WW2 Penetration Performance Statistics

World War Two
Armour Penetration Statistics

by John Salt
(formatted by Valeriy Potapov)
1999
1
Foreword
This document, which I hope will prove useful to WW2 wargamers, gives penetration performance details of WW2 anti-tank
weapons.
I have assembled these from over sixty sources, mostly from my own library. All are in the public domain. Those books no
longer in print should be easy to buy from a good book search service such as amazon.com, or to borrow from a good
library. The documents cited from the Public Records Office, Kew, are available for inspection there to anyone with a
Reader’s ticket.
Where page numbers are cited, tables usually appear in the original source. In other cases, it has been necessary to extract
and tabulate data spread through the body of the text. Sometimes it has been necessary to reduce information presented as
graphs or polar diagrams to tabular form, and some loss of accuracy is inevitable in the process. Given the inherent
imprecision of all these figures, however, this does not much matter.
Sources referring to the post-war period have been cited where they cover weapons developed during the war. Some entries
refer to weapons never introduced into service, such as the British 32-pounder and Burney guns with "Wallbuster"
(HESH) shell, American experimental 90mm guns, and a variety of German developments; these are included for interest.
To be useful, armour penetration figures should specify not only the gun, range and penetration achieved, but also the
ammunition nature and model fired, the angle of impact, and the type of armour attacked. Some few sources provide all
this information; most do not. An additional annoyance is that some sources are obviously mistaken or misprinted in
places. This has been noted under the heading "Comments and Corrections" where I have been able to spot the error.
The customary angle of impact when quoting penetration performance is 30º from the vertical, but some American weapons
are quoted for 20º. German practice was to measure angles from the horizontal, so where 60º is stated, it is usually safe to
assume that 30º from the vertical is intended. In action, unless firing from exactly right-angles to the target vehicle, there
will be an additional angular component depending on the target tank’s facing. A table for rough conversions from sloped
armour to an equivalent thickness of vertical plate is given as one of the extracts from WO 185/118; it will be seen that
well-sloped armour seems to be more effective than would be indicated by a simple cosine calculation.
It is also traditional to quote penetration against homogenous armour. Performance against face-hardened plate, especially
for smaller weapons firing uncapped rounds, can differ greatly. Armour hardness may vary considerably. For example,
according to Kenneth Macksey's "The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats" (Guinness Superlatives, Enfield, 1972),
British homogenous armour at the outbreak of WW2 came in "soft" (machineable) and "hard" grades with Brinnel
hardnesses of 380 and 450 respectively, while Vickers Cemented armour had a Brinnel hardness of 600 on the front and
400 on the back. One of the papers extracted from WO 185/118 gives the hardness of armour on the Tiger. It seems that
there is a certain velocity band which face-hardened plate protects against best, and for projectiles arriving outside this
velocity band, face-hardened plate is less effective than the same thickness of homogenous armour.
Where ammunition nature is not specified, it may be possible to make an educated guess based on the muzzle velocity, if the
source quotes one, or simply by applying common sense to the magnitude of the penetration figure given — the widely-
quoted 140mm penetration at 500m credited to the Soviet 57mm ZIS-2 can hardly apply to a standard AP round, for
example. One source shows a significant difference in performance between APHE and APC or APCBC rounds for the
same gun, and it can sometimes be difficult to decide which is meant. The nationality of the weapon can serve as a guide;
the Germans never used solid steel AP, preferring APHE; the Russians seem to have had a strong preference for APHE;
the Americans seem to have been happy with both; and the British never used APHE after the 3-pounder. The question is
further complicated by the fact that rounds are sometimes misleadingly designated; for example, some American rounds
designated APC are in fact APCBC. In the name of accuracy, some of these, and Panzergranate 39 for guns above 5cm
calibre, should probably be designated APCBCHE, but they rarely are. For complete accuracy, the precise model number
needs to be known. Sometimes even this is not enough, as the table from Hunnicutt's "Sherman" shows; there is an
appreciable difference between the "early" and "late" 90mm M82 APC, due to "hotter" loading. Some sources do not help
by propagating errors; many sources credit the 17-pdr firing APDS with 231mm penetration at 1000 yards on armour
sloped at 30º, but it seems tolerably obvious that this figure really refers to armour at 0º. It is rare for original sources to
be accurately credited.
Even when all these sources of variation are accounted for, authoritative sources can seem to disagree. Consider the German
75mm PaK40, a common and well-documented weapon, firing PzGr 39 against homogenous armour at 30º at 500 metres
(or 600 yards, which is near enough). Even discarding the highest and lowest observations as outliers, we find a variation
between 90mm and 106mm, a difference of 17% of the lower figure. This highlights the point that armour penetration is
far from being a deterministic phenomenon, and giving penetrative performance in millimetres (and even in some cases
half-millimetres) suggests a degree of precision that does not really exist. Performance in the field, of course, is subject to
very much greater variation. As Shelford Bidwell says in "Gunners at War", "All simplified tables showing the
performance of anti-tank guns are misleading". The Bovington booklet "Fire and Movement" says "Chance also causes
discrepancies — for instance, a normally certain penetration may be prevented by the deflection away of a projectile on a
lifting-lug projecting from a turret; conversely, a normally certain immunity may be removed if that same type of
projection deflects a projectile towards the armour at a different angle".
Using penetration tables takes no account either of behind-armour effect following penetration, nor of non-penetrating
damage. In principle, penetrating shell with a bursting charge should have better behind-armour effect than solid shot,
2
but whether this matters in calibres above about 50mm seems highly questionable. The most supremely futile attempt to
improve behind-armour effectiveness must surely be the German inclusion of a small tear-gas pellet in the AP bullet for
the PzB 39 anti-tank rifle. It should still be borne in mind that most of these figures generally indicate the thickness of
armour the projectile will just penetrate; the greater the degree to which the armour is overmatched, presumably, the
greater will be the damage potential of the penetrating projectile. Hollow-charge weapons are a special case, in that the
projectile itself does not penetrate the armour, but rather the jet formed by its charge does. Hollow charge weapons of the
WW2 epoch were reputed to have less-than-ideal behind-armour effects. As the Bovington "Fire and Movement" booklet
points out, "If the projectile is not an appreciable overmatch for the target, however, the penetration can be small enough
to do little damage". One of the tables in WO 185/178 makes an interesting attempt to quantify behind-armour effects by
estimating the weight of metal shot into the tank by a penetrating hit.
Penetration tables also take no account of non-penetrating damage. The running gear of all vehicles can be vulnerable to
AP or HE fire from nearly all calibres. Extremely large calibre rounds can cause catastrophic damage without needing to
penetrate the target; a Soviet 122mm shell, for example, might completely remove the turret of its target. Germany and
Russia began using welded construction in the 1930s, but Britain and America continued to use rivets until the beginning
of WW2. A shot hitting an exposed rivet-head could cause the rivet shank to break off and be projected into the tank,
causing damage. The British continued to use rivets in the Cromwell until the end of the war, but these were tapered to
prevent this happening.
Finally, the last few pages contain a few tables dealing with the still more vexed question of hit probabilities. This includes a
small section taken from a WW2 Operational Research study on the hit-and-kill probabilities of two British anti-tank guns
on some German tank targets. This is principally interesting in that it shows the strong dependence of target facing on
weapon effectiveness.
Thanks to Tony Williams and Ernest Ashworth for the information they contributed to this collection. Anyone with comments,
corrections or additions is invited to e-mail them to John.Salt@Brunel.ac.uk. Please be sure to include title, author,
publisher and year of publication for any source you refer to.
23 April 1999
3
Contents
Foreword................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Contents.................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Armour Penetration.................................................................................................................................................. 6
Barker, 1979.......................................................................................................................................... 6
Bidwell, 1976......................................................................................................................................... 6
Blackburn, 1998.................................................................................................................................... 6
Bovington Museum, 1975.................................................................................................................... 7
Braun, 1977........................................................................................................................................... 8
Chamberlain, Doyle & Jentz, 1978...................................................................................................... 9
Chamberlain & Ellis, 1969.................................................................................................................. 10
Chamberlain & Gander, 1974............................................................................................................. 10
Ellis et al, 1962.................................................................................................................................... 11
Ellis, 1993............................................................................................................................................ 12
Farrar-Hockley, 1976........................................................................................................................... 13
Featherstone, 1973............................................................................................................................. 13
Fleischer, 1994.................................................................................................................................... 14
Forty, 1979........................................................................................................................................... 15
Foss, 1974........................................................................................................................................... 15
Funcken & Funcken, 1976................................................................................................................. 16
Gander & Chamberlain, 1977............................................................................................................ 16
Gander & Chamberlain, 1978............................................................................................................ 16
Godfrey, 1984...................................................................................................................................... 19
Grove, 1976......................................................................................................................................... 19
Handbook on the Italian Army.......................................................................................................... 20
Hogg, 1975.......................................................................................................................................... 20
Hogg, 1976.......................................................................................................................................... 21
Hogg, 1977.......................................................................................................................................... 22
Hogg, 1978.......................................................................................................................................... 23
Hogg, 1997.......................................................................................................................................... 24
Hogg & Weeks, 1977.......................................................................................................................... 25
Hunnicut, 1978.................................................................................................................................... 25
Isby, 1974............................................................................................................................................. 26
Isby, 1979............................................................................................................................................. 26
Kent, 1990........................................................................................................................................... 26
Kosnett, 1977...................................................................................................................................... 27
Labbett & Brown, 1988....................................................................................................................... 27
Lucas, 1988......................................................................................................................................... 27
Lucas, 1994......................................................................................................................................... 27
Macksey, 1988..................................................................................................................................... 28
Messenger, 1982................................................................................................................................. 29
Moore, 1991......................................................................................................................................... 29
Orgill, 1971.......................................................................................................................................... 30
Perrett, 1990........................................................................................................................................ 30
Playfair, 1956....................................................................................................................................... 30
Quarrie, 1989....................................................................................................................................... 31
TM 30-410............................................................................................................................................ 32
TM-E 30-451........................................................................................................................................ 32
Unknown............................................................................................................................................. 32
Vanags-Baginskis & Watanabe, 1993............................................................................................... 33
von Senger und Etterlin, 1971........................................................................................................... 34
Weeks, 197?........................................................................................................................................ 35
Wiener, 1978........................................................................................................................................ 35
Williams, 1999..................................................................................................................................... 35
Woodman, 1991.................................................................................................................................. 36
WO 171/336, 30 Corps "G" War Diary............................................................................................... 37
WO 185/15, Anti-tank grenades......................................................................................................... 37
WO 185/118, DDG/FV(D) Armour plate experiments........................................................................37
WO 185/122, Churchill tank with 17 pdr gun...................................................................................38
WO 185/133, Tungsten Carbide Production.....................................................................................39
WO 185/145, New infantry anti-tank weapon...................................................................................39
WO 185/171, Armour plate experiments........................................................................................... 39
WO 185/178, Tank armament versus armour...................................................................................40
4
WO 185/182, Recoilless weapons..................................................................................................... 42
WO 185/194, Tank and anti-tank armament......................................................................................42
WO 190/706, German Army infantry weapons.................................................................................42
WO 194/598, Interim damage assessment report on 20mm, 25mm and 30mm calibre cannon
attacks against APC targets.............................................................................................................. 43
WO 219/2785, SHAEF equipment and supply returns....................................................................43
WO 219/2801, SHAEF documents on tanks.....................................................................................43
WO 219/2806, Appendix G to SHAEF/16652/GCT/Arty....................................................................44
WO 279/200, The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment..............................................44
WO 291/385, "The Performance of the Infantry Sledge under Fire.".............................................45
WO 291/741, "Comparison of the performance of 75mm and 76mm tank gun ammunition."....45
WO 291/1143, "Effectiveness of British and Russian tanks."........................................................45
Zaloga, 1979........................................................................................................................................ 46
Zaloga & Grandsen, 1984.................................................................................................................. 46
Zaloga & Ness, 1998........................................................................................................................... 47
Zaloga & Sarson, 1993....................................................................................................................... 47
Hit probabilities...................................................................................................................................................... 49
Featherstone, 1973............................................................................................................................. 49
Isby, 1979............................................................................................................................................. 49
WO 291/171, "Effectiveness of British anti-tank guns"..................................................................49
WO 291/180, "Accuracy of anti-tank gunnery."...............................................................................52
WO 291/1263, "Firing Trials, 17pdr Sherman."................................................................................53
WO 291/2398, "The hit chance of WOMBAT against moving targets."...............................................53
5
Armour Penetration
Barker, 1979
"Japanese Army Handbook 1939–1945", A. J. Barker, Ian Allan, 1979, page 95. Armour at normal, armour type not specified,
range not specified.
Weapon Penetration
37mm ATk gun 25
47mm ATk gun 51
Comments and corrections
The original gives penetration in inches.
The failure to specify range makes these figures less than informative, but we might assume 500 yards.
Bidwell, 1976
"Artillery Tactics 1939–1945", Shelford Bidwell, Almark, 1976, page 72. Armour at 30º slope, type unspecified. Ranges in
yards.
Weapon Ammo 250 500 540 1000 2000
US or Ger 37mm 36 27
2 pdr 58 53 40
Russian 45mm 60 38
Russian 57mm 140
25 pdr 62 54
German 50mm 65 53
88mm FLAK 112 103 86
6 pdr 75 63
APDS 146
German 75mm 171 130
Russian 76mm 90 83
17 pdr 123 113
APDS 231
This book is one of Almark's "Mechanics of War" series. The original table has the last four rows misaligned; the error is
corrected here. Many of these figures are also given on page 234 of Bidwell's "Gunners at War", A& AP, 1970, which states
the slope as 30º and gives the 2 000 yard figure for the 88mm (possibly intended to be for the 17-pdr, as the formatting is
unclear, but assumed to be for the 88mm by reference to the War Office document that appears to be Bidwell's source).
The figures for APDS are included as notes, with no range given, but the main text attributes 231mm penetration to the 17-
pdr with APDS at 1000 yards, which seems a lot, but agrees with Hogg's "The Guns of World War II". It seems likely that this
figure refers to 0º slope.
The figures for the Russian 57mm at 540 yards and the 2-pdr at 250 yards are added from the main text.
Bidwell lists the 37mm as "British", as well as US and German.
The "Russian" 76mm shown here is better known as the PaK 36(r) in German service.
The German 75mm entry carries the comment "A very good gun, but short lived." and the footnote "supplies of tungsten
carbide for its special shot ran out", from which it seems safe to conclude that the weapon referred to is the PaK 41 Gerlich
gun, rather than the PaK40.
Blackburn, 1998
"The Guns of Normandy", George Blackburn, Constable, 1998, page 496. Penetration in millimetres, 30º slope, armour type
and range unstated:
Weapon Penetration
6 pdr 63
88mm KwK 36 102
88mm KwK 43 164
75mm KwK 42 110
17 pdr plain shot 113
17 pdr sabot 231
75mm 68
6
These figures seem about right for 1000 yards. The source wrongly states that the 6-pdr was mounted in the Churchill VII.
Bovington Museum, 1975

"Fire and Movement", RAC Tank Museum, Bovington, 1975, pages 22–25. "Penetration v. homogenous armour at 30º, at
ranges in yards". The armour is machineable quality.
Weapon Ammo 100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

