Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 32 views

    1waterreuse2016w 160324191719 PDF

    Uploaded by

    ashraf refaat
    This document discusses water reuse and conservation. It notes that while oceans make up 97% of the Earth's water, less than 1% is available for human use. Various methods are presented to promote water sustainability through conservation and reuse. Early examples of water reuse in the US in the 1920s are provided. The document outlines treatment processes to remove wastes and make wastewater suitable for non-potable reuse in applications like agriculture and industry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    1waterreuse2016w 160324191719 PDF

    Uploaded by

    ashraf refaat
    32 views15 pages
    This document discusses water reuse and conservation. It notes that while oceans make up 97% of the Earth's water, less than 1% is available for human use. Various methods are presented to promote water sustainability through conservation and reuse. Early examples of water reuse in the US in the 1920s are provided. The document outlines treatment processes to remove wastes and make wastewater suitable for non-potable reuse in applications like agriculture and industry.

    Original Title

    1waterreuse2016w-160324191719.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses water reuse and conservation. It notes that while oceans make up 97% of the Earth's water, less than 1% is available for human use. Various methods are presented to promote water sustainability through conservation and reuse. Early examples of water reuse in the US in the 1920s are provided. The document outlines treatment processes to remove wastes and make wastewater suitable for non-potable reuse in applications like agriculture and industry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views15 pages

    1waterreuse2016w 160324191719 PDF

    Uploaded by

    ashraf refaat
    This document discusses water reuse and conservation. It notes that while oceans make up 97% of the Earth's water, less than 1% is available for human use. Various methods are presented to promote water sustainability through conservation and reuse. Early examples of water reuse in the US in the 1920s are provided. The document outlines treatment processes to remove wastes and make wastewater suitable for non-potable reuse in applications like agriculture and industry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    Water Reuse

    Amy Northam
    City of Levelland
    Director of Wastewater Services
    WATTS Conference
    March 22, 2016

    P.O. BOX 1010


    Levelland, TX 79336
    (806) 894-0113 ext. 263
    (806) 470-7810 cell
    anortham@levellandtexas.org
    Water is needed for life.

    ∗ Every creature and plant Water on Earth


    on Earth needs water to
    survive.
    ∗ Oceans make up about
    97% of the Earth’s water.
    ∗ Less than 1% is available to
    people for consumption,
    agriculture, and industry
    use. Oceans 97% Snow and Glaciers 2%
    Fresh Water 3% Rivers, Lakes, Streams 1%

    Feinstein, 2011 p. 9
    Conservation and Water Reuse needed
    to promote sustainability.

    ∗ 2005 US average use per 2011 Freshwater Withdrawals


    household is 254 gallons per day
    (48,000 MGD).
    100% 12
    ∗ Installing home water-saving 14
    features, water use would 80% 18
    decrease by 30%. 60% 46 Domestic
    ∗ 2005 US Industry use 162,000 40%
    Industrial
    70
    MGD Agriculture
    20% 40
    ∗ Switching to closed-loop
    recirculation cooling towers 0%
    would save 50% or more water World US
    use. Source: World Bank Freshwater Table 3.5

    Source: AWWA Water Use Statistics 2014, USGS 2005 Estimated Water Use 2009
    Conservation and Water Reuse needed
    to promote sustainability.

    ∗ 2005 US Agricultural use 2011 Freshwater Withdrawals


    138,000 MGD per day;
    half is lost to evaporation 100% 12 14
    and evapotranspiration. 80% 18
    ∗ Switching to low flow 60% 46 Domestic
    irrigation would save 35% 40%
    Industrial
    70
    from evaporation: Agriculture
    20% 40
    ∗ Drip Irrigation
    0%
    ∗ Low Spray Irrigation World US

    Source: USGS 2005 Estimated Water Use Source: World Bank Freshwater Table 3.5
    Early Examples of Water Reuse.

    ∗ The oldest use of reclaimed wastewater in


    the US is in Grand Canyon Village, AZ IN 1926.
    ∗ Dual distribution system - two separate lines into a
    residence, to supply water for:
    ∗ Toilet flushing
    ∗ Boiler feed water for power generators
    ∗ Steam locomotives (Fulton 2011, p.12).
    Early Examples of Water Reuse.

    By the 1970s, several other cities


    began reusing their wastewater for:
    ∗ Agricultural – non food crops
    ∗ Industrial – thermoelectric
    cooling towers
    ∗ Irrigation - lawns, golf
    courses, and parks
    Early Examples of Water Reuse.

    0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

    USA 2,006
    Saudi Arabia 488
    Egypt 470
    Syria 268
    Isreal 217
    Spain 203
    Total reuse 5,416

    MGD

    In 2008, the US reuses the most reclaimed wastewater out of all


    countries at a rate of 2 BGD (Jimenez, 2008; NRC, 2012).
    Where can we reclaim water for reuse?

    Treated
    Brackish Lagoons Oceans
    Wastewater
    Image Source: brackish.usegrid.net Image Source: kevinalanlamb.com Image Source: www.kfactorfilter.com

    (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency & USAID 2012)


    Potable Reuse

    ∗ Most familiar & sanitary


    ∗ Strict treatment
    Drinking requirement for health
    ∗ For human consumption
    Potable Bathing
    ∗ Public water works
    Cooking ∗ Bottled water
    Non-potable Reuse

    ∗ Known as ‘gray water’


    ∗ Treatment not as strict
    ∗ Agriculture
    ∗ Irrigation of non-human food Agriculture
    crops
    ∗ Industrial
    ∗ Cooling Towers
    ∗ Mining
    Non- Industrial

    ∗ Paper Processing potable


    ∗ Urban Urban
    ∗ Fire hydrants
    ∗ Lawn and park irrigation
    ∗ Toilets
    ∗ Boiler feed
    Defacto Reuse

    ∗ Discharge from a municipal


    treatment plant to a stream
    or reservoir
    Reuse ∗ Travels downstream mixing
    with storm water to another
    Reservoir
    lake or reservoir
    ∗ Pulled from downstream
    Discharge
    lake or reservoir for reuse
    ∗ Example: Trinity River,
    Defacto CRMWA
    What Can We Do to Reclaim Water
    from Sewage and Reuse It?
    Treatment Process to Remove Wastes

    Primary • Remove large solids, grit,


    & grease

    • Biological & chemical


    process to break down
    Secondary nutrients and remove most
    solids

    • Polishes and
    Tertiary disinfects water
    Wastewater Treatment for Reuse

    Image Retrieved from: http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/sewage-treatment-process-for-kids.html

    You might also like