Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 9 Answers

Year 9 Mathematics
Solutions
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Learning Strategies
Mathematics is often the most challenging subject for students. Much of the trouble comes from the
fact that mathematics is about logical thinking, not memorizing rules or remembering formulas. It
requires a different style of thinking than other subjects. The students who seem to be “naturally”
good at math just happen to adopt the correct strategies of thinking that math requires – often they
don’t even realise it. We have isolated several key learning strategies used by successful maths
students and have made icons to represent them. These icons are distributed throughout the book
in order to remind students to adopt these necessary learning strategies:
Talk Aloud Many students sit and try to do a problem in complete silence inside their heads.
They think that solutions just pop into the heads of ‘smart’ people. You absolutely must learn
to talk aloud and listen to yourself, literally to talk yourself through a problem. Successful
students do this without realising. It helps to structure your thoughts while helping your tutor
understand the way you think.
BackChecking This means that you will be doing every step of the question twice, as you work
your way through the question to ensure no silly mistakes. For example with this question:
3 × 2 − 5 × 7 you would do “3 times 2 is 5 ... let me check – no 3 × 2 is 6 ... minus 5 times 7
is minus 35 ... let me check ... minus 5 × 7 is minus 35. Initially, this may seem time-
consuming, but once it is automatic, a great deal of time and marks will be saved.
Avoid Cosmetic Surgery Do not write over old answers since this often results in repeated
mistakes or actually erasing the correct answer. When you make mistakes just put one line
through the mistake rather than scribbling it out. This helps reduce silly mistakes and makes
your work look cleaner and easier to backcheck.
Pen to Paper It is always wise to write things down as you work your way through a problem, in
order to keep track of good ideas and to see concepts on paper instead of in your head. This
makes it easier to work out the next step in the problem. Harder maths problems cannot be
solved in your head alone – put your ideas on paper as soon as you have them – always!
Transfer Skills This strategy is more advanced. It is the skill of making up a simpler question and
then transferring those ideas to a more complex question with which you are having difficulty.
For example if you can’t remember how to do long addition because you can’t recall exactly
ା ହ଼଼ଽ
ସହ଼଻
how to carry the one: then you may want to try adding numbers which you do know how
ାହ
to calculate that also involve carrying the one: ଽ
This skill is particularly useful when you can’t remember a basic arithmetic or algebraic rule,
most of the time you should be able to work it out by creating a simpler version of the
question.
1
Format Skills These are the skills that keep a question together as an organized whole in terms
of your working out on paper. An example of this is using the “=” sign correctly to keep a
question lined up properly. In numerical calculations format skills help you to align the numbers
correctly.
This skill is important because the correct working out will help you avoid careless mistakes.
When your work is jumbled up all over the page it is hard for you to make sense of what
belongs with what. Your “silly” mistakes would increase. Format skills also make it a lot easier
for you to check over your work and to notice/correct any mistakes.
Every topic in math has a way of being written with correct formatting. You will be surprised
how much smoother mathematics will be once you learn this skill. Whenever you are unsure
you should always ask your tutor or teacher.
Its Ok To Be Wrong Mathematics is in many ways more of a skill than just knowledge. The main
skill is problem solving and the only way this can be learned is by thinking hard and making
mistakes on the way. As you gain confidence you will naturally worry less about making the
mistakes and more about learning from them. Risk trying to solve problems that you are unsure
of, this will improve your skill more than anything else. It’s ok to be wrong – it is NOT ok to not
try.
Avoid Rule Dependency Rules are secondary tools; common sense and logic are primary tools
for problem solving and mathematics in general. Ultimately you must understand Why rules
work the way they do. Without this you are likely to struggle with tricky problem solving and
worded questions. Always rely on your logic and common sense first and on rules second,
always ask Why?
Self Questioning This is what strong problem solvers do naturally when they
get stuck on a problem or don’t know what to do. Ask yourself these
questions. They will help to jolt your thinking process; consider just one
question at a time and Talk Aloud while putting Pen To Paper.
2
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Number 4
Exercise 1: Indices 5
Exercise 2: Scientific Notation & Significant Figures 9
Exercise 3: Consumer Arithmetic 14
CHAPTER 2: Chance & Data 24

Exercise 1: Simple Probability 25
Exercise 2: Data Representation & Analysis 35
CHAPTER 3: Algebraic Expressions 43

Exercise 1: Simplifying Expressions Using Index Laws 44
Exercise 2: Expressions Involving Fractions 48
Exercise 3: Soling Equations 53
Exercise 4:Fractional & Negative Indices 59
Exercise 5: Expanding & Factorizing 64
CHAPTER 4: Coordinate Geometry 68

Exercise 1: Determining Midpoint, Length & Gradient 69
Exercise 2: Graphing Linear Relationships 85
Exercise 3: Gradient/Intercept Form of Linear Equations 92
CHAPTER 5: Measurement 103

Exercise 1: Area & Perimeter 104
Exercise 2: Volume & Surface Area 114
Exercise 3: Trigonometry 121
CHAPTER 6: Space 133

Exercise 1: Properties of Polygons 134
3
Year 9 Mathematics
Number
4
Chapter 1: Number: Solutions Exercise 1: Indices
Exercise 1
Indices
5
1) Evaluate the following

= 2× 2× 2× 2× 2× 2
= 2଺
a) 2ଷ
= 2× 2× 2= 8 e) 32
b) 3ଶ = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2ହ
= 3× 3= 9 3) Express the following as powers of

3
c) 1଺
a) 9
= 1× 1× 1× 1× 1× 1
= 1 = 3 × 3 = 3ଶ
d) 4ଷ b) 81
= 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 3ସ
e) 5଴ c) 3
= 1 = 3ଵ
2) Express the following as powers of d) 27

2
= 3 × 3 × 3 = 3ଷ
a) 16
e) 1
ସ
= 2× 2× 2× 2= 2
= 3଴
b) 2
ଵ
= 2
a) 2ିଵ
c) 1
1 1
଴
= ଵ
=
= 2 2 2
d) 64
6
b) 3ିଶ
1 1
= ଶ
=
3 9 a) 2ହ × 2ିଷ
c) 2ିଷ = 2ହିଷ = 2ଶ = 4
1 1
= = b) 3ିହ × 3଺
2ଷ 8
= 3ିହା଺ = 3ଵ = 3
d) 4ିଶ
1 1 c) 2ିଵ × 2ିଶ
= ଶ=
4 16
1 1
= 2ିଵିଶ = 2ିଷ = ଷ
=
e) 2ିସ 2 8
1 1 d) 4ିସ × 4଺
= ସ=
2 16
= 4ିସା଺ = 4ଶ = 16
e) 13଺ × 13ି଺
a) 2ଷ × 2ଶ
= 13଺ି଺ = 13଴ = 1
= 2ଷାଶ = 2ହ = 32
b) 3ଵ × 3ଶ
a) 3ହ ÷ 3ଷ
= 3ଵାଶ = 3ଷ = 27
= 3ହିଷ = 3ଶ = 9
c) 4ଵ × 4ଵ
b) 2ଵ଴ ÷ 2଼
= 4ଵାଵ = 4ଶ = 16
2ଵ଴ି଼ = 2ଶ = 4
d) 3ଷ × 3଴
c) 4ସ ÷ 4ସ
= 3ଷା଴ = 3ଷ = 27
= 4ସିସ = 4଴ = 1
e) 5ଶ × 5ଶ
d) 10ଷ ÷ 10ଶ
= 5ଶାଶ = 5ସ = 625
7
= 10ଷିଶ = 10ଵ = 10 9) From your answers to question 8,

which of the following statements
e) 1ଵ଴ ÷ 1଺ are true and which are false?
= 1ଵ଴ି଺ = 1ସ = 1 a) ܽଶ + ܾଶ = (ܽ + ܾ) ଶ
8) Evaluate the following False
a) 3ଶ + 2ଶ b) (ܽ + ܾ) ଶ = ܽଶ × ܾଶ
= 9 + 4 = 13 False
b) 5ଶ c) (ܽ × ܾ) ଶ = ܽଶ × ܾଶ
= 5 × 5 = 25 True
c) 3ଶ × 2ଶ d) (ܽ × ܾ) ଶ = (ܽ + ܾ) ଶ
9 × 4 = 36 False
d) (3 × 2) ଶ 10) Find the values of ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬in the

following
= 6ଶ = 36
2଺ = 8௫ = ‫ݕ‬ଷ
e) 4ଶ + 5ଶ
8 = 2ଷ
16 + 25 = 41
Therefore, 8௫ = 2ଷ௫
f) 9ଶ
2ଷ௫ = 2଺
= 9 × 9 = 81
‫ =ݔ‬2
g) 4ଶ × 5ଶ
So 8ଶ = ‫ݕ‬ଷ
= 16 × 25 = 400
‫ݕ‬ଷ = 64
h) (4 × 5) ଶ
‫ =ݕ‬4
= 9ଶ = 81
8
Exercise 2
Scientific Notation & Significant Figures
9
Chapter 1: Number: Solutions Exercise 2: Scientific Notation & Significant Figures
1) Express the following in scientific c) 7.06 × 10ସ

notation
70600
a) 3125
d) 5.007 × 10ଶ
3.125 × 10ଷ
500.7
b) 1000
e) 3.0207 × 10ଷ
1 × 10ଷ
3020.7
c) 14250
f) 1.00001 × 10ହ
1.425 × 10ସ
100001
d) 105000
3) Express the following in scientific
ହ
1.05 × 10 notation
e) 775 a) 0.1005
7.75 × 10ଶ 1.005 × 10ିଵ
f) 7777 b) 0.0514
7.777 × 10ଷ 5.14 × 10ିଶ
2) Convert the following to decimal c) 0.75

form
7.5 × 10ିଵ
a) 3.233 × 10ଶ
d) 0.000523123
323.3
5.23123 × 10ିସ
b) 4.1002 × 10ଷ
e) 0.0554
4100.2
5.54 × 10ିଶ
10
f) 6.5121 c) (2.96 x104) x (4.98 x 106)
6.5121 × 10଴ ≅ 3 × 5 × 10ସ × 10଺

= 15 × 10ଵ଴
4) Convert the following to decimal = 1.5
form × 10ଵଵ
a) 3.452 × 10ିଶ d) (6.05 x107 ÷3.11 x 103)
0.03452 ≅ (6 ÷ 3) × (10଻ ÷ 10ଷ)
= 2 × 10ସ
b) 2.6552 × 10ିଵ
0.26552
6) Round the following to 4
significant figures
c) 7.5 × 10ିଷ
0.0075 a) 42.7567
42.76
d) 1.423 × 10ିସ
0.0001423 b) 0.39848
0.3985
5) Use your knowledge of index laws
and scientific notation to estimate
the following products (see c) 17152.54
example at beginning of chapter)
17150
a) (3.15 x 103) x (5.22 x 104)

d) 11.111111
≅ 3 × 5 × 10ଷ × 10ସ
= 15 × 10଻ 11.11
= 1.5 × 10଼
7) Round the following to 3
b) (4.85 x102) x (6.33 x 105) significant figures
≅ 5 × 6 × 10ଶ × 10ହ a) 19.672
= 30 × 10଻ = 3 × 10଼ 19.7
11
b) 555.55 0.826
556 e) 212.75
c) 1012 213
1010 f) 10001
d) 0.82556 10000
8) The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 x 108 metres per second
a) How far does light travel in 10 seconds?
3 × 10଼ × 10 = 3 × 10ଽ ݉
b) How long does light take to travel 90000 metres?
90000 = 9 × 10ସ ݉
Time = ‫݀݁݁݌ݏ ÷݁ܿ݊ܽݐݏ݅ܦ‬
ଽ× ଵ଴ర
Time = seconds= 3 × 10ିସ seconds= 0.0003 seconds
ଷ× ଵ଴ఴ
c) There are approximately 31.5 million seconds in a year. How far does light
travel in one year?
31.5 million = 3.15 × 10଻
Distance = ܵ‫݁ ݉݅ݐ × ݀݁݁݌‬
Distance = 3 × 10଼ × 3.15 × 10଻ = 9.45 × 10ଵହ݉ ݁‫ =ݏ݁ݎݐ‬9.45 × 10ଵଶ݇݉
12
9) The closest star to Earth is approximately 4.3 light years away. How long would it
take a rocket travelling at 40,000 km per hour to reach it?
4.3 light years = 4.3 × 9.45 × 10ଵଶ = 40.635 × 10ଵଶ݇݉ ≅ 40 × 10ଵଶ݇݉
Time = Distance ÷speed
ସ଴× ଵ଴భమ
Time = 1 × 10ଽ ℎ‫ݏݎݑ݋‬
ସ଴× ଵ଴య
There are approximately 8760 hours in a year
1 × 10ଽ
= 1.14 × 10ିସ × 10ଽ = 1.14 × 10ହ‫ݏݎܽ݁ݕ‬
8760
13
Exercise 3
Consumer Arithmetic
14
Chapter 1: Number: Solutions Exercise 3: Consumer Arithmetic
1) You get a part time job that pays a 38000 ÷ 52 = $730.77