2-pr Mks IX and X AP 40
APCBC 53 49 44 40
SV 88 72 60 48
3-pr Mk II APHE 25
6-pr Mk 3 or 5 APCBC 87 80 73 67
APDS 131 117 103 90
75mm Mk V APC 68 61 54 47
APCBC 103 94 86 78
77mm Mk 2 APCBC 120 110 100 90
APDS 182 165 148 130
17-pr Mk 2 APCBC 125 118 110 98
APDS 187 170 153 135
37mm M6 APC 46 42 40 37
75mm M2 and M3 APCBC 62 48 40
APC 70 59 55 50
76mm M1A1 or APCBC 94 89 81 76
M1A2 HVAP 158 134 117 99
90mm M3 APCBC 126 120 114 105
HVAP 221 200 177 154
47mm mod 37 APC 55 43 29 23
20mm L65 AP 31 22
APCR 49 35
37mm L45 APC 30
APCR 68 43 22
50mm L42 APC 56 47 39
APCR 66 42 26
50mm L60 APC 61 50
APCR 86 55 32
75mm L24 APCBC 46 41 35
75mm L43 APCBC 84 72 62 53
75mm L48 APCBC 90 79 70 62
75mm L70 APCBC 141 121 104 89
88mm L56 APCBC 110 101 93 84
APCR 126 103 85 70
88mm L71 APCBC 182 167 153 139 127
128mm L55 APC 175 150 132 120
APCBC 215 202 190 178
37mm mod 94 APHE 32 25
47mm Type 1 AP 59 45 34
75mm 94 or 1 AP 62 53 46
Sov 76 L41 APCBC (estd) 56 50 45 40
Sov 85 L53 APCBC (estd) 103 94 86 77 64
Sov 100 L46 APCBC (estd) 130 120 110 100 95
Sov 122 L43 APCBC (estd) 140 130 120 110 100
Hollow charge rounds shown are the British 95mm How Mk 1 (110mm), US 105mm how M4 (100mm) and German 75mm
L24 (43mm). The last of these seems remarkably ungenerous, but agrees with the figure given in Hogg's "German Artillery of
World War 2" for plate at 30º. Dates for introduction of different kinds of ammunition are given as: 2-pr AP Sep 39; APCBC
May 42; SV Jan 43; 6-pr APC, APCBC Oct 42; APDS Jun 44; 17-pr AP, APC, APCBC early 43; HE Jun 44; APDS Summer
44.
7
Braun, 1977
"Handbuch der Flugzeug Bordwaffenmunition", 1977, collected by Matthias Braun. Ranges in metres, angles given from the
horizontal.
Gun Cartridge Target Attack Range 90º 60º 30º
MG17 SmK v 140-150 D 100 12 8 4
D 300 9 6 3
D 600 6 3.5 1.5
I 100 4 3 3
13mm Pzgr Patr L'spur 140-150 D 100 17 10 4.5
D 300 11 7 3
D 600 5.5 4 2
I 100 16 9.5 4
I 300 9 6.5 3
I 600 5.5 4 2
15mm Pzgr Patr L'spur 140-150 D 300 25 18 11.5
D 400 19 15 9.5
D 600 14 10.5 6.5
I 100 15 11.5
I 300 11.5 10
15mm H-Pzgr Patr 140-160 D 100 48 26.5 12
D 300 42 20 9.5
D 600 31.5 15.5 7
2cm Pzgr Patr FFM 150 D 100 21.5 12 7
D 300 17 9.5 5.5
D 600 12 7 4
I 100 12.5 8.5 5
I 300 11 8 4.5
I 600 8 5.5 3
2cm Pzgr Patr 151 150 D 100 24 12 8
D 300 23 11.5 7
D 600 15 7 4
I 100 13 10 6.5
I 300 12 9 5
I 600 8.5 7 4
3cm Pzgr Patr L'spur 140-150 D 300 32 26 19
D 600 27 21.5 14
3cm H Pzgr Patr L'spur 100 D 100 100 58
D 300 95 52
150 D 100 78 47
D 300 74 42
3.7cm H Pzgr Patr Flak 18 150 D 100 140 68
D 600 95 47
"Attack" type shows either indirect attack (I), after pentrating a 3mm thick plate of dural at 20º placed at 1.5m from the main
armour, or direct attack (D) with no such encumbrance.
"Target" shows the "festigkeit", which I take to mean literally "strength", of the target in Kg per square mm. I take this to be
a measure of hardness, but do not know how it compares to the Brinnell scale.
These results are read by eye from graphs, and rounded to the nearest half millimetre.
Thanks to Tony Williams for supplying this document, which summarises results collected from 1936 to 1945 at the
"Luftwaffenmunitionsentwicklungsabteilung der Deutschen Wehrmacht" at Erprobungsstelle E6, Rechlin.
Chamberlain, Doyle & Jentz, 1978

Appendix I, "German Tank Armament ", in: "Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two", first edition, Peter
Chamberlain, Hilary L. Doyle & Thomas L. Jentz, A&AP 1978, page 245.
"Penetration of Homogenous Armour Plate at 30º from Vertical", ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammunition 100 500 1000 1500 2000
7.92mm MGs Patr SmK 8 3
2cm KwK or FlaK PzGr 20 14 9
PzGr40 49 20
sPzB41 PzGr41 60 40 19
8
3.7cm KwK or Pak35/36 PzGr 34 29 22 19
PzGr40 64 34
3.7cm KwK34(t) PzGr 37 31 26 22
3.7cm KwK38(t) PzGr 41 35 29 24
PzGr40 64 34
3.7cm FlaK 43 PzGr18 35 28 21 17
4.7cm PaK(t) PzGr36(t) 54 48 41 35
PzGr40 100 59
5cm KwK38 PzGr39 54 46 36 28 22
PzGr40 96 58
5cm KwK39 PzGr39 67 57 44 34 26
PzGr40 130 72 38
5cm PaK38 PzGr39 69 59 48 38 29
PzGr40 130 72 38
7.5cm KwK37 or StuK37 K Gr rot Pz 41 39 35 33 30
7.5cm KwK40 or PzGr39 98 91 82 72 63
StuK40 L43 Pzgr40 126 108 87 69
7.5cm PaK39, KwK40 or PzGr39 106 96 85 74 64
StuK40 L48 or PaK40 PzGr40 143 120 97 77
7.5cm Kwk or StuK42 PzGr39/42 138 124 111 99 89
PzGr40/42 194 174 149 127 106
7.62cm PaK36(r) PzGr39 98 90 82 73 65
PzGr40 135 116 94 75 58
8.8cm FlaK18 or 37 PzGr 97 93 87 80 72
PzGr39 127 117 106 97 88
8.8cm KwK36 PzGr39 120 110 100 91 84
PzGr40 171 156 138 123 110
8.8cm KwK or PaK43 PzGr39-1 203 185 165 148 132
PzGr40/43 237 217 193 171 153
10cm K18 PzGr rot 164 149 133 119 109
10.5cm leFH18 or StuH42 PzGr 63 59 54 50 46
12.8cm K40 PzGr 201 176 150 132 120
12.8cm PaK44 PzGr 189 166 143 127 117
PzGr43 187 178 167 157 148
Hollow charge rounds, penetration independent of range:
Calibre 7.5cm 7.5cm 7.5cm 10.5cm 10.5cm 10.5cm 15cm
Ammo Gr38 H1/A Gr38 H1/B Gr38 H1/C Gr39 H1/A Gr39 H1/B Gr39 H1/C Gr39 H1/A
Penetration 70 75 100 80 90 100 160
No comments.
Chamberlain & Ellis, 1969

"British and American Tanks of World War II", Peter Chamberlain and Chris Ellis, A&AP, 1969, pages 202–207. Ranges in
yards, armour type not specified, at 30º.
Weapon Ammo Range Penetration

2pdr Mk IX, X & XA AP 500 57
APCBC 500 57.5
6 pdr Mk 3 500 81
6 pdr Mk 5 500 83
75mm Mk V, VA 500 68
17pdr Mk II, IV, VI, VII 500 120
APDS 500 186
77mm Mk II 500 109
95mm How Mk 1 HEAT 500 110
37mm M6 500 48
75mm M2 500 60
75mm M3 500 70
76mm M1, M1A1, APC 1000 88
M1A1C, M1A2 HVAP 1000 133
90mm M3 APC 1000 120
9
HVAP 1000 195

This seems to be the source for the gun performance table on page 55 of Malcolm Bellis' splendid privately-published
"Datafile" booklet, "British Tanks and Formations 1939–45". Other books that use these figures, in whole or in part, are
Donald Featherstone's "Tank Battles in Miniature" and Terry Gander and Peter Chamberlain's Airfix Magazine guide no. 17,
"British Tanks of World War 2", Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1976.
This source states that APCBC for the 2pdr was introduced in September 1942, APDS for the 6pdr in early 1944, and for the
17pdr in 1944.
The authors state that the American 90mm was inferior in penetrative power and accuracy the 17pdr and similarly inferior to
the 88mm.
Chamberlain & Gander, 1974

Source: "Anti-Tank Weapons" Peter Chamberlain and Terry Gander, MacDonald and Jane's, 1974. Ranges in units specified,
armour type not specified.
Weapon Ammunition Range Angle Penetration

Skoda 47mm vz 36 700 yds 30º 51
2.8cm sPzB 41 400 yds 30º 56
3.7cm PaK 35/36 AP 400 yds 30º 38
AP40 400 yds 30º 49
4.2cm lePaK 41 AP 500 yds 30º 72
5cm PaK 38 AP 500 yds 30º 61
AP40 500 yds 30º 86
7.5cm PaK 40 AP 500 yds 30º 106
AP40 500 yds 30º 115
7.5cm PaK 41 500 yds 30º 171
7.5cm PaK 97/38 900 yds 30º 60
7.62cm PaK 36(r) AP 500 yds 30º 98
AP40 500 yds 30º 118
8.8cm PaK 43 500 yds 30º 226
Panzerfaust klein HEAT 30º 140
Panzerfaust gross HEAT 30º 200
R PzB 43 HEAT 150 m 210
R PzB 54 & 54/1 HEAT 200 m 210
7.92mm Pz B 38, 39 100 m 60º 30
Gross Pz Gr 46 HEAT 200 yds 90
It 37/45 400 yds 30º 38
It 47/32 M35 550 yds 0º 43
37mm Type 94 1000 yds 30º 24
37mm Type 97 400 yds 38
47mm Type 1 500 yds 30º 51
20mm ATR Type 97 270 yds 30
wz 35 Marosczek 300 m 20
Solothurn M SS 41 100m 60º 30
Solothurn s18-1100 300 m 30º 15-18
2 pr 500 yds 30º 53
6 pr 1000 yds 20º 69
17 pr 1000 yds 30º 130
Boys ATR 300 m 0º 21
37mm M3A1 AP 1000 yds 20º 25
APC 1000 yds 20º 53
57mm M1 1000 yds 20º 69
3-in M5 1000 yds 20º 98
2.36 in RL M1, M9 HEAT 700 yds 0º 119
Rifle Gren M9 HEAT 101
37mm M30 400 yds 30º 38
45mm M32 1000 yds 30º 38
45mm M42 300 m 95
57mm M41, 43 500m 140
100mm M1944 450m 192
10
PTRD, PTRS 500m 25
VPGS 1940 65 yds 30

It should be fairly obvious where performance is given for APCR ammunition, e.g. for the Soviet 45mm M42 and 57mm
M41. I suspect the 60º angles given for two anti-tank rifles means 60º from the horizontal, and so means the same as 30º
from the vertical. The claimed difference in performance between US 37mm AP and APC is hard to believe.
Ellis et al, 1962

"Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy", Maj. L F Ellis with Capt G R G Allen, Lt-Col A E Warhurst and
ACM Sir James Robb, HMSO, 1962, page 549. "Penetration against homogenous armour plate at 30º angle of attack", ranges
in yards.
Gun Projectile 100 500 1000 2000

75mm Mark V APCBC 74 68 60 47
US 57mm APC 81 64 50
6-pdr Mark V APCBC 93 87 80 67
US 3-in or 76mm APC 109 99 89 73
US 90mm APC 123 113 104 87
6-pdr Mark V DS ('Sabot') 143 131 117 90
17-pdr Mark II APCBC 149 140 130 111
DS ('Sabot') 221 208 192 161
75mm KwK or PAK 40 APCBC 99 92 84 66
88mm KwK 36 APCBC 120 112 102 88
75mm KwK 42 APCBC 138 128 118 100
88mm KwK 43 APCBC 202 187 168 137
128mm PaK 44 APCBC 212 202 182

This is the first volume of the British official history of the NW Europe campaign.
Elsewhere in the text it is stated that "a small quantity" of 6-pdr DS ammunition was available for the landings, and that "it
was late in August before there was any for the 17-pdr." The Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck are mentioned: "these could
penetrate 200mm of armour within a hundred yards or so but were rather of a 'do-or-die' nature."
The figures given here for the 75mm Mark V, 17-pdr without sabot, 75mm KWK 40 and 42 and 88mm KWK 36 are repeated
by Max Hastings in his "Overlord", Michael Joseph, 1984. Hastings fails to state the armour type and slope and ammunition
type used, and perpetuates an error in Ellis by misidentifying the Sherman's 75mm gun as the British Mk V, when it is of
course the US M3.
The figures Hastings uses for the German guns at 1000 yards, and the Sherman's gun at all ranges, are also quoted in
Chapter 3 of Patrick Delaforce's "The Black Bull: From Normandy to the Baltic with the 11th Armoured Division", Alan
Sutton Publishing, 1993.
Ellis, 1993
"The World War II Databook", John Ellis, Aurum, 1993, page 304. Ranges in yards, armour type and slope not stated.
Weapon Ammo 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000

37mm SA18 30
47mm SA37 80
37mm L46 32 28
PzGr 40 40 28
50mm L42 56 53 46 40 28 22
PzGr 40 83 60 42
50mm L60 67 61 56 50 38 29
PzGr 40 109 77 46
75mm L24 46 42 41 33 30
Hl 75 75 75
75mm L43 92 82 72 63
PzGr 40 108 87 69
11
Weapon Ammo 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000
75mm L48 96 85 74 64
PzGr 40 120 97 77
88mm L56 110 100 91 84
PzGr 40 156 138 123 110
It 20mm 29 24
It 37mm 32
It 47mm 48 (400) 38 32
Jap 20mm ATR 30 (270)
37mm type 94 24
47mm type 1 51
Marosczek 20 (300)
37mm wz 36 40 (100) 33 26
Boys ATR 21 (300)
2pdr 58 52 46 40
HV shot 64 57 51 45
37mm 58 53 48 47
6pdr 79 72 65 52
17pdr 120 113 96 82
75mm M2 M72 61 53 46 38
M61 66 61 56 51
75mm M3 M61 66 61 56 51
76mm 98
25pdr 63 58 54
Sov 37mm 38 (400)
Sov 45mm 80 50
Sov 57mm 140
76mm F-34 DS AP 92 60
85mm D-5 138 100
100mm D-10 HE AP 195 185
122mm M-30 HE AP 145 145 145

The figures for the Soviet 45mm and 57mm are obviously with APCR ammunition, although this is not stated in the original.
The idea that the French 47mm has better penetration than the 6pdr is extremely hard to believe.
It also rather hard to believe that the US 75mm guns M2 and M3 have the same performance with M61.
The original shows penetration figures for the German 75mm L24 with a Panzergranate 40 round; presumably the hollow
charge round is meant. This has been corrected here, as has the spelling of "Marosczek".
Identical figures for the US, UK, USSR, German and Italian weapons listed above appear in Table 62 of the same author's
"Brute Force", André Deutsch, 1990.
Farrar-Hockley, 1976
"Infantry Tactics 1939-1945", Anthony Farrar-Hockley, Almark, 1976, page 41. Ammunition and armour type not specified,
range in yards.
Weapon Range Slope Penetration

2 Pounder 1000 30º 40

This is another title from Almark's "Mechanics of War" series.
Featherstone, 1973
"Tank Battles in Miniature: A wargamer's guide to the Western Desert Campaign 1940–1942", Donald Featherstone, Patrick
Stevens Ltd, 1973, pages 141–143. "At 50º–90º angle-of-impact gun can penetrate maximum armour thickness of: (in
millimetres)", ranges in yards, armour and ammunition types unspecified.
Weapon Angle 200 400 600 1000 1600 2000 2600 3000
37mm 50º 56 50 42 26
90º 65 58 51 29
12
Weapon Angle 200 400 600 1000 1600 2000 2600 3000
75mm M2 50º 66 61 55 45 28 19
90º 76 70 64 53 33 23
75mm M3 50º 77 69 62 50 33 22
90º 87 80 73 59 39 25
2 pdr 50º 56 50 42 26
90º 66 58 51 29
6 pdr 50º 93 85 79 60 36 20
90º 108 99 92 70 43 24
25 pdr 50º 80 71 66 52 31 19 10 5
90º 89 73 68 58 38 26 19 15
20/55 50º 32 24 16
KwK 90º 35 28 19
sPzB 41 50º 54 50 38 12
90º 63 57 45 15
37/45 50º 49 40 32 16
KwK 90º 61 52 43 26
37/45 50º 55 47 39 22
PaK 90º 64 55 46 29
47mm 50º 55 57 53 46 35 27 12
PaK 90º 69 66 62 54 41 30 14
50/60 50º 120 98 80 55 33 18 0
PaK 90º 142 129 112 84 54 35 5
50/60 50º 67 63 59 50 34 23 10
KwK 90º 89 82 75 61 40 28 12
75/24 50º 50 45 38 27 12
KwK 90º 60 53 45 30 14
75/43-48 50º 100 93 87 80 63 52 35 24
KwK 90º 115 107 102 93 74 63 50 39
75/46 50º 115 109 104 94 79 72 53 40
PaK 90º 144 138 132 121 103 91 70 59
88/56 50º 118 112 108 101 90 82 71 63
KwK 90º 130 134 122 107 94 86 76 68
On p. 95, the following figures for the 88mm FlaK are given, against homogenous armour at 30º:
Ammunition 500 1000 1500 2000

PzGr 39 111 102 93 86
PzGr 40 157 141 126 114
It is also stated that the hollow-charge Gr 39 Hl penetrates 90mm at all ranges.

