PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PRACTICE

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

STEEL STACKS
(AMENDMENTS/SUPPLEMENTS TO
CICIND MODEL CODE)

PTS 34.24.26.31
SEPTEMBER 2009

© 2010 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.
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PREFACE

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication of
PETRONAS OPUs/Divisions.
They are based on the experience acquired during the involvement with the design, construction,
operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where appropriate they are based on,
or reference is made to, national and international standards and codes of practice.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good technical practice to be applied by
PETRONAS' OPUs in oil and gas production facilities, refineries, gas processing plants, chemical
plants, marketing facilities or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and
economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users for their consideration and
decision to implement. This is of particular importance where PTS may not cover every requirement
or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of PTS is expected to be sufficiently flexible to
allow individual operating units to adapt the information set forth in PTS to their own environment and
requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use PTS they shall be solely responsible for the
quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for
those requirements not specifically covered, it is expected of them to follow those design and
engineering practices which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the PTS. If in
doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility,
consult the owner.
The right to use PTS rests with three categories of users:
1) PETRONAS and its affiliates.
2) Other parties who are authorized to use PTS subject to appropriate contractual
arrangements.
3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users
referred to under 1) and 2) which requires that tenders for projects, materials
supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply with the
relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users,
PETRONAS disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death)
suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use,
application or implementation of any PTS, combination of PTS or any part thereof. The benefit of this
disclaimer shall inure in all respects to PETRONAS and/or any company affiliated to PETRONAS that
may issue PTS or require the use of PTS.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual
arrangements, PTS shall not, without the prior written consent of PETRONAS, be disclosed by users
to any company or person whomsoever and the PTS shall be used exclusively for the purpose they
have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies which shall
only be made by users with the express prior written consent of PETRONAS.
The copyright of PTS vests in PETRONAS. Users shall arrange for PTS to be held in safe custody
and PETRONAS may at any time require information satisfactory to PETRONAS in order to ascertain
how users implement this requirement.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 4

1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS ......... 4
1.3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................. 4
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 5
1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION ........................................................... 5
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS PTS ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PART II AMENDMENTS/SUPPLEMENTS TO CICIND MODEL CODE ................................. 6
1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 6
7.3 EARTHQUAKE LOADING .......................................................................................... 6
7.4 THERMAL EFFECTS ................................................................................................. 6
7.6 INTERNAL EFFECTS GOVERNING THE CHIMNEY DESIGN ................................. 6
9.3 THE SUPPORT AT THE BASE .................................................................................. 6
11.3 STRUCTURAL FLANGES AND OPENING REINFORCEMENT ............................... 7
11.7 ERECTION TOLERANCE .......................................................................................... 7
12 SURFACE PROTECTION .......................................................................................... 7
15 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING ....................................................................... 7
17 AIRCRAFT WARNING LIGHTS.................................................................................. 7
18 ACCESSORIES .......................................................................................................... 7
APPENDIX 2 INSULATION AND PROTECTIVE LININGS AND COATINGS.................................. 8
PART III REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 10
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PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE
This PTS specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, engineering,
fabrication and erection of self-supporting steel stacks. This PTS shall be used in
conjunction with the applicable building regulations of the country or district in which the
steel stack will be erected. PTS 34.00.01.30 and PTS 34.28.00.31shall also apply.
For reinforced concrete stacks, reference is made to PTS 34.24.27.31
This PTS is closely based on the CICIND Model Code for Steel Chimneys, Revision 1,
1999 (including the Commentaries and Appendices dated December 2000). (Part II) of this
PTS amends, supplements and deletes various clauses/paragraphs of this Code. Clauses
of this Code that are not mentioned in this PTS shall apply as written.
For inspection and maintenance aspects of steel stacks, reference is made to the CICIND
Manual for Inspection and Maintenance of Brickwork and Concrete Chimneys, February
1993.
This PTS is a revision of the PTS with the same title and number dated April 2003. A
summary of the major changes from the previous edition is listed in (1.5).

1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Unless otherwise authorised by PETRONAS, the distribution of this PTS is confined to
companies forming part of PETRONAS or managed by a Group company, and to
Contractors nominated by them.
This PTS is intended for use in oil refineries, chemical plants, gas plants, exploration and
production facilities and supply/marketing installations. When PTSs are applied, a
Management of Change (MOC) process should be implemented. This is of particular
importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements may be more
stringent than in this PTS the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the
requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be
acceptable as regards safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all cases, the
Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of this PTS
which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local
regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned with the
object of obtaining agreement to follow this PTS as closely as possible.