wage of $15 per hour. How much
would you earn (before tax) in c) Per fortnight
each of the following weeks?
38000 ÷ 26 = $1461.54
a) Worked 10 hours
d) Per day
10 × 15 = $150
There are 260 working days
b) Worked 12 hours assumed in the year
12 × 15 = $180 38000 ÷ 260 = $146.15
(Assume an equal payment per

c) Worked 32 hours month regardless of number of
days, and assume you work 5 days
32 × 15 = $480 a week, ignore public holidays)
d) Worked 15 hours
3) In your next job you are given
15 × 15 = $225 $200 per week plus a commission
of 5% of all your sales. How much
e) Worked 9 hours would you earn in each of the
following weeks?
9 × 15 = $135
a) Sales of $500
f) Worked 36 hours
500 × 5% = $25
36 × 15 = $540
$200 + $25 = $225
2) In your next job you are given a
salary of $38,000 per annum. How b) Sales of $1000
much would you be paid:
1000 × 5% = $50
a) Per month
$200 + $50 = $250
38000 ÷ 12 = $3166.67
c) Sales of $5000
b) Per week
5000 × 5% = $250
15
Chapter 1: Number: Solutions Exercise 3: Consumer Arithmetic
$200 + $250 = $450 e) What must the value of

your sales be if you needed
d) Sales of $20000 to earn $2200 for a week?
20000 × 5% = $1000 Commission must be

2200 − 200 = $2000
$200 + $1000 = $1200
$2000 is 5% of $40000
4) In your next job you are required to work overtime, but get paid more for doing so.
The agreement is:
The first 35 hours work are paid at the rate of $20 per hour
The next 5 hours work are paid at one and a half times your normal rate
All hours worked above this are paid at twice your normal rate
How much would you earn for working the following hours per week?
a) 30 hours
30 × $20 = $600
b) 35 hours
35 × $20 = $700
c) 37 hours
35 × $20 = $700
2 × $30 = $60
Total pay = $760
d) 40 hours
16
Chapter 1: Number Exercise 3: Consumer Arithmetic
35 × $20 = $700
5 × $30 = $150
Total pay = $850
e) 46 hours
35 × $20 = $700
5 × $30 = $150
6 × $40 = $240
Total pay = $1090
f) 50 hours
35 × $20 = $700
5 × $30 = $150
10 × $40 = $400
Total pay = $1250
5) Assume you are working a job that pays a salary of $52,000 per annum
a) If taxation is deducted at the rate of 20%, how much would you actually
receive per week?
20% × $52000 = $10400
Would actually receive $52000 − 10400 = $41600 per annum
ସଵ଺଴଴
= = $800 per week
ହଶ
b) If taxation is deducted at the rate of 15%, superannuation at the rate of 2%,

and Medicare levy at the rate of 1.5%, how much would you actually receive
per week?
17
Total deductions are (15% + 2% + 1.5%) × $52000 = 18.5% × $52000 = $9620
Would actually receive $52000 − $9620 = $42380 per annum
ସଶଷ଼଴
= = $815 per week
ହଶ
c) If the first $12,000 of your income is not taxed, but the remainder is taxed at
20%, how much would you actually receive per week?
$52000 − $12000 = $40000
20% × $40000 = $8000
Would receive $52000 − $8000 = $44000 per annum
ସସ଴଴଴
= = $846.15 per week
ହଶ
d) If the first $6,000 of your income is not taxed, but the remainder is taxed at
15%, and you have to pay a Medicare levy of 2% on your whole income, how
much would you actually receive per week?
$52000 − $6000 = $46000
15% × $46000 = $6900
Medicare levy = 2% × 52000 = $1040
Would receive $52000 − $6900 − $1040 = $44060 per annum
= $847.31 per week
18
6) Complete the following table, assuming interest is simple
Principal (P) Interest Rate (R) Time (T) (in years) Total Interest (I)
$20,000 5% 5 $5000
$10,000 8% 4 $3200
$7,500 10% 10 $7500
$32000 5% 5 $8,000
$2,000 25% 8 $4,000
$2,500 10% 3 $750
7) Which of the following pairs of options costs the least, and by how much?
a) Buying petrol at $1.40 per litre, or at $1.50 per litre with a 5% discount
$1.50 × 5% = $0.075 = 7.5 cents
Cost with discount = $1.425 per litre
Buying without discount is cheaper
b) Buying a lounge suite for $1200 cash, or a $900 lounge suite on credit with a
simple interest rate of 10% per annum for 3 years
Total interest $900 × 10% × 3 = $270
Total payable = $900 + $270 = $1170
Buying on credit is cheaper in this instance
19
c) Buying a new TV for $2000 cash, or lay-by of 5 payments of $400
Since lay by attracts no interest, the amounts paid would be equal
d) A company offers an exercise system, for 6 equal monthly instalments of

$49.95, plus postage & handling of $19.95, or a one off cash payment of $300
with no postage or handling fee. You would have to borrow the $300 at a
simple interest rate of 8% per annum, for 6 months.
Cost of instalments
6 × $49.95 = $299.70
$299.70 + $19.95 = $319.65
Cost of financing
Total interest $300 × 8% × 0.5 = $12
$300 + $12 = $312
Cost of financing is cheaper in this instance
8) A store advertises a discount of 10% off all marked prices. You also have a discount
card that entitles you to 15% off your purchases. Calculate the price you pay for
each of the following items
a) A pair of shoes with a marked price of $120
10% × $120 = $12
New marked price = $108
15% × $108 = $16.20
New price = $91.80
20
b) A dining set with a marked price of $200
10% × $200 = $20
New marked price = $180
15% × $180 = $27
New price = $153
c) A roll of carpet of 20 metres in length with a marked price of $15 per metre
10% × $15 = $1.50
New marked price = $13.50
15% × $13.50 = $2.025
New price = $11.475 per meter
Total cost of 20 meters is 20 × 11.475 = $229.50
d) A stereo system with a marked price of $567
10% × $567 = $56.70
New marked price = $510.30
15% × $510.30 = $76.55
New price = $433.75
9) Answer the following using the information from question 8
a) Is it cheaper to receive the 15% card discount, then the 10% store discount,
or the other way around? Prove your answer with at least two examples.
From Q 8 part b, getting the 10% store discount then 15% card discount on a
$200 item reduces its prices to $153
21
15% × $200 = $30
New price = $170
10% × $170 = $17
New price = $153
From Q 8 part a, getting the 10% store discount then 15% card discount on a
$120 item reduces its prices to $91.80
15% × $120 = $18
New price = $102
10% × $102 = $10.20
New price = $91.80
It doesn’t matter which way round the discounts are applied; the final price is
the same
b) Is it cheaper to receive the 10% store discount and 15% card discount, or to
receive 25% discount (10 + 15) immediately off the purchase price? Prove
your answer.
From above, a $200 item after two discounts reduces to $153
$200 × 25% = $50
New price after 25% discount is $150
Therefore cheaper to get full 25% discount all at once
10) (Challenge question) The marked price of a bike has fallen off, and when you take it
to the register you are charged $229.50 after both discounts. How much was the
original marked price? (Use guess check and improve)
Try a guess of $350
22
$350 × 10% = $35
New ticket price = $315
$315 × 15% = $47.25
Final price = $267.75
Guess is too high
Try a guess of $250
$250 × 10% = $25
$225 × 15% = $33.75
Guess is too low
Try a guess of $300
$300 × 10% = $30
$270 × 15% = $40.50
Initial price was $300
23
Year 9 Mathematics
Chance & Data
24
Exercise 1
Simple Probability
25
Chapter 2: Chance & Data: Solutions Exercise 1: Simple Probability
1) Peter plays ten pin bowling; his last 30 scores have been graphed in a frequency
chart, shown here
Bowling scores
12
N
u 10
s
m 8
c
b
o 6
e
r
r 4
e
s 2
o
f 0
161-170 171-180 181-190 191-200 201-210 211-220 251-260
Score Range
Basing you answers on the chart data
a) Is Peter more likely to score 205 or 185 when he next bowls?
205 (there are many more scores in the 201-210 range)
b) Is he more or less likely to score over 200 when he next bowls?
There are more scores under 200, so based on his previous scores he is more
likely to score less than 200
c) What would be his probability of scoring over 250 when next he bowls?
1
30
d) What would be his probability of scoring between 201 and 210 when next he
bowls?
10
30
26
e) Discuss a major drawback with using this chart to predict the probabilities of
future scores
Although the scores reflect Peter’s ability in bowling, they do not take any
factors into account, such as
 Illness or injury during any past games

 How long ago the games were played or how long between games
 Whether Peter has had any training before his next game
 Past scores cannot influence future scores
2) Craig rolled a pair of dice 360 times and recorded the sum of the two each time. He
summarized his results in the table below
SUM of TWO DICE Frequency
2 8
3 21
4 30
5 42
6 49
7 62
8 51
9 41
10 28
11 21
12 7
27
Based on his table:
a) What total is most likely to be rolled by two dice?
b) What is the most likely double?
Double 4
c) What total is least likely to be rolled by two dice
12
d) Is he more likely to roll a sum of 10 or a sum of 6 with two dice?
A sum of 6
e) Is this data more reliable than that of Q1? Give two reasons to support your
answer
Yes
The results have no external factors affecting them (assuming the dice are
fair)
The results can be tested against theoretical data
3) What is the theoretical probability of each of the following?
a) A head being thrown when a coin is tossed
1
2
b) A blue sock being taken from a draw containing 3 blue and 5 red socks
3
8
28
c) The number 2 being rolled on a dice
1
6
d) An even number being rolled on a dice
3 1
=
6 2
4) A card is drawn from a standard pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of the card
being:
a) A black card
26 1
=
52 2
b) A club
13 1
=
52 4
c) An ace
4 1
=
52 13
d) A black 2
2 1
=
52 26
e) A picture card
12 3
=
52 13
f) The 2 of diamonds
29
1
52
5) A man throws two coins into the air
a) List the possible combinations, and from this table:
Head on first coin; and head on second
Head on first coin; and tail on the second
Tail on first coin; and head on second
Tail on first coin; and tail on second
b) What is the probability of throwing two heads?
1
4
c) What is the probability of throwing a head and a tail?
2 1
=
4 2
d) If the first coin lands on a head, is the second coin more likely or less likely to
be a head?
There are two ways to look at this:
Firstly what is probability that if the first coin is a head the second is a head?
There are two possibilities for the second coin if the first is a head; therefore
ଵ
the probability is ଶ that the second coin will be a head
Secondly, it doesn’t matter what the first coin lands on, the probability of the
ଵ
second coin being a head is still ଶ; ; it is independent of the first throw
6) A coin is tossed and a dice is rolled
30
a) List the possible combinations of the coin and dice, and from this table:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Head H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6
Tail T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
b) What is the probability of throwing a six and a head?
1
12
c) What is the probability of throwing an odd number and a tail?
3 1
=
12 4
d) What is the probability of throwing a number higher than 4 and a head?
2 1
=
12 6
e) What is the probability of throwing a head and a 2 or a head and a 4?
2 1
=
12 6
7) A card is drawn from a normal pack. It is not replaced and a second card is drawn.
a) If the first card is red, what is the probability that the second card is also red?
The sample space has now been reduced to 51 cards
There are now 25 red cards left
ଶହ
Probability = ହଵ
b) If the first card is red, what is the probability that the second card is black?
Still 26 black cards left