These figures were calculated by R. D. Miles, and include many more range bands than there is space to show here. Some
figures matching those from Chamberlain & Ellis are also given on pp 96-97. In the main table, angles seem to be given in
German style, from the horizontal. The figures are given in pairs; it is not wholly clear that the lower is at 50º and the higher
at 90º, but that is how they have been interpreted here. The strange behaviour of the lower figure for the 47mm is not
accounted for. From their higher penetration, it seems that PaKs have been credited with APCR ammunition, although their
performance does not seem to fall off as rapidly as one might expect with increasing range.
Fleischer, 1994
"Panzerfaust and other German Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons", Wolfgang Fleischer, Schiffer, 1994, page 47 (figure for 3.7cm
PaK from text). Ranges in metres, armour type and slope not specified.
Weapon Range Penetration

3.7cm PaK 500 29
AP rifle bullet 100 8
ATk rifle gren 30 40 50
Large ATk rifle gren 80 80
ATk Rifle Gren 46 60-80 90
ATk rifle gren 61 60-80 125
13
ATk rifle gren GGP 45
Wurfkörper 326 HL/LP 50
Panzerwurfkörper 42 LP 75 80
Panzerbüsche 38 or 39 300 25
Granatbüsche 39 80 80
Panzerbüsche 35(P) 100 30
Panzerbüsche 783(r) or 784(r) 100 30
ATk hand gren 41 10-15 30
ATk throwing mine (short) 25 150
ATk hand mine 3 0 130
ATk hand mine 4 0 150
Hollow charge 3 0 140
Hollow charge 3.5 0 180
T-mine 35 0 80-100
Clustered charge 3Kg 0 60
Faustpatrone 70 (max) 140
Panzerfaust klein 30 140
Panzerfaust gross (30m) 30 200
Panzerfaust 60 m 60-75 200
Panzerfaust 100 m 100 200
Panzerfaust 150 m 150 220
Panzerfaust 250 m 250-300 220
Raketenpanzerbüsche 54 or 54/1 150-180 160
Raketenpanzerbüsche 10.5 cm 220

The ranges are maximum effective ranges, so kinetic-energy weapons (ATRs here) may not have the performance indicated at
exactly the range indicated. Panzerfaust 150 was undergoing troop trials at the end of the war. Neither Panzerfaust 250 nor
10.5cm Raketenpanzerbüsche were ever issued.
Forty, 1979
"U.S. Army Handbook" (first edition), George Forty, Ian Allan, 1979, pages 99 and 107. Ammunition and armour type
unspecified, ranges in yards
Weapon Range Angle Penetration (inches) Penetration (mm)

37mm M3A1 1000 20º 2.1 53
57mm M1 1000 20º 2.7 69
3in M5 1000 20º 3.85 98
M1 or M9 Bazooka 90º 4.7 119
The conversion from inches in the original has been done into centimetres, using assuming 2.5cm to the inch, giving figures
of 5.25cm, 6.75cm and 9.63cm respectively for the guns, and 11.75cm for the Bazooka. The figures given here use the correct
conversion factor of 25.4mm to one inch.
Evidently the 90º is from the horizontal; the 20º, however, must be from the vertical.
"The Imperial War Museum Book of the Desert War 1940–1942", Adrian Gilbert, BCA 1992, page 134, gives a figure of
2.7in penetration at 1000 yards for the 6-pounder.
Foss, 1974
"Artillery of the World" (first edition), Christopher Foss, Ian Allan, 1974. Ranges in metres, armour type and slope not
specified.
Weapon Calibre Ammunition Range Penetration
6 Pounder 57mm 475 118
17 Pounder 76mm 1000 222
M-1943 D-1 152mm Semi-AP 1000 82
M-1938 M-10 152mm Semi-AP 1000 82
M-1937 ML-20 152mm APHE 1000 124
M-1931/37 A-19 122mm APHE 1000 190
M-1938 M-30 122mm HEAT 200
14
Weapon Calibre Ammunition Range Penetration
M-1944 D-10 100mm APHE 1000 185
M-1945 D-44 85mm APHE 1000 102
HVAP 1000 130
M-1942 ZIS-3 76mm APHE 500 69
HVAP 500 92
HEAT 120
M-1943 ZIS-2 57mm APHE 500 106
HVAP 500 140
M-1942 45mm HVAP 500 66
M-1939 (LAA) 37mm AP 500 46
ZPU-1 14.5mm API 500 32
M-101A1 How 105mm HEAT 1500 102
M-1 LAA 40mm 900 50 @ 30º
D-1, M-10 and M-30 are howitzers; A-19, D-10 and all smaller calibre pieces are guns; ML-20 is a gun-howitzer. The 45mm
M-1942 is the long-barrelled (L/66) version of the weapon.
The M-1939 KS-12 and M-1944 KS-18 85mm AA guns are credited with the same penetration performance as the M-1945
D-44.
Foss quotes 380mm penetration for the 100mm D-10 HEAT round, but this sounds like post-war ammunition [Definitely, this
is post-war ammunition, developed in 1946-47 – Valeriy Potapov]. The 120mm quoted for the ZIS-3 76mm ammunition is
more believable for WW2 ammunition, but still more generous than the figure stated by Zaloga.
Although the ZPU-1 is a post-war weapon, it is mentioned here because the KPV 14.5mm HMG fire the same cartridge as the
wartime PTRS and PTRD anti-tank rifles.
It is not clear what the significance of the range figure is for the US 105mm howitzer HEAT round, but perhaps this
represents the maximum effective engagement range.
The performance given for the U.S. M-1 LAA gun – the familiar 40mm Bofors – seems quite optimistic.
The 1976 second edition of the book amends none of the figures cited here.
Funcken & Funcken, 1976

Source: "Arms and Uniforms: The Second World War, Vol. 4", Liliane and Fred Funcken, Ward Lock, 1976. Ammunition
type and armour type and slope not stated, ranges in yards.

US 37mm 1000 38
PTRD 333 38
sPzB41 440 51
German ATk grenades 100–200 63–127
PIAT 100 102
Jap hollow charge grenade 0 76
Lunge mine 0/90º 152
0/60º 102
Stielgranate 200 152

Penetration figures in the original are given in inches.
Gander & Chamberlain, 1977

Airfix Magazine guide 26, "American Tanks of World War 2", Terry Gander and Peter Chamberlain, Patrick Stevens Ltd,
1977.
Ranges in yards, ammunition type and armour type and slope unspecified.

37mm gun M6 500 61
75mm gun M2 500 60
75mm gun M3 500 70
3-inch gun M7 1000 80
76mm gun M1 1000 88
90mm gun M3 1000 120
15
It is not clear why Chamberlain did not use the figures from "British and American Tanks of World War II", which he co-
authored with Chris Ellis.
These figures seem to show that the 37mm is as good as the 75mm M2 at 500 yards, and that there is a noticeable
performance difference between the 76mm and 3-inch guns.
Gander & Chamberlain, 1978

"Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the Third Reich", Terry Gander and Peter Chamberlain, Macdonald and
Jane's, 1978. Armour type unstated, ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammunition Range Penetration @ 0º Penetration @ 30º

7.92 mm PzB 38, 39 300 25
7.92mm M SS 41 300 20
13mm EW 141 300 25
2.8 cm sPzB41 PzGr 42 100 94 69
200 86 65
300 79 60
400 72 56
500 66 52
600 60 48
700 54 44
800 49 41
3.7 cm Pak 35/36 PzGr 200 56 42
400 51 38
500 48 36
600 46 34
PzGr 40 100 79 68
200 72 61
300 65 55
400 58 49
StielGr 41 200 180
4.2 cm Pak 41 PzGr 41 0 124 95
250 105 83
500 87 72
750 70 62
1000 60 53
5 cm Pak 38 PzGr 0 99 73
250 88 67
500 78 61
750 69 56
1000 61 50
1200 53 45
1500 47 40
PzGr 40 0 165 143
250 141 109
500 120 86
750 101 69
1000 84 55
1250 70 44
7.5 cm Pak 40 PzGr 39 0 149 121
500 135 106
1000 121 94
1500 109 83
2000 98 73
PzGr 40 0 176 137
500 154 115
1000 133 96
1500 115 80
2000 98 66
2500 83 53
16
Weapon Ammunition Range Penetration @ 0º Penetration @ 30º
7.5 cm Pak 41 PzGr 41 0 245 200
250 226 185
500 209 171
750 192 157
1000 177 145
1250 162 133
1500 149 122
1750 136 111
2000 124 102
7.62 cm Pak 36(r) PzGr 39 0 133 108
500 120 98
1000 108 88
1500 97 79
2000 87 71
2500 78 64
8.8 cm Pak43, 43/1 PzGr 39 0 225 198
500 207 182
1000 190 167
1500 174 153
2000 159 139
2500 145 127
PzGr 40/43 0 311 265
500 274 226
1000 241 192
1500 211 162
2000 184 136
2500 159 114
12.8 cm Pak 44 500 219
1000 202
1500 187
8 cm PAW 600 Hollow charge 750 140
7.5/5.5 cm Pak 44 2500 120
10 cm PAW 600 Hollow charge 200
Hammer 500 100
3.7 cm Pak 36(p) 400 37
600 40
4.5 cm Pak 184(r) 900 38
7.92mm PzB 35(p) 300 25–33
13.9mm PzB 782(e) 300 21
14.5mm PzB 100 30
783 or 784(r) 300 27.5
500 25
2cm PzB 785(s) 100 20–22
300 15–18
Panzerfaust klein 30 140
Panzerfaust 30 30 200
RPzB 54, 54/1 160
2.5cm Pak 112(f) (L/72) 600 50
2.5cm Pak 113(f) (L/77) 600 50 (not confirmed)
4.7 cm Pak 36(t) 1200 60 (homogenous)
4.7cm Pak 181 or 183(f) 200 80
4 cm Pak 192(e) 183 60
365 55
548 51
5.7 cm Pak 208(r) 500 140
This wonderful book, in achieving compendious coverage of weapons of the Third Reich, includes a large number of non-
German weapons. Those given here include:
17
Country of origin German designation Original designation
Poland 7.92mm PzB 35(p) wz 35 Maroszcek
3.7 cm Pak 36(p) wz 36
Russia 14.5mm PzB 783(r) PTRD-41
14.5mm PzB 784(r) PTRS-41
4.5 cm Pak 184(r) 45mm PTP M-1930
4.5 cm Pak 184/1(r) 45mm PTP M-1932
5.7 cm Pak 208(r) 57mm PTP M-1941 ZiS-2
7.62 cm Pak 36(r) 76mm M-1936
England 13.9mm PzB 782(e) 0.55" Boys Mk I
4 cm Pak 192(e) OQF 2 pr
Switzerland 2cm PzB 785(s) Solothurn s18-1100
France 2.5cm Pak 112(f) (L/72) SA-L mle 1934
2.5cm Pak 113(f) (L/77) SA-L mle 1937
4.7cm Pak 181 or 183(f) SA mle 1937 or 1939
Czechoslovakia 4.7 cm Pak 36(t) Skoda PUV vz 36
There was no 45-mm gun in 1930. I believe 4.5 cm Pak 184(r) refers to the 45 mm ATG M1932/37, therefore the 4.5 cm Pak
184/1(r) refers to 45 mm ATG M1942. PTP is Russian abbreviation, it means anti-tank gun (protivotankovaya pushka). The
original (Soviet) designation for the 7.62 cm Pak 36(r) is "76 mm Divisional Gun Model 1936 F-22" – Valeriy Potapov.
The Czech 47mm was mounted in the Panzerjäger 1.
The Polish 37mm is the Bofors model, widely used by other nations, including Britain.
The Maroszcek ATR was also in Italian service.
The penetration quoted for the Soviet 57mm is presumably with APCR.
Of the German weapons listed, the following were experimental, and did not see service during the war:
13mm EW 141, Gerät 318 1938: Intended for RK 9 and VK 601 recce cars
7.5/5.5 cm Pak 44 Under development 1942-45
10 cm PAW 600, PWK 10H64 Work started 1944
Hammer, Panzertod, Panzerschreck Work started Oct 1943, suspended most of 1944.
Panzerfaust 150 and 250 At trials stage by end of war
The authors state that APC was introduced with the 5cm Pak 38, and APCBC with the 7.5cm Pak 40.
Mention is made of PzGr 40 being used in "the early days" of the invasion of Russia.
These authors give the date of the decision to give priority for tungsten supplies to the machine-tool industry as 1941.
Godfrey, 1984
"The Pusan Perimeter", Maj. F A Godfrey, in: "The Korean War: History and Tactics", Ed. David Rees, Orbis, 1984, page 24.
Penetration at 500 metres, ammunition type and armour type and slope not specified.
Weapon Penetration
85mm in T-34 114
76mm in M4A3 Sherman 110

The accompanying graphic suggests that these figures are for an impact angle of 30º.
These look like APCR performance figures in both cases.
Grove, 1976
"World War II Tanks", Eric Grove, Orbis, 1976. Armour type unstated, conventional armour-piercing ammunition unless
otherwise stated, ranges in yards.
Weapon Slope Range Penetration
20mmm KWK 30 0º 500 24
75mm L/43 KWK 40 30º 500 89
PaK 36(r) 30º 500 83
...with PzGr 40 30º 500 118
88mm KWK 36 30º 500 112
75mm KWK 42 30º 1000 120
88mm PaK 43 30º 500 226
88mm KWK 43 30º 500 182
18
Weapon Slope Range Penetration
2-pounder 30º 57
3-pounder 30º 27
77mm 30º 500 109
17-pounder 30º 500 120
M-40 76mm L/41 30º 500 about 65
D-5T85 (M-44) 85mm 30º 1000 95
D-10S 100mm 0º 1000 160
75mm M2 30º 500 60
75mm M3 30º 500 70
76mm M1A1C or M2 30º 500 94
3-in M7 30º 500 over 100

The difference between the performance stated for the two "long" 88s is presumably due to the figure for the PaK43 applying
to APCR. The muzzle velocities quoted tend to support this view.
Handbook on the Italian Army

"Handbook on the Italian Army", Athena Books, 1983, pages 106 and 156. Ranges in yards, armour type and ammunition
unspecified.
Weapon Range Angle Penetration
20mm Breda 500 0º 25
30º 15
Solothurn ATk rifle 550 15º 25
Hotchkiss 25mm L/72 100 40
37mm L/35 400 30º 38

This source is a facsimile edition of a 1943 original.
Hogg, 1975
"German Artillery of World War 2", Ian V. Hogg, A&AP, 1975. Ranges in metres, penetration of homogenous armour.
Weapon Ammo Angle 100 250 500 1000 1500 2000 3000
SPzB41 PzGr 41 0º 94 66
30º 69 52
Pak 36 PzGr 0º 65 48
30º 50 36
PzGr 40 0º 79 50
30º 68 40
PJK 41 PzGr41 0º 120 87 60
30º 90 72 53
Pak 38 PzGr 38 0º 88 78 61
30º 67 61 50
PzGr 40 0º 141 120 84
30º 109 86 55
Pak 40 PzGr 39 0º 148 132 116 102
30º 120 104 89 76
PzGr 40 0º 175 154 133 115
30º 135 115 96 80
Pak 41 PzGr 41 HK 0º 226 209 177 149 124
30º 185 171 145 122 102
Pak 36(r) PzGr 39 rot 0º 120 108 97 87
30º 98 88 79 71
PzGr 40 0º 158 130 106 84
30º 118 92 71 55
Pak 43 PzGr 39 0º 207 190 174 159
30º 182 167 153 139
PzGr 40 0º 274 241 211 184
30º 226 192 162 136
19
Weapon Ammo Angle 100 250 500 1000 1500 2000 3000
Pak 44 PzGr 43 30º 230 200 173
10.5 cm PzGr rot 0º 67 62 59
le FH 18 30º 56 52 49
Flak 36 PzGr 30º 110 105
PzGr 40 30º 126 103
Flak 41 PzGr 39/1 30º 202
Flak 39 Pz Sprgr 30º 140
Hollow charge rounds, same at all ranges:

Weapon Ammo Angle Penetration
7.5cm le IG 18 (or LG 40) 7.5cm I Gr 38 Hl 30º 45
10.5cm le FH 18 (or LG40) 10.5cm Gr 39 rot Hl/A 0º 100
30º 70
Flak 36 8.8cm Hl Gr 39 165
Pak 36 Stielgranate 41 180
Pak 38 Stielgranate 42 180
PAW 600 8cm W Gr H1 140

The author notes that there are 4 models of hollow charge shell for the leFH 18; the Gr 39 Hl, Hl/A, Hl/B and Hl/C. The
experimental 7.5cm Pak 44 has a claimed performance of 120mm at 2500 metres.
Stielgranate 41 has max range 300m; Stielgranate 42 has max recommended range 150m.
PAW 600 has max range 750m. PzGr43 for the 128mm PaK44 is a standard APCBC round.
Some penetration figures are quoted as being at 3º, but it seems clear that this is a misprint for 30º.
The text refers to the "the 1942 ban on tungsten" halting production of PzGr 40 for the Pak 40. In the same author's "The
guns 1939–1945", Macdonald, 1970, he gives the date of the Führer's order that tungsten was no longer to be used for
weapons as June 1942.
Hogg, 1976
"The Guns of World War II", Ian V. Hogg, Macdonald and Jane's, 1976. Ammunition type and armour type unstated, ranges
in yards.