1.3 DEFINITIONS
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for its design and
construction. The Principal will generally specify the technical requirements. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant, authorised to act for the Principal.
CICIND is the Association of specialist organisations that issued the Model Code for
Industrial Steel Chimneys to promote knowledge in design, construction and use of
chimneys. The Code reflects the views of its members or some of them, and potentially
serves as technical recommendations.
The word shall indicate a requirement.
The word should indicate a recommendation.
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1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references are made, the number of the section or sub-section referred to is
shown in brackets. All publications referred to in this PTS are listed in (Part III).
For ease of reference, the clause (or paragraph) numbering of the CICIND Model Code has
been used throughout (Part II) of this PTS.

1.5 CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION

This revion has been purley editorial, with no technical changes.
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PART II AMENDMENTS/SUPPLEMENTS TO CICIND MODEL CODE

1 SCOPE
Add to this clause:
Together with the enquiry, the Principal shall provide the necessary data and information
including, where applicable, one or more instruction drawings required as a basis for the
design and engineering of the stack.
For stacks to be installed offshore, additional requirements (e.g., fatigue during tow) shall
be considered.

7.3 EARTHQUAKE LOADING

Add to this clause:
The stack shall be designed and/or checked for the applicable earthquake load.

7.4 THERMAL EFFECTS

Add to this clause:
The deformations and stresses caused by differences in temperature, as well as thermal
expansion requirements, shall be taken into account.

7.6 INTERNAL EFFECTS GOVERNING THE CHIMNEY DESIGN

7.6.1 High temperature flue gases

Add to this clause:
The design of the stack should be based on minimum flue gas velocities of 5 m/s to 7 m/s
for the minimum operating case of the plant; stack outlet velocities should be between
10 m/s and 15 m/s for the maximum (design) operating case. See also CICIND Model
Code for Concrete Chimneys. Part B: Brickwork Linings, section 8.2.

9.3 THE SUPPORT AT THE BASE

Add to this clause:
Reinforced concrete foundations shall be in accordance with PTS 34.19.20.31.
Piling, if required, shall be in accordance with PTS 34.11.00.12.

9.3.1 Anchor bolts

Delete from the second paragraph:
Alternative satisfactory methods may be used at the designer's decision if no response to
vortex shedding is anticipated.
Add to the second paragraph:
Anchor bolts, nuts and sleeves shall be in accordance with Standard Drawing S 10.045,
and the maximum bolt load shall not exceed the allowable load stated therein.

9.3.2 Grouting
Add to this clause:
2
The load on the concrete foundation for steel stacks shall not exceed 8 N/mm , i.e., the
maximum shear stress of concrete, with non-shrink cement-based ready-mixed grout.
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11.3 STRUCTURAL FLANGES AND OPENING REINFORCEMENT

Add to clause:
For maintenance purposes, the use of a removable top section is recommended, but the
weight of such section should be within the lifting capacity of a medium-range crane.

11.7 ERECTION TOLERANCE

Change heading to:
"Erection"
Add to this clause:
For general erection requirements, reference is made to PTS 34.28.00.31

12 SURFACE PROTECTION
Add to clause:
All welding, including anchoring and other required permanent provisions for a refractory
lining and/or an insulating protection, shall be completed prior to preparations and
application of a protective coating.

15 PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING

Change heading to:
“EARTHING AND LIGHTNING”
Add to clause:
Earthing and lightning shall comply with PTS 33.64.10.10

17 AIRCRAFT WARNING LIGHTS

Add to clause:
If required by local regulations, stacks shall be provided with aviation warning lights and
daytime warning facilities.
Aviation warning lights shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of ICAO
Annex 14 Volume 1. The luminaries shall consist of a double lamp unit with automatic
changeover to the stand-by lamp upon failure of the operating lamp.

Add New Section:

18 ACCESSORIES
The following items are considered to form part of the steel stack, unless otherwise
specified by the Principal.
All accessories shall be hot-dip galvanised in accordance with ISO 1461; fabrication work
shall be in accordance with PTS 34.28.00.31
- Condensate pan and drain connection;
- Access door (Standard Drawing S 24.304);
- Soot door, where applicable;
- Painter's trolley, in conjunction with provisions for fixing aviation warning lights, where
applicable (Standard Drawing S 28.107);
- Flue duct connection(s);
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- Ladders (with safety guide rail), landings and platforms where applicable. Use may be
made of Standard Drawings S 28.011 and S 28.012.

APPENDIX 2 INSULATION AND PROTECTIVE LININGS AND COATINGS

A.2.1 Insulation

Add to clause A.2.1:

For Heat Recovery Steam Generation Stacks, lining is normally not required.

