HIGH-SPEED RAIL PLANNING,

POLICY, AND ENGINEERING,

VOLUME IV
 HIGH-SPEED RAIL
PLANNING, POLICY,
AND ENGINEERING,
VOLUME IV
TRENDS AND ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN
HIGH-SPEED RAIL

TERRY L. KOGLIN, P.E.

High-Speed Rail Planning, Policy, and Engineering, Volume IV:
Trends and Advanced Concepts in High-Speed Rail

Copyright Momentum Press, LLC, 2018.

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 ABSTRACT

High-Speed Rail Planning, Policy, and Engineering: Trends and

Advanced Concepts in High-Speed Rail looks at some of the most recent
developments in high speed and other ground transportation around the
world, and closely examines the Northeast Corridor in the United States,
looking at is flaws and potentialities, projecting what could be done with
some moderate improvements in its infrastructure. Other possible
improvements with more general application are reviewed, and some non-
rail transportation alternatives are examined.

KEYWORDS

Amtrak, Acela, Bascule, Northeast Corridor, Swing Bridge, Vertical Lift

Bridge, Movable Bridge, Morocco, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,
Russia, Finland, Japan, South Korea, France, Germany, Poland, Baltic
States, Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Netherlands, Czech
Republic, Magnetic Levitation, Pendolino, Pantograph, Sweden, Serbia,
Hungary, Austria, Belgium, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Thailand,
Texas, New Jersey, Florida, Illinois, California, Minnesota, Metroliners,
Horsepower, Superelevation, Curvature, Grade, Grade Crossing, Grade
Separation, Terrorism
 CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES XI

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIII

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 STATUS OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL 5
EUROPE 5
FRANCE 5
GERMANY 6
POLAND 6
BALTIC STATES 6
BRITAIN 7
ITALY 7
SPAIN 7
PORTUGAL 8
SWITZERLAND 8
THE NETHERLANDS 8
CZECH REPUBLIC 8
ASIA 9
CHINA 9
MALAYSIA 10
SOUTH KOREA 10
IRAN 10
SAUDI ARABIA 10
INDIA 11
NORTH AMERICA 11
UNITED STATES 11
viii CONTENTS

California 12
Texas 14
New Jersey 14
Florida 14
Illinois 15
Minnesota 15
ELSEWHERE 16
JAPAN 16
INDONESIA 17
ALGERIA 17
3 RIDING AMTRAKS ACELA 19
A TRAIN RIDE 20
ACELA AND IMPROVEMENTS 28
4 NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: WASHINGTON TO NEW YORK 35
5 NORTHEAST CORRIDOR: NEW YORK TO BOSTON 41
6 ALTERNATIVES TO HIGH-SPEED RAIL 47
MAGNETIC LEVITATION 47
CHINA 47
JAPAN 48
OTHER ALTERNATIVES 48
PNEUMATIC TUBES 49
VERTOL 49
INTELLIGENT HIGHWAYS 49
SELF-DRIVING CARS 52
7 LIMITATIONS ON HIGH-SPEED RAIL SPEED CAPABILITY 53
8 LIMITATIONS ON EXPANSION OF HIGH-SPEED RAIL 59
OPERATION OF THE RAILROAD HIGHWAY CROSSING 61
ADVANTAGES OF THE RHC 64
DISADVANTAGES OF THE RHC 66
CONFIGURATION OF THE RHC 67
OPERATION OF THE RHC 69
CONTROL OF THE RHC 71
CASE 1 72
 CONTENTS ix

CASE 2 74
CASE 3 74
APPLICATION OF THE RHC 77
9 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES 83
SOURCES OF POWER 83
INNOVATIONS 84

APPENDICES 87

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 237

INDEX 239
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4-2-1 Erection of Overpass Outside of Fresno in 12