2-pounder 1000 50
Ger 75mm 1000 94
88mm 1000 30º 105
PzGr 40 500 126
Hollow charge 165
Pak 36(r) 1000 108
PzGr 40 1000 130
US 90mm M1–3 1000 109
HVAP 1000 173
US 90mm T54 HVAP 1000 300
US 90mm T8 HVAP 1000 250
17-pounder 1000 110
APDS 1000 231
Ger 105 FH 18/40 1000 62
PzGr 39TS 1000 80
The 90mm T54 and T8 were experimental only.
In this book, Hogg says tungsten supplies for ammunition dried up "after 1943".
Hogg, 1977
"The Encyclopedia of Infantry Weapons of World War II", Ian V. Hogg, A&AP, 1977, page 190 and from the text in the
"Grenades" chapter. Ranges in units specified, armour type not specified.

6 pounder Mk 2 1000 yds 30º 74
20
37mm M3A1 1000 yds 0º 54
57mm RCL M18 HEAT 75
75mm RCL M20 HEAT 100 (est)
57mm M1 1000 yds 20º 68
45mm M42 AP 500 m 30º 50
APCR 500 m 30º 54
57mm M43 AP 500 m 30º 86
APCR 500 m 30º 100
2.8cm s PzB 41 APCNR 500 m 30º 52
3.7cm PaK 36 AP 500 m 30º 36
APCR 500 m 30º 40
4.2 cm PJK 41 APCNR 500 m 30º 72
5 cm PaK 38 AP 1000 m 30º 50
500 m 30º 61
250 m 0º 88
APCR 1000 m 30º 55
500 m 30º 86
250 m 0º 141
7.5 cm PaK 40 AP 1000 m 30º 89
500 m 30º 104
APCR 1000 m 30º 96
500 m 30º 115
7.5 cm PaK 41 APCNR 2000 m 30º 171
1000m 30º 145
500m 30º 102
8cm PAW 600 HEAT 850 yds 0º 140
8.8cm PaK 43 AP 2000 m 30º 167
1000m 30º 139
APCR 2000 m 30º 192
1000m 30º 136
37mm Model 94 AP 500m 30º 32
47mm Model 01 AP 700m 30º 70
Boys ATR 500m 0º 20
PTRS, PTRD 500m 0º 25
PzB 38, 39 300m 30º 25
S 18-1000 300m 0º 35
Type 97 200m 0º 12
WZ/35 300m 0º 20
RPG-43 HEAT 76 (homogenous)
Grenade, rifle, 68 HEAT 100m 0º 50
ATk grenade M9 HEAT 40
ATk gren M9A1 HEAT 60
PIAT HEAT 100 yds 75 (approx)
2.36 in RL HEAT 400 yds 80 (approx)
Haft Hohlladung 3Kg HEAT 110
Gross/Klein Gew PzGr HEAT 100m 40
Gew PzGr 46mm HEAT 100m 90
SS Gew PzGr 61mm HEAT 200m 125
Panzerfaust HEAT 30, 60, 100, 150m 30º 200
R PzB 54 HEAT 150m 0º 100 (approx)
RW 43 Puppchen HEAT 750m 0º 100 (approx)

Hogg himself points out the difficulty of believing both the Russian and the Japanese figures for their 47mm guns.
Barry Gregory and John Batchelor's "Airborne Warfare 1941–1945", Phoebus, 1979, also gives "approximately 75mm" as the
penetration of the PIAT, with no further qualification.
The 50mm penetration figure for the British No. 68 rifle grenade is repeated in Hogg's "Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Ammunition", The Apple Press, 1985, although again without specifying armour type or slope.
21
Hogg, 1978
"British & American Artillery of World War 2", Ian V. Hogg, A&AP, 1978. Armour type in most cases not stated, but assumed
to be homogenous. Ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammo Armour Angle 100 400 500 1000

2pdr AP Mk 10T 30º 42
6pdr AP Mk 1-7T 30º 74
APCBC Mk 9T 30º 88
APDS Mk 1T 146
6pdr 6cwt AA APC Mk 3T 30º 75
17pdr AP Mk 3T 30º 109
APC Mk 4T 30º 118
APDS Mk 1T 30º 231
25pdr AP Mk 1T-6T, 8T 0º 70
3in 20cwt AA AP Mk 2T 30º 84
3.7in AA AP Mk 5T 30º 117
37mm M3 AP M74 0º 36
APC M51B1/2 0º 61
57mm M1 AP M70 20º 73
APC M86 H 20º 73
FH 20º 79
75mm M1916 APC M61 H 70
3in or 76mm AP M79 H 0º 100
FH 70
90mm AP M77 H 142
APC M82 H 130
FH 140
105mm T8 APC H 210
37mm AA AP M59A1 H 25
FH 48
40mm AA AP M18A1 H 0º 52 42
Hollow charge rounds, same at all ranges, armour type and angle unspecified:
Weapon Ammo Penetration
105mm howitzer M1 HEAT M67 115
75mm pack howitzer M3A1 HEAT M66 89
3.7in mountain howitzer HEAT 3.7in Mk 1 63
Smith gun Bomb, SB, HEAT, Mk 1 63 (approx)

The 105mm T8 was experimental.
The 6pdr 6cwt AA gun, Britain's effort at an "intermediate" AA gun, never entered service.
The 3.7in howitzer HEAT was developed in 1942 for the Indian Army.
The figures claimed for British ATk guns at 1000 yards seem much more believable for 500.
Conversely, the figures stated for the US 90mm are unbelievably poor.
It does not seem likely that the 37mm M59A1 is really almost twice as good against face-hardened as homogenous armour.
In this book, Hogg states that 6pdr APDS was issued in June 1944, although in "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Ammunition", Apple Press, 1985, he says on p. 58 that it "appeared" in 1944, and on p. 151 that it was "first introduced for
the 6-pdr" in 1943. In the same book, he refers to "the grave shortage of tungsten which affected Germany from 1943
onwards".
Hogg, 1997
Source: "Tank Killers", Ian Hogg, Pan, 1997. Ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammo Range Angle Armour Penetration

sPzB41 545 66
600 Homogenous 60
6-pdr APDS 1000 146
Boys ATR 330 21
Marocszek 330 20
22
Weapon Ammo Range Angle Armour Penetration
PzB 39 110 33
s18-1100 330 27
PTRS, PTRD 545 25
545 30º 20
Panzerfaust 30º 140
37mm Bofors 1000 20
PaK 36 545 48
25mm SA-L 34 545 40
47mm SA-37 875 70
2-pounder 1000 30º 42
51
PaK 38 1000 60
PzGr 40 1095 84
PaK 40 110 116
PzGr 40 1095 133
lePaK 41 545 87
PaK 41 2185 124
25-pounder 440 70
17-pounder AP 1000 109
APC 1000 118
APDS 1000 30º Face-hardened 231
APDS 1000 230
PaK 43 2185 30º 159
PzGr 40/43 2185 30º 184
PaK 44 1000 200
3280 173
Sov 57mm 545 140
76mm M-42 545 69
85mm D-44 545 100
APCR 545 113 or 130
Bazooka 109 178
100mm DS-3 APCR 1095 185
APCR 1095 180
37mm M3A1 545 64
3-in M5 1000 100
US 105mm 1000 210
57mm RCL 76
75mm RCL 92
US 90mm 1000 122
HVAP 1000 0º 230
Sov 122mm 1095 160
Rotkäppchen 1095 30º 200
30mm MK101 APCR 330 75

Hogg gives the introduction dates for APDS as June 1944 for the 6-pdr and August 1944 for the 17-pdr, and dates the
German tungsten decision to "early 1942". The ambiguity about the Soviet 85mm D-44 occurs in the original. The
Rotkäppchen ATGW and the US 105mm never saw service.
Hogg & Weeks, 1977

"Military Small Arms of the 20th century", Ian V. Hogg and John Weeks, A&AP, 1977, pages 266 to 273. Armour type
unspecified, ranges in metres.

Mauser T-Gewehr 200 0º 25
PzB 38 or 39 100 30º 30
PzB 41 250 0º 30
Boys ATR 300 0º 21
wz 35 Marosczek 300 0º 20
PTRD or PTRS 500 0º 25
23
The original gives and angle of 90º for the penetration performance of the PzB 41, changed to 0º here for consistency with
the other entries.
This source states that tungsten-cored bullets were available for the Marosczek, that these were copied by the Germans, that
in 1940 the Boys was issued with a tungsten-cored bullet with a plastic/aluminium body, and that Soviet ATRs originally fired
a boat-tailed steel bullet which was replaced by a non-streamlined tungsten-cored round. Unfortunately, neither this nor any
other source consulted distinguishes between the penetration performance of tungsten and steel ammunition.
Hunnicut, 1978
"Sherman, A History of the American Medium Tank", R. P. Hunnicutt, Presidio Press, 1978, pages 559–570. Ranges in yards;
armour type (FH = Face-hardened, H = Homogenous) as shown at 30º.
Weapon Ammo Type 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000

37mm M6 APC H 53 46 40 35
M51 FH 46 40 38 33
2 pdr IX-X APHV/T H 64 57 51 45
AP/T H 58 52 46 40
6 pdr III & V APCBC-T H 81 74 63 56
FH 76 74 68 63
75mm M2 APC H 60 55 51 46
M61 FH 69 60 55 48
APC H 60 53 46 38
M72 FH 58 46 33 25
75mm M3 APC H 66 60 55 50
or M6 M61 FH 74 67 60 54
APC H 76 63 51 43
M72 FH 66 53 41 33
HVAP T45 H 117 97 79 64
76mm M1 and APC M62 H 93 88 82 75
3-in M7 HVAP M93 H 157 135 116 98
AP M79 H 109 92 76 64
17 pdr IV, VII APCBC Mk VIII T H 140 130 120 111
APSV/DS H 208 192 176 161
25 pdr II, III AP-T chg 3 H 63 58 54
90mm M2 APC M82(early) H 120 112 104 96
APC M82(late) H 129 122 114 106
HVAP M304 H 221 199 176 156
AP T33 H 119 117 114 109
155mm M1918 AP H 127 119
M112B1 FH 109 102
155mm M1, M2 AP H 160 152
M112B1 FH 135 130

The HVAP T45 round for the 75mm was experimental only.
The 105mm howitzer M2A1 and M4 fires HEAT M67, which penetrates 102mm of homogenous armour at 0º at all ranges.
Hunnicutt says "a few" 17 pdr APDS became available in Aug 44, but that the early rounds were "somewhat erratic", and less
accurate than APCBC.
Isby, 1974
"Patrol! Modern Infantry Tactics, 1914–74", David C. Isby, in: Strategy & Tactics No. 46, Simulations Publications, Inc.,
Sept/Oct 1974, page 35. Armour type and slope not specified, ranges in metres.

M9 2.36" Bazooka 100 100
Panzerfaust 44-1 200 320
24
The original notes the PF-44 as "In svce., 1944 to date", but the penetration figure looks as if it applies to a post-WW2
warhead.
Isby, 1979
"Panzer Battles: The Evolution of Mechanized Warfare, 1939–1979", David C. Isby, in: Strategy & Tactics No. 73,
Simulations Publications, Inc., March/April 1979, page 9. Armour type and slope not specified, ranges in metres.
Vehicle Ammo 500 1000 1500 2000

Grant APC 66 61 56 51
Pz IIIj AP 61 48 38

It is assumed that the weapons intended are the 75mm M2 for the Grant and the 50mm L/60 KwK 39 for the Pz III J.
Kent, 1990
"German 7,9mm military ammunition, 1888-1945", Daniel W Kent, privately published, 1990. Armour type not specified,
ranges in yards.
Cartridge Range Angle Penetration
7.9x57 SmKH 0º 18-19
30º 13.5
7.9x94 SmKRs L'Spur 100 0º 32
300 0º 25

Thanks to Tony Williams for providing this information.
The original gives performance at 90º and 30º; presumably the first is from the horizontal and the second from the vertical.
Pentration for the L'Spur cartridge is given in inches in the original.
Mr. Kent seems to take an enthusiastic and practical direct approach to his subject. He has confirmed the brittleness of a
tungsten-carbide core by shattering it with a hammer, and verified the continued potency of the tear-gas element in German
ATR rounds by personally experiencing its effects.
Kosnett, 1977
"Highway to the Reich: Operation Market-Garden 17–26 September 1944", Phil Kosnett, in: Strategy & Tactics No. 61,
Simulations Publications, Inc., March/April 1977, page 32. Ammunition type and armour type and slope not specified, ranges
in metres.
Weapon Range Penetration Weapon Range Penetration
Panzerfaust 30 175 Ger 75/48 500 125
Panzerschreck 400 100 Ger 75/70 500 155
PIAT 50 100 Ger 88/56 500 117
Bazooka 400 150 2-pdr 500 55
PAK 40 500 154 US 75/40 500 96
PAK 43 500 274 6-pdr/US 57mm 500 80
Ger 50/60 500 75 17-pdr 500 120

No other source is so generous as to give Panzerschreck a range of 400m.
The 6pdr is mis-designated as "6-lb" in the original, and the German 75/70 and 88/56 mis-designated 75/90 and 88/42
respectively.
Labbett & Brown, 1988

"Technical Ammunition Guide Series 2 Pamphlet 8, British Anti-Tank Rifle ammunition 1917-1945", P Labbett and F A
Brown, Labbett-Brown, 1988. Proof penetration by 7 out of 10 bullets at 100 metres range and 20º angle of strike, armour
type unspecified:
Boys anti-tank rifle firing: Penetration
Cartridge SA Armour Piercing .55 inch W Mark 1 16
25
Cartridge SA Armour Piercing .55 inch W Mark 2 19

