01 01 Circles 1
01 01 Circles 1
01 01 Circles 1
com
CHAPTER 1
CIRCLES
TOPICS:
5. Concentric circles.
6. Equation of the chord joining two points on the circle, Mid point of the
chord.
9. Chord of contact
12.Inverse points
15. Sphere.
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CIRCLES
Definition:
The set of points in a plane which are at a constant distance ‘r’ (≥ 0) from a fixed point C is
called a circle. The fixed point C is called the centre and the constant distance r is called the
radius of the circle.
c
radius
Note:
1. A circle is said to be a unit circle if its radius is one unit.
2. A circle is said to be a point circle if its radius is zero.
EQUATION OF A CIRCLE:
The equation of the circle with centre C(h, k) and radius r is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
Note:
The equation of a circle with centre origin and radius r is (x–0)2 + (y–0)2 = r2 i.e.,x2 + y2 = r2
which is the standard equation of the circle.
Note:
On expanding equation (1), the equation of a circle is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
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THEOREM
If g2 + f2 – c ≥ 0 then the equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle with centre
(–g, –f) and radius g 2 + f 2 − c .
Note:
If g2 + f2 – c = 0 then the equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 becomes (x + g)2 + (y + f)2 = 0, a
point circle containing the point (–g, –f).
Note:
The equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is called general equation of a circle.
THEOREM
The conditions that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to represent a circleare
(i) a = b i.e., coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 (ii) h = 0 i.e., coefficient of xy =0 (iii) g2 + f2 –
ac ≥ 0.
g f
Note: If ax2 + ay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle, then its centre = − , − and its
a a
g 2 + f 2 − ac
radius .
|a|
THEOREM
The equation of a circle having the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) as diameter
is (x − x1 )(x − x 2 ) + (y − y1 )(y − y2 ) = 0 .
Let P(x,y) be any point on the circle. Given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).
π
Now APB = . (Angle in a semi circle)
2
Slope of AP. Slope of BP =-1
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y − y1 y − y2
⇒ = −1
x − x1 x − x2
⇒ ( y − y2 )( y − y1 ) = − ( x − x2 )( x − x1 )
⇒ ( x − x2 )( x − x1 ) + ( y − y2 )( y − y1 ) = 0
THEOREM:
The equation of the circum circle of the triangle formed by the line ax + by + c = 0 with the
coordinate axes is ab(x2 + y2) + c(bx + ay) = 0.
Proof:
The intercepts of the given line ax + by + c = 0 are –c/a, –c/b. B(0, -c/b)
∴ Given line cuts the coordinate axes at A(–c/a, 0), B(0, –c/b).
Now AB is a diameter of the required circle.
A(ñc/a, 0)
∴ Equation of the required circle is 0 0
A(–c/a, 0)
c c
x + (x − 0) + (y − 0) y + = 0
a b
x y
⇒ x 2 + y2 + c + = 0
a b
⇒ ab(x 2 + y 2 ) + c(bx + ay) = 0
DEFINITION:
Two circles are said to be concentric if they have same center.
The equation of the circle concentric with the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is of the form
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + k = 0.
The equation of the concentric circles are differ by constant only.
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Note:
The equations x = α + r cos θ, y = β + r sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π are called parametric equations of the
circle with centre (α, β) and radius r.
Note:
A point on the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is taken in the form (r cos θ, r sin θ). The point (r cos θ, r sin θ)
is simply denoted as point θ.
THEOREM
(1) If g2 -c > 0 then the intercept made on the x axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is 2 g 2 − ac
2) If f2 – c > 0 then the intercept made on the y axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is 2 f 2 − bc
Proof:
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( x1 − x 2 ) = ( x1 + x 2 ) − 4x1x 2
2 2
= ( −2 g ) − 4 c = 4 ( g 2 − c )
2
now x1 − x2 = 2 g 2 − c
Similarly, the intercept made on the y axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
2 f 2 − bc
COROLLARY
The condition for the x-axis to touch the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (c > 0) is g2 = c.
COROLLARY
The condition of the y-axis to touch the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (c > 0) is f2 = c.
COROLLARY
The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the coordinate axes is
g2 = f2 = c.
Note.
1. The equation of the circle passing through (0,0) will be of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
2. The equation of the circle having centre on x axis is of the from x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0.