31
ଶ଺
Probability = ହଵ
c) If the first card is an ace, what is the probability that the second card is also
an ace?
Only 3 aces left
ଷ ଵ
Probability = =
ହଵ ହଵ
d) If the first card is the jack of clubs, what is the probability that the second
card is the jack of clubs?
There are no Jacks of clubs left
Probability = 0
8) A set of cards consists of 10 red cards, numbered 1 to 10 and 10 black cards

numbered 1 to 10
a) What is the probability of pulling a 10 at random?
2 1
=
20 10
b) What is the probability of pulling a black card at random?
10 1
=
20 2
c) What is the probability of pulling a red 2 at random?
1
20
d) What is the probability of pulling a red 2 on the second draw if the first card
is a black 2, and it is not replaced?
Sample space is now 19 cards

32
ଵ
Probability = ଵଽ
e) What is the probability of pulling an 8 on the second draw if the first card is
an 8, and it is not replaced?
1
19
9) Consider the word ANATOMICALLY
a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen letter from this word will be
an L?
2 1
=
12 6
b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen letter from this word will be
an A?
3 1
=
12 4
c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen letter from this word will
not be a vowel
7
12
d) What is the probability that a randomly chosen letter from this word will be
a Z?
There are no Z’s in the word, so probability = 0
10) What is the probability that a digit chosen randomly from all digits (0- 9) is:
a) A prime number?
33
Note: 1 is NOT a prime number, 2 IS a prime number
4 2
=
10 5
b) An even number?
4 2
=
10 5
c) Not 7?
9
10
d) Greater than 4?
5 1
=
10 2
e) Less than 10?
All the digits are less than 10, so probability = 1 (certain)
34
Exercise 2
Data Representation & Analysis
35
Chapter 2: Chance & Data: Solutions Exercise 2: Data Representation & Analysis
1) Construct a cumulative frequency table from the following bar graph
Test Scores of Class

7
N 6
s
u
t 5
m
u 4
b
d 3
e
e 2
r
n
1
t
o 0
s
f
Score range
Cumulative
Range of scores Frequency
frequency
26-30 2 2
31-35 0 2
36-40 1 3
41-45 2 5
46-50 3 8
51-55 0 8
56-60 4 12
61-65 6 18
66-70 5 23
71-75 3 26
76-80 0 26
81-85 2 28
86-90 1 29
91-95 2 31
96-100 1 32
36
How many students sat the test, and how many passed?
32 students sat the test; the cumulative frequency under 50% was 8; therefore 24
students passed the test
2) Construct a cumulative frequency histogram from the following data of the weights
of 30 people in a group (in kgs)
72, 73, 73, 75, 77, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 85, 88, 88, 90, 92, 92, 93, 95, 95, 96,
97, 97, 98, 98, 100, 103, 104
Cumulative Frequency Chart

35
30
Cumulative Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
0
71-75
75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100
100 101-105
Weight Range
3) The following data shows the time taken for the members of an athletic club to run
100 metres
12.2, 12.4, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.4, 13.5, 13.8, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15, 15.2, 15.5,
15.5, 15.7, 15.8, 16, 16.2
a) Group the data into class intervals
b) Construct a histogram of the grouped data
37
©2009
2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au
ww.ezymathtutoring.com.au
100 m Running Times

7
6
5
Number
4
3
2
1
0
Time Ranges (seconds)
c) Find the mean of the grouped data
Sum of class midpoints = (2 × 12.3) + (6 × 13.3) + (1

( × 13.8) +
(3 × 14.3) + (1
( × 14.8) + (3 × 15.3) + (3 × 15.8) + (1
( × 16.3) = 286.7
ଶ଼଺.଻
Mean = = 14.335
ଶ଴
d) Find the modal class of the grouped data
The modal class is the range 13.1 − 13.5
4) The set of weights (in kg) from Q2 are repeated here:
72, 73, 73, 75, 77, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 85, 88, 88, 90, 92, 92, 93, 95, 95, 96,
97, 97, 98, 98, 100, 103, 104
10
Determine:
a) The range of the data
Range = 104 − 72 = 32
b) The median of the data
Middle of 15th and 16th scores = 88
38
©2009
c) The upper and lower quartiles of the data
Upper quartile = 80
Lower quartile = 96
d) The inter-quartile range
IQR = 96 − 80 = 16
5) Calculate the mean and standard deviation (using a calculator) for the following sets
of data
a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ସହ
Mean = = 5
ଽ
Standard Deviation = 2.58
b) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
଼
Mean = = 1
଼
Standard deviation = 0
c) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 100
ଵଷ଴
Mean = = 21.67
଺
Standard deviation = 35.13
d) 1, 22, 30, 40, 75, 90
ଶହ଼
Mean = = 43
଺
39
6) A year 7 class takes a test and receives the following marks
35, 42, 48, 51, 54, 56, 60, 65, 66, 68, 70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 85, 87, 90, 94, 94, 97,
99
To get an A on the test a student must score more than the mean plus one standard
deviation.
How many students got an A on the test?

ଵ଻଴଼
Mean = = 71.17
ଶସ
A student get an A if his score is greater than 71.17 + 17.37 = 88.54
5 students get an A
7) The scores for a test to two different classes are shown under
Class 1: 85, 96, 75, 84, 65, 91, 78, 82, 80, 70, 80, 58, 71, 78, 98, 99, 75, 62, 75
Class 2: 61, 53, 54, 75, 99, 98, 98, 96, 78, 57, 90, 75, 93, 51, 75, 96, 99, 59, 95
a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the two classes
Class 1
ଵହ଴ଶ
Mean = = 79.05
ଵଽ
Class 2
ଵହ଴ଶ
Mean = = 79.05
ଵଽ
40
b) Draw a histogram for each data set
Class 1 Test Marks

5
4
Number of students
0
56-60
60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100
Range of marks
Class 2 Test Marks

7
6
Number of students
5
4
3
2
1
0
51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80 81-85 86-90 91-95 96-100
Range of marks
c) Comment on the relationship between the histograms and the standard

deviations
Although the means are the same, the distribution of the scores in the 2
classes is different. Class 2 has more students in the higher and lower ranges
than class 1. The distribution and histogram of class 1’s scores indicate that
the students are generally similar in ability, with only relatively few in the
upper and lower
ower ranges. The class 2 deviation and histogram indicates a
wider diversity in the abilities of the students, with more higher scoring and
lower scoring students than class 1
41
©2009
8) The mean of the following data set is 12. What is the value of ‫?ݔ‬
8, 10, 7, 4, 20, ‫ݔ‬, 12, 14, 15, 25
Number of scores = 10
Mean = 12, therefore sum of scores is 120
Known scores add to 115
So missing score is 5
9) The mean of a set of 9 scores is 7. After another score is added the mean drops to
6.5. What was the added score?
Mean = 7 for 9 scores, therefore sum of scores = 63
Adding another score makes 10 scores, mean = 6.5, therefore sum of scores = 65
The added score was 65 − 63 = 2
42
Year 9 Mathematics
Algebraic
Expressions
43
Exercise 1
Simplifying Expressions Using Index Laws
44
Chapter 3: Algebraic Expressions: Solutions Exercise 1: Simplifying Expressions Using Index Laws
1) Simplify the following using index

laws e) ‫ݔ‬଴ + ‫ݔ‬଴
a) ‫ݔ‬௔ × ‫ݔ‬௕ = 1+ 1= 2
‫ݔ‬௔ା௕ 3) Simplify the following
b) ‫ݔ‬௔ ÷ ‫ݔ‬௕ a) 2‫ݔ‬ଷ × 5‫ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬௔ି௕ = 10‫ݔ‬ଷାଶ = 10‫ݔ‬ହ
c) (‫ݔ‬௔ × ‫ݔ‬௕) ÷ ‫ݔ‬௖ b) 5ܽଷ × 3ܽଷ
‫ݔ‬௔ା௕ି௖ = 15ܽଷାଷ = 15ܽ଺
d) (‫ݔ‬௔ ) ௕ c) (2‫ݔ‬ସ) ଶ
‫ݔ‬௔௕ = 2ଶ‫ݔ‬ସ× ଶ = 4‫଼ݔ‬
e) (‫ݔ‬௔ ) ௕ ÷ ‫ݔ‬௖ d) 3ܽସ + 3ܽସ
‫ݔ‬௔௕ି௖ = 2 × (3ܽସ)
2) Simplify the following = 6ܽସ
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ ÷ ‫ݔ‬ଶ e) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ݔ‬ଷ
= ‫ݔ‬ଶିଶ = ‫ݔ‬଴ = 1 = 6 × ‫ݔ‬ଶାଷ = 6‫ݔ‬ହ
b) ‫ݔ‬ସ × ‫ିݔ‬ସ 4) Simplify the following
= ‫ݔ‬ସିସ = ‫ݔ‬଴ = 1 a) 6‫ ÷ ଺ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬ଷ
c) ܾ଴ × ܾଷ = 2 × ‫ି଺ݔ‬ଷ = 2‫ݔ‬ଷ
= ܾ଴ାଷ = ܾଷ b) 20଼ܽ ÷ 5ܽଶ
d) ܽ଴ × ܽ଴ = 4଼ܽିଶ = 4ܽ଺
= ܽ଴ା଴ = ܽ଴ = 1
45
c) 8ܿହ ÷ 4ܿହ = ‫ݔ‬଴ = 1
= 2ܿହିହ ‫ݔ‬଴(ܽ + ܾ) = ܽ + ܾ
d) 5‫ ଺ݔ‬− 4‫ݔ‬ଷ e) ܽ(‫ݔ‬଴ + 4)
Cannot be simplified ‫ݔ‬଴ = 1

=0
Can be factorized
ܽ(‫ݔ‬଴ + 4) = 5ܽ
= ‫ݔ‬ଷ(5‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4)
6) Simplify the following
e) (‫ )ݔ‬଴.ହ × (‫ )ݔ‬଴.ହ
ଷ௫మ× ସ௫ర
a) ଶ௫ల
= ‫ݔ‬଴.ହା଴.ହ = ‫ݔ‬ଵ = ‫ݔ‬
5) Simplify = 6‫ݔ‬ଶାସି଺ = 6‫ݔ‬଴ = 6
ହ௔య× ସ௔ఱ
a) 2‫ݔ(ݔ‬ଶ + 3) b) ଵ଴௔మ
= 2‫ݔ‬ଷ + 6‫ݔ‬
= 2ܽଷାହୀଶ = 2ܽ଺
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ସ௫ఱ× ଷ௫య

c) ଵଶ௫ఴ
ଷ
= ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬
= 1‫ݔ‬ହାଷି଼ = 1‫ݔ‬଴ = 1
c) ܾܽ(ܽ + ܾ)
௫భమ
ଶ ଶ
d) ௫ర
− ‫଼ݔ‬
= ܽ ܾ + ܾܽ
‫ݔ‬ଵଶିସ − x ଼ = ‫ ଼ݔ‬− x ଼ = 0
d) ‫ݔ‬ ଴(ܽ
+ ܾ)
7) Put the following in order from smallest to largest for x>1
5‫ݔ‬, 5଴‫ݔ‬, 5଴‫ݔ‬଴, (5‫ )ݔ‬଴, ‫ݔ‬଴, 5଴
, 5଴‫ݔ‬଴, (5‫ )ݔ‬଴, ‫ݔ‬଴, 5଴ are all equal to 1
5‫ ݔ‬and 5଴‫ ݔ‬are both > 1
46
8) James asks Alan how far it is from his house to school. Alan replies:
“If you square the distance and multiply it by the distance to the power of 3 you get
32”
How far is Alan’s house from school (in kilometres)?
Let distance be represented by ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ × ‫ݔ‬ଷ = 32
‫ݔ‬ହ = 32
‫ =ݔ‬2
Alan’s house is 2 km from school
47
Exercise 2
Expressions Involving Fractions
48
Chapter 3: Algebraic Expressions: Solutions Exercise 2: Expressions Involving Fractions