An APCR round approved "for record purposes only" in Spetember 1945 and not adopted was considered to give as good a
performance at 500m as the W Mark 2 did at 50m. Has this round been adopted, it would almost certainly have been
designated W Mark 3.
Thanks to Tony Williams for providing this information.
Lucas, 1988
"Storming Eagles", James Lucas, Grafton Books, 1988. Armour type unstated, range in yards.
Weapon Range Slope Penetration
Panzerfaust 200
sPzB 41 400 30º 53
7.5cm LG40 30º 50
No comments.
Lucas, 1994
"The Last Year of the German Army", James Lucas, BCA, 1994. page 82. Penetration in millimetres, ranges in metres,
armour type and slope unstated:
Weapon 500 1000 2000 2500

88mm KwK L/71 205 186 154 140

No comments.
Macksey, 1988
"Tank versus Tank", Kenneth Macksey, Guild Publishing, 1988. Ranges in metres at which "high-velocity projectiles fail to
penetrate" the specified target at 30º.
Weapon Ammo Target Armour Range

40mm (2-pdr) AP Pz Kw III 30 1200
47mm (Somua) " 30 1000
37mm (Pz Kw III) APC Matilda II 70 0
Somua 60 200
88mm L/56 FlaK AP Matilda II 70 2000
Somua 60 2000
50mm L60 APC T34/76B 60 500
KV1 90 0
Sherman M4A1 85 350
75mm L48 APCBC T34/76B 60 2000
KV1 90 500
Sherman M4A1 85 800
Sov 76mm APCBC Pz Kw IIIJ 57+20 200
Pz Kw IVF 50 1000
75mm L/40 APC Pz Kw IIIJ 57+20 0
Pz Kw IVF 50 2000
Tiger I 110 0
Panther D 120 0
57mm L50 (6-pdr) APCBC Tiger I 110 200
Panther D 120 0
85mm L/53 APCBC Tiger I 110 500
Panther D 120 100
88mm L/56 APCBC Sherman M4A1 84 1500
Churchill IV 88 1400
T34/85 75 1400
26
75mm L/70 APCBC Sherman M4A1 84 2000+
Churchill IV 88 2000+
T34/85 75 2000+
Sherman (76) 105 1600
Comet 101 1500
Pershing 145 600
JS2 160 400
88mm L/71 APCBC Sherman (76) 105 2500+
Comet 101 2500+
Pershing 145 1800+
JS2 160 1200
76mm L/55 HVAP Panther D 120 1500
Tiger II 185 0
76mm L/50 (77mm) APDS Panther D 120 1500
Tiger II 185 500
90mm L/53 HVAP Panther D 120 2000+
Tiger II 185 1300
122mm L/43 APCBC Panther D 120 1500
Tiger II 185 1200
Each table bears the weird legend "Range which high-velocity projectiles fail to penetrate vary according to range and angle
of impact".
On p. 129, the 17pdr is cited as penetrating 118mm with APCBC, 170mm with APDS; and the 88mm, 101mm with APCBC,
103mm with APCR, against homogenous armour at 1000m and 30º.
The British introduction of APC is dated to May 1942.
Messenger, 1982
"The Unknown Alamein", Charles Messenger, Ian Allan, 1982, pp 29–31. Armour type and impact angle unstated, ranges in
yards.

2pdr 1000 40
6pdr 1500 52
25pdr 1000 54
US 37mm 1000 46
US 75mm 2000 38
Ger 20mm 500 25
Ger 37mm 500 28
50mm (short) 750 46
50mm (long) 1000 50
75mm (short) 1000 41
75mm (long) 2000 62
76.2mm 2000 53
88mm 2000 83
It 20mm Breda 500 24
It 47/32 1000 32
Accompanying the above figures is a graph showing penetration of 30º armour against range in yards. The curves shown are
almost exclusively linear; the following approximate figures can be read off:
Weapon 250 500 1000 1500 2000
Short 50mm 59 53
2pdr 54 42
US 37mm 59 55 46
Long 50mm 62 50
US 75mm 63 55 47
25pdr 64 56
6pdr 79 66 54 40
75mm L43 89 79 69 59
88mm 111 103 93 84
27
Note that the figures given on the graph do not always exactly match those given in the text.
The author indicates that a hollow-charge round was available for the long 75mm gun, with a penetration of approx. 75mm.
Moore, 1991
"Panzer Bait: With the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment 1940–1944", William Moore, Leo Cooper, 1991. Armour type and slope not
specified, range in yards.
Weapon Ammunition Range Penetration

50mm PzGr40 440 78
It 47mm in M13, M14 400 48
88mm 2000 83
75mm in Mk IV special 1000 70
Improved 75mm 1000 84
Panther 75mm 2000 100
It is fairly obvious which weapons are referred to here; the 50mm is the PaK 38, and the 88mm is the FlaK 36. Of the 75mm
guns, the Mk IV special gun is the L/43, the improved version is the L/48, and the Panther's gun the L/70.
This source says that in Spring 1941, British technical intelligence estimated the penetrative performance of the 88mm as
being in the same class as the 50mm, 80–90mm at 400 yards; equally oddly, they overestimated the performance of the
"short" 75mm (L/24) as being 100mm at 600 yards.
Moore also states that it was only by early summer 1942 that face-hardened plate was identified on German tanks, and that
time "Only the Honey had capped rounds and these were not entirely satisfactory".
Orgill, 1971
"T-34, Russian Armour", Douglas Orgill, Macdonald, 1971. Armour type unstated, ammunition type unstated, ranges in
yards.
Weapon 500 1000 "about a mile"

76mm L/41 69 54
100mm 160
88mm L/71 182

I assume "about a mile" means 1500 yards.
Perrett, 1990
"Tank Warfare", Bryan Perrett, A&AP, 1990, page 59. Armour type and slope not specified, at 1000 yards.
Weapon Penetration
122mm L/43 in IS-II 185

The author also states that the German 75mm L/43 "could penetrate 89mm armour set back at 30 degrees", but this time
without specifying the range.
Elsewhere he makes the rather dubious statement that "The IS-II was regarded as more than a match for the up-gunned Pz
Kpfw IV and the Panther, but could be penetrated by the Tiger E at 1,900 yards". Given that he credits the IS-II with 160mm
of armour, I assume that Tiger B was intended.
On page 62, Perrett states that the Germans began using APCR in 1941, the Russians in 1942 and the Americans in 1944;
that the British introduced APDS in 1944; and that HEAT began reaching the battlefield in 1942.
Playfair, 1956
"The Germans come to the Help of their Ally (1941)", Volume II of the Official History "The Mediterranean and Middle East,
Maj-Gen I. S. O. Playfair, HMSO, 1956. Penetration of homogenous plate at 30º, ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammo 200 250 400 500 750 1000 2000
Pak 35/36 PzGr 42 38
PzGr 40 61 49
Pak 38 PzGr 67 61 56 50
28
PzGr 40 109 86 69 55
50mm L42 PzGr 54 49 44 39
PzGr 40 83 66 53 42
Flak 36 112 103 83
2-pdr AP 58 52 46 40
The accompanying text reminds the reader that "in battle the conditions are so variable that, except in extreme cases, only
broad forecasts can be made".
The author cites DAK ammunition returns as showing that 13% of ammunition for ATk guns was at first PzGr40. "They
asked for a great deal more, but their demands were not met in full".
Quarrie, 1989
Source: "Encyclopaedia of the German Army in the 20th Century", Bruce Quarrie, Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1989. Armour type
unspecified, angle of impact 30º, ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammo 500 1000 2000 3000
sPzB41 APCNR 50
PaK 35/36 PzGr 39 36
PzGr 40 55
le PaK 41 APCNR 70 50
4.7 PaK 36(t) 55
PaK 38 PzGr 39 61 50
PzGr 40 86 55
PaK 40 PzGr 39 104 89
PzGr 40 115 96
PaK 41 APCNR 171 145
PaK 97/38 100
PaK 36(r) PzGr 39 98 88 71
PzGr 40 118 92 55
PaK 43 PzGr 39/43 182 167 139
PzGr 40/43 226 192 136
PaK 44 230 202 173
2cm 30 20
3.7cm L45 30
5cm L42 56
5cm L60 61
7.5cm L24 41
7.5cm L43 89
7.5cm L48 104
7.5cm L70 141
8.8cm L56 110
8.8cm L71 182

Stielgranate 41 300 30º 180
PzB 38/39 100 90º 30
300 90º 25
RPzB 54 120 30º 100
Panzerfaust 30, 60, 100, 150 30º 140
Haft-Hohlladung 0 110
Panzerwurfmine 18 64
Gew PzGr 45 20
Gross Gew PzGr 90 33
Gross PzGr 46 200 90
Gross PzGr 61 200 126
SchussGranate P-40 90 37
Pappmine 0 22
Panzer Schnell 0 26
Holzmine 42 0 23
Sprengriegel 43 0 35
Tellermine 29–43 0 24
Topfmine 0 25
29
R-mine 43 0 17
LPZ 0 10
Eismine 42 0 8

Mine figures are from US TM-9-1900, German Explosive Ordnance, 1953.
TM 30-410
"Handbook on USSR Military Forces", HERO, 1978?, pages IX 120 and XI 91–100. Angle unspecified, ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammunition Armour type Range Penetration (mm)

ShKAS 7.62mm B-32 API cement 200 7–8
BV-46 AP-T 200 6
12.7mm MG B-22 API cement 200 20
BSF-46 AP-phos "strong" 200 20
BST AP-T 200 15
20mm ShVAK BS API 1000 25
LMG rocket mine Hollow charge any 102

This source is a facsimile edition of a 1945 original, TM 30-430. Probably "cement" means cemented, that is, face-hardened
armour.
TM-E 30-451
"Handbook on German Military Forces", 1945, section VII, pages 22–100. Armour type unspecified except where indicated,
ranges in yards.

7.5cm LG40 Hollow-charge 30º 50
2.8cm sPzB41 AP 400 30º 53
3.7cm Pak AP40 400 30º 49
Stick bomb 150 (mvng target) 152 (approx)
4.2cm le Pak 41 AP 700 30º 68
5cm Pak 38 AP 1000 30º 56
7.5cm Pak 40 APCBC 1000 30º 102
7.5cm Pak 41 AP 1000 30º 130
7.62cm Pak 36(r) APCBC 1000 30º 83
8.8cm Pak 43, 43/41 APCBC 500 30º 184
APCBC 1000 30º 169
APCBC or AP40 1500 30º 130
12.8cm PaK 44 APC 500 30º 172
APCBC 500 30º 212
APC 1000 30º 148
APCBC 1000 30º 200
SS Gew PzGr 46 Hollow charge "long" 90
"short" (18 ft) 70
SS Gew PzGr 61 Hollow charge 220 126
"short" (18 ft) 100

This source is a facsimile edition of the original.
Obviously, the AP rounds listed for the sPzB41, le Pak 41 and PaK 41 Gerlich guns are APCNR.
The figures for the Pak 36, PaK 36(r), Pak 41, Pak 43 and Pak 44 specify homogenous armour.
Unknown
Pages 186-187 of an unknown small-format (8 × 5½ inches) hardback, possibly about anti-tank artillery, as no tank-only guns
are listed. Ranges in metres, armour type and slope not specified.
30
2 pounder AP 1000 42 @ 30º
APCNR 1000 57
6 pounder AP 1000 74
APCBC 1000 88
APDS 1000 136
17 pounder AP 1000 109
APCBC 1000 119
APDS 1000 200
37mm M3 APHE 500 30
APC 500 50
57mm M1 AP 1000 70
APCHE 1000 70
3 inch M5 APHE 1000 85
90mm M1 APHE 1000 110
It 47/32 Model 37 AP 1000 26
It 90/53 AA gun AP 1000 101
Jap 37mm Type 97 APHE 500 35
Jap 47mm Type 1 AP 1000 40
45mm M1937 AP 1000 38
45mm M1942 APHE 500 50
APCR 500 54
57mm M1943 APHE 500 86
APCR 500 100
100mm M1944 AP 500 186
APHE 500 153
APCR 500 181
2.8 cm SPzB41 (Taper) APCNR 500 52
3.7 cm PAK 36 APHE 500 36
APCR 500 40
4.2 cm PJK41 (Taper) APCNR 1000 53
5 cm PAK 38 APHE 1000 50
APCR 1000 55
7.5 cm PAK 40 APHE 1000 89
APCR 1000 96
7.5 cm PAK 41 (Taper) APCNR 1000 145
7.62 cm PAK 36(r) APHE 1000 88
APCR 1000 92
8.8 cm PAK 43, 43/1 APHE 1000 167
APCR 1000 192
12.8cm PAK 44 APHE 1000 230

Note the significantly inferior penetrative performance of APHE to AP for the US 37mm, and of APHE to AP for the Soviet
100mm. Unfortunately, Hogg's "British & American Artillery of World War 2" considers the M74 AP round inferior to the
M51B1 APC (APHE). Failure to specify the ammunition nature being used may be one of the main reasons for disagreement
between sources.
Vanags-Baginskis & Watanabe, 1993

"Aggressors Volume 1: Tank Buster vs. Combat Vehicle", Alex Vanags-Baginskis and Rikyu Watanabe, Airlife, 1993. Armour
type not specified, ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammo type Range Angle Penetration

3-inch rocket solid AP rocket 460 100
45mm M-1932 L/45 500 0º 50
57mm L/73 500 0º 140
BK 3.7 AP 100 60º 58
APCR 100 60º 120
30mm MK 101 APCR 100 103
300 75
BK 7.5 (Pak 40L) 1000 130
31
Weapon Ammo type Range Angle Penetration
Panzerfaust Hollow charge 200
Panzerschreck II Hollow charge 100-120 120
Panzerblitz II (Pb II) Hollow charge 500 110
PbIII R4/HL Hollow charge 0º 160
PTAB 2.5-1.5 1.5Kg ATk bomb 0º 60
Förstersonde 45mm SG113A 48

It is assumed that the 60º slope specified is in the German style, from the horizontal.
The Panzerblitz II only just made it into service before the end of the war, serving for five or six weeks with I(Pz)/SG9.
The Förstersonde, an unusual weapon fired by an electro-magnetic probe, did not quite make it. The penetration figure for the
Förstersonde is based on the observation, on page 40, that trials at Rechlin showed it could just penetrate the 48mm roof
armour of the M4A3 Sherman.
The AP warhead of the 3-inch rocket, developed for attacking tanks, was stable under water, and so an excellent anti-
submarine weapon; it was however inferior as a tank-killer to the 60lb HE warhead, originally developed for use against
submarines.
The German SD4/HL anti-tank bomb is credited with being able to penetrate the roof armour of "any Soviet tank", but no
penetration figure is given. There was also an SD9/HL, the designations indicating hollow-charge bombs of 4 and 9Kg
respectively.
Two other snippets from the variety of fascinating information to be found in this book: PTAB attacks (a Shturmovik carried
220) against "small groups of tanks" showed a hit probability of 15%; US P-47 pilots found they could destroy German AFV
with 0.5" API fire from the rear.
von Senger und Etterlin, 1971

"German Tanks of World War II Tanks", Dr F. M. von Senger und Etterlin, A&AP, 1971, pp 209–210. Armour type unstated,
ranges in metres.
Weapon Ammo Slope 0 457 915 1372 1829 2286

sPzB 41 AP 41 90º 66
60º 52
KwK 35 90º 48
PaK 36 60º 36
AP40 90º 51
60º 43
PaK 4.7t 60º 55 47
KwK 42 60º 56
KwK 39 AP39 90º 99 78 61 47
PaK 38 60º 73 61 50 40
AP40 90º 165 120 84
60º 143 86 55
KwK 37 60º 41
7.5 L43 60º 89
7.5 L46 AP39 90º 149 135 121 109 98
(PaK 40) 60º 121 106 94 83 73
AP40 90º 176 154 133 115 98 83
60º 137 115 96 80 66 53
7.5 L48 60º 90 80
7.5 L70 60º 141 121
PaK 36(r) AP39 90º 133 120 108 97 87 78
60º 108 98 88 79 71 64
AP40 90º 190 158 130 106 84 65
60º 152 118 92 71 55 43
KwK 36 60º 110
KwK 43 AP 39/43 90º 225 207 190 174 159 145
60º 198 182 167 153 139 127
PaK 43 AP 40/43 90º 311 274 241 211 184 159
60º 265 226 192 162 136 114
PaK 44 AP 43 215 202
(500m) (1000m)
32
It is unlikely that the 7.5 cm L46 is really superior to the L48 by the amount indicated.
The author indicates that hollow-charge rounds were available for most 7.5 and 8.8cm guns.
Weeks, 197?
"Men against Tanks, A History of Anti-Tank Warfare" (Book Club edition), John Weeks, Purnell, undated, but after 1973.
Ammunition type and armour type not specified, ranges in units stated.
Weapon Range Slope Pen (ins) Pen (mm)

Various 20mm 400 yds 0.6–1 15–25
Various 37mm 1000 yds just over 1 26
Armstrong 37mm 300 yds just over 1 26
Marosczek ATR 300 yds ¾ 19
Boys ATR 300 yds just over ½ 14
No. 74 "Sticky bomb" 0 1 25
PAK 36 stick bomb 200 yds 5 127
20mm PzB41 250 yds 1¼ 30
PAK 40 1000 metres 30º 3.7 94
Panzerfaust 7–8 178–203

Penetration figures in the original are given in inches.
PAK 41 performance quoted as being "about 50 percent better than the PAK 40".
The Japanese 75mm anti-tank gun M90 is quoted as being able to knock out a Sherman at 1000 yards.
Wiener, 1978
"The Armies of the Warsaw Pact Nations" (second edition), Friedrich Wiener, Carl Uebereuter, 1978, pages 197–199 and 210.
Armour at 0º, type unspecified, ranges in metres.