Central Valley of California, April 2017, for
California High Speed Rail Line
Figure 4-2-2 Deck of CAHSR Overpass Under 13
Construction near Madera, California, April
2017
Figure 4-3-1 Grade Crossing on Northeast Corridor, 23
Mystic Connecticut, August 2016
Figure 4-3-2 New London, Connecticut and Groton 23
Bridge over the Thames River, August 2016
Figure 4-3-3 Entrance to Boston South Station from 25
Northeast, August 2016
Figure 4-3-4 Interior of South Station, Boston, Mid- 26
Afternoon on a Weekday
Figure 4-3-5 Acela Train at Boston South Station, After 27
Arrival, awaiting Departure for New York
and Washington, D.C.
Figure 4-3-6 Amtrak Acela Southbound and Potential 29
Improvements
Figure 4-3-7 Amtrak Acela Northbound and Potential 30
Improvement
Figure 4-3-8 Movable Bridges on Amtraks Northeast 32
Corridor
Figure 4-3-9 Older Movable Bridges on Amtraks 33
Northeast Corridor, with Speed Limits
Thereon
xii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4-4-1 East Portal, Baltimore & Potomac Tunnels 36

(John St Tunnel)
Figure 4-4-2 Reverse Curve South of Metropark, New 38
Jersey, Station
Figure 4-4-3 Northeast Corridor Trackwork Entering 38
Zoo Interlocking in Philadelphia from
North/East
Figure 4-4-4 Wilmington, Delaware Station Sharp Curve 39
Beginning at End of Platform
Figure 4-5-1 Movable Bridge over the Pequonnock River, 42
Bridgeport Connecticut.
Figure 4-5-2 Elevated Tracks in Bridgeport, Connecticut, 43
Sharp Curve West of Station
Figure 4-5-3 Sharpest Curve on Amtraks Northeast 46
Corridor, 9 Degrees 32 Minutes at
Providence, Rhode Island
Figure 4-7-1 PantographOverhead Wire, Acela Train at 54
New Haven Station, Connecticut
Figure 4-8-1 Case 3A 75
Figure 4-8-2 Case 3C 76
Figure 4-8-3 Comparison of Wait Times at Conventional 78
Crossing
Figure 4-8-4 Effect of Equipment on Braking Ability 79
Figure 4-8-5 Wait Time at Fixed-Actuation-Point 81
Crossing
Figure 4-8-6 Wait for Long, Slow Train 81
Figure 4-8-7 Wait With Trains with Poor Braking 81
Figure 4-8-8 Wait at Crossing with Fast Train 82
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Peter F. Chang has provided critical review of the contents and provided
information on high-speed rail beyond the borders of the United States.
Dale Muellerleile has provided a though review of the manuscript and also
furnished photographs of construction in progress on the California High-
Speed Rail System. This volume would not have been possible without the
very early encouragement of Jane Oakey, Carol Wysocki, Tom Erickson,
my grandfather David Allen Dean, and my parents. Thank you all. All
content, opinions, conclusions, etc are the authors own and his own
responsibility (except as noted).
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The past few years have seen something of a slowdown in the construction
of new high-speed intercity passenger rail systems, while at the same time,
new interest in such systems has cropped up in places like Morocco, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Russia, Ukraine, and Finland. There has
also been a resurgence of interest in magnetic levitation systems, with new
lines proposed for Washington, D.C., to Baltimore and possibly extending
to New York City, and serious initial activity on constructing a possibly
up to US$3 trillion maglev line between Tokyo and Osaka, paralleling the
original New Tokaido high-speed passenger rail line of the 1960s.
Amtraks Northeast Corridor is the closest thing in the Western
Hemisphere to a high-speed passenger rail line. It pales in comparison to
high-speed rail systems developed and in operation in Europe and Asia.
The Northeast Corridor has been under more or less constant improvement
since the initiation of the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project in the
1960s. The Pennsylvania Railroad and the U.S. government combined at
that time to improve passenger rail service between New York City and
Washington, D.C. Additional work was done at that time between New
York City and Boston, Massachusetts. Further enhancement of the
Northeast Corridor and Amtrak are unlikely in the near-to-medium-
distance future due to the present overwhelming presence of the
Republican Party in power in Washington, D.C. The Republicans have
been in favor of many other forms of transportation improvement in
the United States, some of which are discussed in this volume, but have
consistently, since the Reagan Administration, been unfriendly to intercity
rail passenger travel. A Republican president, Dwight Eisenhower, was
the champion of the Interstate Highway System, and saw to its
implementation in the 1950s. As an Army officer around the time of
World War I, Eisenhower was a leading proponent of the transportation of
troops and materiel by truck instead of rail. As the son of a blue-collar
railroad employee during a period of labor unrest in the rail industry,
Eisenhower may have had an unspoken antirailroad bias.
2 HIGH-SPEED RAIL PLANNING, POLICY, AND ENGINEERING