ଷ௫ ௫
c) ସ
+
଼
௫ ௫
a) ଷ
+
ଷ
6‫ ݔ ݔ‬7‫ݔ‬
+ =
2‫ݔ‬ 8 8 8
=
3
ହ௬ ௬
d) ଵଶ
−
଺
ଶ௫ ௫
b) ହ
+
ହ
5‫ ݕ‬2‫ ݕ‬3‫ݕ ݕ‬
= − = =
3‫ݔ‬ 12 12 12 4
=
5
௫ ଶ௫
e) ଻
+
ଶଵ
ହ௫ ଶ௫
c) ଻
−
଻
3‫ ݔ‬2‫ ݔ‬5‫ݔ‬
= + =
3‫ݔ‬ 21 21 21
7
ଷ௬ ଶ௬
d) ସ
−
ସ ௫ ௫
a) ଷ
+
ହ
‫ݕ‬
=
4 5‫ ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬8‫ݔ‬
= + =
15 15 15
଼௧ ଼௧
e) ହ
−
ହ ௬ ଶ௬
b) ଶ + ଷ
0
= = 0
5 3‫ ݕ‬4‫ ݕ‬7‫ݕ‬
= + =
6 6 6
ଷ௧ ௧
௫ ௫
c) ଶ
+
଻
a) ଶ
+
ସ
21‫ ݐ‬2‫ ݐ‬23‫ݐ‬
2‫ ݔ ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬ = + =
14 14 14
= + =
4 4 4
ଷ௫ ହ௫
ସ௧ ௧
d) ହ
+
ଷ
b) ଽ
−
ଷ
9‫ ݔ‬25‫ ݔ‬34‫ݔ‬
4‫ ݐ‬3‫ݐ ݐ‬ = + =
15 15 15
= − =
9 9 9
49
2‫ ݔ‬6 12‫ݔ‬
= × = = 4
ହ௫ 3 ‫ ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬
e) ‫ ݔ‬+ ଵଵ
ଷ௔ ௔
b) ସ
÷
଺
11‫ ݔ‬5‫ ݔ‬16‫ݔ‬
= + =
11 11 11
3ܽ 6 18ܽ 9
= × = =
4) Simplify the following 4 ܽ 4ܽ 2
ହ௫ ௫
a)
ଷ௧
−
ଶ௧ c) ଽ
÷
ଵ଼
ଶ ଷ
5‫ ݔ‬18 90‫ݔ‬
9‫ ݐ‬4‫ ݐ‬5‫ݐ‬ = × = = 10
= − = 9 ‫ݔ‬ 9‫ݔ‬
6 6 6
௬ ଶ௬
ହ௫ ଶ௫ d) ହ ÷
b) ଶ
−
଻
ଵହ
‫ ݕ‬15 15‫ ݕ‬3

35‫ ݔ‬4‫ ݔ‬31‫ݔ‬ = × = =
= − = 5 2‫ ݕ‬10‫ ݕ‬2
14 14 14
ଷ௫ ଺௫
c)
ସ௫
−
௫ e) ଶ
÷
ହ
ହ ଶ
8‫ ݔ‬5‫ ݔ‬3‫ݔ‬ 3‫ ݔ‬5 15‫ ݔ‬5

= − = = × = =
10 10 10 2 6‫ ݔ‬12‫ ݔ‬4
d)
ସ௬
−
௬ 6) Simplify the following
ଵହ ଺
ଷ௫௬ ଼
a) ×
9‫ ݐ‬4‫ ݐ‬5‫ݐ‬ ସ ௫
= − =
6 6 6
24‫ݕݔ‬
ଵ଺௔ ସ௔ = = 6‫ݕ‬
e) − 4‫ݔ‬
ଶ଴ ହ
ହ௔௧ ଽ ଺௔௕௖ ଶ
16ܽ 16ܽ
b) ଷ
×
ଵ଴௧ ଽ
×
ସ௔௖
= − = 0
20 20
540ܽଶܾܿ‫ܾܽ ݐ‬
= =
5) Simplify the following 1080ܽܿ‫ݐ‬ 2
ଶ௫ ௫ ௫௬ ଷହ ଵ
a) ÷ c) ହ
×
௫
×
଻௬
ଷ ଺
50
35‫ݕݔ‬ 3‫ݕݔ‬
= = 1 =
35‫ݕݔ‬ 10ܾܽ
௫௬ ଷ
d) ଵ଴
×
௔௕
7) Three friend, Alan, Colin and William share a pizza. Alan eats half of the pizza, and
Colin eats a third of the pizza. What fraction of the original pizza is left for William?
Let full pizza = ‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ ଺ ଷ ଶ ଵ
William’s share = ‫ ݔ‬− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− ଷ ‫= ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬− ଺‫ݔ‬− = ‫ݔ‬
଺ ଺ ଺
ଵ
There is ଺ of the pizza left for William
8) Some students ask their maths teacher how old he is. The teacher replies “Half of
my age subtract one-third of my age equals 7.” How old is the maths teacher?
Let age of teacher be represented by t
ଵ ଵ
‫ݐ‬− ଷ ‫ =ݐ‬7
ଶ
3 2
‫ݐ‬− ‫ =ݐ‬7
6 6
1
‫ =ݐ‬7
6
‫ =ݐ‬42
The teacher is 42 years old
9) Pocket money is divided between three brothers according to their ages. Tony
receives half of the total pocket money paid out, while Michael receives one-fifth of
the total. What fraction of the pocket money does the middle child, Peter, receive?
Let total pocket money be represented by ݂
ଵ ଵ ଵ଴ ହ ଶ ଷ
Peter’s share = ݂ − ଶ ݂ − ହ ݂ = ݂− ݂− ݂= ݂
ଵ଴ ଵ଴ ଵ଴ ଵ଴
51
ଷ
Peter receives ଵ଴ of the pocket money
52
Exercise 3
Solving Equations
53
Chapter 3: Algebraic Expressions: Solutions Exercise 3: Solving Equations
ିଶ௫ିଷ
1) Solve each of the following f) ଶ
+ 5= 3
equations
− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
= 3− 5 = −2
a) ‫ݔ‬+ 3 = 5 2
‫ =ݔ‬5− 3 = 2 − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = − 2 × 2 = − 4
− 2‫ = ݔ‬− 4 − 3 = − 7
b) 2‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 6
7
2‫ = ݔ‬6 + 4 = 10 ‫=ݔ‬
2
10
‫=ݔ‬
2
= 5 2) Solve each of the following
equations
ଵ
c) ଶ
‫ݔ‬− 6 = 8
a) 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 10
1
‫ = ݔ‬8 + 6 = 14 10
2 ‫ݔ‬+ 1 = = 5
2
‫ = ݔ‬2 × 14 = 28
‫ =ݔ‬5− 1 = 4
௫ ௫
d) + = 4 ଵ
ଶ ଷ b) ଶ
(3‫ ݔ‬− 2) = 8
3‫ ݔ‬2‫ݔ‬
+ = 4 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 = 2 × 8 = 16
6 6
5‫ݔ‬ 3‫ = ݔ‬16 + 2 = 18
= 4
6
18
‫=ݔ‬ = 6
4 × 6 24 3
‫=ݔ‬ =
5 5
c) 4(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) + 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 0
ଶ௫ିସ
e) ଷ
=6
4‫ ݔ‬+ 8 + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = 0
2‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 6 × 3 = 18
6‫ ݔ‬+ 10 = 0
2‫ = ݔ‬18 + 4 = 22
6‫ = ݔ‬− 10
22
‫=ݔ‬ = 11 10 5
2 ‫ =ݔ‬− = −
6 3
54
e) 3(2 − 3‫ )ݔ‬− (1 − ‫ = )ݔ‬− 2

d) 2(2‫ ݔ‬− 1) − 3(‫ ݔ‬− 3) = 4
6 − 9‫ ݔ‬− 1 + ‫ = ݔ‬− 2
4‫ ݔ‬− 2 − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 9 = 4 5 − 8‫ = ݔ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬+ 7 = 4 − 8‫ = ݔ‬− 2 − 5 = − 7
−7 7
‫ =ݔ‬4− 7 = −3 ‫=ݔ‬ =
−8 8
3) A man declares “If you add 4 to my age and double the result, you will get 3 times
my age less 22.” How old is the man?
Let ‫ ݔ‬represent the man’s age
Then 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 4) = 3‫ ݔ‬− 22
2‫ ݔ‬+ 8 = 3‫ ݔ‬− 22
2‫ ݔ‬− 3‫ = ݔ‬− 22 − 8
− ‫ = ݔ‬− 30
‫ = ݔ‬30
The man is 30 years old
4) Half of a number equals twice that number plus 6. What is the number?
Let ‫ ݕ‬represent the number
1
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݕ‬+ 6
2
1
‫ ݕ‬− 2‫ = ݕ‬6
2
3
− ‫ =ݕ‬6
2
55
2
‫ = ݕ‬6 × ൬− ൰ = − 4
3
5) If you subtract 4 from a number and halve the result, you will get twice the same
number less 8. What is the number?
Let ‫ݐ‬represent the number
1
(‫ݐ‬− 4) = 2‫ݐ‬− 8
2
‫ݐ‬− 4 = 2(2‫ݐ‬− 8)
‫ݐ‬− 4 = 4‫ݐ‬− 16
‫ݐ‬− 4‫ =ݐ‬− 16 + 4
− 3‫ =ݐ‬− 12
‫ =ݐ‬4
6) How many solutions does each of e) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 3

the following equations have?
Two ൫− √3, √3൯
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 4
Two (− 2, 2)
No solutions
b) ଶ
‫ = ݔ‬9
7) From your answers to question 6,
Two (− 3, 3) how does the value of c in the
equation ‫ݔ‬ଶ = ܿaffect the number
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 0 of solutions of the equation?
One (0) If ܿ > 0, there are two solutions
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 16 If ܿ = 0, there is one solution
Two (− 4, 4) If ܿ < 0, there are no solutions
56
8) Solve the following equations

2‫ > ݔ‬9 − 1 = 8
a) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4
‫ >ݔ‬4
‫√ = ݔ‬4
b) ‫ݔ‬− 3 < 6
‫ = ݔ‬2, − 2
‫ <ݔ‬6+ 3
b) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ = 8
‫ <ݔ‬9
8
‫ݔ‬ଶ = = 4 c) 2 − 3‫ > ݔ‬4
2
‫ = ݔ‬2, − 2 2 − 4 − 3‫ > ݔ‬0
c) 3‫ݔ‬ଶ = 27 − 2 − 3‫ > ݔ‬0
27 3‫ < ݔ‬− 2
‫ݔ‬ଶ = = 9
3
2
‫ <ݔ‬−
‫ = ݔ‬− 3, 3 3
d) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 6 d) – ‫ ݔ‬− 5 < 10
There are no solutions − ‫ < ݔ‬10 + 5
− ‫ < ݔ‬15
e) − ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 4
‫ > ݔ‬− 15
‫ݔ‬ଶ = − 4
Type equation here. There e) 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) > 6

are no solutions
2‫ ݔ‬+ 6 > 6
f) ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 0
2‫ > ݔ‬6 − 6
‫ =ݔ‬0
‫ >ݔ‬0
9) Solve the following inequalities

f) – (‫ ݔ‬− 4) < − 2
a) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 > 9 − ‫ݔ‬+ 4 < − 2