57mm M-43 ZiS-2 HVAP 500 140
85mm M-44 (D-45) HVAP 500 130
152mm M-3 (ML-20) AP 1000 124
122mm M-31/37 AP 1000 160

This book is a translation of the German-language original, "Die Armeen der Warschauer-Pakt-Staaten".
Williams, 1999
"The Vickers 40mm S gun with Littlejohn Adpator", A G Williams, article published in "The Cartridge Researcher", 1999.
Ranges in metres, armour type unspecified, angle of impact 30º.
Weapon Ammo Range Penetration

2-pdr APCBC 450 53
APSV Mk 1 450 88
Vickers S gun 360 47

Thanks again to Tony Williams for providing this information, which is from his own original research. It appears that in
May 1944, an air test was conducted at Boscombe Down using a Hurricane IID mounting S guns fitted with the LittleJohn
Adaptor. The equipment was found to be insufficiently reliable.
Tony points out that the Vickers 'S' figures given above do not include any allowance for the velocity of the aircraft, and
estimates that at close range the Littlejohn-equipped gun might have achieved a penetration performance of some 80mm. He
also mentions that some armoured car crews fired APSV from 2-pounders without the Littlejohn adaptor fitted, so that they
could also fire HE rounds.
33
Woodman, 1991
"Tank Armament in World War Two", Paul Woodman, in: Airfix Magazine, Vol. 3 No. 5, Alan W. Hall (publications) Ltd,
August 1991, page 174.
All penetration figures come from official archive material and are from tests performed against Homogenous type armour
plate". Slope is stated as 30 degrees. Ranges are in metres.
Weapon Ammo 500 1000 1500 2000

2 Pounder AP 52 40
APCBC 57 45 40
APCNR 88 72
6 Pounder APCBC 81 74 68 63
APDS 131 117 103
17 Pounder APCBC 140 130 120 111
APDS 208 192 176 161
77mm APCBC 120 110 100 90
3.7cm KwK36 APC 29 22 19
HVAP 34
5cm KwK38 APCBC 46 36 28
HVAP 58
7.5cm KwK40 APCBC 96 85 74 64
HVAP 120 97
7.5cm KwK42 APCBC 124 111 99 88
HVAP 174 149 127
8.8cm KwK36 APCBC 110 100 94 83
HVAP 156 138 123
8.8cm KwK43 APCBC 185 165 148 132
HVAP 217 193 171
Sov 45mm AP 51 36
Sov 76mm APC 60 53 47 41
HVAP 80 52
Sov 85mm APC 96 88 76 68
HVAP 121 80
Sov 100mm APCBC 170 160 151 139
Sov 122mm APC 138 132 117 98
Sov 152mm APC 125 110
37mm M5/6 APC 46 42 37
75mm M2 AP 60 53 46
APC 65 55 49
75mm M2 AP 76 63 51
APC 66 60 55
76mm M1 APCBC 94 89 81 76
HVAP 158 134 116
90mm M3 APCBC 126 120 114 105
It 47mm APC 55 43
Jap 75mm? AP 59 51 42

In the original table, the British 77mm is mislabeled 76mm, and the APCNR ammunition for the 2 pounder is mislabeled as
HVAP. These errors are corrected here.
It is not stated which version of the Soviet 76mm is intended, but the L41 version is assumed. Unless the performance of this
gun increases with range, the entries for 500 and 1000 metres have been transposed: The error is corrected here.
The designation of the Japanese weapon is missing in the original. It is noted as being the armament of the Type 97 and Type
1, which is not as helpful as it might be, as there are Type 97 light and medium tanks, and Type 1 medium and gun tanks. It
is assumed from the performance figures that the 75mm is intended, as they agree quite closely with those given in the
Bovington "Fire and Movement" booklet.
WO 171/336, 30 Corps "G" War Diary

Quoting 21 A Gp Int Summary No. 131, Penetration of homogenous armour by 2cm KwK 38, ranges in yards.
34
Slope Normal Normal 30º 30º
Range 100 400 100 400
AP-T 48 38 31 25
AP 40 57 43 49 37

No comments.
WO 185/15, Anti-tank grenades.

Trials comparing the British No. 68 Mk III grenade with the American "trombone" (presumably M9) grenade.
A 1-inch (25mm) deal screen 1 inch in front of 1¼-inch (32mm) FH plate gave immunity to the US grenade at normal
impact; the No. 68 grenade penetrated at 20º. US Ordnance stated that the limit of effective regular penetration for the
American grenade was 1¼-inch (32mm) FH at angles between normal and 20º. Against this, the US grenade was easier to
aim.
Another report says that "the greatest thickness of tank armour that can be perforated by these grenades at 30 degrees to the
normal is approximately 30mm. At this limiting thickness, the fragment effect behind the palte is poor."
WO 185/118, DDG/FV(D) Armour plate experiments.

"...the following figures for penetration are given for attack on MQ plate":
Range 3" M62 75mm M61
Normal 20º 30º Normal 20º 30º
500 yards 128 112 94 95 75 65
1500 yards 106 91 83 76 60 55
Annoyingly, the first digit of the first range bracket has been removed by a hole punched in the paper of the original, but
comparing these figures with those given by Hunnicut I take it to be a 5. The figures at normal and 20º are taken from graphs
issued by the American Ordnance Office; the figures at 30º are estimates.
The following "armour basis curve" is taken from a US publication, and it is suggested that it be adopted, as it does not differ
too greatly from that previously used in Britain:
Slope (degrees) Multiplier Divisor
10 1.01 0.99
15 1.03 0.97
20 1.07 0.935
25 1.15 0.87
30 1.25 0.8
35 1.37 0.73
40 1.52 0.658
45 1.69 0.59
50 1.89 0.53
55 2.13 0.47
60 2.5 0.4
"It is considered, however, that the facts are too complex to be represented even approximately by any single armour basis
curve, and, as illustrated in figures I to V, the armour basis curve varies widely according to the type of projectile and plate
attacked."
"...in the case of the 6pdr the armour basis curve is wrong by 7% and in the case of the 2pdr wrong by 28%."
It is noted that the Panther's front plate is 75mm thick (in fact it is 80mm) and sloped at 55º. This is calculated to be
equivalent to 155mm of vertical armour (my arithmetic makes it more like 160mm, and 170mm if the correct thickness is
used). It is stated that the 17 pdr APC round will perforate 155mm at normal at 650 yards, and APCBC at 1200 yards. "...but
recent trials have shown that a 75mm plate at 53º can only be holed at point blank range by 17 pdr APC and that the 17 pdr
APCBC will not defeat the plate at any range."
Commenting on the interlocking plates on the Tiger, it is said:
"Attention had previously been drawn (Minute 177) to the poor quality of German welding from the point of view of holding
the hull and turret structures together under attack."
On armour hardness:
"A survey of the plates on the Pz.Kw.VI with the portable hardness tester had shown that all the plates were of machineable
quality. The hardness of the 26mm plates was in the range 298–343 Brinnel which was harder than British plates of the same
thickness namely 262–311 Brinnel. The hardness of the plates in the range 60–102mm was 257–310 Brinnel which was
essentially the same as that of British plates of the same thickness."
35
A test shoot on a captive Tiger in Tunisia gave the following penetration ranges:
Plate Thickness Tilt Angle Yds Gun & ammo
Side superstructure 82mm N N 1250 6pr Mk V+ HV AP
N 900 6pr Mk III + LV AP
30º shatters
N 850 6pr Mk V + HV APC
30º shatters
N 800 75mm M3 + APC M61
Rear plate 82mm 10º 20º 1000 6pr Mk V+ HV AP
650 6pr Mk III + LV AP
Driver's visor plate 102mm 10º 10º 700 6pr Mk V+ HV AP
350 6pr Mk III + LV AP
Front lower plate 102mm 25º 25º shatters 6pr AP
1600 17pr Mk I AP
"An occasional bad plate may be found in German tanks, such as the port side superstructure. This should not be considered
typical nor predictions based on its performance." (The above figures are for the starboard superstructure plate.)
A memo dated 27 Oct 1943 gives the following vulnerability ranges, in yards, for Churchill and "Heavy Churchill", which
will have 95mm of side armour, which I take to mean the Churchill Mks VII and VIII:
88mm Flak 36 50mm APHE
Normal 30º Normal 30º
Standard Churchill over 3000 over 3000 900 200
Heavy Churchill 2250 1500 Immune Immune
The following vulnerability table is given for the proposed Valiant tank:
Plate 88mm APCBCHE 75mm APCBCHE
Normal 30º Normal 30º
4" rear, vertical 2020 860 950 Immune
4½" side of hull, vertical 1650 350 520 Immune
5" side of turret, vertical 1160 Immune 120 Immune
6" hull front 20º Immune Immune Immune Immune
Turret front vertical 270 Immune Immune Immune
WO 185/122, Churchill tank with 17 pdr gun.

Commenting on the advantage of sloped armour, a memo in this file says "Two examples indicate the advantage of this based
on results of firing trials". The first example is for the assumed thickness and slope of the Panther lower nose plate and the
equivalent weight of vertical armour; the second is for the assumed thickness and slope of the Panther upper nose plate and
equivalent weight of vertival armour.
Thickness (mm) Slope Range immune to 17 pdr AP
75 53º 800 yds
125 0º 1600 yds
85 57º 0 yds
156 0º 900 yds
Mention is made of the possibility of mounting the 3.7" Mk VI as a turret gun. "The penetration performance of this weapons
is likely to be considerably in excess of the 17 pdr." A pencilled note in the margin says "(+25%)".
WO 185/133, Tungsten Carbide Production.
Weapon Ammo Range Angle Penetration (mm)

2 pdr AP "limit of perforation" 30º 55mm
2 pdr Littlejohn APCNR "limit of perforation" 30º 80-90mm
at least 1,000 yds 30º 55mm
6 pdr APCBC 1,500 yds 30º 60mm
A letter in this file dated 14th Nov 1942 contains an interesting postscript: "Since this subject was raised we have struck a
snag in the attack of double skin frontal armour as used in the latest German Tanks." A 20mm thick front plate breaks up or
distorts the core of 2 pdr Littlejohn shot sufficiently to prevent penetration of the 50mm plate behind. Mention is made of a
36
"rumoured new tank" with 100mm front and 60mm side armour, a fairly good approximation to the Tiger, but erroneously
believed to have double skin armour.
It is stated that AP steels "properly treated" can defeat plates 25% greater in thickness than the projectile diameter. It also says
that 2 pdr service shot had to date defeated the side and rear armour of German AFV up to 1,000 yards at 30º.
Diameters of tungsten carbine penetrating cores for various weapons are given as (inches in original):
Weapon 37mm Littlejohn 2 pr Littlejohn 6 pr APCR or DS 17 pr APDS
Diameter (ins) 0.66 0.79 1.1 1.5
Diameter (mm) 17 20 28 38
In each case, this is half the projectile calibre.
WO 185/145, New infantry anti-tank weapon.

This is a post-war file, dealing only with requirements, but is of interest because it gives a clue as to the expected
effectiveness of spaced armour against HEAT rounds.
The final requirement is stated as being penetration of 120mm of armour protected by a 10mm skirting plate positioned at 3
feet from the main armour (earlier statements mention figures of 100 and 160mm), or 200mm of armour unprotected by
skirting plates.
It is stated that trials of the 3.45" RCL showed a blind rate of 6%.
Mention is made of an abandoned "improved PIAT" bomb, capable of penetrating 145mm of armour at normal or 125mm at
30º. The fighting range was to be 125 yards from the existing projector. Penetration of the 3.5" bazooka is stated, from
American sources, to be 11", or 279mm.
Mention is also made of the low lethality of HEAT rounds, "follow-though" rounds, and the Misznay-Schardin effect, which
seems to be the basis of an early form of self-forging fragment warhead.
WO 185/171, Armour plate experiments.

This file states that 50 Brinnel points corresponds to 10 tons per square inch. Referring to armour on German light AFVs, it
says "The hardness of the homo-hard plates was reduced in 1938 from a minimum of 495 Brinnel to the range of 415–461
Brinnel" in order to reduce cracking.
Information collected up to June 1944 shows the Brinnel hardness ranges of British and German plates of different
thicknesses in mm:
Thickness: 40 60 80 100 over 100
German Upper 280 270 250 220 215
Lower 335 320 300 290 250
British Upper 262 255 248 240 240
Lower 302 293 277 269 269
WO 185/178, Tank armament versus armour.