3. The equation of the circle having centre on y axis is of the from x2 + y2 + 2fy + c = 0
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EXERCISE – 1(a)
1. Find the question of the circle with centre C and radius r where.
i) C = (1, 7), r =
2
⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 – 14y + 49 =
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2x – 14y + 0
4x2 + 4y2 – 8x – 56y + 175 = 0
ii) C = ( -1,2), r = 5
Ans: ⇒ x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y – 20 = 0
Ans: ⇒ x2 – y2 + 14x + 6y + 42 = 0
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x2 + y2 = 81
2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin and having the centre at ( -4, -3).
∴( x +4)2 + (y +3)2 = 25
Hence equation of the circle is x2 – y2 + 8x + 6y = 0
3. Find the equation of the circle passing through ( 2, -1) having the centre at ( 2,3).
4. Find the equation of the circle passing the through (-2, 3) having the centre at (0,0).
Ans: x2 – y2 = 13
5. Find the equation of the circle passing through (3, 4) having the centre at (-3, 4).
Ans: x2 + y2 +6x – 8y – 11 = 0
6. Find the value of ‘a’ if 2x2 + ay2 – 3x + 2y -1 = 0 represents a circle and also find its radius.
Sol. The equation of second degree ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle, if
a = b, h = 0 and g2 + f2- c ≥ 0
2x2 + 2y2 – 3x + 2y -1 = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 - x+y- =0
C = (-g, -f) =
Radius = = =
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7. Find the values of a, b if ax2 + bxy + 3y2 –5x + 2y – 3 = 0 represents a circle. Also Find the
radius and centre of the circle.
Sol. The equation of second degree ax2 + 2hy + by2 + 2gx + 2hy + c = 0
Represents a circle if a = b , h = 0, g2 + f2- c ≥ 0
Radius = g2 + f 2 − c = =
8. If x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy – 12 = 0 represents a circle with centre ( 2, 3) find g, f and its radius.
Radius = g2 + f 2 − c = = 5 units
9. If x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0 represents a circle with centre ( -4, -3) then find g, f and the radius
of the circle.
10. If x2 + y2 -4x + 6y + c = 0 represents a circle with radius 6 then find the value of c.
Sol.
Centre = ( -g, -f) = (2,-3)
r= g2 + f 2 − c ⇒6= 36 = 13 – c ⇒ c = - 23
11. Find the centre and radius of the circle of each whose equation is given below.
i) x2 + y2 – 4x-8y -41 = 0
Sol. Given circle is x2 + y2 -4x – 8y – 41 = 0
g = - 2 , f = - 4, c = - 41
Centre = ( -g, -f) = (2, 4)
Radius = = = Units
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g=- ; f = - 1 ;and c =
r= = = units
iii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x – 12y – 1 = 0 Find the radius and centre of the circle.
iv) x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 96 = 0.
Ans: = ,C
12. Find the equations of the circles for which the points given below are the end points of a
diameter.
i) (1,2), (4,6)
Sol . Equation of the circle with (x1, y1), ( x2, y2) as ends of a diameter is
( x-x1) ( x-x2) + (y-y1) (y-y2) = 0
⇒ ( x-1) (x-4) + (y-2) ( y-6) = 0 ⇒ x2 -5x + 4 + y2 -8y + 12 = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 – 5x – 8y + 16 = 0
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i) x2 +y2 = 4
Sol. C (0,0), r = 2
Parametric equations are
x = r cosθ = 2 cosθ
y = r sin θ = sinθ, 0≤θ < 2 π
ii) 4 ( x2 +y2) = 9
Sol. x2 + y 2 =
Centre C (0,0), r =
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II
1. If the abscissa of points A, B are the roots of the equation, x2 + 2ax –b2 = 0 and
ordinates of A, B are roots of y2 + 2py –q2 = 0, then find the equation of a circle for
which AB is a diameter.
Sol.
Let A(x1,y1), B (x2,y2) be the points.
2. i) Show that A (3,-1) lies on x2 + y2 -2x +4y = 0 and find the other end of diameter
through A.
ii) Show that A (-3, 0) lies on x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 and find the other end of
diameter through A.
Ans: Others end of diameter is (-5, -12)
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3. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (2,-3)and (-4,5) and having the
centre on 4x + 3y +1 = 0
Sol.
Let S(a,b) be the centre of the circle.