57
−‫ <ݔ‬−2− 4
−‫ <ݔ‬−6
‫ >ݔ‬6
௫ିସ
g) ସ
> 2
‫ݔ‬− 4 > 2 × 4
‫ݔ‬− 4 > 8
‫ >ݔ‬8+ 4
‫ > ݔ‬12
ଶି௫
h) ଶ
< 6
2− ‫ <ݔ‬6× 2
2 − ‫ < ݔ‬12
− ‫ < ݔ‬12 − 2
− ‫ < ݔ‬10
‫ > ݔ‬− 10
58
Exercise 4
Fractional & Negative Indices
59
Chapter 3: Algebraic Expressions: Solutions Exercise 4: Fractional & Negative Indices
1) Rewrite the following with positive

indices ‫ݔ‬
భ ଶ
a) ‫ିݔ‬ଵ c) ቀ‫ݔ‬మቁ
1
‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
d) √‫ݔ√ × ݔ‬
b) ‫ିݔ‬ସ
ଵ ଵ
1 ‫ݔ‬ଶ × ‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ସ
ସ
e) ൫√‫ݔ‬൯
c) 2‫ିݔ‬ଷ
ଵ ସ
2 = ൬‫ݔ‬ଶ൰
‫ݔ‬ଷ
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ
d) (2‫ି )ݔ‬ଷ
3) Simplify the following, expressing
1
your answer in positive indices
(2‫ )ݔ‬ଷ
ଵ a) ‫ିݔ‬ସ × ‫ݔ‬ଶ
e) ௫షమ
1
= ‫ିݔ‬ସାଶ = ‫ିݔ‬ଶ =
‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
f)
ଵ b) (‫ିݔ‬ସ) ଶ
ଶ௫షమ
1
ଶ = ‫ିݔ‬ସ× ଶ = ‫= ଼ିݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫଼ݔ‬
2
c) (‫ݔ‬ସ) ିଶ
2) Express the following using indices
1
= ‫ݔ‬ସ× ିଶ = ‫= ଼ିݔ‬
a) √‫ݔ‬ ‫଼ݔ‬
ଵ d) 2‫ିݔ‬ଷ × 3‫ିݔ‬ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ
6
ଶ = 6‫ିݔ‬ଷିଶ = 6‫ିݔ‬ହ =
b) ൫√‫ݔ‬൯ ‫ݔ‬ହ
60
e) (4‫ି )ݔ‬ଶ ÷ (2‫ି )ݔ‬ସ

ଵ ିଶ
e) ଶ
‫× ݔ‬ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ
= 4ିଶ‫ିݔ‬ଶ ÷ 2ିସ‫ିݔ‬ସ
= 1‫ିݔ‬ଶାଶ = 1 × 1 = 1
1 1
൬ ÷ ൰‫ିݔ‬ଶିିସ
16 16
your answer in positive indices
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ
a) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ ÷ 2‫ିݔ‬ସ 5) Simplify the following, expressing

your answer with positive indices
4 ଶିିସ
= ‫ݔ‬ = 2‫଺ݔ‬
2 భ భ
a) 4(‫ )ݔ‬ర ÷ 2(‫ )ݔ‬మ
b) 4‫ିݔ‬ଶ ÷ 2‫ݔ‬ସ
ଵ ଵ
= 2(‫ )ݔ‬ସ ି ଶ
4 ିଶିସ
= ‫ݔ‬
2 ଵ
= 2‫ ିݔ‬ସ
= 2‫଺ିݔ‬
2
= ଵ
2 ‫ݔ‬ସ
= ଺
‫ݔ‬
భ భ
b) (4‫ )ݔ‬ర ÷ (2‫ )ݔ‬మ
c) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ ÷ 2‫ݔ‬ସ
భ భ భ భ
4 ଶିସ = 4ర ‫ݔ‬ర ÷ 2మ‫ݔ‬మ

‫ݔ‬
2
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= 2ଶ ‫ݔ‬ସ ÷ 2ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
= 2‫ିݔ‬ଶ
ଵ ଵ
2 = ‫ݔ‬ସି ଶ
=
‫ݔ‬ଶ
1
= ଵ
d) 4‫ିݔ‬ଶ ÷ 2‫ିݔ‬ସ ‫ݔ‬ସ
మ
4 c) (‫ )ݔ‬య ÷ ‫ݔ‬
= ‫ିݔ‬ଶିିସ
2
ଶ
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଷି ଵ
1
= ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଷ
61
ଵ
భ
c) భ
భ మ
d) (2‫÷ )ݔ‬ మ (2‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ൬௫మ൰
ଵ ଵ
= 2ଶି ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶି ଶ 1
= ଵ
‫ݔ‬ସ
1
= ଷ ଷ
2ଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ భ
ଵ మ
d) ൬ భ൰
1 ௫మ
= ଷ
(2‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ଵ
1ଶ
ଵ భ = ଵ
e) ଶ
(‫ )ݔ‬మ ÷ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݔ‬ସ
1 ଵି ଶ 1
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ =
4 ‫ݔ‬ସ
భ
1 e) (‫ݔ‬ଶ) ି మ
ଷ
4‫ݔ‬ଶ
= ‫ିݔ‬ଵ
1
your answer in positive indices =
‫ݔ‬
భ
భ ି
a) ቀ‫ ݔ‬ቁ మ
మ
7) State whether the following
statements are true of false. If
ଵ false give the correct answer
= ‫ ିݔ‬ସ
ଵ
1 a) 2‫ିݔ‬ହ = ଶ௫ఱ
= ଵ
‫ݔ‬ସ
False
భ
భ
ି మ
b) ቀ‫ ݔ‬ቁ మ
2
2‫ିݔ‬ହ =
‫ݔ‬ହ
ଵ
= ‫ ିݔ‬ସ భ ଶ
b) ቀ‫ ିݔ‬మቁ = ‫ݔ‬
1
= ଵ
‫ݔ‬ସ False
62
ଵ ଶ 1
ି
൬‫ݔ‬ ଶ൰ = ‫ିݔ‬ଵ =
‫ݔ‬
c) ‫ݔ‬ଶ ÷ ‫ݔ‬ସ = ‫ିݔ‬ଶ
True
ଵ ଵ
d) ௫మ
÷ ௫ర
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ
True
ଵ ଵ ଵ
e) ௫షమ
×
௫షమ
=
௫ర
False
1 1
× = ‫ݔ‬ଶ × ‫ݔ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ସ
‫ିݔ‬ଶ ‫ିݔ‬ଶ
63
Exercise 5
Expanding & Factorizing
64
Chapter 3: Algebraic Expressions: Solutions Exercise 5: Expanding & Factorizing
1) Expand the following by removing a) ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬+ 2) + ‫ݔ‬ଶ(1 − ‫)ݔ‬

brackets and collecting and
simplifying like terms where = ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ
possible
= − ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ݔ‬
a) 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬+ 3) + 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
b) 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬+ 2) − ‫ݔ‬ଶ(2 + ‫)ݔ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2
2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬+ 2
= − ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ݔ‬
b) 3‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 3) + (2‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫)ݔ‬
c) 3‫(ݔ‬2 − ‫ )ݔ‬+ (‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬
6‫ ݔ‬− 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 2
5‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ݔ‬
= − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 7‫ ݔ‬+ 2
c) ‫ ݕ(ݕ‬− 3) + ‫ݕ‬ଶ(‫ ݕ‬+ 1)
d) ‫(ݔ‬3 + ‫ )ݔ‬− 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 5)
ଶ ଷ ଶ
= ‫ ݕ‬− 3‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ݕ‬
= 3‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 10‫ݔ‬
= ‫ݕ‬ଷ + 2‫ݕ‬ଶ − 3‫ݕ‬
= − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 13‫ݔ‬
d) ‫ ݕ(ݔ‬+ 2) + 2‫ ݔ(ݕ‬+ 3)
e) 4‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 3) + ‫(ݔ‬3 − ‫)ݔ‬
= ‫ ݕݔ‬+ 2‫ ݕ‬+ 2‫ ݕݔ‬+ 6‫ݕ‬
= 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 12‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
= 3‫ ݕݔ‬+ 8‫ݕ‬
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 9‫ݔ‬
e) ‫(ݔ‬1 − ‫ )ݔ‬+ (‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫)ݔ‬
f) 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 4) − 3‫(ݔ‬3 − 2‫)ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ
= ‫ݔ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ ݔ‬− 9‫ ݔ‬+ 6‫ݔ‬ଶ
= 2‫ݔ‬
= 8‫ݔ‬ଶ − 17‫ݔ‬
2) Expand the following by removing
brackets and collecting and g) ‫(ݔ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 2) − 2‫(ݔ‬2 − ‫)ݔ‬
simplifying like terms where
possible = 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ
65
= 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ݔ‬ = 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬+ 2)
3) Expand the following by removing b) 3‫ݕ‬ଷ − ‫ݕ‬ଶ

brackets and collecting and
simplifying like terms where = ‫ݕ‬ଶ(3‫ ݕ‬− 1)
possible
c) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ݔ‬ସ
a) ‫ ݔ(ݕݔ‬+ ‫ )ݕ‬+ ‫ ݕݔ(ݕ‬+ ‫)ݔ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ(2 − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ)
‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬+ ‫ݕݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕݔ‬
d) 8‫ ݕ‬− 2‫ݕ‬ଶ + 6‫ݕ‬ଷ
‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬+ 2‫ݕݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕݔ‬
= 2‫(ݕ‬4 − ‫ ݕ‬+ 3‫ݕ‬ଶ)
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ(‫ ݕ‬− ‫ )ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ(ݔ‬ଶ − ‫)ݕ‬
e) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 8‫ݕ‬
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ‫ݔ‬ଷ − ‫ݕݔ‬
= 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫)ݕ‬
= ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݕݔ‬
5) Factorize the following expressions
c) ଶ
‫(ݕ ݔ‬2 − ‫ )ݕ‬− ‫ݕݔ‬ ଶ(1
+ ‫)ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
a) 8‫ ݕݔ‬− 4‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ ݕ ݔ‬− ‫ ݕ ݔ‬− ‫ ݕݔ‬− ‫ݕ ݔ‬
= 4‫(ݕݔ‬2 − ‫)ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ݕݔ‬ଶ
b) 5‫ ݕݔ‬+ 10‫ݕ‬ଶ
d) ‫(ݕݔ‬2‫ ݕݔ‬+ ‫ )ݔ‬− ‫ݔݕ‬ଶ(2‫ ݕ‬+ 1)
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ ݕ‬− 2‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬

= 5‫ ݔ(ݕ‬+ 2‫)ݕ‬
= 0 c) 3‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ݕݔ‬
e) (‫ ݕݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ) − ‫(ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫)ݕ‬ = ‫(ݕݔ‬3‫ ݕݔ‬− 2)
= ‫ ݕݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕݔ‬− ‫ݕ‬ଶ d) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݕݔ‬− 8‫ݕ‬ଶ
= 2‫ ݕݔ‬− 2‫ݕ‬ଶ = 4(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݕݔ‬− 2‫ݕ‬ଶ)
ଵ ଶ
4) Factorize the following expressions e) ଶ
‫ݕ ݔ‬− 2‫ݕݔ‬ଷ
a) 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ݔ‬ 1
= ‫ ݔ(ݕݔ‬− 4‫ݕ‬ଶ)
2
66
6) Factorize the following expressions
a) 4‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݕݔ‬+ 12‫ݕݔ‬ଶ
= 4‫ ݕݔ(ݕݔ‬+ 2 + 3‫)ݕ‬
b) ‫ݖݕݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ଶ‫ݖ‬ଶ − ‫ݕݔ‬ଶ‫ݖ‬
= ‫(ݖݕݔ‬1 − ‫ݖݕݔ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
c) ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− ‫ )ݕ‬+ (‫ ݔ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
= 2‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
d) ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− ‫ )ݕ‬+ ‫ ݔ(ݕ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
= (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ()ݕ‬− ‫)ݕ‬
e) ‫ ݕ(ݕ‬− 1) − ‫(ݔ‬1 − ‫)ݕ‬
= ‫ ݕ(ݕ‬− 1) + ‫ ݕ(ݔ‬− 1)
= (‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݕ()ݕ‬− 1)
67
Year 9 Mathematics
Coordinate Geometry
68
Exercise 1
Determining Midpoint, Length & Gradient
69
Chapter 4: Coordinate Geometry: Solutions Exercise 1: Determining Midpoint, Length & Gradient
1) Each part below lists a pair of coordinates. For each pair you are required to:
 Plot the points on a graph, and join to form a line segment
 Determine the midpoint of the line segment drawn from the diagram
 Using the line segment as the hypotenuse, construct a right angled triangle
 Use the above construction and Pythagoras’ Theorem to determine the

length of the line segment
 State whether the line segment has a positive or negative gradient (slope)
 Using the right angled triangle drawn to determine the value of the gradient
of the line segment (gradient = rise/run)
Use the following example as a guide
For the points (2, 1) and (3, 4)
x
1 2 3 4
70
Midpoint is the (x, y) coordinate of the point halfway along line
Here midpoint is (2.5, 2.5)
Gradient is positive
Right angled triangle drawn
x
1 2 3 4
Length of hypotenuse (line segment) =c
From Pythagoras: ܿଶ = ܽଶ + ܾଶ
ܿଶ = 1ଶ + 3ଶ
ܿଶ = 1 + 9 = 10
ܿ = √10
Note leave in square root form if cannot be simplified
ସିଵ ଷ
Gradient = rise/run = = =3
ଷିଶ ଵ
71
a) (1, 1) and (4, 5)
x
1 2 3 4 5
Midpoint is (2.5, 3)
x
1 2 3 4 5
Length of hypotenuse = √4ଶ + 3ଶ = √25 = 5
72
ହିଵ ସ
Gradient = =
ସିଵ ଷ
b) (1, 1) and (2, 2)
x
1 2 3 4 5
Midpoint = (1.5, 1.5)
x
1 2 3 4 5
73
Length of hypotenuse = √1ଶ + 1ଶ = √2