This file is dated 1943.
"Perforation of armour in millimetres":
Range (yards)
Gun Ammo Type
At normal At 30º
500 1000 1500 500 1000 1500
6 pdr Mk II & III AP MQ 100 87 62 82 68 46
APC MQ 96 83 58 72 63 46
FH 90 74 47
APCBC MQ 93 84 64 68 60 44
FH 104 95 76 80 75 57
6 pdr Mk IV & V AP MQ 106 92 66 82 71 48
APC MQ 102 88 62 78 67 44
FH 110 96 70 95 78 50
APCBC MQ 97 88 70 72 64 49
FH 108 98 81 97 82 64
2 pdr Mk IX & X AP MQ 67 48 26 51 41 24
APCBC MQ 63 56 39 54 47 35
FH 67 59 42 58 51 38
L/john MQ 111 87 90 71
FH 111 87 90 71
37
Range (yards)
Gun Ammo Type
At normal At 30º
17 pdr AP MQ 138 126 102 118 110 89
APC MQ 138 126 102 118 110 89
FH 155 135 110 135 118 91
75mm M2 AP MQ 79 66 44 62 54 39
APCBC MQ 82 72 56 63 58 44
FH 80 70 54 67 61 47
75mm M3 AP MQ 88 75 51 73 64 55
FH 80 65 45
APCBC MQ 94 85 68 76 69 58
FH 92 83 66 75 67 52
8 pdr (short) APCBC MQ 107 101 84 79 73 66
FH 112 103 87 97 87 69
8 pdr (short) APCBC MQ 114 105 89 86 78 64
FH 118 110 92 104 94 75
The 75mm AP round is the M72, the APCBC is M61. The figure for 75mm M3 APCBC on homogenous armour at 500 yards
and 30º is given as 67 in the original, but ringed; I assume this indicates a transposition error, and have corrected it to 76. In
the original, the figures for the 8 pdr on face-hardened armour at normal were originally 7 to 10mm greater than shown here,
but have been corrected by hand.
"Performance against Homogenous Plate at 30 degrees Angle of Attack":
m.v. (fps) weight 500 yds 1000 yds 1500 yds
88mm APCBCHE 2600 21lb 114
17 pdr APC 2900 17lb 135 121 118 109 103 98
6 pdr APCBC 2725 7lb 3 oz 86.5 79.8 73.5
It is stated that the 3.7" howitzer and 95mm tank howitzer penetrate a minimum of 90mm at all ranges.
The reason for the 17 pdr figures being crossed out and replaced is not clear, but the uncorrected figures are preserved here.
"Thickness of armour penetrated by 80% of projectiles striking the plate at an angle of 30º to the normal":
Gun Ammo m.v. (fps) Armour 500 yds 1000 yds 1500 yds
6 pr Mk III AP 2650 MQ 73 62 41
FH 64 51 31
AP 2800 MQ 79 66 44
FH 69 55 34
APC 2800 MQ 72 61 40
FH 88 72 45
6 pr Mk V APC 2800 MQ 78 67 44
FH 93 76 48
17 pr APC 2900 MQ 118 110 84
FH 133 116 89
75mm M2 APCBC 1850 MQ 63 55 42
FH 65 56 44
75mm M3 APCBC 2050 MQ 69 62 47
FH 74 65 50
5cm KWK 39 AP 2700 MQ 65 56 38
7.5 cm KWK 40 APCBC 2400 MQ 89 79 62
This table contains numerous corrections by hand; the final figures are given here.
A memo from the Ministry of Supply dated 1st April 1943 gives the following figures for "Single homo plate penetration at
30º in mm.":
500 yds 1000 yds 1500 yds
6-pdr APCBC 86.5 79.8 73.5
6-pdr Littlejohn 123 111 101
6-pdr composite rigid 109 90 75
17-pdr APC 121 109 98
3" (17-pdr) composite rigid 155 138 122
75mm APCBC (MV 2030 fps) 69.5 63 57
"Penetration in mm against homogenous plate":
38
Range (yds) 500 1000 1500 2000
7.5cm KwK40 APCBC 89 79 70 62
7.62/36(r) APCBC 79 70 61 53
6 pdr AP 75.9 67.1 55.2 44.7
17 pdr APC 112.7 111.2 99.8 88.7
3" 20 cwt AP 88.5 76.5 65.5 55
The usual cautions about the spurious precision of fractional millimetres apply.
On 95mm shaped charge ammunition:
"For the reasons given in paragraph 4 above, the characteristics of the weapon greatly reduce the chances of direct hits with
all types of projectile – at a range of 1,000 yards, the chances are about one-third those of the 6 pdr and at longer ranges the
falling-off increases rapidly. For effective anti-tank engagement the maximum opening range of the 95mm is say 600/700
yards, preferably less."
"The German 28/20 Gerlich projectile penetrated a 76mm MQ plate at 100 yards and nearly succeeded against 87mm F.H.
plate at the same range."
The following table shows "Performance against Homogenous Plate at 30 degrees Angle of Attack", and includes estimates of
the "Minimum weight of metal shot into tank by perforation of 75mm plate".
Gun 500 yds 1000 yds 1500 yds pen dia Wt of metal (lbs)
75mm KWK 40 90 80 71 75 6 + 12 = 18
75mm long Pak 114 105 94 75 6 + 12 = 18
75mm Pak 41 142 121 101 30 ¾ + 2 = 2¾
88mm 114 105.5 96.5 88 8¼ + 18 = 26¼
88mm Flak 41 159 149 139 88 8¼ + 18 = 26¼
75mm M3 70 63 57 75 6 + 12 = 18
6-pdr 86.5 79.8 73.5 57 3¼ + 6¼ = 9½
17-pdr 121 109 98 76 6 + 15 = 21
3.7" or 95mm how Minimum of 90 at all ranges 25 2/3 + 1/3 = 1
American and German guns fire APCBC/HE, except the Pak 41 (the paper also mentions a KWK 41), the 6-pdr APCBC, the
17-pdr APC and the howitzers hollow charge.
The original penetration diameters were given in inches, but have been converted to millimetres here.
The figures in the last column show the expected weight of armour plus the weight of projectile entering the tank, added to
give a total weight.
A note on the howitzer entry says "Perforation of Hollow Charge projectiles is not controlled by striking velocity but by
chances of hitting. The maximum range at which a sufficiency of hits is likely is probably 700 yds. owing to low velocity. The
nature of the damage is small, usually about a 1" hole.
"The 6 pdr hitherto in use perforated with AP ammunition, the 80mm homogenous side armour and turret of the Tiger tank
in Tunisia at ranges between 600 and 700 yards at various angles of strike estimated at between 15 and 35º. The higher
velocity long barrelled 6 pdr gun is now being issued. APCBC ammunition, which will be used by both types of gun and
should begin to reach UK depots about May, should improve on the performance of the present AP shot by being effective at
longer ranges."
"6 pdr AP shot successfully engaged the Pz.Kw. VI tank in Tunisia, perforating 84mm plate at 550 yards at 20º attack."
"17 pdr APC ammunition will be produced this year which will perforate 114mm homogenous armour at 750 yards 30º
attack."
The following table of fighting ranges is based on hits on the heaviest front armour at 30º. Armour thickness of the Pz IV is
taken as 50mm, of the Pz. III as 50+20mm.
Pz III Pz IV
Crusader 50mm Penetrates 300 1000
Is penetrated 1300 2000
Grant Penetrates 150 1500
Is penetrated Immune 1200
Sherman Penetrates 700 2000
Is penetrated Immune 1200
It is unfortunate that the armament of the enemy tanks was not specified, but we might guess at the 50/42 for the Pz III and
the 75/43 for the Pz IV.
WO 185/182, Recoilless weapons.

This says that the 4.7" Burney "Wallbuster" shell knocked 20–30lbs of scabs off a 6" plate at 30º.
39
WO 185/194, Tank and anti-tank armament.
A table of "important German SP equipments" gives the following figures for penetration of homogenous armour at 30º with
APCBC ammunition:
500 yds 1000 yds
7.5 cm PaK 39 (L/48) 84 72
7.5 cm StuK42 (L/70) 141 121
8.8 cm Pak 43/1 (L/71) 184 169
12.8 cm Pak 44 (L/55) 172 (APC) 148 (APC)
212 (APCBC) 200 (APCBC)

No comments.
WO 190/706, German Army infantry weapons.

This document is dated 1938. Range in units stated, penetration in mm.
Weapon Angle Range Penetration

7.92mm s.m.k bullet 90º 400m 8.5
90º 100m 10
20mm "Tankbusche" 90º 100m 35
90º 300m 30
90º 600m 22
60º 100m 23
60º 300m 18
60º 600m 13
MG30 2cm Mk 65/80 90º 1000m 25
60º 500m 15
A.T. gun 3.7 90º 650 yds 33
60º 650 yds 26
60º 1090 yds 22
45º 765 yds 14
The performance of the "Tankbusche" is quoted against armour of hardness 170 Kg/mm 2.
WO 194/598, Interim damage assessment report on 20mm, 25mm and 30mm calibre cannon attacks
against APC targets.
This file is dated 1967, and details trials of different cannon against a box target made armour plates to represent a Soviet
APC and against an FV432. Against the box target:
Ammo Plate Angle Range (m) Results
30mm Hispano AP (RINT) 25mm 60º 500 2 attacks, 2 failures
40mm 45º 500 5 attacks 4 failures
30mm Hispano APHE (RIA) 25mm 45º 500 4 attacks 2 failures
15mm 60º 1000 2 attacks 1 failure
25mm Oerlikon APHE 25mm 45º 500 2 attacks 2 failures
15mm 60º 500 assumed to fail
15mm 45º 1000 successful
25mm Oerlikon APDS 25mm 60º 1000 2 attacks 2 failures
20mm Hispano APHE (RIA) 15mm 45º 500 2 attacks 0 failures
15mm 45º 1000 assumed to fail
20mm Hispano AP (RINT) 15mm 45º 500 or 1000 successful
Against the FV432 the 30mm RINT and RIA rounds could penetrate the frontal armour (12.5mm at 41º and 16mm at 39º)
and cause serious internal damage at 1000 metres. The 25mm was also successful, bit caused less internal damage.
WO 219/2785, SHAEF equipment and supply returns.

Against armour sloped at 20º, at any range, the 57mm recoilless rifle penetrates about 51mm of armour and the 75mm
recoilless rifle about 76mm .
40
The penetrations are given in the original as 2 and 3 inches. The specific memo containing these figures is from the New
Developments Division to the Chief of Staff, dated 13th April 1945. It states that 20 57mm and 2 75mm recoilless rifles were
dropped during the airborne operation around Wesel. One 57mm knocked out three tanks, and one or two 57mms knocked
out two tanks, but the type of tank is not identified.
WO 219/2801, SHAEF documents on tanks.

Appendix A to 21 AGp/1420/12/G(SD), dated 11 Mar 1945, on the vulnerability of the King Tiger, states that the King
Tiger's glacis is invulnerable to 17-pdr DS. It is stated that the nose can be penetrated up to 1,200 yards, and the turret front
at 1,100 yards.
For the performance of the 77mm gun, subtract 1,100 yards from the APCBC performance and 650 yards from the DS
performance of the 17-pdr.
To penetrate a King Tiger, 75mm M61 must strike the lower hull side at 750 yards or the turret side at 400 yards.
A number called the "critical azimuth at 1,000 x" is mentioned, but not explained.
WO 219/2806, Appendix G to SHAEF/16652/GCT/Arty

Dated 11 July 1944. "Perforation of homo at 30º Strike", ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammo 600 1000 1600 2000

US 57mm AP M70 78 64 55(a) 50(a)
Br 6-Pr APCBC 81 74 64 58
SABOT(b) 130 118 101 90
US & Br 75mm APCBC M61 100 93 82 77
US 76mm APC M62A 97 90 80 74
Br 77mm(c) APCBC 110 100 91 85
SABOT 178 149 131 120
Ger 75mm PAK 40 APCBC 110 102 92 86
(d) PAK 41 AP 137 100 ? ?
(e) KWK 42 APCBC 119 100 95(a) 89
US & Br 3" M-10 APC M62 97 90 80 74
US 90mm APC M77 111 103 93 86
Br 17-Pr APCBC 127 120 112 107
SABOT 183 172 155 145
German 88mm APCBC 108 102 94(a) 87
KWK 36 (f)
KWK 43 (f) APCBC 178 140 131(a) 121
Br 32-Pr (g) APCBC 138 131 121 115
SABOT 215 205 189 180
Notes: (a) Approximate figure (d) Tapered bore (g) A 1945 project
(b) Fits US 57mm (e) PANTHER gun
(c) In production but NOT in service (f) TIGER gun
The original table shows note (b) where note (f) is plainly intended. This has been corrected here.
The high figures for the 75mm gun match those given for APCBC in the Bovington "Fire and Movement" booklet, but are
much more generous than other sources. A memo in this document says there seems "little to choose" between the 75mm and
76mm.
The US 90mm round given here seems to be a very weak load — a memo in this document says that 90mm ammunition is
being loaded for a higher velocity.
In the memo this table accompanies, it is claimed that "the U.S. 76mm is ineffective against TIGER and only effective
against PANTHER flanks", but, by an ordnance officer in the USA that "75mm gun will penetrate Panther tank turret, sides
and rear and lower hull to ranges of 2,000 yards. 76mm gun will penetrate Panther tank at all points except chassis front
plate to ranges of 5,000 yards and turret front at 2,500 yards, hull front nose plate 1,600 yards".
A very sensible comment by a Colonel Burlton, originator of the memo to which this table forms an appendix, says "Probably,
there is a conflict between theory and practice".
41
WO 279/200, The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment
Homogenous armour, ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammo Angle 500 1000 2000
5 cm 30º 65 53
8.8 cm 30º 112 103 86
6 pdr 30º 75 63
APDS 0º 146
17 pdr 30º 123 113 93
APDS 0º 231
25 pdr 30º 62 54

Thanks to Ernest Ashworth for providing these figures; only later did I find the book in the PRO. It was published by the War
Office in 1951, compiled by Brigadier A L Pemberton MC.
This source says that APDS ammunition was introduced in Summer 1944. It also states that "...where APCBC could
penetrate, it did greater damage inside the tank and was less likely to pass straight through a lightly armoured target. In
consequence both kinds of shot had to be retained in the service."
Notice that these figures seem to have been copied, with some inaccuracy, in Bidwell's "Artillery Tactics" and "Artillery at
War".
WO 291/385, "The Performance of the Infantry Sledge under Fire."

This paper mentions trials of a low-profile armoured sledge for the transport of infantry, towed by tanks. The armour
protection od 7mm thick IT100 plate. This is credited with giving immunity from AP small arms fire at about 700 yards at
normal impact, and at all ranges at 35º.
WO 291/741, "Comparison of the performance of 75mm and 76mm tank gun ammunition."
"Thickness of homogenous armour plate penetrated at 30angle of attack by APCBC/HE shell." Ranges in yards.
Range 75mm 76mm

Point blank 79.5 108.2
200 75.3 104.2
400 72 100.2
600 68.5 96.7
800 65.5 93
1000 63 89.7
1200 60.3 86.3
1400 57.8 83.1
1600 55 80
1800 52.6 77
2000 50 74

Precision in fractional millimetres seems excessive, and suggests results by interpolation rather than measurement. This
document also compares the HE performance of the two guns, concluding that in this respect the 75mm is noticeably
superior. It also points out that inferior HE performance can be compensated for by using more of the less effective shell,
whereas it is impossible to remedy a deficiency in penetrative performance.
WO 291/1143, "Effectiveness of British and Russian tanks."

Penetration in millimetres, ranges in yards:
Weapon Range 0º 30º 60º
77mm APCBC 600 145 115 52
1000 136 108 48
1500 124 100 45
17 pdr APCBC 600 172 136 62
1000 162 128 58
1500 150 119 55
17 pdr APDS 600 248 200 70
1000 232 188 65
42
Weapon Range 0º 30º 60º
1500 213 172 60
20 pdr APDS Mk 1 600 300 240 80
1000 280 225 75
1500 260 210 67
85mm APCBC 600 137 110 49
1000 128 103 46
1500 118 95 43
{from Russian 600 110 88 39
range tables) 1500 96 76 35
122mm APCBC 600 203 162 74
1000 193 153 70
1500 182 145 66
(from Russian 600 149 118 53
range tables) 1500 130 104 47

This document is dated August 1951. The figures for Russian guns are derived from 17-pdr APCBC performance; the figures
quoted from Russian range tables are much lower. The report concludes that the Centurion 3 is slightly superior to the JS-3,
and the Comet roughly equivalent to the T-34/85.
Zaloga, 1979
"Modern Soviet Armour", Steven J. Zaloga, A&AP, 1979, page 57. Penetration at 1000 metres and 0º, armour type not stated.
Weapon with APHE with APCR

57mm Ch-51M 85 100
85mm D-5S85 102 130

Both weapons are developments of WW2 weapons, so performance is assumed to be similar. Still, it seems strange that the
figure for the 57mm should be so far inferior to the 140mm normally quoted.
Zaloga & Grandsen, 1984

"Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two", Steven J. Zaloga and James Grandsen, A&AP 1984, page 225.
Ranges in metres, "against vertical steel armour plate".
Weapon Ammunition 500 1000

20mm TNSh L/107 APHE 22
45mm mod 32, 34, 38 L/45 BR-240 APHE 42 38
BR-240P APCR 80 50
76.2mm mod 27/32 L/16.5 BR-350 APHE 35 30
76.2mm L-11 L/30.5 BR-350 APHE 62 56
76.2mm F-34 L/42.5 BR-350A APHE 69 61
BR-350P APCR 92 60
85mm ZiS-S-53, D-5 L/54.6 BR-365 APHE 111 102
BR-365P APCR 138 100
57mm ZiS-2 BP-571P APCR 140
100mm D-10 L/56 BR-412 APHE 195 185
122mm A-19, D-25 L/46.5 BR-471B APHE 145 145
152mm ML-20 L/28.8 BR-540 APHE 124 124
Hollow charge rounds, same at all ranges:

Weapon Ammunition Penetration
76.2mm F-34 L/42.5 BR-353A HEAT 75
122mm M-30 L/22.7, and A-19 or D-25 BR-460A HEAT 200
L/46.5