As has been discussed in previous volumes of this series, a primary

impetus to the construction and operation of high-speed rail lines around
the world has been the perceived need to reduce the production of carbon
dioxide gas as the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is believed
to be a primary cause of the global warming evidenced by the shrinkage of
glaciers around the world and corresponding rise in sea levels. Many
industrialized countries around the world have signed agreements to halt
or at least reduce the increase in production of carbon dioxide resulting
from the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition to possible environmental
damage, consumption of fossil fuels, particularly petroleum products, has
been seen in some circles as a squandering of nonrenewable resources.
Many countries among the leaders in the movement to limit consumption
of fossil fuels are also among the countries lacking in such resources,
particularly petroleum. Events occurring since the end of World War II
have made the production and consumption of petroleum and petroleum
products highly politicized ventures. Countries leading in development,
construction, operation, and marketing of high-speed passenger rail
equipment and systems are among the most prominent of highly
industrialized countries lacking in petroleum resources, that is, France and
Japan.
The people of the United States have been reluctant to sign on to the
high-speed rail trend. A rather extensive discussion of United States
politics is contained in Volume I of this series. The most recent federal
elections in the United States have amplified the power of the Red states
so that national government funding of high-speed rail systems for
passenger transport in the United States is more unlikely than ever. The
red state conservatives seem to be less negative about other forms of
publicly funded passenger transportation, however. Alternatives such as
intelligent highways, self-driving cars, and perhaps even magnetic
levitation systems may have a brighter future in the United States.
There is no question that improvements in transportation speed and
efficiency would be welcome anywhere. The discussion that has been
largely forestalled is on the capital investment required in order to achieve
these goals; the amount of investment, its source, and the rate of return on
such investment are questions that deserve answers. These questions are
explored in volumes IIII of this series.
In volumes IIII, the possibility of funding high-speed passenger rail
by providing high-speed freight service over the high-speed line was
discussed extensively. In this volume, the stress is on passenger
transportation at the highest practical speeds. As the need for ultra-high-
 INTRODUCTION 3

speed freight transportation is extremely limited, freight transportation

will not be considered in such systems as are discussed in this volume.
This volume discusses a more recent phenomenon, the increased
interest in moderately high-speed passenger rail transportation. In many
countries, the United States included, it is in providing passenger trains
that operate at a maximum speed of 100 mph or so, 110 mph in the United
States due to federally mandated restrictions at highway grade crossings.
160 km/hr, the approximate ISO equivalent of 100 mph, has been the
target of passenger rail improvement programs in some countries.
The United States, in common with very few other countries of the
world, rests its ultimate sovereignty in the several states, in spite of a
clause in the U.S. Constitution that says that the federal constitution is the
supreme law of the land, and the requirement that all state and federal
government officials must swear fealty to it.
The basic philosophical dilemma with high-speed rail system
implementation is that there appears in most cases to be no likelihood of a
profitable, self-sustaining system; therefore, public subsidies are required
for construction and operation of such systems. On the other hand, most
modern economic analysis looks to sustainability as a hallmark for public
investment. Some elected public officials look at public employment and
other job creation resulting from high-speed rail construction as a part of
the benefits, while traditional, that is, conservative, economics looks at
overall improvement in the efficiency of providing goods and services as
the goal in such an endeavor. Many proposed high-speed passenger rail
systems in the United States have failed to get beyond the planning stages
because voters, when given the opportunity, have voted against providing
tax money for subsidies for such systems.
Terrorism has become a major issue for all transportation systems. In
recent months, incidents have forced rail transit authorities to be more
concerned about terrorist acts. The huge crowds that appear every
weekday at major commuter train stations such as Pennsylvania Station in
New York City are obvious targets for the kind of terrorist activity that
has already occurred in Europe. Even the suggestion of terrorist activity
can cause a panic leading to many injuries. A scuffle in Penn Station in
April 2017 led to mass hysteria, with thousands of people rushing to
escape the station during rush hour. The incident started with reports of an
active shooter in the station, which proved to be false, but 16 people were
injured in the panic. While there is a certain element of safety inherent in a
rail passenger system, it has been proved that rail passengers are not
immune to injury from terrorist acts. There will undoubtedly be additional
effort expended in the future by transit authorities to prevent such injuries.
4 HIGH-SPEED RAIL PLANNING, POLICY, AND ENGINEERING