ଶିଵ
Gradient = = 1
ଶିଵ
c) (-2, 10) and (4, 2)
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
Midpoint = (1, 6)
Gradient is negative
74
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
Length of hypotenuse = √8ଶ + 6ଶ = √100 = 10

ଵ଴ିଶ ସ
Gradient = = −
ିଶିସ ଷ
d) (-1, -1) and (1, 3)
x
-1 1 2 3
-1
Midpoint = (0, 1)
75
x
-1 1 2 3
-1

ଷିିଵ
Gradient = = 2
ଵିିଵ
e) (2, 1) and (3, -2)
x
1 2 3
-1
-2
76
Midpoint = (2.5, − 0.5)
x
1 2 3
-1
-2

ଵିିଶ
Gradient = = −3
ଶିଷ
f) (3, -1) and (5, -4)
x
1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
77
Midpoint = (4, − 2.5)
y
x
1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
ିଵିିସ ଷ
Gradient = = −
ଷିହ ଶ
g) (-1, -2) and (2, 3)
x
-1 1 2
-1
-2
Midpoint = (0.5, 0.5)
78
x
-1 1 2
-1
-2
ଷିିଶ ହ
Gradient = =
ଶିିଵ ଷ
h) (-3, 8) and (2, -4)
y
8
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
Midpoint = (− 0.5, 2)
79
y
8
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
Length of hypotenuse = √5ଶ + 12ଶ = 13
ିସି଼ ଵଶ
Gradient = = −
ଶିିଷ ହ
i) (0, -1) and (2, 1)
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
Midpoint = (1, 0)
80
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1

ଵିିଵ
Gradient = = 1
ଶି଴
j) (0, 1) and 1, -4)
x
-1 1
-1
-2
-3
-4
Midpoint = (0.5, − 1.5)
81
x
-1 1
-1
-2
-3
-4

ିସିଵ
Gradient = = −5
ଵି଴
2) For each of the pairs of points given below, determine using the appropriate
formula:
 The Midpoint of the line segment between the points
 The length of the line segment between the points
 The gradient of the line segment between the points
a) (0, 0) and (3, 3)
Midpoint = (1.5, 1.5)
Length of line segment = √3ଶ + 3ଶ = √18
ଷି଴
Gradient = = 1
ଷି଴
b) (2, 4) and (3, 6)
Midpoint = (2.5, 5)
82
଺ିସ
Gradient = = 2
ଷିଶ
c) (-2, 4) and (0, 8)
Midpoint = (− 1, 6)
଼ିସ
Gradient = = 2
଴ିିଶ
d) (-1, 4) and (-4, -2)
Midpoint = (− 2.5, 1)
ିଶିସ
Gradient = = 2
ିସିିଵ
e) (0, 2) and (0, 8)
Midpoint = (0, 5)
Length of line segment = √6ଶ + 0ଶ = 6
଼ିଶ
Gradient = gradient does not exist (line is vertical)
଴ି଴
f) (2, 0) and (2, 8)
Midpoint = (0, 4)
Length of line segment = √8ଶ + 0ଶ = 8
଼ି଴
Gradient = gradient does not exist (line is vertical)
ଶିଶ
83
g) (-10, 10) and (0, -10)
ିଵ଴ିଵ଴
Gradient = = −2
଴ିିଵ଴
h) (3, -6) and (-6, 15)
Midpoint = (− 1.5, 4.5)
ଵହିି଺ ଶଵ ଻
Gradient = = − = −
ି଺ିଷ ଽ ଷ
i) (-1, -1) and (-5, 15)
ଵହିିଵ
Gradient = = −4
ିହିିଵ
j) (4, 10) and (-2, -2)
Midpoint = (1, 4)
ିଶିଵ଴
Gradient = = 2
ିଶିସ
84
Exercise 2
Graphing Linear Relationships
85
Chapter 4: Coordinate Geometry: Solutions Exercise 2: Graphing Linear Relationships
For each of the equations below you are required to:
 Construct a table of values
 Plot the points tabled using a suitable scale
 Determine the x and y intercepts
 Determine if the point given lies on the line or curve by substituting the
point into the equation, or plotting the point on the graph and seeing if it
lies on the line/curve
a) ‫ =ݕ‬2 (1, 2)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
y intercept is 2, no x intercept
From the graph (1, 2) lies on the line
86
b) ‫ =ݔ‬3 (1, 3)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
x intercept is 3, no y intercept
From graph, point does not lie on line
c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2 (2, 4)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
x intercept is -2, y intercept is 2
From equation, point lies on the line
87
d) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬− 3 (4, -1)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
x intercept is 3, y intercept is -3
From graph, point does not lie on line
e) ‫ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬4 (0, 4)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
x intercept is 4, y intercept is 4
From graph, point lies on line
88
f) ‫ݔ‬− ‫ = ݕ‬2 (-2, -4)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
௫ିଶ
g) ‫=ݕ‬ ଷ
(8, 2)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
ଶ
X intercept is 2, y intercept is −
ଷ
From equation, point lies on line
89
ଵ
h) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ (5, 10)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
x intercept is 0, y intercept is 0
ଵ
i) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬− 1 (4, 1)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
90
j) ‫ =ݕ‬0 (0, 0)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
Line is x axis, y intercept is 0
k) ‫ =ݔ‬0 (0, 0)
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
X intercept is 0, line is y axis
91
Exercise 3
Gradient/Intercept Form of Linear Equations
92
Chapter 4: Coordinate Geometry: Solutions Exercise 3: Gradient/Intercept Form
1) For each equation below state the value of the gradient, and the coordinate of the y-
intercept
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
Gradient = 2
y intercept = 3
b) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 1
Gradient = 3
y intercept = -1
ଵ
c) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬+ 5
ଵ
Gradient = ଶ
y intercept = 5
d) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬
Gradient =3
y intercept = 0
e) ‫ =ݕ‬2
Gradient = 0
y intercept = 2
f) ‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬− 4
Gradient = -3
y intercept = -4
93
ଵ
g) ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ‫ݔ‬
ଵ
Gradient = − ଶ
y intercept = 0
ଶ
h) ‫ = ݕ‬− ଷ‫ݔ‬+ 6
ଶ
Gradient = − ଷ
y intercept = 6
2) Rearrange the following equations into the form ‫ ݔ ݉ = ݕ‬+ ܾ
a) ‫ݔ‬+ ‫ݕ‬+ 3 = 0
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 3
b) ‫ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 4 = 0
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 4
c) 2‫ ݕ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬− 6 = 0
2‫ = ݕ‬− 4‫ ݔ‬+ 6
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
ଵ
d) ଶ
‫ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬− 2 = 0
1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2
2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 4
e) ‫ݔ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬0
‫ =ݕ‬−‫ݔ‬
94
f) – ‫ ݕ‬− 2‫ = ݔ‬0
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ݔ‬
g) ‫ݕ‬− 2 = 0
‫ =ݕ‬2
3) Draw graphs of the following equations given the gradient and the y-intercept. State
the equation of the line
a) Gradient = 2, y-intercept = 1
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
95
b) Gradient = 1, y-intercept = -2
‫ݔ = ݕ‬− 2
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
c) Gradient = -2, y-intercept = -4
‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬− 4
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
96
d) Gradient = 0, y-intercept = 3
‫ =ݕ‬−3
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
e) Gradient = -ଶ , y-intercept = 0
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬
2
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
97
ଵ
f) Gradient = -3, y-intercept = ଶ
1
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬+
2
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
g) Gradient = 1, y-intercept = 0
‫ݔ =ݕ‬
y
4
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
98
4) State if the following pairs of lines are parallel, showing your working
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 3, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 1
Yes, the x coefficients and hence gradients are equal
b) ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 4, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 2
No, the gradients are not equal
c) 2‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬− 5, ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 7
ହ
First equation becomes ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− ଶ
Lines are parallel, gradients are equal
d) 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = 0, ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− 3
ଷ
First equation becomes ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− ଶ
e) 2‫ ݕ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬− 4 = 0, ‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ݔ‬
First equation becomes ‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2
ଵ
f) 3‫ ݔ‬− 6‫ ݕ‬+ 3 = 0, ‫ ݕ‬+ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 0
ଵ ଵ
First equation becomes ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+
ଶ ଶ
ଵ
Second equation becomes ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 4
Lines are not parallel
99
g) ‫ = ݔ‬4, ‫ = ݕ‬4
Lines are not parallel. One of them is parallel to the x axis, and the other is
parallel to the y axis
h) ‫ = ݕ‬4, ‫ = ݕ‬2
Both lines are parallel to the x axis and hence to each other
5) Determine the equations of the graphs drawn below (3 questions per graph)
y
(1)
(2)
4
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
(3)
-4
1. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2
2. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬− 2
3. ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− 1
100
y
(4)
(6)
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4 (5)
4. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 3
5. ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬
6. ‫ = ݕ‬2
(9)
(7)
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
(8) -2
-4
101
7. ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 2
ଵ
8. ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 3
ଶ
9. ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬− 4
102
Year 9 Mathematics
Measurement:
103
Exercise 1
Area & Perimeter
104
Chapter 5: Measurement: Solutions Exercise 1: Area & Perimeter
1) .Calculate the area of the following

a)
4cm
5cm
Area = 4 x area of triangle
Diagonals are 5cm and 4 cm respectively
The triangles each have a base of 2.5 cm and a height of 2 cm (half the
diagonal)
ଵ ଵ
Area of each triangle = × base x height= × 2.5 × 2 = 2.5 cm2
ଶ ଶ
Area of shape = 10 cm2
b)
4cm
10cm
Area = 4x area each triangle
Diagonals are 10 cm and 4 cm respectively
The triangles each have a base of 5 cm and a height of 2 cm (half the

diagonal)
ଵ ଵ
Area of triangle = x base x height= × 5 × 2 = 5 cm2
ଶ ଶ
105
Area of shape = 20 cm
c)
14cm
4cm
ଵ
Area of kite = ଶ ‫ ݕݔ‬, where ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are the lengths of the diagonals
ଵ
Area = × 14 × 4 = 28 cm2
ଶ
d)
10 cm
4cm
6cm
௔ା௕
Area of trapezium = ቀ ቁ× ℎ
ଶ
ܽ = 6, ܾ = 10, ℎ = 4
଺ାଵ଴
Area = ቀ ቁ× 4 = 32 cm2
ଶ
106
e)
44cm
4cm
22cm
ସସାଶଶ
Area = ቀ ቁ× 4 = 132 cm2
ଶ
f)
1cm
2cm
2cm 4cm
1cm
ଶାସ
Area = ቀ ଶ ቁ× 2 = 6 cm
2) Calculate the area of each of the following
a)
6cm
40°
ఏ ସ଴
Area of sector = ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶ × = ߨ× 6× 6× = 4ߨ ≅ 12.56 cm2
ଷ଺଴ ଷ଺଴
107
b)
8cm
4cm
Total area = Area of rectangle + area of semicircle
Area of rectangle = 8 × 4 = 32 cm2
ଵ
Area of semicircle = × ߨ × ‫ݎ ×ݎ‬
ଶ
Diameter of circle = 8 cm
Radius = 4 cm
c) (Calculate area of outside ring)
3cm
8cm
(Diameter of large circle is 8 cm; radius of small circle is 3 cm)
Area of ring (annulus) = Area of large circle – area of small circle
Area of large circle = ߨ × ‫ × ߨ = ݎ ×ݎ‬4 × 4 = 16ߨ
Area of small circle = ߨ × 3 × 3 = 9ߨ
Area of annulus = 16ߨ − 9ߨ = 7ߨ ≅ 21.98 cm2
108
d)
12cm 4cm
3cm
2cm
Area of shape = Area of trapezium + area of triangle

