OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS

Advanced GCE

BIOLOGY 2804
Central Concepts
Tuesday 24 JANUARY 2006 Morning 1 hour 30 minutes

Candidates answer on the question paper.

Additional materials:
Electronic calculator
Ruler (cm/mm)

Candidate
Candidate Name Centre Number Number

TIME 1 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name in the space above.
• Write your Centre number and Candidate number in the boxes above.
• Answer all the questions.
• Write your answers, in blue or black ink, in the spaces provided on the question paper.
• Read each question carefully before starting your answer.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each
question or part question. FOR EXAMINER’S USE
• You will be awarded marks for the quality of written communication Qu. Max. Mark
where this is indicated in the question.
• You may use an electronic calculator. 1 12

• You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations. 2 18

3 17

4 15

5 14

6 14

TOTAL 90

This question paper consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

SP (NF/CGW) S92489/5
© OCR 2006 [J/100/3766] Registered Charity Number: 1066969 [Turn over
 2 For
Examiner’s
Use
A ns we r all the questions.

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electronmicrograph of a chloroplast.

A photo has been removed due to third party copyright restrictions

Details:

A photo of an electronmicrograph of a chloroplast

Fig. 1.1

2804 Jan06
 3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(a) Identify the structures labelled A to D.

A ......................................................................................................................................

B ......................................................................................................................................

C ......................................................................................................................................

D ..................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Name the part of the chloroplast where photophosphorylation takes place.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

There is a flow of electrons during photophosphorylation. This flow is either cyclic or non-
cyclic.

(c) State the three end products of non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................

3 ...................................................................................................................................[3]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 4 For
Examiner’s
Use
(d) Some bacteria can survive in anaerobic conditions by utilising light energy to drive the
production of ATP in the cell membrane. In such conditions, Halobacterium salinarium
makes the protein bacteriorhodopsin. When this protein absorbs light, protons (H+) are
pumped outwards across the cell membrane. This is shown in Fig. 1.2.

cell wall
cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall
DNA
H+ H+
light
H+ H+
H+

H+
bacteriorhodopsin H+
H+
cell
H+ H+
membrane
light
H+ H+
cytoplasm
H+
flagellum ADP+Pi H+
H+
Halobacterium salinarium H+
(general structure) H+ H+
H+

ATP

Fig. 1.2

Using the information in Fig. 1.2 together with your knowledge of photophosphorylation
and oxidative phosphorylation, explain how H. salinarium makes ATP in anaerobic
conditions.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 12]

2804 Jan06
 5

BLANK PAGE

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 6 For
Examiner’s
Use
2 The tiger, Panthera tigris, is the largest and most distinctive cat in the world.

(a) Complete the following table to show the classification of the tiger.

k ingdom .....................................................

..................................................... chordata

..................................................... mammalia

orde r c a r nivora

fa mily fe lida e

ge nus .....................................................

..................................................... Panthera tigris

[5]
Tigers are further classified into a number of sub-species (races) based on marked phenotypic
differences, such as body size and colour. Fig. 2.1 shows the distribution of the different
sub-species 100 years ago and in 2004. The names of the sub-species are shown on the map.

A map has been removed due to third party copyright restrictions

Details:

A map of Indonesia showing the populations of tigers in 2004 and

100 years before

Fig. 2.1
2804 Jan06
 7 For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) (i) Describe the changes shown in Fig. 2.1.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain how the distinct phenotypic differences between the sub-species may have
arisen.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[4]

(iii) Suggest why these populations of tigers are classified as different sub-species
rather than as different species.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 8 For
Examiner’s
Use
Tigers prey mainly upon large mammals. One of the threats to the survival of the tiger is a
reduction in numbers of prey. Fig. 2.2 shows the relationship between the numbers of two cat
species, A and B , and the prey biomass.

40
A

30

B
numbers of
cats 20
per 100 km2

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2
prey biomass / kg x 10 000 per 100 km

An illustration has been removed

due to third party copyright
restrictions
A = le opa rd ma s s 3 0 - 6 0 k g
Details:

An illustration of a leopard

An illustration has been removed

due to third party copyright
B = tiger restrictions mass 150 - 220 kg

Details:
animals drawn to scale
An illustration of a tiger
Fig. 2.2

(c) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the number of (i) leopards and (ii) tigers per 100 km 2 that can
be expected to be supported by a biomass of 300 000 kg of prey per 100 km 2.

(i) leopards ………………………… per 100 km 2

(ii) tigers …………………………….. per 100 km 2 [2]

2804 Jan06
 9 For
Examiner’s
Use
(d) These two species are geographically isolated and therefore do not compete for prey.

Suggest one explanation for the difference between the figures you have given in (c).

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) Other factors could be limiting the size of the tiger populations.

State two of these factors.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 18]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 10 For
Examiner’s
Use
3 Fig. 3.1 shows several stages in the life cycle of the water flea, Daphnia.

C
mitosis
male A
growth
gametes
meiosis

zygotes E

meiosis mitosis
female mitosis B
gametes
D female eggs

favourable conditions

Fig. 3.1

• In favourable conditions, all the individuals in a population are females, A.