A2.1.2 Insulation design

Change heading to:
“Insulation and internal protective lining design”

Add to clause A2.1.2:

The installation of an internal lining shall be considered if the internal metal surface
temperature of the stack’s structural steel will be higher than 400 °C.
A lining shall be considered if the minimum metal temperatures in contact with flue gas will
be less than 160 °C.
Lining shall be applied if a flue gas contains halogens exceeding the limits listed in the
parent CICIND Model Code, section 7.6.3, Note 5.
Only mineral wool or cellular glass shall be used as external insulating material and shall be
in accordance with PTS 30.46.00.31. Because of the risk of Corrosion under Insulation
(CUI), adequate measures shall be taken to prevent CUI and facilitate proper inspection
and/or maintenance.

A2.1.3 Aluminium cladding

Change heading to:

“External aluminium cladding”

Replace clause A2.1.3 with:

External aluminium cladding shall not be allowed. Instead, stainless steel or aluminized
steel shall be used with only stainless steel rivets and strapping.
Calculations shall be required to verify that the cladding is sufficiently robust to withstand
the wind load (inclusive suction or vacuum conditions) on the lee-side of the stack.

A2.2.3.1 General

Add to clause A2.2.3.1:

The selection and application of an internal (insulating) lining, if required, shall be in
accordance with PTS 44.24.90.31 or PTS 64.24.32.30. In principle, all refractory linings
shall be precast and completed prior to erection.

A2.2.3.2 Castable refractory linings (including diatomaceous concrete linings)

Change to clause A2.2.3.2:

Castable refractory shall be of medium-weight insulating or dense type with a minimum bulk
density of 1,250 kg/m3 and an Al2O3 content of minimum 40 % (by weight), and shall be of
“low-iron” class, i.e. Fe2O3 < 2 % (by weight).
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Add to clause A2.2.3.2:

Anchoring and wire mesh, i.e., compressed woven stainless steel mesh, shall be in
accordance with PTS 64.24.32.30, Appendix 4, 4.2.

A2.3 Recommended start-up procedures for new castable refractory in steel chimneys or
liners

Add to clause A2.3:

Curing, drying and firing shall be in accordance with PTS 44.24.90.31 or PTS 64.24.32.30

A2.4 Protective and decorative treatments

Add to clause A2.4:

Surface preparation and painting shall be in accordance with PTS 30.48.00.31
The use of Aluminium Thermal Spray (TSA) with sealer should be used instead of coating
the external stack surface, as it is maintenance free and provides low life cycle costs. TSA
provides (especially in a corrosive atmosphere) a good lifetime resistance against corrosion
and has good heat resistance. If applied, TSA shall be in accordance with PTS
30.48.40.31.
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PART III REFERENCES

In this PTS reference is made to the following publications:

NOTES: 1. Unless specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used,
together with any amendments/supplements/revisions thereto.

PETRONAS STANDARDS
Index to PTS publications and standard PTS 00.00.05.05
specifications
Index to standard drawings PTS 00.00.06.06
Thermal insulation (amendments/supplements to the PTS 30.46 00.31
CINI Manual “Insulation for Industries”)
Painting and coating of new equipment PTS 30.48.00.31
Thermal spray coatings of zinc, aluminium and their PTS 30.48.40.31
alloys (endorsement of ISO 2063)
Electrical engineering guidelines PTS 33.64.10.10
Minimum requirements for structural design and PTS 34.00.01.30
engineering
Geotechnical and foundation engineering PTS 34.11.00.12
Reinforced concrete foundations and structures PTS 34.19.20.31
Reinforced concrete stacks PTS 34.24.27.31
Steel structures PTS 34.28.00.31
Refractory bricks and shapes PTS 44.24.90.31
Insulating and dense refractory concrete linings PTS 64.24.32.30

STANDARD DRAWINGS
NOTE: The latest editions of standard drawings are identified in
PTS 00.00.06.06

Anchor bolts with sleeve for concrete foundations S 10.045

and structures
Access door for flue duct S 24.304
Ladder, general arrangements to columns, stacks S 28.011
and structures
Ladder – typical details of sliding/fixed connections S 28.012
Obstruction lights for stacks S 28.107
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INDUSTRY STANDARDS
CICIND Model Code for Steel Chimneys plus Revision 1 1999/ March 2002
Amendment A
CICIND Model Code for Steel Chimneys – Revision 1 1999/December
Commentaries and Appendices 2000
CICIND Model Code for Concrete Chimneys Part B: 1991
Brickwork Linings
CICIND Manual for Inspection and Maintenance of February 1993
Brickwork and Concrete Chimneys
Issued by:
Comite International des Cheminées Industrielles
14, The Chestnuts
Beechwood Park
Hemel Hempstead
Herts HP3 0DZ UK

Aerodromes Volume I Aerodrome Design And ICAO Annex 14 Vol I

Operations
Issued by:
International Civil Aviation Organisation
1000 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 400
Montreal, Quebec H3A 2R2
Canada

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and ISO 1461
steel articles – Specifications and test method
Issued by:
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56
Geneva, Switzerland CH-1211
Copies can also be obtained from national standards
organizations.

Last page of this PTS