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    Rational Root Theorem

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    The document summarizes several important theorems related to finding roots of polynomial equations: - The Rational Root Theorem states that if a rational number p/q is a root, then p must be a factor of the constant term and q must be a factor of the leading coefficient. - The Irrational and Imaginary Root Theorems state that if a root is irrational or imaginary, then the conjugate is also a root. - Descartes' Rule of Signs relates the number of positive and negative real roots to the sign changes in the coefficients of the polynomial. - The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that any polynomial of degree 1 or higher has at least one complex root. Its corollary is

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    Rational Root Theorem

    Uploaded by

    francel flores
    214 views2 pages
    The document summarizes several important theorems related to finding roots of polynomial equations: - The Rational Root Theorem states that if a rational number p/q is a root, then p must be a factor of the constant term and q must be a factor of the leading coefficient. - The Irrational and Imaginary Root Theorems state that if a root is irrational or imaginary, then the conjugate is also a root. - Descartes' Rule of Signs relates the number of positive and negative real roots to the sign changes in the coefficients of the polynomial. - The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that any polynomial of degree 1 or higher has at least one complex root. Its corollary is

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    The document summarizes several important theorems related to finding roots of polynomial equations: - The Rational Root Theorem states that if a rational number p/q is a root, then p must be a factor of the constant term and q must be a factor of the leading coefficient. - The Irrational and Imaginary Root Theorems state that if a root is irrational or imaginary, then the conjugate is also a root. - Descartes' Rule of Signs relates the number of positive and negative real roots to the sign changes in the coefficients of the polynomial. - The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that any polynomial of degree 1 or higher has at least one complex root. Its corollary is

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    214 views2 pages

    Rational Root Theorem

    Uploaded by

    francel flores
    The document summarizes several important theorems related to finding roots of polynomial equations: - The Rational Root Theorem states that if a rational number p/q is a root, then p must be a factor of the constant term and q must be a factor of the leading coefficient. - The Irrational and Imaginary Root Theorems state that if a root is irrational or imaginary, then the conjugate is also a root. - Descartes' Rule of Signs relates the number of positive and negative real roots to the sign changes in the coefficients of the polynomial. - The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that any polynomial of degree 1 or higher has at least one complex root. Its corollary is

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Rational Root Theorem:

    p
    If is in simplest form and is a rational root of the polynomial equation:
    q
    P( x ) = ax n + bx n -1 + cx n - 2 ... + dx + f = 0 with integer coefficients, then p must be a factor
    of f and q must be a factor of a

    Example: (2x – 1)(x + 3) = 2x2 + 5x – 3. The roots (x intercepts) are ½ and -3. When the
    factors are expanded the 2x and x multiply to = a and are factors of a; and -1 and 3 are
    factors of f. When you use the factors to get the roots you have something in the form of
    p
    a factor of f divided by a factor of a. The has p being factors of f and q as factors of a
    q

    Refer to the equation x 3 + x 2 - 3 x - 3 = 0 to answer parts a – c

    a) What are all of the possible rational roots


    b) Which of those possible roots in part a are roots
    c) Use either synthetic of long division to find the remaining roots

    Refer to the equation 2 x 3 - x 2 + 2 x - 1 = 0 to answer parts a – c

    d) What are all of the possible rational roots


    e) Which of those possible roots in part a are roots
    f) Use either synthetic of long division to find the remaining roots

    Irrational Root Theorem:


    If a + b is a root of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients, then the conjugate
    a - b also is a root.

    Imaginary Root Theorem:


    If a + bi is a root of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients, then the conjugate
    a - bi also is a root.
    Descartes Rule of Signs:

    The number of positive real roots of a polynomial equation P(x) = 0, with real
    coefficients is, is equal to the number of sign changes (either positive to negative or vice
    versa) between the coefficients of the terms of P(x), when x is positive, or is less than this
    number by a multiple of two

    The number of negative real roots of such a polynomial equation is equal to the number
    of sign changes (either positive to negative or vice versa) between the coefficients of the
    terms of P(-x), or is less than this number by a multiple of two

    Example: If we have P(x) = (x +5)(x + 1)(x – 2)(x + 2). The roots are at, -5, -1, -2 and 2.
    There are three real negative roots and 1 real positive root. When we expand the P(x) we
    get x4 + 6x3 + 5x2 – 24x -20

    To apply the Rule of Signs we plug in a positive # for x, count the sign changes between
    each term and this gives us the number of positive real roots. Than we plug in a negative
    number for x and count the number of sign changes between terms to get the number of
    negative roots. I like to use P(1) and P(-1)

    P(x) = x4 + 6x3 + 5x2 – 24x - 20


    P(1) = + + + - - There is one sign change, there is 1 positive real root
    P(-1) = + - + + - There are three sign changes, there 3 negative real roots

    Fundamental Theorem of Algebra:


    If P(x) is a polynomial of degree �1 with complex coefficients, then P(x) = 0 as at least
    one complex root

    Corollary:

    Including complex roots and multiple roots, an nth degree polynomial has exactly n foots:
    the related polynomial function has exactly n zeros.

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