In the original, APCR rounds are noted as APDS. This has been corrected here.
43
It seems extremely odd that the 122mm BR-471B and 152mm BR-540 APHE should both have the same penetration at 500
as at 1000 metres; this is probably a typographical error.
The author states that HEAT for the short 122mm in the original SU-122 "never lived up to expectations".
This book seems to be the source for the Soviet figures in the "World War II Databook", although Ellis has arbitrarily
changed ranges into yards from the metres specified here.
Comments from Valeri Potapov (www.battlefield.ru):
1. Neither BR-353A nor BR-460A is HEAT round. Designation for both rounds refers to common armour-piercing projectile.
Correct designation for HEAT round is BP-540 (for 152mm calibre) and BP-460A (for 122mm M-30 and SU-122), while
there were no HEAT ammunition developed for 122mm A-19/D-25.
2. BR-353 refers to short-barreled 76-mm Regimental Gun M1927; it was prohibited to use for 40-calibre artillery (F-34,
ZiS-3, etc)
3. BP-571P is a completely wrong designation. First, Soviet 57mm calibre refers to "271" not "571". Then, the Soviets
developed and issued:
BR-271 –APHE blunt nose ballistic capped
BR-271K – APHE sharp nose
BR-271M – APHE modernized variant of BR-271K
BR-271SP – pure AP (no HE added)
BR-271P – armor-piercing composite
BR-271N – armor-piercing composite ballistic capped
That's all. No more 57mm anti-armor projectiles.
Zaloga & Ness, 1998

Source: "Red Army Handbook 1939–45", Steve Zaloga and Leland Ness, Sutton Publishing, 1998, page 203. Ranges in
metres, armour type unstated.
Weapon Ammunition Slope 500 1000

45mm Model 37 AP 90º 43 35
60º 35 28
45mm Model 42 AP 90º 61 51
60º 50 41
HVAP 90º 81
60º 52
57mm ZiS-2 AP 90º
60º 84
HVAP 90º 145
60º 120
100mm BS-3 AP 90º 200 185
60º 150 140

The text of the source also attributes to the PTRS and PTRD ATRs a penetration performance of 35mm at 100 metres, which
seems remarkably generous, and repeats the unbelievable assertion that seems to be gaining currency that German Schürtzen
were intended to counter these.
This source also states that the HVAP round for the 45mm Model 37 became available in April 1942.
Zaloga & Sarson, 1993

"Sherman Medium Tank 1942-1945", Steve Zaloga and Peter Sarson, Osprey 1993, pages 10 and 14. Armour type and slope
unspecified, ranges in yards.
Weapon Ammunition 500 1000

75mm M3 M61 APC 68 60
76mm M1A1C M-62 APC-T 98 90
T-4 HVAP-T 150 (approx) 132

The authors say that, before 1945, seldom were more than 2 or 3 HVAP rounds available per tank, and maybe 5 thereafter, as
preference was given to tank destroyer units.
44
45
Hit probabilities
Featherstone, 1973
"Tank Battles in Miniature: A wargamer's guide to the Western Desert Campaign 1940–1942", Donald Featherstone, Patrick
Stevens Ltd, 1973, page 105. "Hit probabilities for Second World War tank guns", ranges in yards.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500

9-ft high target 78% 37% 10% 2% 1%
3-ft high target 45% 21% 6% 1%
2nd shot on target 95% 90% 80% 20% 15%

No indication is given as to the kind of gun, ammunition or fire control system used. I assume the targets are static, though
this is not stated.
Isby, 1979
"Panzer Battles: The Evolution of Mechanized Warfare, 1939–1979", David C. Isby, in: Strategy & Tactics No. 73,
Simulations Publications, Inc., March/April 1979, page 10. "Probability of a first round hit (not kill) of a tank gun firing at a
tank-sized, standing target. Ammunition is assumed to be APDS — any other type would have somewhat less accuracy due to
its lower velocity." Ranges in metres.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

76mm 87% 21% 5% 3% 2% 2%
90mm 90% 65% 31% 14% 6% 5%

The original shows the 76mm gun as representative of the WW2 era, the 90mm as representative of Korea. It is claimed that
"These figures show not only the calibre increase in the tank guns, but the increased effectiveness of their range-finders and
fire-control systems as well". Tanks carrying the 90mm gun in Korea were the M-26 Pershing and M-46 Patton, neither of
which has an advanced range-finder, so presumably the difference is to be attributed to improved quality of optics and
linkages; nonetheless, a three-fold improvement at 1000 yards seems distinctly excessive.
Why APDS is assumed is unclear, as no such round existed for the 76mm, nor, I believe, for the 90mm in Korea.
WO 291/171, "Effectiveness of British anti-tank guns"

Dated 1943. Ranges in yards, armour as detailed in notes.
Exposure Success % 0º 45º 90º 135º 180º
6 pdr AP on Tiger I
Full view 90 % - - - - -
50 % - - 1200 - 1000
30 % 650 650 1350 500 (missing)
Hull down 90 % - - - - -
50 % 300 - 500 - -
30 % 650 200 850 550 650
6 pdr APCBC on Tiger I
Full view 90 % - - 700 - -
50 % 500 - 1650 500 1650
30 % 750 650 2100 350 1350
Hull down 90 % - - - - -
50 % 300 - 500 - -
30 % 650 200 900 550 650
17 pdr AP on Tiger I
Full view 90 % - - 700 - 500
50 % 1750 700 2050 600 1950
30 % 1850 1450 2600 1600 2500
Hull down 90 % - - - - -
50 % 750 - 800 600 -
46
30 % 1300 550 1200 1000 800
17 pdr APCBC on Tiger I
Full view 90 % - - 900 - 550
50 % 2000 600 2300 650 2050
30 % 2700 1300 2850 1750 2850
Hull down 90 % - - - - -
50 % 700 50 750 650 -
30 % 1300 450 1250 1050 850
6 pdr AP on Panther
Full view 90 % - - 750 - 900
50 % 50 800 1350 800 1200
30 % 100 1200 1800 1200 1800
Hull down 90 % - 100 100 50 50
50 % - 300 850 300 800
30 % 50 700 1150 800 850
6 pdr APCBC on Panther
Full view 90 % - - 850 - 1150
50 % 50 750 1650 1000 1450
30 % 100 1500 2200 1400 1950
Hull down 90 % - 50 50 50 50
50 % - 250 850 250 850
30 % 50 800 1150 850 1150
17 pdr AP on Panther
Full view 90 % - - 1250 1200 1100
50 % 50 1800 2350 2000 2100
30 % 100 2150 2850 2550 2750
Hull down 90 % - - 300 400 350
50 % 450 550 1000 1150 1100
30 % 650 1150 1750 1750 1800
17 pdr APCBC on Panther
Full view 90 % - - 1200 1250 1200
50 % 50 1750 2350 2350 2250
30 % 100 2550 2900 2850 2850
Hull down 90 % - - 400 500 450
50 % 300 550 1100 1200 1100
30 % 700 1150 1850 1850 1850
6 pdr AP on Panzer IVG
Full view 90 % - - 650 650 -
50 % 800 1000 1450 1450 1250
30 % 1250 1550 1900 1500 1700
Hull down 90 % 50 50 100 100 50
50 % 450 300 600 500 450
30 % 800 500 950 900 800
6 pdr APCBC on Panzer IVG
Full view 90 % 50 50 700 750 150
50 % 450 1100 1450 1500 1300
30 % 1400 1750 2100 2100 1850
Hull down 90 % - - 100 150 50
50 % 300 200 550 500 350
30 % 800 850 1000 1000 800
17 pdr AP on Panzer IVG
Full view 90 % 50 550 800 750 650
50 % 1350 1700 2050 2100 1700
30 % 1900 2250 2600 2600 2250
Hull down 90 % - 200 250 300 300
50 % 600 650 800 800 850
30 % 1050 1150 1250 1250 1050
17 pdr APCBC on Panzer IVG
Full view 90 % 250 500 800 800 700
50 % 1350 1850 2100 2250 1700
30 % 2200 3000+ 3000+ 3000+ 2550
47
Hull down 90 % - 100 250 250 300
50 % 550 700 850 850 850
30 % 1050 1150 1250 1250 1050
6 pdr AP on Panzer IIIL
Full view 90 % - - 600 200 100
50 % 800 950 1450 1200 1100
30 % 1000 1550 1900 1550 1250
Hull down 90 % - - 100 100 100
50 % 300 250 550 550 550
30 % 800 400 850 900 950
6 pdr APCBC on Panzer IIIL
Full view 90 % - - 700 450 50
50 % 1050 1000 1500 1200 1050
30 % 1500 1600 2150 1900 1600
Hull down 90 % - 50 100 150 50
50 % 450 250 550 550 500
30 % 900 450 950 1000 900
17 pdr AP on Panzer IIIL
Full view 90 % 250 300 750 700 150
50 % 1300 1450 2000 1650 1500
30 % 2000 2150 2600 2400 2150
Hull down 90 % 50 200 250 350 350
50 % 650 700 800 900 750
30 % 1050 1000 1200 1250 1150
17 pdr APCBC on Panzer IIIL
Full view 90 % 50 700 800 750 200
50 % 700 1850 2050 2000 1500
30 % 2500 3000 3000+ 3000+ 2300
Hull down 90 % 50 150 50 250 300
50 % 650 700 650 750 750
30 % 1050 1150 1200 1200 1150

The tables above are extracted from a set of polar diagrams plotted to show the 30%, 50% and 90% contours for the chance
of success from all angles around the target vehicle. The tables therefore omit much of the information in the original
diagrams, which was calculated using 15º intervals from head-on (0º) to rear-on (180º). There is a noticeable tendency for
many of the polar plots to form "clover-leaves", and these are especially clear on the Panther and Tiger.
The original document emphatically stresses the approximate nature of these results, and cautions that they should be treated
as comparative rather than absolute figures. It details the definitions used, simplifying assumptions made, and in some cases
assesses the distortion these may cause.
"Chance of success", as used here, means the probability of hitting and killing with a single shot.
There is assumed to be a systematic error of 35 yards in range and zero in line. The gun layer is assumed to lay with the same
accuracy as the 90% zone of the gun. This will tend to overestimate effectiveness at long range. All targets are assumed to be
static.
The damage criterion for a kill is taken to be complete perforation of the armoured box, through which the whole length of
the projectile passes. All tank components outside the armoured box, such as running gear, are ignored. Behind-armour
effects are ignored, although it is noted that tanks are very unlikely to survive penetrations by projectiles of 6-pdr size and
greater.
Shots that strike the target are assumed to be uniformly, not normally, distributed over the target areas presented. This may
tend to overestimate the amount of "invulnerable" side-armour presented in fine front quarter shots, and neglects the
possibility of the gunner choosing to aim at a specific vulnerable point on the target tank. Hull-down targets have been treated
as being bounded below by the turret ring.
Armour quality has been treated as falling into three categories. German machineable-quality (MQ) armour on the Panther
and Tiger has been treated as equivalent to British MQ. The MQ armour on the Panzer III and Panzer IV has been treated as
equivalent to a 10% greater thickness of British MQ. The face-hardened (FH) plate has been taken as having a critical impact
velocity for penetration 500 feet per second greater than British MQ with respect to AP projectiles, 200 feet per second
greater with respect to APCBC. The first assumption is regarded as reasonable; the second as rough, possibly tending to
overestimate the German armour; and the final assumption is thought to be very doubtful.
The original document does not state whether the Panzer III and IV targets were considered to be using Schürzen.
It is hard to see how some diagrams, for example that for the 17 pounder vs Panther, can show a better performance from
some aspects against a hull-down target than a fully exposed one.
48
WO 291/180, "Accuracy of anti-tank gunnery."
Ranges in yards, target assumed to be Pz VI size.
Probability (%) of hitting static hull-up target with first round:
Gun OK for... 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
6 pdr line 100 100 96 87
range 87 33 13 3
both (hit) 87 33 12 3
17 pdr line 100 100 100 98 93
range 98 46 20 10 5
both (hit) 98 46 20 10 5
Probability (%) of hitting static hull-up target after first round:
Gun 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
6 pdr 100 86 59 41
17 pdr 100 94 71 50 36
Probability (%) of hitting moving target (direct-crossing at 15 mph) after first round:
Gun 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
17 pdr 86 48 26(e) 16
Probability (%) of hitting hull-down target with first round:
Gun 500 1000
17 pdr 59 18
Probability (%) of hitting static hull-down target after first round:
Gun 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
6 pdr 85 43 22 14
17 pdr 88 51 29 18 12
These values are those plotted on the graphs in the report; the value marked (e) is interpolated from other data points. The
overall shape of the fitted curves in each case is sinusoidal.
This report recommends that the maximum range of engagement for 6-pdr and 17-pdr ATk guns be considered 800 and 1000
yards respectively. The criteria stated for maximum range of engagement for a statically-sited ATk gun are:
50% chance of first-round hit on a static hull-up target;
90% chance of subsequent rounds hitting a static hull-up target;
50% hits on a hull-up direct-crossing target moving at 15 mph after MPI roughly corrected;
50% hits on a static hull-down target after MPI roughly corrected.
The first table clearly shows that errors in range have a much more important effect on accuracy than errors in line.
Penetration ranges against Pz VI for each gun (ammunition not specified) are stated as being 800 yards for 6-pdr on the front,
1600 yards on the side, and 2000–2500 yards for 17-pdr. Hit probability is therefore regarded as a more important limitation
on maximum engagement range than penetration.
WO 291/1263, "Firing Trials, 17pdr Sherman."

"Table VI has been constructed which shows the probability of a hit on a target 5' wide by 2' high (representing a Panther
turret) at various ranges using both types of round."
Range (yards) APC % AP/DS %

400 90.5 56.6
600 73.0 34.2
800 57.3 21.9
1000 45.3 14.9
1500 25.4 7.1

These assume that the MPI is placed centrally on the target.
The trace from the AP/DS round was not seen in 73% of cases by a flank observer, and in no case from inside the tank.
WO 291/2398, "The hit chance of WOMBAT against moving targets."

Hit chance on a moving target:
49
Range (metres) Calculated % Observed %
360 75 70
630 72 55
840 60 34
1030 37 22

Although Wombat is a post-war weapon (this paper is dated July 1964), these figures are included as representing upper
bounds for WW2 recoilless weapons. Wombat uses a ballistically-matched 0.5" spotting rifle, so these figures might be
comparable to shooting with a WW2-vintage RCL once ranged on target. A system of "offset shooting" had to be devised, as
the impact of even an inert 120mm round was sufficient to disable the radio-controlled Stuart tank used in the trials.
For some reason which is not clear, a second table is included for targets moving at up to 12 mph:
Range (metres) Hit chance %
460 60
630 44
840 31
1040 15
It is stated that a good fit for hit probability is given by the formula P% = 97– 8R, where R is the range in hundreds of
metres.
50

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World War Two

Armour Penetration Statistics

Bovington Museum, 1975

Weapon Ammo 100 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Chamberlain, Doyle & Jentz, 1978

Chamberlain & Ellis, 1969

Weapon Ammo Range Penetration

Comments and corrections

Chamberlain & Gander, 1974

Weapon Ammunition Range Angle Penetration

Comments and corrections

Ellis et al, 1962

Gun Projectile 100 500 1000 2000

Comments and corrections

Weapon Ammo 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000

Comments and corrections

Weapon Range Slope Penetration

Comments and corrections

Ammunition 500 1000 1500 2000

It is also stated that the hollow-charge Gr 39 Hl penetrates 90mm at all ranges.

Comments and corrections

Weapon Range Penetration

Comments and corrections

Weapon Range Angle Penetration (inches) Penetration (mm)

Funcken & Funcken, 1976

Weapon Range Penetration

Comments and corrections

Gander & Chamberlain, 1977

Weapon Range Penetration

Gander & Chamberlain, 1978

Weapon Ammunition Range Penetration @ 0º Penetration @ 30º

Comments and corrections

Comments and corrections

Handbook on the Italian Army

Comments and corrections

Hollow charge rounds, same at all ranges:

Comments and corrections

Weapon Ammunition Range Angle Penetration

Weapon Ammunition Range Angle Penetration

Comments and corrections

Weapon Ammo Armour Angle 100 400 500 1000

Comments and corrections

Weapon Ammo Range Angle Armour Penetration

Comments and corrections

Hogg & Weeks, 1977

Weapon Range Angle Penetration

Weapon Ammo Type 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000

Comments and corrections

Weapon Range Penetration

Vehicle Ammo 500 1000 1500 2000

Comments and corrections

Comments and corrections

Comments and corrections

Labbett & Brown, 1988

Comments and corrections

Weapon 500 1000 2000 2500

Comments and corrections

Weapon Ammo Target Armour Range

Weapon Range Penetration