( 2+1) + ( -3 -1) = 5
2 2
Raidus = SA =
4. Find the equation of a circle which passes through (4,1) (6,5) and having the centre on
4x + 3y -24 = 0
Ans: x + y2 – 6x -8y + 15 = 0
2
5. Find the question of a circle which is concentric with x2 + y2 -6x -4y – 12 = 0 and passing
through (-2, 14).
Sol.
The equation of the circle concentric with x2 + y2 -6x -4y – 12 = 0 is x2 + y2 -6x -4y +k = 0
It is passing through ( -2,14)
∴ (-2)2 - (14)2 – 6 (-2) -4 (14) + k = 0
156 + k =0
k = - 156
If the circle is x2 + y2 -6x -4y – 156 = 0
6. Find the question of the circle whose centre lies on the X – axis and passing through
( -2,3) and (4,5).
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4+9-4g +6f +c = 0
-4g + c = -13 ____(ii)
And
16+25+8g+10f + c =0_
o 8g+c = -41 ____(iii)
(iii) – (ii) we get
12g = -28
3g = -7 => g = -
From ( ii) c = - ,
From (i) Required equation will be 3(x2 + y2) – 14x -67 = 0.
7. If ABCD is a square then show that the points A, B, C and D are con cyclic.
Sol.
Let AB = a, AD = a
Let side AB along with x-axis and side AD along with y-axis.
Then A(0,0), B(0,a), D(a,0) and D(a,a)
Triangle ABD is right triangle.
Therefore, BD is the diameter of the circle.
Equations of circle with B(0,a), D(a,0) are end points of diameter is
( x-0) (x-a)+(y-a) (y-0) = 0
x2 + y2 –ax –ay = 0
substituting c (a,a) in above eq. a2 +a2-a2-a2 = 0
⇒ C lies on the circle passing through A, B, D.
∴ A, B, C and D are con cyclic.
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III
1. Find the equation of circle passing through each of the following three points.
25+6g + 8f + c = 0 _____(i)
9 + 4 + 6g + 4f + c = 0
13 + 6g + 4f + c = 0 _____(ii)
1+16+2g +8f +c = 0
X2 + y2 -22x – 4y + 25 = 0
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2. i) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0,0) and making intercepts 4,3 on
X – axis and Y –axis respectively.
Sol.
(4,0) ⇒ 16+0+8g+2f.0+c =0
g = 2 as c = 0
(0,3) ⇒ 0+ 9+2g.0+6f +c = 0
f = - as c = 0
Required equation of circle is X2 + y2 -4x – 3y = 0
ii) Find the equation of the circle passing through (0,0) and making intercept 6 units on X- axis
and intercept 4 units on Y – axis.
Sol.
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3. Show that the following four points in each of the following are concyclic and find the
equation of the circle on which they lie.
i) (1,1), (-6,0), (-2,2), (-2,-8)
In the problem first find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1,1), (-6,0),
(-2,2)
4+64-8-48-12 =0 0 =0.
Hence, the points are concyclic and the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 + 4x +6y – 12 = 0
Ans: 1 or
5. Find the equation of the circum circle of the triangle formed by the straight lines given
in each of the following.
i) 2x + y = 4; x + y = 6; x + 2y = 5
Sol. A
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ii) x + 3y -1 = 0; x + y + 1 = 0; 2x +3y +4 = 0
Ans: x2 + y2 +12x+12y +7 = 0
6. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the lines x cos α + y sin α = a,
xsin α - y cos α = b(α is a parameter) is a circle.
Sol. Equations of the given lines are x cos α + y sin α= a; y sin α - y cos α = b
Let p(X1,Y1) be the point of intersection
x1 cos + y1 sin α = a – (1)
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7. Show that the locus of a point such that the ratio of distance of it from two given Point
is constant k( 1) is a circle.
Given =k
PA = kPB ⇒ PA 2 = k 2 PB2 =K
⇒ (x1-a) + = k [(x1 + a) + ] ⇒ (1-k2) (
2 2 2
+ +a2) + (-1-k2) (2ax1) = 0
1 + k 2
⇒ + – 2 2
ax + a 2 = 0
1 − k
1 + k 2
Locus of p(x1, y1) is x + y -2
2 2
2
ax + a 2 = 0
1 − k
which represents a circle.
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