Acute abdominal pain (AAP) is in this context defined as abdominal pain of

up to seven days duration and not caused by trauma. In the literature the

duration of pain-criterion is sometimes defined to be ten days (de Dombal

1972). According to the OMGE survey AAP is stated as pain with less than

one week’s duration (de Dombal 1979). The latter definition was used for

the present study.

Non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP) includes all causes of self-limiting

pain for which no surgical, gynaecological or other medical diagnosis is

made. Usually no further investigation and no treatment is required. In the

literature sometimes constipation, mesenteric lymphadenitis, dysmenorrhoea,

gastroenteritis or dyspepsia, as well as patients undergoing negative

laparotomy (i.e. no other surgical or other medical disease is determined and

no other surgical procedure is carried out), are included in this category (de

Dombal 1979). In the present papers constipation, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia

and NSAP are considered to be separate entities.

Historical remarks

It is likely that AAP has affected man ever since pre-historical times. However,

it is only within the last two hundred years that we have had more or

less accurate knowledge of the intra-abdominal diseases that causes the

AAP. The main reason for this comparatively late development of medical

knowledge was that the only method of obtaining accurate information, by

post-mortem examination of the intra-abdominal organs, was either forbidden

or disliked by the medical authorities. Moreover, surgical operations

12

upon the abdomen were not performed until the beginning of the 19th century.

Hippocrates (460-370 BC), Galen (129-199 AD) and their successors observed

the symptoms of their patients very carefully, but they were seriously

handicapped by their ignorance of the exact state, within the abdomen, corresponding

to those symptoms. They also lacked the ability to ascertain if

their treatment affected the disease. We now know that many cases of attacks

of abdominal pain are self-limiting and resolves spontaneously, and

times. They recognised that acute colicky might get well or might pass on to

more serious obstruction of the bowel (ileus); they also knew that deep inflammation

could result in the formation of an abscess that might burst spontaneously

or could be opened by the knife. However, every other serious

abdominal condition, which was fatal, was thought to be due to an obstruction

of the bowels, and was called ileus. The symptoms of ileus are well

described by Hippocrates: “In ileus the belly becomes hard, there are no

motions; the whole abdomen is painful, there are fever and thirst and sometimes

the patient is so tormented that he vomits bile …. It is an acute and

dangerous disease.” (Cope 1965).

It is in the writings of Celsus (42 BC – 37 AD) we find the first description

of a notable clinical sign in acute abdominal disease; resistance on pressure

indicating underlying inflammation or peritonitis.

For more than a thousand years after the time of Galen no advances in the

diagnosis or treatment of acute abdominal conditions took place. However,

many monasteries included also education and hospital care. Notes from

monks and nuns reveal that women mostly were seeking medical care for

mental disorders or infertility, men for wounds and accidents and children

for fever diseases and diarrhoea. During the 13th century the first universities

were established. To achieve the medical authorization from Salerno also

one year of practise with an experienced physician was demanded. The first

official medical authorization was granted in 1140 in Sicily.

Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) found little practical value of the scientific

knowledge of medicine for the treatment of the sick, he focussed on

clinical observations of patients and his greatest contribution was the many

descriptions of the natural history of diseases (Nilsson 1998). It was first

after the publication of Bonetus’ Sepulchretum in 1679 and the remarkable

wealth of pathological material described in Giovanni Morgagni’s (1682-

1771) monumental work De sedibus et causis morborum (published in 1761)

that a decisive change in medical views on the causation of intra-abdominal

the Practice of Physic (1776), used the name “peritonitis” for a condition

involving the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity and its extensions to

the viscera.

13

In 1806, Chistopher Pemberton (1765-1822) published the book A Practical

Treatise on Various Diseases of the Abdominal Viscera, which is considered

a milestone in the clinical diagnosis of acute abdominal diseases.

Pemberton emphasised the importance of meticulous clinical observations

and the importance of careful first-hand observations, recorded at the time.

He also described the differential diagnostics between peritonitis and colic

pain (Cope 1965). Leopold Auenbrügger (1722-1809) in Vienna described

the percussion technique: he might have got the idea from a brewery where

they knocked on the barrels to judge how much beer was inside (Nilsson

1998). Shaking the patient (succussion), to prove fluid in the chest, was an

ancient technique that was revived in the early 1800s, but was a quite violent

method and unpleasant for the patient. In the 19th century, ”topographical

diagnostics” was developed for determining the size of heart and liver by

palpation and percussion (Johannisson 1997). When René Laënnec (1781-

1826) invented the stethoscope in 1816, the technique of auscultation was

immediately accepted. During this time post-mortem examinations began to

be made more frequently, and there was a rapid improvement in diagnosis.

From the middle of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century, most of the

pathological conditions, which give rise to acute abdominal symptoms, were

recognised and their symptoms gradually differentiated.

Josef Lister (1827-1912) in London realized the importance of Louis Pasteur’s

(1822-1895) work on bacteria and introduced the “antiseptic surgery”

in 1867, by spraying carbolic acid in the surgery room. The reduction of

postoperative infections and sepsis was remarkable, and the aseptic method

was soon practised in all the countries in Europe and the USA. On 16 October

1846 (”Ether Day”) at Massachusetts General Hospital, the dentist William

John Collins Warren (1778-1856) and the operation was painless. The possibility

of performing painless surgery and the increased postoperative survival,

due to the aseptic method, markedly increased the possibilities of surgical

treatment of acute abdominal conditions during the last decades of the

19th century (Rhodes 1985).

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen’s (1845-1923) detection of a “new kind of

rays” in 1895 provided the possibility of imaging bones inside the body. The

technique spread immediately and in 1896 the first radiographs were performed

in Stockholm and Uppsala. Bismuth and barium were soon shown to

be impermeable to the x-rays and were used as contrast in examinations of

the stomach, small and large intestines: gastric ulcers were diagnosed by this

method. In 1929 the professor of radiology in Uppsala, Hugo Laurell (1884-

1959) performed the first reposition of invaginated intestine by barium enema,

which is probably the first radiological therapeutic method. His scientific

work became the basis of radiological diagnostic methods in acute abdominal

pain (Laurell 1930). The Penicillium was discovered in 1928 by Sir

AlexandOne clinical consequence of the introduction of antibiotics was the possibility

to wait and observe the patient and not perform an appendectomy as soon

appendicitis was suspected (Ekelund 2005). In 1970, computed tomography

(CT) were introduced into clinical practice, along with magnetic resonance

imaging (MRI) in 1980, both made important contributions to the diagnostic

performance of abdominal diseases.

The mean hospitalisation time on surgical wards in Sweden was 14.8 days

in 1950 compared to 5.9 days in 1990. The number of beds in surgical care

was 8774 at 63 surgical departments in 2000 (The Swedish Federation of

County Councils 2003). The total number of beds for institutional care (except

psychiatry and geriatrics) in Sweden was 35,726 in 1950, 49,600 in

1970, 35,503 in 1990 (SBU 1995) and 26,076 in 2000 (The Swedish Federation

of County Council 2003). That means 5.1, 6.1 and 3.4 beds per 100,000
inhabitants, 1950-1990 respectively (SBU 1995).er Fleming (1881-1955), but it was not in clinical use
until 1941.