௔ା௕ ସାଶ
Area of trapezium = ቀ ቁ× ℎ = ቀ ଶ ቁ× 3 = 9 cm2
ଶ
ଵ
Area of triangle = × base × height
ଶ
Base = 4 cm
Height = 12 − 3 = 9 cm
ଵ
Area of triangle = × 4 × 9 = 18 cm2
ଶ
e) Calculate the perimeter of the shapes in parts a and b
For sector (part a), perimeter = length of radius + length of arc + length of
radius
ସ଴ ସ଴ ସగ
Length of arc = 2 × ߨ × ‫×ݎ‬ = 2 × ߨ× 6 × = cm
ଷ଺଴ ଷ଺଴ ଷ
ସగ
Perimeter = + 6 + 6 ≅ 16.19 cm
ଷ
For composite shape (part b), perimeter = 8 + 4 + length of arc
ଵ ଵ
Length of arc = × ߨ× ݀= × ߨ × 8 = 4ߨ ≅ 12.56 cm
ଶ ଶ
109
3) Calculate the area of the shaded region
6cm
Area of square = 6 × 6 = 36 cm2
Area of circle = ߨ × ‫ݎ ×ݎ‬
Diameter of circle = 6 cm, radius = 3 cm
Area of circle= ߨ × 3 × 3 = 9ߨ cm2
Area of shaded region = 36 − 9ߨ ≅ 7.74 cm2
4) The figure shows two squares of side lengths 10cm and 6cm as shown in the
diagram. Calculate the total area of the regions A + B +C.
10cm
B
2cm
6cm A
C
ଵ ଵ
Area of B + C = Area of quarter circle= ߨ × ‫×ݎ ×ݎ‬ = ߨ × 10 × 10 × = 25ߨ cm2
ସ ସ
Area of A = Area of square – area of triangle of height 2 cm
110
ଵ
Area of triangle = × 6 × 2 = 6 cm2
ଶ
Area of A = 36 − 6 = 30 cm2
Area of A + B + C = 30 + 25ߨ ≅ 108.5 cm2
5) The diagram shows a square of side length 6cm with a donut inside it. If the small
circle has a radius of 2cm, what is the total shaded area?
Shaded area = Area of square – area of donut
Area of donut =Area of large circle – area of small circle
Area of large circle = ߨ × 3 × 3 = 9ߨ cm2
Area of small circle = ߨ × 2 × 2 = 4ߨ cm2
Area of donut = 9ߨ − 4ߨ = 5ߨ ≅ 15.7 cm2
Shaded area ≅ 36 − 15.7 = 20.3 cm2
111
6) Calculate the shaded area
8cm
5cm
3cm
Shaded area = Area of trapezium – area of white triangle
଼ାଷ
Area of trapezium = ቀ ଶ ቁ× 5 = 27.5 cm2
ଵ
Area of white triangle = × 3 × 5 = 7.5 cm2
ଶ
Shaded area = 27.5 − 7.5 = 20 cm2
7) The diagram below shows the side view of a series of steps. Each step is 0.5 metres
high and 0.5 metres wide. What is the area of the side of the block of steps?
The structure can be broken into a series of blocks each 0.5 x 0.5 m of area
0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25 cm2
The first row has 5 blocks; the second row has 4, the third 3, the fourth 2, and the
top row has 1 block
112
Total blocks = 15; total area = 15 × 0.25 = 3.75 m2
8) Calculate the white area
5cm
Area of white = Area of sector – area of triangle

ଵ ଵ
Area of sector = ߨ × ‫×ݎ ×ݎ‬ = ߨ× 5× 5 × = 6.25ߨ cm2
ସ ସ
ଵ
Area of triangle = × 5 × 5 = 12.5 cm2
ଶ
Area of white region = 6.25ߨ − 12.5 ≅ 7.125 cm2
113
Exercise 2
Volume & Surface Area
114
Chapter 5: Measurement: Solutions Exercise 2: Volume & Surface Area
1) Calculate the surface area of the

following right closed cylinders = 400ߨ ≅ 1256 cm2
a) Radius of 2mm, and a b) A sphere having a diameter

vertical height of 10mm of 350mm
V= ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶℎ Radius =175 mm

= ߨ × 2 × 2 × 10
= 40ߨ ≅ 125.6 mm3 SA = 4 × ߨ × 175 × 175
2
b) Radius of 1cm and a = 122500ߨ ≅ 384650 mm
vertical height of 5mm
c) A hemisphere having a
V= ߨ × 10 × 10 × 5 radius of 8m
= 500ߨ ≅ 1570 mm3
SA of sphere = 4 × ߨ × 8 × 8
c) Vertical height of 500mm
= 256ߨ
and a radius of 0.3m
ଵ
SA hemisphere =ଶ × 256ߨ
V= ߨ × 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.5
= 0.045ߨ ≅ 0.1413 m3
= 128ߨ ≅ 401.92 m2
d) Vertical height of 2.5m and
a radius of 2000mm d) A hemisphere having a
diameter of 16mm
V= ߨ × 2 × 2 × 2.5
= 10ߨ ≅ 31.4 m3 Radius = 8 mm
SA sphere = 4 × ߨ × 8 × 8
2) Calculate the surface area of the
following
= 256ߨ
a) A sphere having a radius of ଵ

SA hemisphere = × 256
10cm ଶ
SA of sphere = 4ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 128 mm2
= 4 × ߨ × 10 × 10
115
3) Calculate the surface area of the following.
a)
4cm
3cm
SA of cone= (ߨ‫ )ݏݎ‬+ ߨ‫ݎ‬ଶ, where s is the length of the slope
From Pythagoras, ‫√ = ݏ‬3ଶ + 4ଶ = 25
‫ = ݏ‬5 cm
SA = (ߨ × 3 × 5) + (ߨ × 3 × 3) = 24ߨ ≅ 75.36 cm2
b)
8cm
5cm
SA = (ߨ × 5 × 8) + (ߨ × 5 × 5) = 65ߨ ≅ 204.1 cm2
116
c)
5cm
3cm
SA of square pyramid= 2ܾ‫ݏ‬+ ܾଶ, where b is the length of the base, and s is
the length of the slope
SA = (2 × 3 × 5) + 3ଶ = 39 cm2
d)
4cm
3cm
3cm
SA of triangular pyramid = Sum of areas of triangles
There are 4 right triangles:
Triangle 1 is a right triangle of base 3 cm and height 4 cm
Triangle 2 is equivalent to triangle 1
Triangle 3 is the base, and is a right triangle of base 3cm and height 3cm
Triangle 4 is an isosceles triangle; the side lengths need to be calculated

117
The equal sides are 5 cm each (using Pythagoras on triangles 1 and 2)
The other side is the unknown side of the base triangle. Using Pythagoras,
‫ = ݔ‬ඥ 3ଶ + 3ଶ = √18
5 cm 5 cm
√18 cm
Need height of this triangle to calculate its area
ଶ
√ଵ଼
Using Pythagoras: ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ቀ ଶ ቁ = 5ଶ
18
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25 − = 20.5
4
‫√ = ݔ‬20.5
ଵ ଵ
Area = × √18 × √20.5 = × √369 ≅ 9.6 cm2
ଶ ଶ
ଵ
Area of triangle 1 = × 3 × 4 = 6 cm2
ଶ
Area of triangle 2 = 6 cm2
ଵ
Area of triangle 3 = × 3 × 3 = 4.5 cm2
ଶ
Total surface area = 6 + 6 + 4.5 + 9.6 = 26.1 cm2
4) Calculate the volume of a right cone of radius 2cm and a vertical height of 5cm
ଵ
Volume of cone = × ߨ × ‫ݎ‬ଶ × ℎ
ଷ
ଵ ଶ଴గ
V= × ߨ× 2 × 2 × 5 = ≅ 20.93 cm3
ଷ ଷ
118
5) Calculate the volume of a square pyramid of side length 2cm and vertical height 5cm.
ଵ
Volume of pyramid = × area of base× height
ଷ
ଵ ଶ଴
V= × (2 × 2) × 5 = ≅ 6.67 cm3
ଷ ଷ
6) A cone has a volume of 30π cm3. If the side length of a square pyramid is 6cm, what
must its height be in order to have the same volume as the cone?
V = 30ߨ = ߨ × 6 × 6 × ℎ
ଷ଴గ ହ
ℎ= = ≅ 0.83 cm
ଷ଺గ ଺
7) Calculate the volume of the following
a) A sphere having a radius of 2mm
ସ ସ ଷଶగ
Volume sphere = × ߨ × ‫ݎ‬ଷ = × ߨ× 8 = ≅ 33.49 cm3
ଷ ଷ ଷ
b) A sphere having a diameter of 20cm
Radius = 10 cm
ସ ସ଴଴଴గ
Volume = × ߨ × 1000 = ≅ 4186.67 cm3
ଷ ଷ
c) A hemisphere having a radius of 3.2m
ସ ଵଷଵ.଴଻ଶగ
Volume of sphere = × ߨ × 3.2ଷ = ≅ 137.19 cm3
ଷ ଷ
Volume of hemisphere = 137.19 ÷ 2 ≅ 68.6 cm3
d) A hemisphere having a diameter of 40mm
Radius = 20 mm
ସ ଷଶ଴଴଴గ
Volume of sphere = × ߨ × 20ଷ = ≅ 33493.33 mm3
ଷ ଷ
119
Volume of hemisphere = 33493.33 ÷ 2 ≅ 16746.66 mm3
ଶହ଺
8) The volume of a sphere is
ଷ
π mm3. What is its radius?
ସ ଶହ଺గ
V= × ߨ × ‫ݎ‬ଷ =
ଷ ଷ
256ߨ 3
‫ݎ‬ଷ = × = 64
3 4ߨ
‫ = ݎ‬4 mm
9) A square base pyramid has a perpendicular height of 10mm. What is the length of
each side of the base if its volume is 270 mm3?
V= ܾଶ × ℎ, where b is the base length and h is the height
V= 270 = 10 × ܾଶ
ܾଶ = 27
ܾ ≅ 5.19 mm
ସ
10) A sphere of volume π m3 fits exactly inside a cube. What is the volume of the
ଷ
cube?
ସ ସ
V= × ߨ × ‫ݎ‬ଷ = ×ߨ
ଷ ଷ
‫ =ݎ‬1 m
Since the sphere fits inside the cube, the diameter of the sphere must equal the side
length of the cube. Therefore the side length of the cube is 2 m
Volume of the cube = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 m3
120
Exercise 3
Trigonometry
121
Chapter 5: Measurement: Solutions Exercise 3: Trigonometry
1) In the following diagrams identify the angles adjacent and opposite the given angle,
and also identify the hypotenuse.
a)
H
O
b)
c)
H
A
122
d)
O
e)
A
f)
123
2)
a) Complete the notation on the triangle sides and angles
b) Complete the following:
௔
i. sin ‫= ܣ‬
ு
௔
ii. cos ‫= ܤ‬
ு
௔
iii. tan ‫= ܣ‬
௕
c) Use a calculator to find the values from part (b) if the size of angle A = 55°
i. sin 55° ≅ 0.82
ii. cos 55° ≅ 0.57
iii. tan 55° ≅ 1.43
d) Use a calculator to find the size of angles A and B if the length of side a is
3cm, and the length of side b is 5 cm
ܽ 3
tan ‫= ܣ‬ =
ܾ 5
‫ ≅ ܣ‬31°
124
ܾ 5
tan ‫= ܤ‬ =
ܽ 3
‫ ≅ ܤ‬59°
3) Calculate the length of x in each of the diagrams below
a)
5cm
‫ݔ‬
30°
‫ݔ‬
sin 30° =
5
‫ = ݔ‬5 sin 30° = 2.5 ܿ݉
b)
‫ݔ‬
45°
7cm
௫
tan 45° = ଻
‫ = ݔ‬7 tan 45° = 7ܿ݉
125
c)
5cm
60°
‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
cos 60° =
5
‫ = ݔ‬5 cos 60° = 2.5ܿ݉
d)
‫ݔ‬
8cm
40°
8
sin 40° =
‫ݔ‬
8 8
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ = 12.5ܿ݉
sin 40° 0.64
126
4) Calculate the size of angle x in the diagrams below, correct to the nearest degree.
a)
5cm
‫ݔ‬
3 cm
3
cos ‫= ݔ‬
5
‫ ≅ ݔ‬53°
b)
‫ݔ‬
10 cm
6cm
6
tan ‫= ݔ‬
10
‫ ≅ ݔ‬31°
127
c)
5cm
2cm
‫ݔ‬
2
sin ‫= ݔ‬
5
‫ ≅ ݔ‬24°
d)
‫ݔ‬
12 cm
6 cm
6
sin ‫= ݔ‬
12
‫ = ݔ‬30°
128
5) Identify the angles of elevation and depression in the diagram below
D
C
B A
Angle of elevation is A
Angle of depression is D
Complete the statement: The angle of elevation is EQUAL TO the angle of