Neither this book nor the prior three volumes in this series has
received any official sanction or direct support of any kind from any
government, railroad, or supplier of high-speed railroads.
 INDEX

A Baltimore & Potomac Tunnels, 35,

AASHTO (American Association 36, 37
of State Highway and Bascule bridge, over Pequonnock
Transportation Officials), 68 River, 4144
Acela train, 1920 Bay Area Rapid Transit, 55
and improvements, 2833 Beach tubes, 49
for Northbound trains, 30 Belgium, high-speed rail in, 8
for Southbound trains, 29 Blue Dolphin, CRH400AF EMU
ride from Boston to Washington, prototype, 10
D.C. Union Station, 2028 Bombardiers Qingdao plant in
cafeteria, help at, 22 China, 9
electrified tracks, 25 Boston, 1920
freight tracks, 24 to Washington D.C., train ride,
maintenance cost, 59 2028
passenger tracks, 24 Brightline express, 15
quality of, 22 Britain, high-speed rail in, 7
seating in, 24 Broad gauge, 55
track work on, 22 Bronx River, 26
Algeria, high-speed rail in, 17 Brown, Jerry, 12
Algerian National Railways Burlington Northern Santa Fe and
(SNTF), 17 Canadian National, 8384
Amtrak, 1, 11, 14, 42, 4446
Acela train, riding, 1933 C
Asia, status of high-speed rail in, California, 60
910 high-speed rail in, 1214
China, 910 California Air Resources Board,
Malaysia, 10 60
South Korea, 10 California High-Speed Rail
Austria, high-speed rail in, 8 Authority, 1314
Caltrain, 12, 14, 60
B Carbon dioxide, in atmosphere, 2
Baltic states, high-speed rail in, China
67 high-speed rail in, 910
240 HIGH-SPEED RAIL

HSR ETO Consortium, 13 ERTMS systems, 69, 85

magnetic levitation ETCS signaling systems, 6
transportation systems at, 47 Europe, status of high-speed rail
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in, 5
41 Baltic states, 67
Communications-based train Britain, 7
control (CBTC), 85 Czech Republic, 89
Connecticut Department of France, 56
Transportation, 25, 33, 41, 42, Germany, 6
4344 Italy, 7
Connecticut River Bridge, 33 Netherlands, 8
Consolidated Rail Corporation Poland, 6
(Conrail), 19 Portugal, 8
Conventional passenger rail private financing in, 5960
services, 5 Spain, 7
CRH400AF EMU prototype, 910 Switzerland, 8
CRRC Qingdao Sifang, 17 Eurostar, 7
CSX tracks, 26
Curvature, railroad, 28, 32, 35, 37, F
38, 42, 43, 65 Federal constitution, 3
Czech Republic, high-speed rail Federal Railroad Administration,
in, 89 1314, 15, 37, 38, 43, 45, 53,
55, 56, 71
D Finland, high-speed rail in, 1, 7, 9
Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-Und Florida, high-speed rail in, 1415
Raumfahrt, 85 Fossil fuels, 2
District Court for The District of France, high-speed rail in, 56
Columbia, 57 Freight railroads, 57
Drone technology, for railroads, Freight traffic, 24, 2526, 64
8586 Freight train, 7576, 78
Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure, 8 automated, 85
Freight transportation, 23
E French Railways (SNCF), 11
East Side Access project, 4546 FS First Rail Group (Italy), 13
Eisenhower, Dwight, 1 Fuel cells, 84
Electrically controlled braking, 70,
7982 G
Elizabeth station, 28, 39 Gas turbine locomotives, 83
EMERGENCY LOWER button, Gateway Project, 36
73 Gensets, diesel engine, 83
Environmental Protection Agency, Germany, high-speed rail in, 6
60 GPS technology, for railroads, 85
ErfurtNuremberg high-speed Grade crossings, highway, or rail,
line, 6 5556, 6061
 INDEX 241

