=Sta PC+Lc1+Lc2

    Given the stationing of PI


    Sta PT=Sta PIxT1+Lc1+Lc2Sta PT=Sta PIxT1+Lc1+Lc2

    Reversed Curve
    Reversed curve, though pleasing to the eye, would bring discomfort to motorist
    running at design speed. The instant change in direction at the PRC brought some
    safety problems. Despite this fact, reversed curves are being used with great success
    on park roads, formal paths, waterway channels, and the like.
    Elements of Reversed Curve

    PC = point of curvature
    PT = point of tangency
    PRC = point of reversed curvature
    T1 = length of tangent of the first curve
    T2 = length of tangent of the second curve
    V1 = vertex of the first curve
    V2 = vertex of the second curve
    I1 = central angle of the first curve
    I2 = central angle of the second curve
    Lc1 = length of first curve
    Lc2 = length of second curve
    L1 = length of first chord
    L2 = length of second chord
    T1 + T2 = length of common tangent measured from V1 to V2

    Finding the stationing of PT


    Given the stationing of PC
    Sta PT=Sta PC+Lc1+Lc2Sta PT=Sta PC+Lc1+Lc2

    Given the stationing of V1


    Sta PT=Sta V1T1+Lc1+Lc2Sta PT=Sta V1T1+Lc1+Lc2

    Reversed Curve for Nonparallel Tangents


    The following figure is an example reversed curves of unequal radii connecting
    non-parallel tangents.

    Reversed Curve for Parallel Tangents


    The figure below is an example of reversed curves of unequal radii connecting
    two parallel roads.

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