depression
6) A man standing 100 metres away from the base of a cliff measures the angle of
elevation to the top of the cliff to be 40 degrees. How high is the cliff?
Cliff
40°
100 m
Let height of cliff be ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
tan 40° =
100
‫ = ݔ‬100 tan 40° ≅ 100 × 0.8391 = 83.91 ݉
The cliff is approximately 84 metres high
129
7) A helicopter is hovering 150 metres above a boat in the ocean. From the helicopter,
the angle of depression to the shore is measured to be 25 degrees. How far out to
sea is the boat? (You need to fill in angle of depression on diagram)
Helicopter
65° 25°
150 m
Shore
Boat
If angle of depression is 25°, complementary angle is 65°
Let distance to shore be ‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
tan 65° =
150
‫ = ݔ‬150 tan 65°
‫ ≅ ݔ‬150 × 2.1445 = 321.675
The boat is approximately 322 metres offshore
8) Two men walk from the same point. The first man heads on a bearing of 045°, whilst
the second heads in the direction SE. After an hour they both stop. If the first man
walked 4 km during this time, and the angle between their finishing points is 60
degrees, how far did the second man walk, and what is the shortest distance
between them?
4km 60°
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
130
A right angled triangle is formed between the bearings of the two men
4
cos 60° =
‫ݔ‬
4
‫=ݔ‬ = 8 ݇݉
cos 60°
௬
By using Pythagoras’ Theorem or tan 60° = ସ, the approximate value of y is 7 km
NOTE: It would be preferable to use the tangent, since it uses information already
given in the question
9) A ramp is built to allow wheelchair access to a lift. If the angle of elevation to the lift
is 2 degrees, and the bottom of the lift is 50 cm above the ground how long is the
ramp?
‫ݔ‬
50 cm
2°
50
sin 2° =
‫ݔ‬
50 50
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ ≅ 1428.57 ܿ݉ ≅ 14.3 ݉
sin 2° 0.035
10) The angle of elevation to the top of a tree is 15 degrees. If the tree is 10 metres tall
how far away from the base of the tree is the observer?
10 m
15°
‫ݔ‬
131
10
tan 15° =
‫ݔ‬
10 10
‫=ݔ‬ ≅ ≅ 37.3 ݉
tan 15° 0.268
11) From the top of a tower a man sees his friend on the ground at an angle of
depression of 30 degrees. If his friend is 80 metres from the base of the tower how
tall is the tower?
30°
‫ݔ‬
80 m
Angle of elevation = angle of depression = 30°
‫ݔ‬
tan 30° =
80
‫ = ݔ‬80 tan 30° ≅ 46.2 ݉
12) A man walks on a bearing of 210 degrees for 2 km, and then walks due east until he
is directly south of his starting position. How far south of his starting position is he at
this time?
Starting point
2 km
‫ݔ‬
A bearing of 210 degrees is 30 degrees east of south
‫ݔ‬
cos 30° =
2
‫ = ݔ‬2 cos 30° ≅ 2 × 0.866 = 1.73 ݇݉

132
Year 9 Mathematics
Space
133
Exercise 1
Properties of Polygons
134
Chapter 6: Space: Solutions Exercise 1: Properties of Polygons
1) Calculate the sum of the internal angles of the following
a) Triangle
180°
b) Quadrilateral
360°
c) Pentagon
540°
d) Hexagon
720°
e) Heptagon
900°
f) Octagon
1080°
2) From your answers to question 1, develop a formula that gives the sum of the
internal angles of an n-sided polygon
Difference between each result is 180; therefore equation is of the form
‫ = ݏ‬180݊ + ܿ
When ݊ = 4, ‫ = ݏ‬360
Therefore ܿ = − 360
Equation is ‫ = ݏ‬180݊ − 360
Checking for ݊ = 8
135
‫ = ݏ‬180 × 8 − 360 = 1080
Formula holds
3) Similarly, develop a formula that gives the sum of the exterior angles of an n-sided
convex polygon
Using regular polygons for ease of calculation
The interior angle of each polygon is
ଵ଼଴
Triangle: = 60°
ଷ
ଷ଺଴
Quadrilateral: ସ
= 90°
ହସ଴
Pentagon: = 108°
ହ
଻ଶ଴
Hexagon: = 120°
଺
ଽ଴଴
Heptagon: ଻
ଵ଴଼଴
Octagon: = 135°
଼
An exterior angle is the supplementary of the interior angle
So, the exterior angle of each polygon is
Triangle: 120°
Quadrilateral: 90°
Pentagon: 72°
ଷ଺଴
Hexagon: ଻
Octagon: 45°
136
The sum of the exterior angles of each polygon is
Triangle: 120 × 3 = 360°
Quadrilateral: 90 × 4 = 360°
Pentagon: 72 × 5 = 360°
ଷ଺଴
Hexagon: × 7 = 360°
଻
Octagon: 45 × 8 = 360°
The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°
4) Find the value of ‫ ݔ‬in each of the following
a)
‫ݔ‬
70°
The triangle is isosceles, so the other base angle is also 70°
‫ = ݔ‬180 − 70 − 70 = 40°
b)
‫ݔ‬
The triangle is equilateral, so each internal angle is 60°. The supplementary

angle, ‫ݔ‬, equals 120°
137
c)
‫ݔ‬ 2‫ݔ‬
100° 120°
The sum of the internal angles of a quadrilateral is 360°
‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 100 + 120 = 360
3‫ ݔ‬+ 220 = 360
3‫ = ݔ‬140
‫ = ݔ‬46. 6̇
2‫ = ݔ‬93. 3̇
d)
‫ݔ‬
The sum of the internal angles of an octagon is 1080°
ଵ଴଼଴
‫=ݔ‬ = 135°
଼
138
5)
a) State whether or not each of the following triangle pairs is congruent. If so,
state a reason.
Not congruent: SSA is not sufficient to prove congruence
b) State whether or not each of the following triangle pairs is congruent. If so,
state a reason.
Congruent: SSS. The triangles share a common side, and two other sides are
equal, therefore all sides are equal
6) Does AAA guarantee that two triangles are congruent? Why or why not?
No: Two triangles can have equal angles but their side lengths could be scaled
7) Do congruent triangles have to be facing the same direction?
No, orientation is not required for congruence
8) State whether or not each of the following triangle pairs is congruent. If so, state a
reason.
Congruent: SSS. Two sides are congruent and the third is shared
139
9) List the methods of proving triangles congruent.
SSS
SAS (the angle is between the two congruent sides)
ASA (the side is between the two angles)
AAS
HL
10) How is AAS different from ASA?
In AAS the side is not included between the angles; in ASA it is
11)
m B E
m A F
AC:FD = 6:12, and ED = 156, what is the length of BC?
The triangles are similar with a ratio of 1:2
BC is the side that corresponds to ED
ଵ
So, the length of BC is ଶ × 156 = 78
140
12)
m A F
m B E
The length of the sides of ABC are 88, 156, and 100. The perimeter of FED is 172,
what is the length of the longest side of FED
The perimeter of ABC is 344, which is twice the perimeter of FED
Therefore ED is half the length of BC, which is the longest side of ABC
ଵ
ED = ଶ × 156 = 78
13)
m A F
m B E
The length of the sides of ABC are 60, 74, and 78. The length of the longest side of
FED is 468, what is the perimeter of FED?
FED is similar to ABC with a scale factor of 6
The perimeter of ABC is 212, so the perimeter of FED = 6 × 212 = 1272
141
14) A tree 12 metres tall casts a 10 metre shadow. How much shadow does a 2metere
tall man standing near the tree cast? (Draw a diagram)
12 m
2m
‫ݔ‬
10 m
The triangles are similar. With a ratio of 2:12

ଶ
Therefore ‫= ݔ‬ × 10 = 1.67 ݉
ଵଶ
142

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Year 9 Mathematics

©2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au

©2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au

CHAPTER 2: Chance & Data 24

CHAPTER 3: Algebraic Expressions 43

CHAPTER 4: Coordinate Geometry 68

CHAPTER 5: Measurement 103

CHAPTER 6: Space 133

1) Evaluate the following

= 3× 3= 9 3) Express the following as powers of

2) Express the following as powers of d) 27

= 10ଷିଶ = 10ଵ = 10 9) From your answers to question 8,

8) Evaluate the following False

d) (3 × 2) ଶ 10) Find the values of ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬in the

Scientific Notation & Significant Figures

1) Express the following in scientific c) 7.06 × 10ସ

7.75 × 10ଶ 1.005 × 10ିଵ

7.777 × 10ଷ 5.14 × 10ିଶ

2) Convert the following to decimal c) 0.75

f) 6.5121 c) (2.96 x104) x (4.98 x 106)

6.5121 × 10଴ ≅ 3 × 5 × 10ସ × 10଺

a) 3.452 × 10ିଶ d) (6.05 x107 ÷3.11 x 103)

0.03452 ≅ (6 ÷ 3) × (10଻ ÷ 10ଷ)

a) (3.15 x 103) x (5.22 x 104)

≅ 5 × 6 × 10ଶ × 10ହ a) 19.672

= 30 × 10଻ = 3 × 10଼ 19.7

8) The speed of light in a vacuum is 3 x 108 metres per second

a) How far does light travel in 10 seconds?

b) How long does light take to travel 90000 metres?

Time = ‫݀݁݁݌ݏ ÷݁ܿ݊ܽݐݏ݅ܦ‬

31.5 million = 3.15 × 10଻

Distance = ܵ‫݁ ݉݅ݐ × ݀݁݁݌‬

Distance = 3 × 10଼ × 3.15 × 10଻ = 9.45 × 10ଵହ݉ ݁‫ =ݏ݁ݎݐ‬9.45 × 10ଵଶ݇݉

4.3 light years = 4.3 × 9.45 × 10ଵଶ = 40.635 × 10ଵଶ݇݉ ≅ 40 × 10ଵଶ݇݉

Time = Distance ÷speed

There are approximately 8760 hours in a year

1) You get a part time job that pays a 38000 ÷ 52 = $730.77

12 × 15 = $180 38000 ÷ 260 = $146.15

(Assume an equal payment per

$200 + $250 = $450 e) What must the value of

20000 × 5% = $1000 Commission must be

Total pay = $760

Total pay = $850

Total pay = $1090

Total pay = $1250

20% × $52000 = $10400

Would actually receive $52000 − 10400 = $41600 per annum

b) If taxation is deducted at the rate of 15%, superannuation at the rate of 2%,

Total deductions are (15% + 2% + 1.5%) × $52000 = 18.5% × $52000 = $9620

Would actually receive $52000 − $9620 = $42380 per annum

$52000 − $12000 = $40000

20% × $40000 = $8000

Would receive $52000 − $8000 = $44000 per annum

$52000 − $6000 = $46000

15% × $46000 = $6900

Medicare levy = 2% × 52000 = $1040

Would receive $52000 − $6900 − $1040 = $44060 per annum

= $847.31 per week

6) Complete the following table, assuming interest is simple

$7,500 10% 10 $7500