• These females produce eggs, B, by mitosis which develop into further females.
• In unfavourable conditions, eggs are produced by meiosis and develop without
fertilisation into either males, C, or females, D.
• Gametes are produced by mitosis from C and D.
• The resultant zygotes, E, develop a protective case which enables them to survive
unfavourable conditions.
• When favourable conditions return, these zygotes develop into young females.

(a) (i) State which of the stages, A to E, contain individuals with the diploid number of
chromosomes.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why the females in stage A show greater variation than the females in
stage D.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain why gametes are produced by mitosis from males C and females D.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

2804 Jan06
 11 For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of scientific
terms.

Describe the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis which results in genetic

variation among Daphnia populations.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[7]

Quality of Written Communication [1]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 12 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) The human ABO blood groups are A, B, AB and O. They are determined by a single
gene with multiple alleles. IA and IB alleles are codominant, but both these alleles are
dominant to the IO allele.

In a maternity ward, the identities of four babies became accidentally mixed up. The
ABO blood groups of the babies were discovered to be O, A, B and AB. The ABO blood
groups of the four sets of parents were determined and are shown in the table below.

Complete the table to match each baby to its parents by indicating:

• the parental genotypes, using the symbols IA, IB and IO;

• the blood group of the baby which belongs to each set of parents.

parental blood groups parental genotypes baby blood group

O and O

AB and O

A and O

AB and A
[4]

[Total: 17]

2804 Jan06
 13 For
Examiner’s
Use
4 (a) Define the term excretion.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Name two groups of macromolecules that are broken down to form nitrogenous
excretory products in mammals.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 ...................................................................................................................................[2]

Table 4.1 shows the amount of different substances excreted by a volunteer during two
24 hour periods. During the first 24 hour period the volunteer was fed a protein-deficient diet;
during the second 24 hour period the volunteer was fed a protein-rich diet. All other variables
were kept constant.

Table 4.1

substance excreted protein-deficient diet protein-rich diet

urea / g 2.20 14.70

uric acid / g 0.09 0.18

ammonium ions / g 0.04 0.49

creatinine / g 0.60 0.58

(c) (i) Calculate the percentage increase in urea excreted when the volunteer switched
from a protein-deficient to a protein-rich diet. Show your working.

Answer = ………………………………..% [2]

(ii) Explain why more urea is produced when eating a protein-rich diet.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 14 For
Examiner’s
Use
(d) Explain why the main nitrogenous excretory product of humans is urea rather than
ammonia.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(e) Table 4.2 shows the concentrations of glucose and urea in the renal artery and renal
vein.

Table 4.2

concentration / mg 100 cm–3 plasma

renal artery renal vein

glucose 90 80

urea 30 16

Both substances are present in lower concentration in the renal vein than in the renal
artery. However, urea appears in the urine of a healthy individual but glucose does not.

Explain why this is so.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 15]

2804 Jan06
 15 For
Examiner’s
Use
5 In both plants and animals, chemical messengers help to transfer information from one part
of the organism to another to achieve coordination.

(a) The table below lists some of these chemicals together with their functions.

Complete the table.

name of chemical messenger function

controls water permeability of collecting

................................................................ ducts in kidney

................................................................
insulin
................................................................

................................................................
glucagon
................................................................

stimulates stomatal closure during water

................................................................ stress

controls apical dominance

................................................................ [5]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 16 For
Examiner’s
Use
(b) In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.

Mammals also rely on nerves to transfer information in the form of electrical impulses.

Using the information shown in Fig. 5.1, outline how impulses are transmitted from
receptor to effector.

A diagram has been removed due to third party copyright restrictions

Details:

A diagram showing how a sensory neurone is connected to the leg and the
spinal cord

Fig. 5.1

2804 Jan06
 17 For
Examiner’s
Use

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[8]

Quality of Written Communication [1]

[Total: 14]

2804 Jan06 [Turn over

 18 For
Examiner’s
Use
6 Fig. 6.1 is an outline of the glycolytic pathway.

glucose

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

triose phosphate

pyruvate

Fig. 6.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 6.1, state the letter, A, B or C, in the glycolytic pathway where the
following processes occur.

phosphorylation using ATP ………………………………..

dehydrogenation ………………………………..

formation of ATP ………………………………..

splitting of a hexose ……………………………….. [4]

(b) State where glycolysis occurs in a cell.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) State the net gain in ATP molecules when one molecule of glucose is broken down to
pyruvate in glycolysis.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Describe what would happen to the pyruvate molecules formed under anaerobic
conditions in mammalian muscle tissue.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]
2804 Jan06
 19 For
Examiner’s
Use
(e) Explain why, under aerobic conditions, lipids have a greater energy value per unit mass
than carbohydrates or proteins.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(f) Many chemicals will ‘uncouple’ oxidation from phosphorylation. In this situation, the
energy released by oxidation of food materials is converted into heat instead of being
used to form ATP. One such compound is dinitrophenol, which was used in munition
factories for the manufacture of explosives during the First World War. People working in
these factories were exposed to high levels of dinitrophenol.

Suggest and explain why people working in munitions factories during the First World
War became very thin regardless of how much they ate.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 14]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

2804 Jan06
 20

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (OCR) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be
pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations
Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
2804 Jan06