advantages of, 6466 in Europe, 59

application of, 7782 in India, 11
configuration of, 6769 in Indonesia, 17
control of, 6977 in Iran, 10
disadvantages of, 6667 in Japan, 16
operation of, 6164, 6971 in North America, 1115
Grade separation, 6, 6061, 62, 64, technological advances, 8386
66, 7475 innovations, 8486
sources of power, 8384
H Horsepower, 28, 55
Hackensack River, 14, 27, 33 House Transportation Committee,
bridge over, 35 56
High-speed rail systems Hudson River, bridge over, 3536
alternatives to, 4752 Hyperloop, 49
intelligent highways, 4951
magnetic levitation, 4748 I
pneumatic tubes, 49 Illinois Department of
self-driving cars, 52 Transportation, 15
VERTOL vehicles, 49 Illinois, high-speed rail in, 15
Amtraks Acela, riding, 1933 India, high-speed rail in, 1, 11
braking ability, 7982 Indiana Harbor Belt railroad, 84
construction of, 5960 Indonesia, high-speed rail in, 17
highway grade crossings, 6061 Innovations, for railroading, 8486
advantages of, 6466 Intelligent highways, 4951
application of, 7782 Iran, status of high-speed rail in,
configuration of, 6769 10
control of, 6977 Saudi Arabia, 10
disadvantages of, 6667 Italy, high-speed rail in, 7
operation of, 6164, 6971
introduction of, 14 J
limitations on expansion of, Japan, 9
5982 high-speed rail in, 16
Northeast Corridor magnetic levitation
New York to Boston, 4146 transportation systems at, 48
Washington to New York,
3540 L
speed capability, limitations on, LGV Sud Europe Atlantique, 56
5357 Long Island Rail Road trains, 36,
grade crossings, 5556 40, 46
power transfer mechanism,
53, 5455 M
status of, 517 Madison Square Garden, 40
in Algeria, 17 Magnetic levitation transportation
in Asia, 910 systems, 16, 4748
242 HIGH-SPEED RAIL

at China, 47 Illinois, 15
over conventional steel-wheels- Minnesota, 15
on-steel-rail technology, New Jersey, 14
advantage of, 53 Texas, 14
at Japan, 48 United States, 1112
Malaysia, high-speed rail in, 10 Northeast corridor, 1, 1920
Maryland Department of Boston to Washington, D.C.,
Transportation, 33, 38 2028
Massachusetts Bay Transportation movable bridges on, 31, 3233,
Authority (MBTA), 24 35, 67
Massachusetts Department of Mystic Connecticut, grade
Transportation, 45 crossing on, 23
Metro North commuter trains, New York to Boston, 4146
2122, 26, 41, 44 speed restrictions on, 42,
Metroliners, 19, 31 4344
Metropolitan Transportation Washington to New York, 3540
Authority, 41, 46 movable bridges on, 35
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure speed capability, improving,
and Transport (Molit), South 3940
Korea, 10 speed restrictions on, 35, 37
Minnesota Department of Northeast Corridor Commission,
Transportation, 15 59
Minnesota, high-speed rail in, 15 Northeast Corridor Improvement
Morocco, higher-speed passenger Project, 1, 19, 38, 44, 45
rail systems, 1, 17 Northeast Rail Services Act
Movable bridges, 31, 3233, 35, (NERSA), 19
4244, 67 Northern Lights Express (NLX),
Mystic Connecticut, 23, 25 15
Norwalk River, 33, 44
N
National Railroad Passenger P
Corporation, 1920 Pantographoverhead wire
Netherlands, high-speed rail in, 8 connection, on electrified
New Haven Line, in Connecticut, railroads, 5355
44, 45 Passenger Rail Investment and
New Jersey, 2728 Improvement Act, 57
high-speed rail in, 14 Pendolino, 8
New Jersey Transit, 14, 21, 2728, Penn Central Transportation
33, 36, 40 Company, 41
No Train Horn rule, 22 Pennsylvania Station, in New
North America, status of high- York City, 1, 3, 14, 19, 21,
speed rail in, 1115 2627, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45,
California, 1214 46, 59
Florida, 1415 Pequonnock River, 4142, 44
 INDEX 243

Petroleum products, 2 Railroad Revitalization and

Pneumatic tubes, 49 Regulatory Reform Act (the 4R
Poland, high-speed rail in, 6 Act), 19
Port Authority of New York and Red states, 2
New Jersey, 36 Regional Rail Reorganization Act
Portal Bridge, over Hackensack (the 3 R Act), 19
River, 14, 27, 35 RENFE, Spanish national rail
Portugal, high-speed rail in, 8 operator, 7, 13
Positive Train Control (PTC), Republican party, 1
1314, 56, 69, 73, 77, 84 REQUEST CROSSING button,
Power supply, for electrified 72, 74
trains, 8384 Rhode Island, 24, 41, 45, 46
Power transfer mechanism, for Russia, high-speed rail in, 1, 9
high-speed trains, 53
improvements in, 5455 S
Private financing, in Europe, Saudi Arabia, high-speed rail in,
5960 10
PROCEED indication, 72, 73 Saudi Railway Company (SAR),
PROCEEED PREPARED TO 10
STOP indication, 73 Self-driving vehicles, 52
Prorail in Netherlands, 84 Singapore, high-speed rail in, 1,
Providence Station, in Rhode 10, 17
Island, 45 Sound Transit of Seattle, 84
Publicprivate partnerships South Korea, high-speed rail in, 10
(PPPs), 9, 60 Spain, high-speed rail in, 7
Puget Sound Energy, 84 Stagecoach Group (UK), 13
Staggers Act, 19
R State of Connecticut, 41
Rail Baltica, 67 rail passenger service in, 45
Railroad Highway Crossing Steel-wheels-on-steel-rail
(RHC) technology, 53
advantages of, 6466 STOP indication, 73
application of, 7782 Sunnyside Yard, 4546
configuration of, 6769 Superelevation on curves, 28,
control of, 6977 3031, 39, 40, 55, 65
heavy vehicle, crossing, 73 Supersonic speeds, 47
lightweight object, crossing, Susquehanna River, 33, 35, 38
73 Swing bridge, 38, 44
at private crossings, 72 Swiss Federal Railways, 8
at public crossings, 72 Switzerland, high-speed rail in, 8
for slower trains, 75
warning gates, 74, 77 T
disadvantages of, 6667 Terrorism, for transportation
operation of, 6164, 6971 systems, 3
244 HIGH-SPEED RAIL

Texas Central Partners LLC, 14 V

Texas, high-speed rail in, 14 Vertical lift bridge, 33, 44
TGV trains, 56 VERTOL (vertical-takeoff-and-
Thailand, high-speed rail in, 17 landing) vehicles, 49
Thames River, 2223, 44
Tilting trains, turbine-powered, 19 W
Walk Bridge, over Norwalk River,
U 44
United States Department of
Washington, D.C. Union Station,
Transportation, 59
2021
United States, high-speed rail in,
Washington Metropolitan Area
1112
United States Railway Association Transit Authority, 85
(USRA), 19 Washington Utilities and
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Transportation Commission, 84
(UAV), 8586 World Resources Institute, 84
U.S. Constitution, 3 World Wildlife Fund, 84
 OTHER TITLES IN OUR TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING COLLECTION
Bryan Katz, Editor
High Speed Rail Planning, Policy, and Engineering, Volume I: Overview of Development
and Engineering Requirements by Terry L. Koglin
High Speed Rail Planning, Policy, and Engineering, Volume II: Realizing PlansObstacles
and Solutions by Terry L. Koglin
Roadway Safety: Identifying Needs and Implementing Countermeasures
by Brian Chandler
Emerging Trends in Transportation Planning by Andy Boenau
High Speed Rail Planning, Policy, and Engineering, Volume III: System Operations
by Terry L. Koglin
Transportation Network Modeling and Calibration by Mansoureh Jeihani
and Anam Ardeshiri

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